579:
752:
completely diverges from the previous pathways, as this pathway spontaneously initiates in the presence of hydrolyzed C3, which then recruits other subunits which can be cleaved to form C3 convertase. In all three pathways, once C3 convertase is synthesized, complements are cleaved into subunits which either form a structure called the membrane attack complex (MAC) on the bacterial cell wall to destroy the bacteria or act as cytokines and chemokines, amplifying the immune response.
741:
583:
cell. Step 5: When the B cells are activated, some B cells turn into plasma cells and are released in the blood, while other B cells become B memory cells that quicken response for a second exposure. Step 6: Plasma cells then secrete antibodies, which bind to antigens to fight the invading pathogens.
582:
Step 1: A macrophage engulfs the pathogen. Step 2: The macrophage then digests the bacterium and presents the pathogen's antigens. Step 3: A T helper cell binds to the macrophage and becomes an activated T helper cell. Step 4: The activated T helper cell binds to a B cell in order to activate the B
648:
These antibodies will encounter antigens and bind with them. This will either interfere with the chemical interaction between host and foreign cells, or they may form bridges between their antigenic sites hindering their proper functioning. Their presence might also attract macrophages or killer
751:
This differs from the mannose-binding lectin pathway, which is initiated by bacterial carbohydrate motifs, such as mannose, found on the surface of bacterium. After the binding process, the same subunit cleavage and synthesis occurs as in the classical pathway. The alternate complement pathway
636:. The memory B cells remain inactive here; later, when these memory B cells encounter the same antigen due to reinfection, they divide and form plasma cells. On the other hand, the plasma cells produce a large number of antibodies which are released freely into the
683:
of the cell. The complement system consists of more than 35 soluble and cell-bound proteins, 12 of which are directly involved in the complement pathways. The complement system is involved in the activities of both innate immunity and acquired immunity.
604:, stimulating the production of proteins, allowing for B cells to multiply and the descendants to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells circulating in the blood. B cells can be activated through certain microbial agents without the help of
486:
An antibody is used by the acquired immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. By binding their specific antigens, antibodies can cause
972:
483:. Each immunoglobulin class differs in its biological properties and has evolved to deal with different antigens. Antibodies are synthesized and secreted by plasma cells that are derived from the B cells of the immune system.
526:
by host antibodies. The cause is usually a clerical error, such as the wrong unit of blood being given to the wrong patient. The symptoms are fever and chills, sometimes with back pain and pink or red urine
736:
The classical pathway is initiated through exposure to free-floating antigen-bound antibodies. This leads to enzymatic cleavage of smaller complement subunits which synthesize to form the C3 convertase.
980:
1003:"Affinity Enhancement of Antibodies: How Low-Affinity Antibodies Produced Early in Immune Responses Are Followed by High-Affinity Antibodies Later and in Memory B-Cell Responses"
869:
1265:
675:
that helps clear pathogens from an organism. It is derived from many small blood plasma proteins that work together to disrupt the target cell's
428:
Original discovery (1900), antigen-antibody binding hypothesis (1938), produced by B cells (1948), structure (1972), immunoglobulin genes (1976)
1002:
263:. The discovery of specified compatible antibodies became a major tool in the standardization of immunity and the identification of lingering
173:
is credited with the development of the humoral theory. In 1890, Buchner described alexins as "protective substances" that exist in the
240:
that could neutralize the activity of the toxin and could transfer immunity to non-immune animals. In 1897, Paul
Ehrlich showed that
255:, and proposed that these antibodies are responsible for immunity. Ehrlich, with his colleague von Behring, went on to develop the
1258:
592:
When a B cell encounters an antigen, a signal is activated, the antigen binds to the receptor and is taken inside the B cell by
877:
628:
that induce B cells to divide rapidly, making thousands of identical clones of the B cell. These daughter cells either become
563:
of the BCR. Once a BCR interacts with an antigen, it creates a binding signal which directs the B cell to produce a unique
559:; this specificity is derived from the amino acid sequence of the heavy and light polypeptide chains that constitute the
337:
1251:
555:
along the cell surface. These BCRs are membrane-bound protein complexes that have a high binding affinity for specific
955:
818:
1597:
1592:
726:
1535:
733:, which is the initial step of complement activation, and the subsequent process are eventually the same.
