1014:
1044:
984:
1675:
4591:
4603:
1265:
1638:. All the elements of the group are relatively nonreactive metals with a high melting points (1907 °C, 2477 °C, 3422 °C); that of tungsten is the highest of all metals. The metals form compounds in different oxidation states: chromium forms compounds in all states from −2 to +6: disodium pentacarbonylchromate, disodium decacarbonyldichromate,
1484:
For about a century after its isolation, molybdenum had no industrial use, owing to its relative scarcity, difficulty extracting the pure metal, and the immaturity of the metallurgical subfield. Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise in their increased hardness, but efforts were hampered
1521:
plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with 25 mm (1 in) molybdenum-steel plating allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection. After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive
1448:
Seaborgium was first produced by a team of scientists led by Albert
Ghiorso who worked at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California, in 1974. They created seaborgium by bombarding atoms of californium-249 with ions of oxygen-18 until seaborgium-263 was produced.
1662:; the same is also true for molybdenum and tungsten, but the stability of the +6 state grows down the group. Depending on oxidation states, the compounds are basic, amphoteric, or acidic; the acidity grows with the oxidation state of the metal.
1493:, leading to its use as a heating element for high-temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten-filament light bulbs; oxide formation and degradation require that moly be physically sealed or held in an inert gas. In 1913,
1629:
Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group. The chemistry of seaborgium is not very established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with its upper neighbors in the
1824:
Group 6 is notable in that it contains some of the only elements in periods 5 and 6 with a known role in the biological chemistry of living organisms: molybdenum is common in
2246:
The metallic alloys: A practical guide for the manufacture of all kinds of alloys, amalgams, and solders, used by metal-workers ... with an appendix on the coloring of alloys
2284:
Millholland, Ray (August 1941). "Battle of the
Billions: American industry mobilizes machines, materials, and men for a job as big as digging 40 Panama Canals in one year".
1358:. Like graphite, molybdenite can be used to blacken a surface or as a solid lubricant. Even when molybdena was distinguishable from graphite, it was still confused with a
1842:. In contrast, and unusually for a first-row d-block transition metal, chromium appears to have few biological roles, although it is thought to form part of the
1354:—the principal ore from which molybdenum is now extracted—was previously known as molybdena, which was confused with and often implemented as though it were
4396:
4406:
1390:
realized that molybdena was neither graphite nor lead. He and other chemists then correctly assumed that it was the ore of a distinct new element, named
1788:. Seaborgium is a radioactive synthetic element that is not found in nature; the most stable known isotope has a half-life of approximately 14 minutes.
4456:
4553:
4431:
2554:
1494:
2506:
1481:. Chromium was used for electroplating as early as 1848, but this use only became widespread with the development of an improved process in 1924.
4436:
4411:
3857:
1747:
Tungsten is not a common element on Earth, having an average concentration of 1.5 ppm in Earth's crust. Tungsten is mainly found in the minerals
4391:
4107:
4520:
4530:
4525:
1755:, and it usually never occurs as a free element in nature. The largest producers of tungsten in the world are China, Russia, and Portugal.
4466:
4426:
4421:
4381:
1336:, and metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven a year later. He was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious
4640:
4441:
4376:
4162:
1545:. Tungsten's resistance to high temperatures and its strengthening of alloys made it an important raw material for the arms industry.
4535:
4515:
4302:
1473:. This made the United States the largest producer of chromium products until 1848 when large deposits of chromite where found near
4371:
4335:
1240:" in the European system (old IUPAC). Group 6 must not be confused with the group with the old-style group crossed names of either
2146:
2115:
1744:. It is mainly mined in the United States, China, Chile, and Peru, with the total amount produced being 200,000 tonnes per year.
4416:
4366:
1013:
4461:
4386:
4297:
2547:
2268:
2213:
2188:
1946:
1877:
1164:
of these elements do not follow a unified trend, though the outermost shells do correlate with trends in chemical behavior:
3895:
3850:
2176:
1043:
1634:. The elements in the group, like those of groups 7–11, have high melting points, and form volatile compounds in higher
4330:
4287:
1282:
1709:. It is the 21st most abundant element in the Earth's crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm. The most common
4503:
2099:
1998:
4791:
2540:
1655:
4451:
4325:
1537:, as the main European source of the element, was put under pressure from both sides, because of its deposits of
946:
930:
2299:
Stevens, Donald G. (1999). "World War II Economic
Warfare: The United States, Britain, and Portuguese Wolfram".
