591:
705:
51:
523:
80:
554:. Special disposable demineralization cartridges may also reduce the amount of airborne material, but the EPA warns, "the ability of these devices to remove minerals may vary widely." The mineral dust may have negative health effects. Wick humidifiers trap the mineral deposits in the wick; vaporizer types tend to collect minerals on or around the
743:, a humidifier may be installed into the furnace. They can also protect wooden objects, antiques and other furnishings which may be sensitive to damage from overly dry air. In colder months, they may provide modest energy savings, since as humidity increases, occupants may feel warm at a lower temperature.
911:
For most models, a portion of the water supplied to the unit is not evaporated. This can generate a considerable amount of waste water containing residual minerals, which does require connection to a drain. There is a limited selection of drain-less models that recirculate water, but mineral buildup
877:
ceramic, resulting in an extremely large surface area within a small space. When the hygrostat calls for humidity, the valve is opened and causes a spray of water onto the "biscuit". Hot air is passed through the "biscuit", causing the water to evaporate from the pad and be carried into the building.
868:
Bypass flow-through style (bypass – also known as "biscuit style" or many other, similar variant names) uses a pipe to bring water directly to an electrically controlled valve at the top of the humidifier. Air passes through an aluminum "biscuit" (often called a pad; the term "biscuit" emphasizes the
655:
Clogged filters should be replaced when they cannot deliver water, which is indicated with a "no water" icon/alert signal in modern humidifiers. A manual way to figure out if a filter is clogged is to shake it, if the content of it (even if wet) doesn't move around, then it's unlikely that sufficient
923:
Spray mist type uses a pipe, usually a small plastic one, to bring water directly to an electrically controlled valve (atomizer-this forces the water through a tiny orifice causing it to break up into tiny particles) in the humidifier. Water mist is sprayed directly into the supply air, and the mist
602:
Tank cap-based humidifiers are more inconvenient to fill than top fill tanks, because the demineralization filter has to be unscrewed and screwed back on a daily basis. Also, water drops from the tank attachment may get in contact with the hygrometer, which will make it harder to operate properly if
494:
if they are not dried out completely between fillings, and become saturated with mineral deposits over time. They regularly need rinsing or replacement; if this does not happen, air cannot pass through them, and humidifier stops humidifying the area it is in and the water in the tank remains at the
1004:
monitors. The white dust can be prevented by using distilled water, or a demineralization cartridge in ultrasonic humidifiers. Bottled waters labeled "natural", "artesian", or "spring" may still have their original mineral content. The EPA reports that ultrasonic and impeller humidifiers spread the
453:
and the towel surface area is large enough to provide for rapid evaporation. The stainless steel bowl is much easier to clean than typical humidifier water tanks. This, in combination with daily or every other day replacement of the towel and periodic laundering, can control the problem of mold and
995:
provides detailed information about health risks as well as recommended maintenance procedures. If the tap water contains a lot of minerals (also known as "hard water") then the ultrasonic or impeller humidifiers will produce a "white dust" (calcium is the most common mineral in tap water), which
513:
humidifiers (a type of cool mist humidifier) are usually noisier than others. It uses a rotating disc to fling water at a diffuser, which breaks the water into fine droplets that float into the air. The water supply must be kept scrupulously clean, or there is a risk of spreading bacteria or mold
824:
A disc wheel style (bypass) is very similar in design to the drum style humidifiers; this type of furnace humidifier replaces the foam drumming with a number of plastic discs with small grooves on both sides. This allows for a very large evaporative surface area, without requiring a great deal of
648:
Most models with heating elements come with replacement demineralization filters (cartridges, or plastic foam, for the tank, and fabric near the heater in the reservoir) to reduce the amount of minerals entering the system. The cost of these filters is about $ 10–15 per cartridge or 10-pack for
671:
A medicated inhalant can also be added to the steam vapor to help reduce cough. Vaporizers may be healthier than cool mist types of humidifiers because steam is less likely to convey mineral impurities or microorganisms from the standing water in the reservoir. However, boiling water requires
547:(which then forms a difficult-to-remove sticky white dust on nearby objects and furniture). Any pathogens growing in the stagnant tank will also be dispersed in the air. Ultrasonic humidifiers should be cleaned regularly to prevent bacterial contamination from being spread throughout the air.
390:
Natural humidifiers don't use or need a demineralization filter because the water is slowly evaporated which leaves the mineral deposit at the bottom of the container. However, natural humidifiers raise the humidity very slowly even if their water surface area is large.
982:
There are many different types of Plant and Home
Humidifiers which can help you to maintain humidity level of your home as required. Additional types include non-bypass flow-through (fan augmented), steam, impeller or centrifugal atomizer, and under duct designs.
534:
to create water droplets that silently exit the humidifier in the form of cool fog. Usually the mist gets forced out by a tiny fan, while some ultra mini models have no fans. The models without fans are meant mainly for personal use. Ultrasonic humidifiers use a
164:
For example, a typical modern apartment of 50 m (540 sq ft) with closed windows (wood isolation) may consume 36.72 litres per day (9.70 U.S. gallons per day) to raise the relative humidity from 20% to 55%: 24 * 1,53 L/h (2*1×125×1.2×0.0051):
727:
may become noisy due to build up which cannot effectively be removed with vinegar for example. However, the fan can be replaced, and the model name of the fan and its specifications can be figured out by disassembling the humidifier and detaching it.
487:. A room with low humidity will have a higher evaporation rate compared to a room with high humidity. Therefore, this type of humidifier is partially self-regulating; as the humidity of the room increases, the water vapor output naturally decreases.
750:
Any humidifiers should usually be disabled during the summer months if air conditioning is used; air conditioners partially function to reducing indoor humidity, and having a humidifier continue to operate will waste significant amounts of energy.
649:
plastic foam, or fabric filters. Cartridges may last for 6 months, and plastic foam/fabric filters may last one month, if the humidifier is frequently used. Cartridges can be used for most humidifiers, but some models have a proprietary format.