722:
718:
109:
Humoral immunity refers to antibody production and the coinciding processes that accompany it, including:
1421:
1243:
224:
showed that disease need not be caused by microorganisms themselves. They discovered that cell-free
378:
170:
1601:
1359:
488:
221:
1623:
1341:
1277:
761:
608:
and have the ability to work directly with antigens to provide responses to pathogens present.
415:
95:
64:
1570:
1426:
1404:
48:
401:
Serum substances that coat the outer membrane of foreign substances and enhance the rate of
1587:
1520:
1431:
1355:
904:
711:
699:, as well as the marking of pathogens for phagocytosis. The proteins account for 5% of the
672:
536:
518:, which is mediated by the humoral immune response. This type of reaction, called an acute
515:
314:
256:
122:
91:
8:
1694:
1647:
1582:
1565:
1399:
1317:
772:
668:
126:
52:
908:
845:
1467:
1226:
1201:
1172:
1096:
1071:
920:
637:
134:
44:
32:
1515:
1281:
1231:
1177:
1159:
1101:
1030:
1022:
951:
928:
814:
662:
511:
504:
290:
202:
194:
146:
79:
1139:
1575:
1547:
1542:
1510:
1497:
1487:
1221:
1213:
1167:
1151:
1091:
1083:
1014:
912:
841:
572:
571:. The mature B cells then migrate from the bone marrow to the lymph nodes or other
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
229:
217:
1087:
1018:
807:
1530:
802:
676:
560:
552:
198:
118:
228:
were sufficient to cause disease. In 1890, filtrates of diphtheria, later named
1557:
1502:
1443:
1363:
1336:
1120:
1052:
916:
528:
523:
411:
365:
361:
103:
36:
1688:
1525:
1414:
1163:
1026:
767:
730:
633:
601:
324:
313:
Substances in the serum that can neutralize the activity of toxins, enabling
260:
182:
174:
166:
130:
83:
1492:
1477:
1472:
1409:
1307:
1235:
1181:
1127:(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
1105:
1034:
932:
696:
692:
650:
597:
578:
492:
452:
402:
388:
370:
186:
154:
55:. Humoral immunity is named so because it involves substances found in the
1202:"The Bactericidal Action of Lymph Taken From the Thoracic Duct of the Dog"
596:. The antigen is processed and presented on the B cell's surface again by
1155:
700:
629:
593:
1217:
1615:
1368:
1274:
1119:
Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (November 21, 2001).
924:
688:
532:
496:
406:
351:
346:
308:
241:
236:
animals in an attempt to demonstrate that immunized serum contained an
209:
178:
99:
87:
60:
40:
197:
and humoral immunity. This discovery helped to bridge the features of
86:, including their function and interaction, is the central science of
1673:
1378:
1273:
680:
519:
264:
237:
233:
75:
892:
740:
522:
reaction, results in the rapid destruction (hemolysis) of the donor
1663:
1448:
1436:
1394:
1348:
1312:
777:
703:
625:
564:
448:
443:
423:
225:
165:
The concept of humoral immunity developed based on the analysis of
138:
114:
56:
1668:
1482:
1331:
1302:
1118:
1050:
707:
568:
556:
396:
213:
193:
components of the innate response that leads to a combination of
190:
150:
22:
1640:
1628:
1373:
1324:
744:
717:
Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the
605:
548:
503:
receptors, and stimulate other immune responses, such as the
500:
456:
332:
252:
248:
245:
142:
729:. These processes differ only in the process of activating
1051:
Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001).
747:
activation is a large part of the humoral immune response.
620:) to bind to the complex. This binding will activate the T
491:
and precipitation of antibody-antigen products, prime for
551:
begin the maturation process in the bone marrow, gaining
535:
released by the destruction of red blood cells can cause
110:
208:
Following the 1888 discovery of the bacteria that cause
1057:
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and
Disease.
1144:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1125:
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and
Disease
90:. The immune system is divided into a more primitive
1140:"Molecules Great and Small: The Complement System"
806:
463:. In mammals, there are five types of antibodies:
272:Major discoveries in the study of humoral immunity
21:"Humoral" redirects here. Not to be confused with
945:
259:, which became the first major success of modern
1686:
185:. Alexins, later redefined as "complements" by
706:fraction. Most of these proteins circulate as
687:Activation of this system leads to cytolysis,
459:. Structurally, antibodies are large Y-shaped
1259:
1199:
1137:
801:
870:"The experimental foundations of Immunology"
643:
1121:"The complement system and innate immunity"
1053:"B-cell activation by armed helper T cells"
884:
840:
575:, where they begin to encounter pathogens.