4633:
4606:
4488:
3843:
983:
4062:
4480:
4401:
4291:
4510:
2510:
1706:
4072:
4067:
4345:
1686:
4626:
4278:
2060:
1713:
for chromium are zero, trivalent, and hexavalent states. Most naturally occurring chromium is in the
1968:
3880:
4498:
2177:
National
Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants (1974).
4594:
4563:
4057:
4014:
3885:
1325:
968:
4084:
3911:
2037:
1554:
1297:, which he named "Siberian red lead," which was found out in less than 10 years to be a bright
1161:
909:
4317:
1988:
4558:
4139:
1803:
High temperature and refractory applications, such as welding electrodes and kiln components.
1651:
1643:
1286:
2411:
1437:
found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid. Later that year, in
4240:
3924:
2583:
2387:
1759:
1639:
1410:
1387:
1526:, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys.
1485:
by inconsistent results and a tendency toward brittleness and recrystallization. In 1906,
1429:
suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid. In 1783,
8:
4157:
1838:
1778:
1647:
1486:
4245:
4205:
2461:
2436:
2312:
1956:
1329:
1099:
2153:
2122:
4340:
4210:
3434:
2466:
2369:
2361:
2264:
2209:
2184:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2015:
1994:
1942:
1917:
1873:
1867:
1458:
1395:
1333:
1154:
1106:
610:
4575:
4493:
4269:
4134:
4092:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3498:
3203:
3032:
2861:
2780:
2699:
2672:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2456:
2448:
2353:
2308:
1659:
1635:
1572:
1558:
1514:
1253:
1175:
1150:
1126:
1081:
1066:
1058:
1036:
1028:
1006:
998:
976:
4446:
4307:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3929:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2452:
2178:
1894:
1710:
1498:
1426:
897:
889:
2484:
1465:
was the main source, but in 1827, a larger chromite deposit was discovered near
1430:
4255:
4250:
4220:
4215:
4200:
3866:
2563:
1631:
1577:
1434:
1290:
1180:
1130:
1457:
During the 1800s, chromium was primarily used as a component of paints and in
1441:, the brothers succeeded in isolating tungsten by reduction of this acid with
4785:
3657:
2365:
2344:
Barnhart, J. (August 1997). "Occurrences, uses, and properties of chromium".
1567:
1510:
1470:
1418:
1363:
1318:
1170:
780:
2152:. International Tungsten Industry Association. December 2005. Archived from
1553:
Unlike other groups, the members of this family do not show patterns in its
4570:
4235:
4230:
3984:
3919:
3711:
3540:
3245:
2645:
2578:
2470:
2357:
1782:
1718:
1530:
1523:
822:
689:
463:
2373:
4350:
4225:
3979:
3765:
3729:
3720:
3630:
3612:
3603:
2640:
1763:
1741:
1542:
1506:
1502:
1403:
1351:
864:
836:
829:
759:
745:
738:
2412:"Seaborgium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
2388:"Molybdenum - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
2121:. International Tungsten Industry Association. June 2005. Archived from
1674:
1232:"Group 6" is the new IUPAC name for this group; the old style name was "
4748:
4694:
4124:
3774:
3702:
3675:
3648:
3308:
3290:
3263:
3094:
3085:
2824:
1895:"Memoir on a New Metallic Acid which exists in the Red Lead of Sibiria"
1785:
1748:
1722:
1714:
1538:
1533:, tungsten played a significant role in background political dealings.
1505:
from ores; flotation remains the primary isolation process. During the
1146:
1138:
1071:
1018:
871:
815:
794:
773:
512:
498:
477:
349:
342:
143:
4180:
4149:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3783:
3756:
3747:
3594:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3344:
3254:
3227:
3175:
3121:
3103:
3067:
3047:
2986:
2923:
2867:
2806:
2795:
2714:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2441:
Mutation
Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
1770:-18 nuclei. It is artificial, therefore it does not occur in nature.
1752:
1518:
1490:
1466:
1422:
878:
857:
850:
731:
717:
710:
703:
540:
470:
449:
412:
370:
356:
328:
310:
266:
217:
173:
129:
120:
60:
4721:
4667:
4618:
4172:
4129:
3738:
3639:
3522:
3504:
3479:
3470:
3443:
3416:
3380:
3371:
3353:
3281:
3272:
3166:
3038:
3004:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2842:
2761:
2743:
2678:
1829:
1534:
1442:
1355:
1337:
1314:
1306:
1142:
1134:
1048:
988:
843:
766:
675:
661:
645:
638:
617:
596:
568:
561:
547:
491:
484:
405:
303:
280:
210:
203:
196:
189:
157:
97:
83:
35:
2204:
Dennis, J. K.; Such, T. E. (1993). "History of
Chromium Plating".