624:
to control buildup. It is easy to remove the buildup from the nebulizer in humidifiers with removable base parts. Other models must be screwed. Some models require monthly maintenance, while other models may run for years unmaintained.
598:
Bottom filled humidifiers has removable water tank, often attached with a replaceable demineralization filter. Both the cap and the filter are often universal, which means that they can be switched between many tank cap humidifiers.
358:
Static problems are prevalent in industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics, automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static buildup and sparks when humidity is below 45%
354:
Industrial humidifiers are used when a specific humidity level must be maintained to prevent static electricity buildup, preserve material properties, and ensure a comfortable and healthy environment for workers or residents.
746:
Bypass humidifiers are connected between the heated and cold air return ducts, using the pressure difference between these ducts to cause some heated air to make a bypass through the humidifier and return to the furnace.
215:, or indoors in artificially heated spaces. In winter, especially when cold outside air is heated indoors, the humidity may drop to as low as 10–20%. A relative humidity of 30% to 50% is recommended for most homes.
363:(RH). Between 45% and 55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures that static will never build up. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (
323:
An indoor relative humidity of less than 51% resulted in significant reductions in mite and allergen levels. Overuse of a humidifier can raise the relative humidity to excessive levels, promoting the growth of
539:
to create a high frequency (1-2 MHz) mechanical oscillation in a film of water. This forms an extremely fine mist of droplets about one micron in diameter, that is quickly evaporated into the air flow.
1023:. Eighty children died of the disorder and nine adults either died or needed lung transplants. In the two years following the banning of cleaning chemicals for humidifier tanks, there were no new cases.
448:
bowl, partially filled with water, covered by a towel. A waterproof weight is used to sink the towel in the center of the bowl. There is no need for a fan, because the water spreads through the towel by
808:
For the latter reason especially, drum-style humidifiers should always be turned off at the water supply during summer (air conditioning) months, and should always be used with high quality furnace
367:) has traditionally recommended a range of 45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment. Humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital
767:
tank float. The wick is typically a foam pad mounted on a drum and attached to a small motor; hot air enters the drum at one end and is forced to leave through the sides of the drum. When the
3640:
298:
Low humidity can affect wooden furniture, causing shrinkage and loose joints or cracking of pieces. Books, papers, and artworks may shrink or warp and become brittle in very low humidity.
1090:
974:
On July 27, 1962, Raymond Banks applied for a patent for a room humidifier. The patent was granted on
November 3, 1964, to the inventor and originally assigned to Walton Labs, Inc.
400:
Human water losses, both respiratory, and insensible water loss like sweat, range in average 0.75 L/d in sedentary adults. However, most people do not spend most of the day at home.
1462:
802:
growth in the pan full of water (this problem is exacerbated by the large quantity of air, inevitably carrying mold spores, passing through the humidifier whether in use or not).
382:
use humidifiers to protect sensitive works of art, especially in exhibition galleries, where they combat the dryness caused by heating for the comfort of visitors during winter.
66:
often include humidifiers for increased patient comfort. Large humidifiers are used in commercial, institutional, or industrial contexts, often as part of a larger HVAC system.
4808:
483:
for it to evaporate from. The fan is adjacent to the wick and blows air onto the wet wick to aid in the evaporation of the water. Evaporation from the wick is dependent on
336:
should be used to monitor and control humidity levels automatically, or a well-informed and conscientious human operator must constantly check for correct humidity levels.
1005:
most mineral deposits and microorganisms, while evaporative and steam humidifers can allow the growth of microorganisms but generally disperse less of them into the air.,
1008:
In addition, a stuck or malfunctioning water supply valve can deliver large amounts of water, causing extensive water damage if undetected for any period of time. A
1604:
672:
significantly more energy than other techniques. The heat source in poorly designed humidifiers can overheat, causing the product to melt, leak, and start fires.
285:
measure the effect of humidity on the perception of temperatures above +27 °C (81 °F). In humid conditions, the air feels much hotter, because less
3590:
3620:
940:
Because it does not require bypass ducting it does not undermine the pressure separation (and therefore, blower efficiency) of the return and supply ducts.
1622:
1648:"An overlooked route of inhalation exposure to tap water constituents for children and adults: Aerosolized aqueous minerals from ultrasonic humidifiers"
58:
In the home, point-of-use humidifiers are commonly used to humidify a single room, while whole-house or furnace humidifiers, which connect to a home's
759:
Drum style (bypass) uses a pipe to bring water directly to a reservoir (a pan) attached to the furnace. The water level in the pan is controlled by a
417:. Care must still be taken to prevent bacteria or mold in the soil from growing to excessive levels, or from dispersing into the air. The presence of
960:
Spray nozzle can become clogged in hard water situations, necessitating the use of water filter, periodic cleaning of nozzle, or nozzle replacement.
1849:
771:
calls for humidity, the motor is turned on causing the drum to rotate slowly through the pan of water and preventing the foam pad from drying out.
908:
Manufacturer and model-specific replacement biscuits (versus the relatively generic drum-style pads) may be more expensive and difficult to find
1436:
1230:
Mäkinen, T. M.; Juvonen, R.; Jokelainen, J.; Harju, T. H.; Peitso, A.; Bloigu, A.; Silvennoinen-Kassinen, S.; Leinonen, M.; Hassi, J. (2009).
3635:
1600:
1009:
992:
543:
Unlike the humidifiers that boil water, these water droplets will contain any impurities that are in the reservoir, including minerals from
1082:
122:: Values may be obtained from the HVAC maintainer that routinely (typically every third year or so) tests the ventilation of the residence.
1466:
857:
Water evaporation even when humidification is not required (due to the pan of water which remains exposed to a high velocity air stream)
3128:
2377:
1893:
1711:
816:
ratings as high as possible to ensure small numbers of mold spores reaching the humidifier pan) when the water supply is turned on.
3630:
3562:
590:
1272:
1086:
259:: By drying out mucous membranes such as the lining of the nose and throat, it may also lead to a snoring problem, and can cause
441:. Sometimes called a "natural humidifier", these are usually non-commercial devices that can be assembled at little or no cost.