383:Serum substances that work with complements
1266:
1252:
797:
795:
793:
298:that are capable of killing microorganisms
67:. Humoral immunity is also referred to as
1225:
1171:
1095:
970:
102:, each of which contain both humoral and
1138:Mathern DR, Heeger PS (September 2015).
739:
600:. The MHC-II proteins are recognized by
577:
356:Serum substances that aggregate bacteria
331:complement proteins to induce bacterial
1069:
946:Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler LM (2004).
890:
836:
834:
832:
830:
790:
616:The B cell waits for a helper T cell (T
611:
137:functions of antibodies, which include
1687:
1200:Meltzer SJ, Norris C (November 1897).
1046:
1044:
547:In humoral immune response, the naive
542:
1247:
1000:
876:. University of Pavia. Archived from
863:
861:
859:
857:
1206:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
867:
827:
813:(5th ed.). Garland Publishing.
656:
587:
1041:
948:Immunology, Infection, and Immunity
939:
329:Serum substances that work with the
319:von Behring and ShibasaburĹŤ (1890)
13:
1192:
854:
531:). The major complication is that
169:activity of the serum components.
133:generation. It also refers to the
14:
1706:
1072:"Complement and humoral immunity"
874:Immunology Course Medical School
358:and precipitate bacterial toxins
1131:
1112:
893:"Opsonins and Other Antibodies"
296:Soluble components in the serum
1593:Immunoglobulin class switching
1063:
994:
964:
847:Immunity in infectious disease
727:mannose-binding lectin pathway
1:
1088:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.022
1019:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0029
850:. Cambridge University Press.
783:
437:
1070:Carroll MC (December 2008).
723:alternate complement pathway
719:classical complement pathway
7:
891:Hektoen L (February 1909).
755:
710:, which are inactive until
667:The complement system is a
181:and are capable of killing
10:
1711:
1422:Polyclonal B cell response
1007:Cancer Immunology Research
917:10.1126/science.29.737.241
660:
624:cell, which then releases
567:that only binds with that
441:
160:
157:and pathogen elimination.
145:neutralization, classical
69:antibody-mediated immunity
20:
1656:
1614:
1556:
1457:
1387:
1295:
1288:
973:"Humoral Immune Response"
644:Antibody-antigen reaction
971:Boundless (2016-05-26).
695:, immune clearance, and
1001:Eisen HN (2014-05-01).
553:B-cell receptors (BCRs)
499:and other cells, block
455:found within blood and
451:or Immunoglobulins are
385:to lyse red blood cells
244:form against the plant
189:, were shown to be the
1536:Tolerance in pregnancy
1278:adaptive immune system
764:(vs. humoral immunity)
762:Cell-mediated immunity
748:
584:
96:adaptive immune system
65:cell-mediated immunity
49:antimicrobial peptides
1571:Somatic hypermutation
1405:Polyclonal antibodies
1400:Monoclonal antibodies
743:
581:
39:– including secreted
1588:Junctional diversity
1356:Antigen presentation
1156:10.2215/CJN.06230614
712:proteolytic cleavage
673:innate immune system
649:cells to attack and
612:B cell proliferation
537:acute kidney failure
516:transfusion reaction
315:passive immunization
257:diphtheria antitoxin
222:Kitasato ShibasaburĹŤ
92:innate immune system
63:. It contrasts with
53:extracellular fluids
35:that is mediated by
1583:V(D)J recombination
1566:Affinity maturation
1318:Antigenic variation
1218:10.1084/jem.2.6.701
909:1909Sci....29..241H
773:Polyclonal response
669:biochemical cascade
543:Antibody production
274:
127:affinity maturation
94:and an acquired or
80:cellular components
45:complement proteins
749:
638:circulatory system
585:
505:complement pathway
270:
16:Aspect of immunity
1682:
1681:
1610:
1609:
1360:professional APCs
663:Complement system
657:Complement system
588:B cell activation
512:blood transfusion
461:globular proteins
435:
434:
230:diphtheria toxins
203:acquired immunity
106:immune elements.