1868:
Guertin, Jacques; Jacobs, James Alan; Avakian, Cynthia P. (2005).
3999:
3835:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3693:
3684:
3666:
3621:
3549:
3531:
3461:
3407:
3389:
3362:
3335:
3317:
3299:
3209:
3139:
3112:
3076:
3058:
3022:
3013:
2995:
2977:
2876:
2815:
2705:
2660:
2532:
1843:
1833:
1825:
1345:
808:
801:
787:
752:
696:
682:
631:
589:
575:
554:
533:
519:
505:
435:
384:
363:
335:
321:
294:
287:
273:
259:
180:
136:
53:
3585:
3513:
3398:
3326:
3236:
3218:
3184:
3148:
3130:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2833:
2786:
2752:
2734:
2689:
2086:
Tungsten and the
Elements of Groups 3 to 7 (The Periodic Table)
1767:
1734:
1730:
1717:
state. About two-fifths of the worlds chromium are produced in
1478:
1462:
1399:
1383:
1359:
1298:
1294:
724:
668:
582:
526:
456:
442:
419:
391:
377:
245:
238:
231:
150:
113:
90:
76:
44:
1832:
has been identified in an analogous role in enzymes from some
1557:, as two lighter members of the group are exceptions from the
1517:. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm (3 in)
4116:
3799:
3488:
3193:
2851:
2725:
1726:
1474:
1438:
1372:
1366:
1122:
652:
426:
164:
69:
3452:
3425:
2968:
2932:
2770:
1806:
Metallurgy, sometimes used in jet engines and gas turbines.
1445:, and they are credited with the discovery of the element.
1414:
1341:
1310:
1302:
1269:
1264:
624:
603:
252:
224:
104:
3157:
2572:
398:
2203:
2061:"Versuche mit Molybdäna, und Reduction der selben Erde"
1899:
Journal of
Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts
1993:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 262–266.
1509:, demand for molybdenum spiked; it was used both in
2333:(in German). Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 119–127.
1281:Chromium was first reported on July 26, 1761, when
2083:
1452:
2035:
4783:
2277:
2243:
1737:following. Chromium is mined as chromite ore.
1362:(a common lead ore), which took its name from
4634:
3851:
2548:
2183:. National Academy of Sciences. p. 155.
2139:
2108:
2058:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1665:
1394:for the mineral in which it was discovered.
2283:
2244:Krupp, Alfred; Wildberger, Andreas (1888).
1930:
905:
4641:
4627:
3858:
3844:
2555:
2541:
2324:
2322:
1522:development of peacetime applications. In
1425:(at the time named tungsten). Scheele and
1398:successfully isolated molybdenum by using
1153:and chromium, molybdenum and tungsten are
2509:. University of Cambridge. Archived from
2460:
2252:
2237:
2197:
1915:
1892:
1856:
1819:
2434:
2343:
2329:Schmidt, Max (1968). "VI. Nebengruppe".
2292:
2222:
2081:
2075:
2007:
1936:
1762:that is made artificially by bombarding
1642:, tripotassium pentanitrocyanochromate,
1489:filed a patent for rendering molybdenum
1272:is from a small amount of chromium(III).
1263:
3655:
2328:
2319:
2298:
4784:
3709:
3538:
3243:
2346:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
2208:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 9–12.
1986:
4622:
3839:
3763:
3727:
3718:
3628:
3610:
3601:
2536:
2504:
2258:
1982:
1980:
1978:
4648:
3772:
3700:
3673:
3646:
3306:
3288:
3261:
3092:
3083:
2228:
2038:"Versuche mit Wasserbley;Molybdaena"
1669:
1513:and as a substitute for tungsten in
1070:
1010:
4602:
3781:
3754:
3745:
3592:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3342:
3252:
3225:
3173:
3119:
3101:
3065:
3045:
2984:
2921:
2822:
2804:
2793:
2712:
2261:Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum
2170:
2065:Svenska Vetensk. Academ. Handlingar
2042:Svenska Vetensk. Academ. Handlingar
2018:. Jefferson Science Associates, LLC
1846:metabolism enzyme in some mammals.
1301:pigment. Though misidentified as a
1285:found an orange-red mineral in the
13:
3865:
3736:
3637:
3520:
3502:
3477:
3468:
3441:
3414:
3369:
3351:
3279:
3270:
3164:
3036:
3002:
2912:
2894:
2885:
2865:
2840:
2562:
2313:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1999.tb01036.x
2248:. H.C. Baird & Co. p. 60.