1326:
1299:
832:
Very low maintenance (basin of humidifier should be cleaned out periodically, unless an automatic flushing device is installed)
3435:
472:
An "evaporative", "cool moisture", or "wick humidifier", consists of just three basic parts: a reservoir, a wick, and a fan.
4768:
3595:
3557:
1792:
Kristin J. Cummings, MD, MPH; Kathleen Kreiss, MD (2015-05-29). "Occupational and
Environmental Bronchiolar Disorders".
1593:
1354:"Reducing relative humidity is a practical way to control dust mites and their allergens in homes in temperate climates"
3763:
3418:
681:
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Reduced maintenance (new "biscuit" is needed only when clogged with dust or mineral deposits, typically once per year)
4088:
3460:
3173:
2709:
2438:
1551:
Rodes, C. T. R. G (1990). "Measurements of the size distribution of aerosols produced by ultrasonic humidification".
1336:
1309:
1282:
1208:
946:
Highly efficient usage of water. Does not generate waste water, and does not require separate connection to a drain.
792:
Water evaporation even when humidification is not required (due to the pan of water which remains exposed to a high
616:
Ultrasonic wave nebulizers trap the mineral deposits over time, even if filters are used, and require cleaning with
4818:
2529:
1020:
952:
Lack of a pan of potentially stagnant water to serve as a breeding ground for mold as with a drum-style humidifier.
594:
An ultrasonic humidifier with a bottom filled tank that has a replaceable demineralization unit (see inside bottom)
888:
Lack of a pan of potentially stagnant water to serve as a breeding ground for mold as with a drum-style humidifier
126:
3610:
3424:
2804:
374:
Printers and paper manufacturers use humidifiers to prevent shrinkage and paper curl. Humidifiers are needed in
2368:
3572:
3516:
3511:
3088:
2616:
2012:
1886:
1794:
1232:"Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections"
235:
4379:
3133:
2684:
2605:
2564:
1012:, possibly with an automatic water shutoff, can help prevent this malfunction from causing major problems.
645:
Humidity with mineral deposits build up on furniture, and static objects like computer monitors, TVs, etc.
329:
931:
Simpler than bypass types to install, requiring a single cut hole for installation, no additional ducting.
891:
No incidental humidification caused by a constantly replenished pan of water in a high velocity air stream
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4344:
3476:
3278:
2789:
2724:
2642:
2554:
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of textiles, and causing dust and small particles to stick stubbornly to electrically charged surfaces.
4324:
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4154:
3625:
3506:
3213:
2978:
2822:
119:
1155:"Clinical Characteristics and Quality of Life of Seborrheic Dermatitis Patients in a Tropical Country"
937:
Small, compact unit which fits where other types cannot. (Approximately 6 inches (15 cm) square.)
4429:
3678:
3537:
3501:
3303:
2933:
2888:
2816:
2668:
2611:
949:
Requires little maintenance. Periodic cleaning of nozzle may be required in hard water environments.
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1352:
Arlian, LG; Neal, JS; Morgan, MS; Vyszenski-Moher, DL; Rapp, CM; Alexander, AK (January 2001).
652:
Some humidifiers (for example, some cold mist humidifiers) don't come with any filters at all.
582:
A top fill tank has a hole at the top to make it convenient to refill the tank on daily basis.
239:
229:
1842:
1106:"The effect of environmental humidity and temperature on skin barrier function and dermatitis"
305:
may become a problem in conditions of low humidity, destroying semiconductor devices, causing
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2754:
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2121:
2044:
1019:
and other toxic materials were used as a cleaning agent for humidifier water tanks in Korea,
789:
Requirement for frequent (approximately monthly) inspections of cleanliness and pad condition
825:
space. Unlike the drum style humidifiers, the disc wheel does not need regular replacement.
4569:
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4046:
3948:
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1528:
1503:
1418:
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1154:
1135:
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302:
224:
Prevention of dermatitis: Low humidity can cause adverse health effects and may cause
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4254:
4234:
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4015:
3913:
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Engebretsen, KA; Johansen, JD; Kezic, S; Linneberg, A; Thyssen, JP (February 2016).
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to preserve the freshness of food against the dryness caused by hot temperatures.
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665:
555:
551:
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252:
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The water is usually supplied by manually filling the unit on a periodic basis.
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183:
141:
98:
36:
24:
1623:"Using tap water in an ultrasonic humidifier may be polluting your air: study"
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solid rather than foamy form) which is similar to a piece of extremely coarse
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1968:
1953:
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1990:
1980:
1973:
1931:
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1803:
1697:
1537:
1504:"The Hydration Equation: Update on Water Balance and Cognitive Performance"
1379:
1257:
1190:
1131:
1044:
550:
The amount of minerals and other materials can be greatly reduced by using
480:
343:
339:
A humidity below 50% can prevent water condensation on building materials.
318:
306:
286:
1414:
1204:
406:
may also be used as natural humidifiers, especially if they are placed in
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2539:
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1985:
1926:
1032:
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Inexpensive maintenance (drum-style pads are cheap and readily available)
760:
621:
563:
422:
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2126:
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2019:
1995:
1958:
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1054:
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403:
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325:
278:
63:
4809:
International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
1646:
Yao, Wenchuo; Gallagher, Daniel L.; Dietrich, Andrea M. (2020-12-01).
1122:
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2883:
2679:
2131:
2089:
1921:
1393:
Baur, X; et al. (1988). "Humidifier lung and humidifier fever".
768:
437:
One type of evaporative humidifier makes use of just a reservoir and
410:
333:
243:
438:
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3883:
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510:
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135:
44:
28:
1871:
530:
An ultrasonic humidifier uses a ceramic diaphragm vibrating at an
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4214:
4118:
4098:
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2923:
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2203:
2116:
1941:
1103:
664:
Steam humidifiers, or warm mist humidifiers, are equipped with a
617:
559:
282:
35:
within a room or an enclosed space. It achieves this by emitting
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3158:
2908:
2161:
1437:"Anti-Static & Static Elimination Through Humidity Control"
1351:
764:
407:
364:
79:
2376:
1110:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
708:
A typical centrifugal fan found inside ultrasonic humidifiers.
