Heat pump - Knowledge

55: 1076:(open heat pump process) in salt works with their obvious advantages for saving wood and coal. In 1857, Peter von Rittinger was the first to try to implement the idea of vapor compression in a small pilot plant. Presumably inspired by Rittinger's experiments in Ebensee, Antoine-Paul Piccard from the University of Lausanne and the engineer J. H. Weibel from the Weibel–Briquet company in Geneva built the world's first really functioning vapor compression system with a two-stage piston compressor. In 1877 this first heat pump in Switzerland was installed in the 2277: 1285: 2302: 2290: 2188:, the emissions savings of heat pumps compared with a high-efficiency gas boiler are on average above 45% and reach 80% in countries with cleaner electricity mixes. These values can be improved by 10 percentage points, respectively, with alternative refrigerants. In the United States, 70% of houses could reduce emissions by installing a heat pump. The rising share of renewable electricity generation in many countries is set to increase the emissions savings from heat pumps over time. 82: 673: 1196: 1433: 820: 687: 1530: 1367: 43: 2212: 2761:

government grant and assuming electricity/gas costs remain similar their lifetime costs would be similar on average. However lifetime cost relative to a gas boiler varies considerably depending on several factors, such as the quality of the heat pump installation and the tariff used. In 2024 England was criticised for still allowing new homes to be built with gas boilers, unlike some other counties where this is banned.

3366: 5965: 1296:(also geothermal heat pump) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of heat pump to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) – or geothermal heat pumps (GHP), as they are commonly termed in North America – are among the most energy-efficient technologies for providing 2508:(GWP) is required, in addition to all the previous requirements for safety, practicality, material compatibility, appropriate atmospheric life, and compatibility with high-efficiency products. By 2022, devices using refrigerants with a very low GWP still have a small market share but are expected to play an increasing role due to enforced regulations, as most countries have now ratified the 788:(COP), or seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP). The higher the number, the more efficient a heat pump is. For example, an air-to-water heat pump that produces 6kW at a SCOP of 4.62 will give over 4kW of energy into a heating system for every kilowatt of energy that the heat pump uses itself to operate. When used for space heating, heat pumps are typically more energy-efficient than 743:, cooling the cool space and warming the warm space. In cold weather, a heat pump can move heat from the cool outdoors to warm a house (e.g. winter); the pump may also be designed to move heat from the house to the warmer outdoors in warm weather (e.g. summer). As they transfer heat rather than generating heat, they are more energy-efficient than other ways of heating or cooling a home. 2752:

sector in China employs over 300,000 people, with employment numbers expected to double by 2050, underscoring the importance of vocational training for industry growth. This robust development in the heat pump market is set to play a significant role in reducing direct emissions in buildings by 30% and cutting PM2.5 emissions from residential heating by nearly 80% by 2030.

1318:(CoP) which is typically in the range 3 – 6, meaning that the devices provide 3 – 6 units of heat for each unit of electricity used. Setup costs are higher than for other heating systems, due to the requirement to install ground loops over large areas or to drill bore holes, and for this reason, ground source is often suitable when new blocks of flats are built. Otherwise 2748:

favored for their energy efficiency, consuming three to five times less energy than electric heaters or fossil fuel-based solutions. Currently, decentralized heat pumps installed in Chinese buildings represent a quarter of the global installed capacity, with a total capacity exceeding 250 GW, which covers around 4% of the heating needs in buildings.

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set significantly lower than for lower flammability refrigerants (only allowing approximately 13.5 times less refrigerant in the system than R-32). This means that R-290 is not suitable for all situations or locations. Nonetheless, by 2022, an increasing number of devices with R-290 were offered for domestic use, especially in Europe.

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radiators or underfloor heating which releases the heat to the building. These devices can also operate in a cooling mode where they extract heat via the internal heat exchanger and eject it into the ambient air using the external heat exchanger. Some can be used to heat water for washing which is stored in a domestic hot water tank.

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milestone is the heat pump built by Escher Wyss in 1937/38 to replace the wood stoves in the City Hall of Zurich. To avoid noise and vibrations, a recently developed rotary piston compressor was used. This historic heat pump heated the town hall for 63 years until 2001. Only then was it replaced by a new, more efficient heat pump.

2744:(IEA) titled "The Future of Heat Pumps in China," it is highlighted that China, as the world's largest market for heat pumps in buildings, plays a critical role in the global industry. The country accounts for over one-quarter of global sales, with a 12% increase in 2023 alone, despite a global sales dip of 3% the same year. 2330:(one used when in heating mode and the other when used in cooling mode) and two heat exchangers, one associated with the external heat source/sink and the other with the interior. In heating mode the external heat exchanger is the evaporator and the internal one being the condenser; in cooling mode the roles are reversed. 2720:

In an effort to incentivize energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact, the Australian states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland have implemented rebate programs targeting the upgrade of existing hot water systems. These programs specifically encourage the transition from traditional

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difference required for the subcooling leads to the superheating of the vapor drawn into the compressor. When the increase in cooling achieved by subcooling is greater that the compressor drive input required to overcome the additional pressure losses, such a heat exchange improves the coefficient of

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While older air-source heat pumps performed relatively poorly at low temperatures and were better suited for warm climates, newer models with variable-speed compressors remain highly efficient in freezing conditions allowing for wide adoption and cost savings in places like Minnesota and Maine in the

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Air-source heat pumps are used to move heat between two heat exchangers, one outside the building which is fitted with fins through which air is forced using a fan and the other which either directly heats the air inside the building or heats water which is then circulated around the building through