2013:
1975:
1740:Molybdenum is refined mainly from
980:
14:
4803:
3691:
3682:
3664:
3619:
3529:
3459:
3432:
3405:
3387:
3378:
3360:
3333:
3315:
3297:
3207:
3137:
3110:
3074:
3020:
3011:
2993:
2975:
2903:
2874:
2813:
2759:
2741:
2703:
2676:
2082:Saunders, Nigel (February 2004).
1939:Molybdenum disulphide lubrication
1893:Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas (1798).
1236:" in the old US system (CAS) or "
1040:
4601:
4590:
4589:
3583:
3547:
3511:
3396:
3324:
3234:
3216:
3146:
3128:
3056:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2784:
2687:
2437:"Chromium and genomic stability"
1673:
1656:potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)
1324:. Studying the mineral in 1797,
1042:
1012:
982:
3486:
3191:
3182:
2849:
2831:
2750:
2732:
2498:
2477:
2428:
2404:
2380:
2337:
1791:
1660:chromium(VI) dichloride dioxide
1461:salts. At first, crocoite from
1453:Historical development and uses
3920:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
3450:
3423:
2966:
2930:
2768:
2723:
2435:Wise, SS; Wise, JP Sr (2012).
2052:
2029:
1909:
1886:
1773:
1276:
1248:(European system, old IUPAC).
1:
4765:Specific mass: ? 35 g/cm
4462:Thermal expansion coefficient
4158:Lists of metalloids by source
3155:
2487:. AZoM.com Pty. Limited. 2007
1849:
1382:. It was not until 1778 that
2453:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.12.002
2229:Hoyt, Samuel Leslie (1921).
1872:. CRC Press. pp. 7–11.
1548:
1409:Regarding tungsten, in 1781
1373:
1313:components, the mineral was
7:
4201:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3904:By periodic table structure
2528:
2206:Nickel and Chromium Plating
1707:naturally occurring element
10:
4808:
4346:Goldschmidt classification
3054:
2883:
2802:
2721:
2685:
2587:
2507:"Nickel-Based Superalloys"
2036:Scheele, C. W. K. (1779).
1941:. Vol. 35. Elsevier.
1705:Chromium is a very common
1367:
1259:
318:
186:
126:
66:
41:
16:Group of chemical elements
4767:Electronegativity: ?
4738:Specific mass: 19.25 g/cm
4711:Specific mass: 10.22 g/cm
4656:
4584:
4546:
4479:
4359:
4316:
4277:
4268:
4193:
4171:
4148:
4115:
4105:
4083:
4013:
3925:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3910:
3903:
3894:
3873:
3797:
3497:
3202:
3031:
2860:
2779:
2698:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2570:
1666:Occurrence and production
1088:
965:
904:
29:
21:
4734:Melting Point: 3680.15 K
4707:Melting Point: 2890.15 K
4684:Specific mass: 7.15 g/cm
4680:Melting Point: 2130.15 K
1990:Nature's Building Blocks
1623:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2
1332:by mixing crocoite with
1226:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2
893:
4792:Groups (periodic table)
4763:Boiling Point: ? K
4761:Melting Point: ? K
4740:Electronegativity: 2.36
4713:Electronegativity: 2.16
4686:Electronegativity: 1.66
4678:Atomic Weight: 51.9961
4564:systematic element name
4536:in East Asian languages
3886:Extended periodic table
2505:Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.
2231:Metallography, Volume 2
1937:Lansdown, A.R. (1999).
1828:of many organisms, and
1326:Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
4732:Atomic Weight: 183.84
4407:Electron configuration
4397:Electrical resistivity
4336:Electron configuration
4140:Post-transition metals
2358:10.1006/rtph.1997.1132
2331:Anorganische Chemie II
1916:van der Krogt, Peter.
1870:Chromium (VI) Handbook
1820:Biological occurrences
1555:electron configuration
1413:discovered that a new
1283:Johann Gottlob Lehmann
1273:
1181:No. of electrons/shell
1162:electron configuration
4736:Boiling Point: 5828 K
4709:Boiling Point: 4912 K
4705:Atomic Weight: 95.96
4682:Boiling Point: 2944 K
4241:Transuranium elements
2094:: Heinemann Library.
2059:Hjelm, P. J. (1788).
1987:Emsley, John (2001).