242:
experience mild redness, scaly skin lesions and in some cases
4487:
4449:
4093:
4063:
3615:
3048:
1229:
256:
40:
1463:"Humidity in the Data Center: Do We Still Need to Sweat It?"
675:
479:
that absorbs water from the reservoir and provides a larger
312:
4564:
4369:
3958:
3848:
3741:
3123:
3043:
2213:
813:
713:
59:
1594:"Indoor Air Facts No. 8: Use and Care of Home Humidifiers"
1489:
943:
Does not require use of moisture pads (on-going expense).
138:
that should be kept closed since it ventilates humidity.
1868:
Indoor Air Facts No. 8 Use and Care of Home
Humidifiers
963:
Disperses any minerals in the water into the airstream.
62:
system, provide humidity to the entire house. Medical
1153:
Araya, M; Kulthanan, K; Jiamton, S (September 2015).
1152:
1645:
996:
usually settles onto furniture, and is attracted to
332:(humidifier lung). A properly installed and located
206:
134:
Cubic meters: The volume of the room, excluding the
1274:
Home
Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House
838:
Higher output due to large evaporative surface area
912:must then be removed manually on a periodic basis.
413:, since they evaporate water into the air through
1454:
1083:"The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality"
731:
4913:
293:
54:Humidifier in an art museum in Augsburg, Germany
1772:"What Is The Best Water To Use In Humidifier?"
1358:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
924:is carried into the premises by the air flow.
498:Evaporative humidifiers function similarly to
43:into the surrounding air, thereby raising the
3757:
2362:
1887:
1601:United States Environmental Protection Agency
894:Reduced requirement for expensive air filters
74:
1301:Disaster Response and Planning for Libraries
628:
444:One version of a natural humidifier uses a
428:Hanging laundry will increase the humidity.
425:) in houseplants may indicate overwatering.
3764:
3750:
3129:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2378:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2369:
2355:
1894:
1880:
1077:
1075:
640:
467:
1848:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1811:
1687:
1527:
1501:
1465:. The Data Center Journal. Archived from
1429:
1369:
1324:
1270:
1247:
1180:
1170:
1121:
844:Maintains efficiency throughout lifespans
841:Can be installed in hard water situations
835:No regular replacement of parts necessary
676:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
517:
313:Negative impact of overuse of humidifiers
180:Cubic meters: 125 m (50 m * 2.5 m height)
3563:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1751:"Can You Use Tap Water in a Humidifier?"
1480:
703:
589:
521:
78:
49:
4819:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
1730:"Types of Plant & Home Humidifiers"
1491:. Oxford University Press. p. 132.
1087:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
1072:
505:
457:
4914:
1712:"Humidifiers Recalled for Fire Hazard"
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
863:
385:
3745:
3436:Programmable communicating thermostat
2350:
1875:
1550:
1502:Riebl, SK; Davy, BM (November 2013).
1460:
346:can be used to balance the humidity.
175:Insulation leakage: 1 (a few windows)
4769:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
3558:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1486:
1392:
1297:
1015:From 2006 to 2011, the disinfectant
716:screwdriver is often needed to open
692:Some humidifiers have an integrated
680:Some humidifiers have an integrated
603:they are not operated with caution.
125:Insulation leakage: Measured with a
1901:
1610:from the original on 23 March 2021.
1579:
1508:ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal
1211:from the original on April 20, 2010
1093:from the original on 22 March 2021.
977:
873:. The "biscuit" has a coating of a
218:
211:Low humidity may occur in hot, dry
83:Ventilation determines most of the
27:or device designed to increase the
13:
3419:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1620:
1298:Kahn, Miriam B. (1 January 2012).
682:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
659:
558:and require regular cleaning with
195:Humidity needed to reach 55%: 35%
153:Humidity needed to reach 55%: 35%
14:
4933:
4089:Push-to-pull compression fittings
3461:Standard temperature and pressure
3174:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2710:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2439:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1859:
1271:Mendelson, Cheryl (17 May 2005).
394:
207:Prevention of low indoor humidity
2530:Absorption-compression heat pump
1439:. JS Humidifiers. Archived from
1304:. American Library Association.
1205:"What is Seborrheic Dermatitis?"
905:A somewhat higher purchase price
687:
3425:Normal temperature and pressure
2805:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1785:
1764:
1743:
1722:
1704:
1639:
1614:
1544:
1495:
1386:
637:filter to reduce contaminants.
526:Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifier
116:(ACPH) ranges wildly based on:
1553:Aerosol Science and Technology
1345:
1325:Elsersawi, Amin (2012-06-15).
1318:
1291:
1264:
1223:
1197:
1146:
1097:
1021:leading to severe lung disease
819:
732:Fixed-installation humidifiers
699:
585:
349:
198:Humidity ratio for 35%: 0.0051
192:Current relative humidity: 20%
156:Humidity ratio for 35%: 0.0051
150:Current relative humidity: 20%
16:Device that increases humidity
1:
3573:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3517:Building information modeling
3512:Building services engineering
3089:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2617:Demand controlled ventilation
2565:Building insulation materials
1795:National Institutes of Health
1461:Clark, Jeff (27 March 2012).
1159:Indian Journal of Dermatology
1066:
918:
328:and mold, and can also cause
294:Improved climate for material
4829:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
4380:Reduced pressure zone device
3771:
3134:High-pressure cut-off switch
2685:Ice storage air conditioning
2606:Dedicated outdoor air system
1520:10.1249/FIT.0b013e3182a9570f
969:
611:
330:hypersensitivity pneumonitis
186:: Typically 1.2 for dry air.
144:: Typically 1.2 for dry air.