74:The study of the
31:is the aspect of
1702:
1576:Clonal selection
1548:Immune privilege
1543:Immunodeficiency
1498:Cross-reactivity
1488:Hypersensitivity
1293:
1292:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1150:(9): 1636–1650.
1135:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1039:
1038:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
979:. Archived from
968:
962:
961:
943:
937:
936:
903:(737): 241–248.
888:
882:
881:
865:
852:
851:
838:
825:
824:
812:
799:
573:lymphatic organs
510:An incompatible
481:immunoglobulin M
477:immunoglobulin G
473:immunoglobulin E
469:immunoglobulin D
465:immunoglobulin A
338:Richard Pfeiffer
275:
269:
218:Emil von Behring
149:activation, and
29:Humoral immunity
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1652:
1606:
1552:
1531:Clonal deletion
1459:
1453:
1383:
1284:
1272:
1242:
1195:
1193:Further reading
1190:
1189:
1136:
1132:
1117:
1113:
1068:
1064:
1059:(5th ed.).
1049:
1042:
999:
995:
986:
984:
969:
965:
958:
944:
940:
889:
885:
866:
855:
839:
828:
821:
800:
791:
786:
758:
677:plasma membrane
665:
659:
646:
623:
619:
614:
598:MHC-II proteins
590:
561:variable region
545:
524:red blood cells
446:
440:
384:
369:
357:
349:
330:
303:Ehrlich (1892)
302:
301:Buchner (1890),
297:
232:, were used to
163:
125:switching, and
119:germinal center
113:activation and
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1562:
1560:
1558:Immunogenetics
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1503:Co-stimulation
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1444:Immune complex
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:Dendritic cell
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:Conformational
1339:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1212:(6): 701–709.
1196:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1130:
1111:
1082:(8): I28–I33.
1062:
1040:
1013:(5): 381–392.
993:
963:
956:
938:
883:
880:on 2011-05-30.
853:
826:
819:
788:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
757:
754:
661:Main article:
658:
655:
645:
642:
621:
617:
613:
610:
602:helper T cells
589:
586:
544:
541:
529:hemoglobinuria
442:Main article:
439:
436:
433:
432:
429:
426:
420:
419:
409:
399:
393:
392:
386:
381:
375:
374:
359:
354:
342:
341:
335:
327:
325:Bacteriolysins
321:
320:
317:
311:
305:
304:
299:
294:
286:
285:
282:
279:
183:microorganisms
162:
159:
121:formation and
82:that form the
47:, and certain
37:macromolecules
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1707:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Clonal anergy
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:Microantibody
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
983:on 2016-10-12
982:
978:
974:
967:
959:
957:9781683672111
953:
950:. ASM Press.
949:
942:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
879:
875:
871:
864:
862:
860:
858:
849:
848:
843:
842:Metchnikoff E
837:
835:
833:
831:
822:
820:0-8153-3642-X
816:
811:
810:
809:Immunobiology
804:
803:Janeway Jr CA
798:
796:
794:
789:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Immune system
766:
763:
760:
759:
753:
746:
742:
738:
734:
732:
731:C3 convertase
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
654:
652:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:agglutination
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:glycoproteins
450:
445:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
413:
410:
408:
404:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
367:
363:
360:
355:
353:
348:
344:
343:
339:
336:
334:
328:
326:
323:
322:
318:
316:
312:
310:
307:
306:
300:
295:
292:
288:
287:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
268:
266:
262:
261:immunotherapy
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:bodily fluids
176:
172:
168:
167:antibacterial
158:
156:
153:promotion of
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:immune system
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:– located in
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
24:
19:
1635:
1493:Inflammation
1478:Alloimmunity
1473:Autoimmunity
1458:Immunity vs.
1410:Autoantibody
1308:Superantigen
1209:
1205:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1114:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1056:
1010:
1006:
996:
985:. Retrieved
981:the original
976:
966:
947:
941:
900:
896:
886:
878:the original
873:
868:Gherardi E.