1652:chromium(IV) chloride
1644:chromium(II) chloride
1421:, could be made from
1267:
1125:style, is a group of
951:(Europe, pattern A-B)
24:in the periodic table
4457:Thermal conductivity
4432:Heat of vaporization
3874:Periodic table forms
2259:Gupta, C.K. (1992).
1760:transuranium element
1640:bis(benzene)chromium
1612:2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
1578:Numerical Bohr model
1411:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
1388:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
1252:group is now called
1244:(US system, CAS) or
1215:2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
1149:(Sg). These are all
4757:Atomic Number: 106
4489:Element discoveries
4246:Superheavy elements
4206:Rare-earth elements
1839:Pyrococcus furiosus
1779:Hexavalent chromium
1648:chromium(III) oxide
1487:William D. Coolidge
1287:Beryozovskoye mines
935:(US, pattern A-B-A)
4730:Atomic Number: 74
4703:Atomic Number: 42
4676:Atomic Number: 24
4662:
1685:. You can help by
1317:with a formula of
1274:
1268:The red colour of
1133:. Its members are
1100:primordial element
910:IUPAC group number
4779:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4741:
4714:
4687:
4616:
4615:
4475:
4474:
4437:Ionization energy
4412:Electronegativity
4402:Electron affinity
4341:Electronegativity
4331:Crystal structure
4326:Aqueous chemistry
4303:Nuclear stability
4298:Atomic properties
4264:
4263:
4211:Refractory metals
4189:
4188:
4135:Transition metals
4101:
4100:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3792:
3791:
2270:978-0-8493-4758-0
2215:978-1-85573-081-6
2190:978-0-309-02217-0
2147:"ITIA Newsletter"
2116:"ITIA Newsletter"
2092:Chicago, Illinois
1948:978-0-444-50032-8
1879:978-1-56670-608-7
1809:Dyes and pigments
1703:
1702:
1627:
1626:
1515:high-speed steels
1499:flotation process
1396:Peter Jacob Hjelm
1334:hydrochloric acid
1330:chromium trioxide
1230:
1229:
1155:refractory metals
1151:transition metals
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:synthetic element
1084:
1061:
1031:
1001:
971:
960:
959:
952:
936:
886:
885:
612:Mercury (element)
4799:
4759:Atomic Weight:
4756:
4729:
4702:
4675:
4659:
4658:
4650:Group 6 elements
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4605:
4604:
4593:
4592:
4576:Dmitri Mendeleev
4504:1869 predictions
4494:Dmitri Mendeleev
4275:
4274:
4113:
4112:
4093:Aufbau principle
4005:18 (Noble gases)
3908:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3896:Sets of elements
3860:
3853:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3802:
3801:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3545:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2935:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2775:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2573:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2352:(1 Pt 2): S3–7.
2341:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1758:Seaborgium is a
1711:oxidation states
1698:
1695:
1677:
1670:
1636:oxidation states
1601:2, 8, 18, 13, 1
1564:
1563:
1559:Aufbau principle
1376:
1370:
1369:
1204:2, 8, 18, 13, 1
1167:
1166:
1096:
1095:
1082:Transition metal
1080:
1078:
1059:Transition metal
1057:
1055:
1046:
1029:Transition metal
1027:
1025:
1016:
999:Transition metal
997:
995:
986:
967:
950:
947:old IUPAC number
934:
931:CAS group number
924:
906:
895:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
313:
306:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
183:
176:
167:
160:
153:
146:
139:
132:
123:
116:
107:
100:
93:
86:
79:
72:
63:
56:
47:
38:
32:
31:
25:
19:
18:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4652:
4647:
4617:
4612:
4580:
4542:
4471:
4447:Oxidation state
4355:
4312:
4260:
4256:Minor actinides
4251:Major actinides
4216:Precious metals
4185:
4167:
4144:
4097:
4079:
4009:
3995:16 (Chalcogens)
3990:15 (Pnictogens)
3890:
3869:
3864:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3793:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3748:
3746:
3739:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3568:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3417:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2566:
2561:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2320:
2297:
2293:
2286:Popular Science
2282:
2278:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2080:
2076:
2057:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2014:Gagnon, Steve.
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1866:
1857:
1852:
1822:
1794:
1776:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1683:needs expansion
1668:
1551:
1519:manganese steel
1507:first World War
1495:Frank E. Elmore
1455:
1427:Torbern Bergman
1322:
1279:
1262:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1023:
1022:
1017:
993:
992:
987:
961:
953:
949:
937:
933:
922:
919:Name by element
900:
887:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
311:
304:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
181:
174:
165:
158:
151:
144:
137:
130:
121:
114:
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
70:
61:
54:
45:
36:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4746:
4744:
4719:
4717:
4692:
4690:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4598:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4467:Vapor pressure
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Speed of sound
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Heat of fusion
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Critical point
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4283:
4281:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:Coinage metals
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3867:Periodic table
3863:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:Periodic table
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2497:
2476:
2447:(1–2): 78–82.