7:
4824:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
4543:Instant hot water dispenser
4345:Piping and plumbing fitting
3477:Thermostatic radiator valve
3279:Thermostatic radiator valve
2790:Underfloor air distribution
2725:Radiant heating and cooling
2643:Energy recovery ventilation
2555:Automobile air conditioning
2419:Domestic energy consumption
2157:Instant hot water dispenser
1487:Ward, Gerald W. R. (2008).
1026:
1017:polyhexamethylene guanidine
1000:generating devices such as
986:
606:
577:
462:
432:
87:in a space without windows.
69:
10:
4938:
4170:Backflow prevention device
4155:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
3626:Institute of Refrigeration
3507:Architectural technologist
2979:Electrostatic precipitator
1672:10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100060
1249:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.09.011
316:
238:: Commonly, patients with
75:Humidification calculation
4863:
4837:
4797:
4742:
4704:
4623:
4468:
4430:Thermostatic mixing valve
4147:
3967:
3779:
3688:
3679:Volatile organic compound
3654:
3581:
3538:Environmental engineering
3502:Architectural engineering
3485:
3333:
3304:Ultra-low particulate air
2889:Automatic balancing valve
2836:
2817:Variable refrigerant flow
2669:Heat recovery ventilation
2612:Deep water source cooling
2522:
2384:
2323:
1909:
1573:10.1080/02786829008959440
656:water will pass through.
633:Some humidifiers have an
629:Activated charcoal filter
289:evaporates from the skin.
127:standard blower door test
4160:Automatic bleeding valve
3799:Compatibility (chemical)
3726:Template:Home automation
3548:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3244:Solar-assisted heat pump
2844:Air conditioner inverter
2623:Displacement ventilation
2514:Vapour pressure of water
2499:Thermal destratification
1172:10.4103/0019-5154.164410
1057:, for measuring humidity
934:Uses little electricity.
754:
569:
537:piezoelectric transducer
105:Humidity per day: X * 24
4365:Pressure-balanced valve
4360:Pressure vacuum breaker
4069:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
4011:Drain-waste-vent system
3991:Chemical drain cleaners
3721:World Refrigeration Day
3568:Refrigerant reclamation
3497:Architectural acoustics
3441:Programmable thermostat
3373:Clean air delivery rate
3269:Thermal expansion valve
3184:Pressurisation ductwork
3094:Ground source heat pump
2535:Absorption refrigerator
2177:Laundry-folding machine
1371:10.1067/mai.2001.112119
957:Disadvantages include:
902:Disadvantages include:
897:Uses little electricity
851:Disadvantages include:
786:Disadvantages include:
641:Demineralization filter
468:Evaporative humidifiers
236:Management of hair loss
92:Humidity per hour: X =
4886:Template:Public health
4558:water recycling shower
4528:Hot water storage tank
3859:Onsite sewage facility
3711:Glossary of HVAC terms
3673:Sick building syndrome
3553:Mechanical engineering
3264:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2695:Mixed-mode ventilation
1804:10.1055/s-0035-1549452
1277:. Simon and Schuster.
709:
595:
527:
518:Ultrasonic humidifiers
475:The wick is made of a
240:seborrhoeic dermatitis
230:seborrhoeic dermatitis
88:
55:
4871:Fire sprinkler system
4580:Tankless water heater
4523:Garbage disposal unit
4508:Electric water boiler
3980:British Standard Pipe
3731:Template:Solar energy
3409:Intelligent buildings
3368:Carbon dioxide sensor
2755:Room air distribution
2575:Central solar heating
2045:Electric water boiler
1328:Secret of Electricity
1041:, an early humidifier
763:, similar to a small
736:For buildings with a
707:
593:
525:
169:Air changes per hour
82:
53:
4570:Storage water heater
4139:Water heat recycling
4047:National Pipe Thread
3949:Water supply network
3533:Duct leakage testing
3523:Deep energy retrofit
3467:Thermographic camera
3404:Infrared thermometer
2879:Air source heat pump
2828:Water heat recycling
2394:Air changes per hour
1798:. pp. 366–378.
1236:Respiratory Medicine
928:Advantages include:
882:Advantages include:
829:Advantages include:
775:Advantages include:
718:consumer electronics
566:to control buildup.
532:ultrasonic frequency
506:Impeller humidifiers
458:Electric humidifiers
275:apparent temperature
261:respiratory distress
114:air changes per hour
95:Air changes per hour
85:air changes per hour
4901:Template:Wastewater
4759:Hydrostatic testing
4400:Rooftop water tower
3996:Compression fitting
3399:HVAC control system
3389:Home energy monitor
3363:Building automation
3149:Inverter compressor
2811:Variable air volume
2720:Passive ventilation
2690:Kitchen ventilation
2590:Constant air volume
2560:Autonomous building
2336:Appliance recycling
2060:Electric toothbrush
1664:2020WRX.....900060Y
1565:1990AerST..13..220R
864:Bypass flow-through
723:Humidifiers with a
500:evaporative coolers
490:These wicks become
386:Natural humidifiers
25:household appliance
4855:Waterborne disease
4754:Hydronic balancing
4513:Evaporative cooler
4478:Accessible bathtub
4375:Radiator (heating)
4355:Pressure regulator
4250:Double check valve
4225:Concentric reducer
4026:Garden Hose Thread
3919:Thermal insulation
3789:Air gap (plumbing)
3662:Indoor air quality
3606:ASTM International
3543:Hydronic balancing
3320:Wood-burning stove
3199:Radiator reflector
2984:Evaporative cooler
2795:Underfloor heating
2780:Thermal insulation
2192:Robotic lawn mower
2075:Evaporative cooler
1774:. 10 December 2021
1443:on 12 October 2009
1407:10.1007/BF02714035
1050:Evaporative cooler
998:static electricity
710:
635:activated charcoal
596:
528:
376:cold storage rooms
303:static electricity
251:Prevention of dry
89:
56:
4909:
4908:
4891:Template:Sewerage
4838:Health and safety
4814:NSF International
4624:Specialized tools
4503:Drinking fountain
4470:Plumbing fixtures
4350:Plug (sanitation)
4335:Nipple (plumbing)
4255:Eccentric reducer
4235:Coupling (piping)
4200:Chemigation valve
4053:Nominal Pipe Size
4016:Ductile iron pipe
3914:Thermal expansion
3739:
3738:
3655:Health and safety
3234:Scroll compressor
3189:Process duct work
2944:Convection heater
2939:Condensing boiler
2869:Air-mixing plenum
2765:Solar combisystem
2601:Cross ventilation
2404:Building envelope
2344:
2343:
1964:Coffee percolator
1947:Immersion blender
1837:Missing or empty
1732:. 17 January 2022
1123:10.1111/jdv.13301
1061:Ultrasonic nozzle
1039:Bronchitis kettle
485:relative humidity
361:relative humidity
226:atopic dermatitis
4929:
4896:Template:Toilets
4661:Flare-nut wrench
4420:Submersible pump
4245:Dielectric union
4165:Automatic faucet
4124:Thread seal tape
4084:Plastic pipework
3844:Hydrostatic loop
3809:Drain (plumbing)
3766:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3701:Building science
3456:Smart thermostat
3451:Room temperature
3034:Fireplace insert
2740:Radon mitigation
2638:Electric heating
2633:District heating
2628:District cooling
2545:Air conditioning
2371:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2152:Induction cooker
2122:Garbage disposer
2070:Espresso machine
2025:Electric blanket
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1815:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1714:. Archived from
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1652:Water Research X
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1125:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1079:
978:Additional types
684:(UVGI) feature.