846:
808:
750:
735:
716:
697:inflammation
693:opsonization
686:
666:
647:
634:memory cells
630:plasma cells
615:
591:
546:
509:
493:phagocytosis
485:
447:
403:phagocytosis
389:Jules Bordet
271:
207:
187:Paul Ehrlich
171:Hans Buchner
164:
155:phagocytosis
117:production,
108:
73:
68:
28:
27:
18:
1616:Lymphocytes
1275:Lymphocytic
679:leading to
651:phagocytose
594:endocytosis
497:macrophages
407:macrophages
352:precipitins
347:agglutinins
175:blood serum
131:memory cell
100:vertebrates
61:body fluids
1695:Immunology
1657:Substances
1521:Peripheral
1509:Inaction:
1388:Antibodies
1369:Macrophage
1282:complement
987:2017-04-15
784:References
725:, and the
689:chemotaxis
533:hemoglobin
449:Antibodies
438:Antibodies
379:Hemolysins
362:von Gruber
345:Bacterial
309:Antitoxins
291:Complement
289:Alexin(s)/
284:Discovery
265:infections
242:antibodies
210:diphtheria
177:and other
147:complement
88:immunology
41:antibodies
1674:Cytolysin
1664:Cytokines
1511:Tolerance
1460:tolerance
1379:Immunogen
1164:1555-9041
1027:2326-6066
977:Boundless
681:cytolysis
626:cytokines
520:hemolytic
514:causes a
278:Substance
238:antitoxin
234:vaccinate
226:filtrates
76:molecular
1689:Category
1624:Cellular
1468:Immunity
1466:Action:
1449:Paratope
1437:Idiotype
1427:Allotype
1395:Antibody
1349:Mimotope
1313:Allergen
1296:Antigens
1289:Lymphoid
1236:19866859
1182:25568220
1106:19388161
1035:24795350
933:17788933
844:(1905).
805:(2001).
778:Serology
756:See also
708:zymogens
704:globulin
565:antibody
557:antigens
444:Antibody
431:Ehrlich
424:Antibody
397:Opsonins
281:Activity
195:cellular
139:pathogen
135:effector
115:cytokine
104:cellular
33:immunity
1669:Opsonin
1648:NK cell
1636:Humoral
1516:Central
1483:Allergy
1432:Isotype
1332:Epitope
1303:Antigen
1227:2117951
1173:4559511
1097:4018718
1076:Vaccine
925:1634893
905:Bibcode
897:Science
671:of the
606:T-cells
569:antigen
549:B cells
418:(1903)
416:Douglas
391:(1899)
373:(1897)
368:(1896),
340:(1895)
214:tetanus
191:soluble
161:History
151:opsonin
123:isotype
23:humeral
1641:B cell
1629:T cell
1374:B cell
1337:Linear
1325:Hapten
1234:
1224:
1180:
1170:
1162:
1104:
1094:
1033:
1025:
954:
931:
923:
817:
745:B cell
721:, the
653:them.
479:, and
412:Wright
366:Durham
246:toxins
199:innate
57:humors
921:JSTOR
701:serum
501:viral
457:lymph
371:Kraus
333:lysis
253:abrin
249:ricin
143:toxin
59:, or
1280:and
1232:PMID
1178:PMID
1160:ISSN
1102:PMID
1031:PMID
1023:ISSN
952:ISBN
929:PMID
815:ISBN
414:and
364:and
350:and
251:and
220:and
212:and
201:and
141:and
129:and
78:and
1602:HLA
1598:MHC
1222:PMC
1214:doi
1168:PMC
1152:doi
1092:PMC
1084:doi
1015:doi
913:doi
632:or
495:by
405:by
293:(s)
111:Th2
98:of
1691::
1362::
1230:.
1220:.
1208:.
1204:.
1176:.
1166:.
1158:.
1148:10
1146:.
1142:.
1123:.
1100:.
1090:.
1080:26
1078:.
1074:.
1055:.
1043:^
1029:.
1021:.
1009:.
1005:.
975:.
927:.
919:.
911:.
901:29
899:.
895:.
872:.
856:^
829:^
792:^
714:.
691:,
640:.
539:.
507:.
475:,
471:,
467:,
267:.
216:,
205:.
71:.
43:,
1600:/
1358:/
1267:e
1260:t
1253:v
1238:.
1216::
1210:2
1184:.
1154::
1108:.
1086::
1037:.
1017::
1011:2
990:.
960:.
935:.
915::
907::
823:.
622:H
618:H
527:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.