2427:
2403:
2379:
2336:
2318:
2307:(3): 539–556.
2291:
2276:
2269:
2251:
2236:
2233:. McGraw-Hill.
2221:
2214:
2196:
2189:
2169:
2138:
2107:
2100:
2074:
2051:
2028:
2006:
1999:
1974:
1947:
1929:
1908:
1885:
1878:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:hard materials
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1781:compounds are
1775:
1772:
1701:
1700:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1664:
1632:periodic table
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1550:
1547:
1454:
1451:
1435:Fausto Elhuyar
1320:
1305:compound with
1291:Ural Mountains
1278:
1275:
1261:
1258:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1131:periodic table
1121:, numbered by
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
981:
979:
973:
972:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
945:
942:
941:
938:
929:
926:
925:
923:chromium group
920:
916:
915:
912:
902:
901:
888:
884:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
658:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
432:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
317:
315:
308:
300:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
185:
178:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
127:
125:
118:
110:
109:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
65:
58:
50:
49:
42:
40:
30:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4804:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4769:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4521:controversies
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Melting point
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Heat capacity
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Boiling point
4375:
4373:
4372:Atomic radius
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Native metals
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4163:Dividing line
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:17 (Halogens)
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3051:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2880:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2799:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2718:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2513:on 2006-08-25
2512:
2508:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:The Historian
2295:
2288:. p. 61.
2287:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2263:. CRC Press.
2262:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2159:on 2011-07-21
2155:
2148:
2142:
2128:on 2011-07-21
2124:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2101:1-4034-3518-9
2097:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2017:
2010:
2002:
2000:0-19-850341-5
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1694:February 2012
1688:
1684:
1681:This section
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:armor plating
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:United States
1468:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:tungstic acid
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1364:Ancient Greek
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
985:
978:
975:
974:
970:
964:
955:
948:
944:
943:
939:
932:
928:
927:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
899:
896: →
892: ←
891:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
782:Rutherfordium
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
660:
659:
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
433:
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
316:
314:
309:
307:
302:
301:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
207:
202:
200:
195:
193:
188:
184:
179:
177:
172:
171:
168:
163:
161:
156:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
135:
133:
128:
124:
119:
117:
112:
111:
108:
103:
101:
96:
94:
89:
87:
82:
80:
75:
73:
68:
64:
59:
57:
52:
51:
48:
43:
39:
34:
33:
28:
22:Group 6
20:
4752:
4747:
4725:
4720:
4698:
4693:
4671:
4666:
4649:
4600:
4588:
4571:Trivial name
4559:nomenclature
4231:Heavy metals
4226:Noble metals
3985:14 (Tetrels)
3944:
3881:Alternatives
2605:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:"Molybdenum"
2479:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2179:
2172:
2161:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2110:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:"Molybdenum"
2009:
1989:
1938:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1869:
1837:
1823:
1792:Applications
1777:
1757:
1746:
1739:
1719:South Africa
1704:
1691:
1687:adding to it
1682:
1628:
1590:2, 8, 13, 1
1552:
1531:World War II
1528:
1524:World War II
1497:developed a
1483:
1456:
1447:
1408:
1391:
1379:
1371:
1350:
1280:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1193:2, 8, 13, 1
1159:
1118:
1117:
1091:
1090:
894:
824:Darmstadtium
691:Protactinium
465:Praseodymium
4607:WikiProject
4351:Term symbol
4181:Noble gases
4125:Lanthanides
4108:metallicity
3980:13 (Triels)
2416:www.rsc.org
2392:www.rsc.org
1965:|work=
1786:carcinogens
1774:Precautions
1764:californium
1742:molybdenite
1543:Panasqueira
1503:molybdenite
1501:to recover
1404:linseed oil
1352:Molybdenite
1277:Discoveries
1019:Molybdenum
866:Livermorium
838:Copernicium
831:Roentgenium
761:Mendelevium
747:Einsteinium
740:Californium
4749:Seaborgium
4695:Molybdenum
4531:for people
4526:for places
4499:1871 table
4392:Elasticity
4360:Data pages
4318:Properties
4194:Other sets
4150:Metalloids
2517:2009-02-17
2491:2007-05-06
2421:2023-09-22
2397:2023-09-22
2163:2008-06-18
2132:2008-06-18
2022:2007-05-06
1923:2008-08-24
1918:"Chromium"
1850:References
1836:, such as
1766:-249 with
1749:wolframite
1723:Kazakhstan
1715:hexavalent
1620:seaborgium
1598:molybdenum
1539:wolframite
1392:molybdenum
1378:, meaning
1340:, such as
1223:seaborgium
1201:molybdenum
1147:seaborgium
1139:molybdenum
1074: (Sg)
1072:Seaborgium
1021: (Mo)
991: (Cr)
873:Tennessine
817:Meitnerium
796:Seaborgium
775:Lawrencium
514:Dysprosium
500:Gadolinium
479:Promethium
351:Technetium
344:Molybdenum
145:Phosphorus
4516:etymology
4367:Abundance
4292:in humans
4288:Abundance
4173:Nonmetals
4130:Actinides
2366:0273-2300
1967:ignored (
1957:cite book
1800:Catalysts
1783:genotoxic
1753:scheelite
1549:Chemistry
1467:Baltimore
1423:scheelite
1406:in 1781.