451:capillary action
268:dry eye syndrome
253:mucous membranes
219:Health treatment
101:* humidity ratio
4937:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4922:Home appliances
4912:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4859:
4833:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4724:Pressure sensor
4706:
4700:
4676:Plumber's snake
4619:
4600:Water dispenser
4590:Washing machine
4464:
4290:Flushing trough
4240:Diaphragm valve
4230:Condensate pump
4210:Circulator pump
4190:Butterfly valve
4143:
4114:Solvent welding
4006:Crimp (joining)
3963:
3929:Trap (plumbing)
3904:Surface tension
3781:
3775:
3770:
3740:
3735:
3696:ASHRAE Handbook
3684:
3668:Passive smoking
3650:
3583:
3577:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3335:
3329:
3310:Whole-house fan
3224:Run-around coil
3219:Reversing valve
3164:Mechanical room
3154:Kerosene heater
3144:Infrared heater
3074:Gasoline heater
3014:Fan filter unit
2929:Condensate pump
2914:Centrifugal fan
2832:
2735:Radiant heating
2730:Radiant cooling
2705:Passive cooling
2700:Microgeneration
2570:Central heating
2518:
2494:Thermal comfort
2386:
2380:
2375:
2345:
2340:
2319:
2315:Washing machine
2310:Water dispenser
2236:Pressure cooker
2219:Convection oven
2147:Ice cream maker
2055:Electric shaver
2050:Electric heater
2035:Electric kettle
1917:Air conditioner
1905:
1903:Home appliances
1900:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1753:. 18 April 2022
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1627:www.ualberta.ca
1621:Willis, Katie.
1619:
1615:
1607:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1549:
1545:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1469:on 18 July 2014
1459:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1391:
1387:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:. AuthorHouse.
1323:
1319:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1151:
1147:
1102:
1098:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1029:
989:
980:
972:
921:
866:
822:
757:
734:
725:centrifugal fan
702:
690:
678:
666:heating element
662:
660:Heating element
643:
631:
614:
609:
588:
580:
572:
556:heating element
552:distilled water
520:
508:
477:porous material
470:
465:
460:
446:stainless steel
435:
397:
388:
369:operating rooms
352:
321:
315:
296:
221:
213:desert climates
209:
77:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4935:
4925:
4924:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4800:organizations
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Leak detection
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4734:Water metering
4731:
4729:Water detector
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Plumber wrench
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4615:Water softener
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:Vacuum ejector
4442:
4440:Vacuum breaker
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Faucet aerator
4262:
4260:Expansion tank
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Sewage pumping
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4042:Leak detection
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Cast iron pipe
3983:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Venturi effect
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:Sanitary sewer
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Drinking water
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Psychrometrics
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Air flow meter
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Heating system
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Heat exchanger
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Gas compressor
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Expansion tank
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:Ceramic heater
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Solar air heat
2757:
2752:
2750:Renewable heat
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2659:Forced-air gas
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2509:Thermodynamics
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Psychrometrics
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:Gas compressor
2431:
2429:Fluid dynamics
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:Appliance plug
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2283:Vacuum cleaner
2280:
2275:
2273:Television set
2270:
2265:
2263:Sewing machine
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2246:Crisper drawer
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2224:Microwave oven
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2080:Food processor
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:Electric knife
2037:
2032:
2030:Electric drill
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2008:Domestic robot
2005:
2004:
2003:
2001:drying cabinet
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1937:Barbecue grill
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:External links
1858:
1856:
1855:
1784:
1763:
1742:
1721:
1718:on 2008-09-05.
1703:
1638:
1613:
1578:
1559:(2): 220–229.
1543:
1494:
1479:
1453:
1428:
1401:(2): 113–124.
1385:
1344:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1222:
1196:
1145:
1096:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1025:
988:
985:
979:
976:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
961:
955:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
920:
917:
916:
915:
914:
913:
909:
906:
900:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
858:
855:
848:
847:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
821:
818:
806:
805:
804:
803:
797:
790:
784:
783:
782:
779:
756:
753:
733:
730:
701:
698:
689:
686:
677:
674:
661:
658:
642:
639:
630:
627:
613:
610:
608:
605:
587:
584:
579:
576:
571:
568:
519:
516:
514:into the air.
507:
504:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
401:
396:
395:Common sources
393:
387:
384:
351:
348:
314:
311:
295:
292:
291:
290:
271:
266:Prevention of
264:
249:
248:
247:
220:
217:
208:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
193:
187:
184:Density of air
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:Ventilation: 2
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
151:
145:
142:Density of air
139:
132:
131:
130:
123:
109:
108:
107:
106:
99:density of air
97:(ACPH) * M³ *
76:
73:
71:
68:
37:water droplets
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4934:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:Template:HVAC
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:Plumbing code
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:and standards
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Control valve
4712:
4711:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Drain cleaner
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Hose coupling
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Closet flange
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Threaded pipe
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Flare fitting
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:Copper tubing
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Grade (slope)
3827:
3825:
3824:Friction loss
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:organizations
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Duct cleaning
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Control valve
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Turning vanes
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Thermal wheel
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Solar chimney
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Fan coil unit
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Cooling tower
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Vapor barrier
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Solar heating
2773:
2771:
2770:Solar cooling
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Refrigeration
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Passive house
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Chilled water
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Sensible heat
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Noise control
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Heat transfer
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Kitchen stove
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:Clothes dryer
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Bread machine
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1851:
1844:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
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1498:
1490:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1364:(1): 99–104.
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1338:9781477216200
1334:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1311:9780838911518
1307:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1284:9780743272865
1280:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1242:(3): 456–62.
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1116:(2): 223–49.
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
984:
975:
962:
959:
958:
956:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
910:
907:
904:
903:
901:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:
881:
880:
879:
876:
872:
856:
853:
852:
850:
849:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
830:
828:
827:
826:
817:
815:
811:
801:
798:
795:
791:
788:
787:
785:
780:
777:
776:
774:
773:
772:
770:
766:
762:
752:
748:
744:
742:
739:
729:
726:
721:
719:
715:
706:
697:
695:
694:water ionizer
688:Water ionizer
685:
683:
673:
669:
667:
657:
653:
650:
646:
638:
636:
626:
623:
619:
604:
600:
592:
583:
575:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
541:
538:
533:
524:
515:
512:
503:
501:
496:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
455:
452:
447:
442:
440:
427:
424:
420:
416:
415:transpiration
412:
409:
405:
402:
399:
398:
392:
383:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
356:
347:
345:
340:
337:
335:
331:
327:
320:
310:
308:
304:
301:In addition,
299:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
234:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:
216:
214:
197:
196:
194:
191:
190:
188:
185:
182:
179:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
155:
154:
152:
149:
148:
146:
143:
140:
137:
133:
128:
124:
121:
118:
117:
115:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
100:
96:
91:
90:
86:
81:
67:
65:
61:
52:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:level in the
30:
26:
22:
4774:Pipe marking
4747:and services
4743:Professions,
4691:Strap wrench
4631:Basin wrench
4610:Water heater
4605:Water filter
4532:
4518:Flush toilet
4493:Dehumidifier
4435:Trench drain
4415:Street elbow
4405:Safety valve
4390:Relief valve
4330:Needle valve
4315:Grinder pump
4285:Flow limiter
4270:Float switch
4205:Chopper pump
4185:Booster pump
4134:Tube bending
4079:Pipe support
3944:Water hammer
3924:Thermosiphon
3854:Neutral axis
3706:Fireproofing
3490:and services
3486:Professions,
3384:Gas detector
3284:Trickle vent
3259:Smoke damper
3254:Smoke canopy
3249:Space heater
3179:Plenum space
3138:
3114:Heating film
2994:Exhaust hood
2964:Dehumidifier
2904:Blast damper
2899:Barrier pipe
2874:Air purifier
2785:Thermosiphon
2664:Free cooling
2580:Chilled beam
2504:Thermal mass
2489:Stack effect
2474:Particulates
2454:Infiltration
2385:Fundamental
2241:Refrigerator
2187:Riding mower
2167:Kitchen hood
2136:
1991:Dehumidifier
1981:Clothes iron
1932:Air purifier
1793:
1787:
1776:. Retrieved
1766:
1755:. Retrieved
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1724:
1716:the original
1706:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1514:(6): 21–28.
1511:
1507:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1456:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1431:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1327:
1320:
1300:
1293:
1273:
1266:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1199:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1045:Dehumidifier
1014:
1007:
990:
981:
973:
922:
867:
854:Higher price
823:
807:
758:
749:
745:
735:
722:
711:
691:
679:
670:
663:
654:
651:
647:
644:
632:
615:
601:
597:
581:
573:
549:
542:
529:
509:
497:
495:same level.
489:
481:surface area
474:
471:
443:
436:
423:fungus gnats
389:
373:
357:
353:
344:dehumidifier
341:
338:
322:
319:Dehumidifier
307:static cling
300:
297:
287:perspiration
210:
163:
93:
57:
20:
18:
4719:Flow sensor
4707:and control
4705:Measurement
4696:Tap and die
4671:Pipe wrench
4656:Driving cap
4548:Laundry tub
4425:Tap (valve)
4410:Sewage pump
4395:Riser clamp
4340:Pinch valve
4310:Grease trap
4305:Globe valve
4295:Flushometer
4280:Floor drain
4275:Float valve
4195:Check valve
4180:Bleed screw
3954:Water table
3894:Storm sewer
3780:Fundamental
3716:Warm Spaces
3358:Blower door
3336:and control
3334:Measurement
3315:Windcatcher
3289:Trombe wall
3229:Sail switch
3209:Refrigerant
3204:Recuperator
3079:Grease duct
3039:Freeze stat
3024:Fire damper
2894:Back boiler
2864:Air ionizer
2859:Air handler
2823:Ventilation
2675:Hybrid heat
2540:Air barrier
2459:Latent heat
2305:Waffle iron
2268:Slow cooker
2258:Rice cooker
2199:Leaf blower
1986:Coffeemaker
1927:Air ioniser
1033:Air ionizer
1010:water alarm
820:Disc wheels
810:air filters
796:air stream)
761:float valve
700:Maintenance
622:citric acid
586:Bottom fill
564:citric acid
404:Houseplants
380:Art museums
350:Humidifiers
120:Ventilation
64:ventilators
4779:Pipefitter
4666:Pipecutter
4646:Core drill
4533:Humidifier
4498:Dishwasher
4460:Zone valve
4455:Water tank
4300:Gate valve
4175:Ball valve
4148:Components
3968:Technology
3939:Wastewater
3899:Stormwater
3472:Thermostat
3394:Humidistat
3325:Zone valve
3294:TurboSwing
3169:Oil heater
3139:Humidifier
3069:Gas heater
3019:Fan heater
2989:Evaporator
2974:Economizer
2949:Compressor
2854:Air filter
2837:Components
2654:Forced-air
2550:Antifreeze
2523:Technology
2469:Outgassing
2409:Convection
2182:Lawn mower
2137:Humidifier
2127:Hair dryer
2105:Fan heater
2020:Deep fryer
2013:comparison
1996:Dishwasher
1959:Bug zapper
1839:|url=
1778:2021-12-21
1757:2023-04-13
1736:2022-05-06
1658:: 100060.