1338:gemstones
1328:produced
1238:group VIA
1234:group VIB
1145:(W), and
1051: (W)
1049:Tungsten
880:Oganesson
859:Moscovium
852:Flerovium
733:Berkelium
719:Americium
712:Plutonium
705:Neptunium
542:Ytterbium
472:Neodymium
451:Lanthanum
414:Tellurium
372:Palladium
358:Ruthenium
330:Zirconium
312:Strontium
268:Germanium
219:Manganese
175:Potassium
131:Aluminium
122:Magnesium
62:Beryllium
4786:Category
4722:Tungsten
4668:Chromium
4595:Category
4547:See also
4417:Hardness
4270:Elements
2529:See also
2471:22192535
2180:Chromium
1830:tungsten
1609:tungsten
1587:chromium
1535:Portugal
1443:charcoal
1386:chemist
1374:molybdos
1368:Μόλυβδος
1356:graphite
1315:crocoite
1307:selenium
1254:group 16
1212:tungsten
1190:chromium
1143:tungsten
1135:chromium
1127:elements
989:Chromium
845:Nihonium
768:Nobelium
677:Actinium
663:Francium
647:Astatine
640:Polonium
619:Thallium
598:Platinum
570:Tungsten
563:Tantalum
549:Lutetium
493:Europium
486:Samarium
407:Antimony
305:Rubidium
282:Selenium
212:Chromium
205:Vanadium
198:Titanium
191:Scandium
159:Chlorine
99:Fluorine
85:Nitrogen
37:Hydrogen
4481:History
4387:Density
4015:Periods
3821:p-block
3816:d-block
3811:f-block
3806:s-block
2462:4138963
2374:9380835
1844:glucose
1834:archaea
1826:enzymes
1812:Tanning
1721:, with
1573:Element
1541:ore at
1491:ductile
1459:tanning
1384:Swedish
1346:emerald
1289:in the
1260:History
1176:Element
1129:in the
1119:Group 6
966:↓
898:group 7
890:group 5
810:Hassium
803:Bohrium
789:Dubnium
754:Fermium
698:Uranium
684:Thorium
633:Bismuth
591:Iridium
577:Rhenium
556:Hafnium
535:Thulium
521:Holmium
507:Terbium
437:Caesium
386:Cadmium
365:Rhodium
337:Niobium
323:Yttrium
296:Krypton
289:Bromine
275:Arsenic
261:Gallium
182:Calcium
138:Silicon
55:Lithium
4511:Naming
4308:Symbol
4117:Metals
4085:Blocks
4073:Pyykkö
4068:Fricke
4063:Aufbau
3912:Groups
2469:
2459:
2372:
2364:
2267:
2212:
2187:
2098:
2071:: 268.
2048:: 238.
1997:
1945:
1905:: 146.