1632:2022-01-24
1473:2014-09-20
1447:2014-09-20
1165:(5): 519.
1067:References
1055:Hygrometer
919:Spray mist
871:steel wool
738:forced-air
545:hard water
454:bacteria.
411:flowerpots
326:dust mites
317:See also:
279:heat index
21:humidifier
4798:Industry
4784:Pipelayer
4641:Borescope
4636:Blowtorch
4575:Sump pump
4109:Soldering
4074:Pipe dope
4037:Hydronics
3909:Tap water
3874:Sewer gas
3839:Heat trap
3834:Greywater
3804:Corrosion
3582:Industry
3431:OpenTherm
3109:Heat pump
3104:Heat pipe
3054:Fume hood
3029:Fireplace
2934:Condenser
2884:Attic fan
2680:Hydronics
2132:Hair iron
2095:bladeless
1922:Air fryer
1680:2589-9147
970:Invention
769:hygrostat
612:Cleanable
334:hygrostat
273:Improved
244:hair loss
189:Humidity
147:Humidity
4916:Category
4864:See also
4850:Scalding
4538:Icemaker
4325:Manifold
3884:Sewerage
3864:Pressure
3819:Fuel gas
3794:Backflow
3782:concepts
3773:Plumbing
3689:See also
3414:LonWorks
3348:Aquastat
3214:Register
3194:Radiator
2849:Air door
2649:Firestop
2449:Humidity
2424:Enthalpy
2414:Dilution
2399:Bake-out
2387:concepts
2324:See also
2231:Pie iron
2142:Icemaker
2065:Epilator
1830:cite web
1822:26024345
1698:32793876
1605:Archived
1603:. 1991.
1538:25346594
1423:23430270
1380:11149998
1258:18977127
1215:June 11,
1209:Archived
1191:26538714
1140:12378072
1132:26449379
1091:Archived
1027:See also
993:U.S. EPA
987:Problems
794:velocity
778:Low cost
607:Features
578:Top fill
511:Impeller
463:Droplets
433:Homemade
419:sciarids
136:bathroom
70:Overview
45:humidity
29:moisture
4789:Plumber
4745:trades,
4686:Plunger
4595:Washlet
4483:Bathtub
4385:Reducer
4215:Cistern
4119:Swaging
4099:Sealant
3975:Brazing
3488:trades,
3059:Furnace
2924:Chiller
2596:Coolant
2298:robotic
2288:central
2278:Toaster
2204:Lighter
2117:Freezer
2100:ceiling
1942:Blender
1866:EPA.gov
1813:4610354
1689:7408721
1660:Bibcode
1561:Bibcode
1529:4207053
1415:3130530
1182:4601435
741:furnace
618:vinegar
560:vinegar
283:humidex
4876:Piping
4585:Urinal
4553:Shower
4059:O-ring
4032:Gasket
3889:Siphon
3879:Sewage
3641:SMACNA
3601:ASHRAE
3421:(MERV)
3375:(CADR)
3353:BACnet
3306:(ULPA)
3159:Louver
3084:Grille
2959:Damper
2909:Boiler
2807:(VCRS)
2608:(DOAS)
2293:manual
2162:Juicer
2110:window
1820:
1810:
1696:
1686:
1678:
1536:
1526:
1421:
1413:
1378:
1335:
1308:
1281:
1256:
1189:
1179:
1138:
1130:
765:toilet
421:(like
408:fabric
365:ASHRAE
277:: The
228:, and
4488:Bidet
4450:Valve
4094:Putty
4064:Oakum
4055:(NPS)
4049:(NPT)
4028:(GHT)
3982:(BSP)
3681:(VOC)
3675:(SBS)
3664:(IAQ)
3621:CIBSE
3616:BSRIA
3519:(BIM)
3463:(STP)
3427:(NTP)
3049:Freon
2819:(VRF)
2813:(VAV)
2671:(HRV)
2645:(ERV)
2619:(DCV)
2592:(CAV)
2251:smart
2209:Mixer
2090:attic
1974:combo
1910:Types
1608:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1419:S2CID
1136:S2CID
875:matte
755:Drums
570:Tanks
492:moldy
257:cough
41:steam
23:is a
4565:Sink
4370:Pump
3959:Well
3849:Leak
3636:LEED
3596:AMCA
3591:AHRI
3124:HEPA
3044:Flue
2969:Duct
2214:Oven
1850:link
1843:help
1818:PMID
1694:PMID
1676:ISSN
1534:PMID
1411:PMID
1395:Lung
1376:PMID
1333:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1254:PMID
1217:2010
1187:PMID
1128:PMID
1037:The
991:The
814:MERV
800:Mold
714:torx
439:wick
281:and
255:and
112:The
60:HVAC
3646:UMC
3631:IIR
3611:BRE
3004:Fan
2085:Fan
1808:PMC
1800:doi
1684:PMC
1668:doi
1569:doi
1524:PMC
1516:doi
1403:doi
1399:166
1366:doi
1362:107
1244:doi
1240:103
1177:PMC
1167:doi
1118:doi
1002:CRT
620:or
562:or
39:or
33:air
4918::
1834::
1832:}}
1828:{{
1816:.
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1157:.
1134:.
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1108:.
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1085:.
1074:^
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712:A
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342:A
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