1876:
1797:Alloys
1768:oxygen
1735:Turkey
1733:, and
1731:Russia
1658:, and
1479:Turkey
1463:Russia
1400:carbon
1360:galena
1299:yellow
1295:Russia
1270:rubies
1141:(Mo),
1137:(Cr),
1092:Legend
1079:
1056:
1026:
996:
969:Period
726:Curium
670:Radium
584:Osmium
528:Erbium
458:Cerium
444:Barium
421:Iodine
393:Indium
379:Silver
247:Copper
240:Nickel
233:Cobalt
152:Sulfur
115:Sodium
92:Oxygen
78:Carbon
46:Helium
4554:IUPAC
4279:Lists
2157:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
2126:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
1727:India
1475:Bursa
1439:Spain
1319:PbCrO
1123:IUPAC
654:Radon
428:Xenon
166:Argon
71:Boron
4286:By:
2467:PMID
2370:PMID
2362:ISSN
2265:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2096:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1969:help
1943:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1751:and
1433:and
1431:José
1415:acid
1402:and
1380:lead
1342:ruby
1311:iron
1309:and
1303:lead
1250:That
1160:The
956:VIA
940:VIB
626:Lead
605:Gold
254:Zinc
226:Iron
106:Neon
4106:By
2457:PMC
2449:doi
2445:733
2354:doi
2309:doi
1689:.
1617:106
1529:In
1344:or
1293:of
1246:VIB
1242:VIA
1220:106
1077:106
400:Tin
4788::
4753:Sg
4699:Mo
4672:Cr
4058:8+
3975:12
3970:11
3965:10
3785:Og
3776:Ts
3767:Lv
3758:Mc
3749:Fl
3740:Nh
3731:Cn
3722:Rg
3713:Ds
3704:Mt
3695:Hs
3686:Bh
3677:Sg
3668:Db
3659:Rf
3650:Lr
3641:No
3632:Md
3623:Fm
3614:Es
3605:Cf
3596:Bk
3587:Cm
3578:Am
3569:Pu
3560:Np
3542:Pa
3533:Th
3524:Ac
3515:Ra
3506:Fr
3490:Rn
3481:At
3472:Po
3463:Bi
3454:Pb
3445:Tl
3436:Hg
3427:Au
3418:Pt
3409:Ir
3400:Os
3391:Re
3373:Ta
3364:Hf
3355:Lu
3346:Yb
3337:Tm
3328:Er
3319:Ho
3310:Dy
3301:Tb
3292:Gd
3283:Eu
3274:Sm
3265:Pm
3256:Nd
3247:Pr
3238:Ce
3229:La
3220:Ba
3211:Cs
3195:Xe
3177:Te
3168:Sb
3159:Sn
3150:In
3141:Cd
3132:Ag
3123:Pd
3114:Rh
3105:Ru
3096:Tc
3087:Mo
3078:Nb
3069:Zr
3049:Sr
3040:Rb
3024:Kr
3015:Br
3006:Se
2997:As
2988:Ge
2979:Ga
2970:Zn
2961:Cu
2952:Ni
2943:Co
2934:Fe
2925:Mn
2916:Cr
2898:Ti
2889:Sc
2878:Ca
2853:Ar
2844:Cl
2817:Si
2808:Al
2797:Mg
2788:Na
2772:Ne
2716:Be
2707:Li
2691:He
2666:18
2661:17
2656:16
2651:15
2646:14
2641:13
2636:12
2631:11
2626:10
2465:.
2455:.
2443:.
2439:.
2414:.
2390:.
2368:.
2360:.
2350:26
2348:.
2321:^
2305:61
2303:.
2090:.
2069:49
2067:.
2063:.
2046:40
2044:.
2040:.
1977:^
1961::
1959:}}
1955:{{
1901:.
1897:.
1858:^
1729:,
1725:,
1654:,
1650:,
1646:,
1606:74
1595:42
1584:24
1561::
1477:,
1469:,
1417:,
1348:.
1256:.
1209:74
1198:42
1187:24
1157:.
1054:74
1024:42
994:24
914:6
4726:W
4642:e
4635:t
4628:v
4294:)
4290:(
4053:7
4048:6
4043:5
4038:4
4033:3
4028:2
4023:1
3960:9
3955:8
3950:7
3945:6
3940:5
3935:4
3930:3
3859:e
3852:t
3845:v
3551:U
3499:7
3382:W
3204:6
3186:I
3060:Y
3033:5
2907:V
2869:K
2862:4
2835:S
2826:P
2781:3
2763:F
2754:O
2745:N
2736:C
2727:B
2700:2
2680:H
2673:1
2621:9
2616:8
2611:7
2606:6
2601:5
2596:4
2591:3
2584:2
2579:1
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2549:t
2542:v
2520:.
2494:.
2473:.
2451::
2424:.
2400:.
2376:.
2356::
2315:.
2311::
2273:.
2218:.
2193:.
2166:.
2135:.
2104:.
2025:.
2003:.
1971:)
1951:.
1926:.
1903:3
1882:.
1696:)
1692:(
1568:Z
1321:4
1171:Z
1067:7
1037:6
1007:5
977:4
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