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An ASHP can typically gain 4 kWh thermal energy from 1 kWh electric energy. They are optimized for flow temperatures between 30 and 40 °C (86 and 104 °F), suitable for buildings with heat emitters sized for low flow temperatures. With losses in efficiency, an ASHP can even provide

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The High-efficiency Electric Home Rebate Program was created in 2022 to award grants to State energy offices and Indian Tribes in order to establish state-wide high-efficiency electric-home rebates. Effective immediately, American households are eligible for a tax credit to cover the costs of buying

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As of 2022: heat pumps have no Value Added Tax (VAT) although in Northern Ireland they are taxed at the reduced rate of 5% instead of the usual level of VAT of 20% for most other products. As of 2022 the installation cost of a heat pump is more than a gas boiler, but with the "Boiler Upgrade Scheme"

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has a COP of 1.0, which is considerably lower than a well-designed heat pump which will typically have a COP of 3 to 5 with an external temperature of 10 °C and an internal temperature of 20 °C. Because the ground is a constant temperature source, a ground-source heat pump is not subjected

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In general, heat pumps work most efficiently (that is, the heat output produced for a given energy input) when the difference between the heat source and the heat sink is small. When using a heat pump for space or water heating, therefore, the heat pump will be most efficient in mild conditions, and

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As the temperature of the interior of the building rises progressively to 300 K (27 °C) the coefficient of performance falls progressively to 9. This means each joule of work is responsible for transferring 9 joules of heat out of the low-temperature reservoir and into the building. Again,

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Devices with R-290 refrigerant (propane) are expected to play a key role in the future. The 100-year GWP of propane, at 0.02, is extremely low and is approximately 7000 times less than R-32. However, the flammability of propane requires additional safety measures: the maximum safe charges have been

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Common performance metrics are the SEER (in cooling mode) and seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) (commonly used just for heating), although SCOP can be used for both modes of operation. Larger values of either metric indicate better performance. When comparing the performance of heat pumps,

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works in a similar manner to a ground-source heat pump, except that it takes heat from a body of water rather than the ground. The body of water does, however, need to be large enough to be able to withstand the cooling effect of the unit without freezing or creating an adverse effect for wildlife.

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to that indoor space, causing the gas to condense to its liquid state. The liquified refrigerant flows to a heat exchanger in the outdoor space where the pressure falls, the liquid evaporates and the temperature of the gas falls. It is now colder than the temperature of the outdoor space being used

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Under the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), which aligns with China's carbon neutrality goals, the capacity is expected to reach 1,400 GW by 2050, meeting 25% of heating needs. This scenario would require an installation of about 100 GW of heat pumps annually until 2050. Furthermore, the heat pump

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The coefficient of performance of a heat pump is greater than one so the work required is less than the heat transferred, making a heat pump a more efficient form of heating than electrical resistance heating. As the temperature of the higher-temperature reservoir increases in response to the heat

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built and put in operation around 35 heat pumps between 1937 and 1945. The main heat sources were lake water, river water, groundwater, and waste heat. Particularly noteworthy are the six historic heat pumps from the city of Zurich with heat outputs from 100 kW to 6 MW. An international

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To help producers understand how they could benefit from making the switch, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) provided funding to the Australian Alliance for Energy Productivity (A2EP) to undertake pre-feasibility studies at a range of sites around Australia, with the most promising

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If the low-temperature reservoir is at a temperature of 270 K (−3 °C) and the interior of the building is at 280 K (7 °C) the relevant coefficient of performance is 27. This means only 1 joule of work is required to transfer 27 joules of heat from a reservoir at 270 K to

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Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to

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Heat pumps are now used in approximately 8% of all heating equipment sales for buildings in China as of 2022, and they are increasingly becoming the norm in central and southern regions for both heating and cooling. Despite their higher upfront costs and relatively low awareness, heat pumps are

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the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature. The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the

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Food processors, brewers, petfood producers and other industrial energy users are exploring whether it is feasible to use renewable energy to produce industrial-grade heat. Process heating accounts for the largest share of onsite energy use in Australian manufacturing, with lower-temperature

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enters the evaporator with a lower vapor content. This can be achieved by cooling the liquid refrigerant after condensation. The gaseous refrigerant condenses on the heat exchange surface of the condenser. To achieve a heat flow from the gaseous flow center to the wall of the condenser, the

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Heating systems powered by green hydrogen are also low-carbon and may become competitors, but are much less efficient due to the energy loss associated with hydrogen conversion, transport and use. In addition, not enough green hydrogen is expected to be available before the 2030s or 2040s.

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One disadvantage of the subcooling of liquids is that the difference between the condensing temperature and the heat-sink temperature must be larger. This leads to a moderately high pressure difference between condensing and evaporating pressure, whereby the compressor energy increases.

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The "seasonal coefficient of performance" (SCOP) is a measure of the aggregate energy efficiency measure over a period of one year which is dependent on regional climate. One framework for this calculation is given by the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013.

1138:, installs an experimental water-source heat pump fed central heating system, using a nearby river to heat new Council administrative buildings. It had a seasonal efficiency ratio of 3.42, average thermal delivery of 147 kW, and peak output of 234 kW. 2354:

of a part of the liquid refrigerant. The auto-refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and-vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated.

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refrigerant. Replacements such as R-32 and R-410A are being promoted as environmentally friendly but still have a high GWP. A heat pump typically uses 3 kg of refrigerant. With R-32 this amount still has a 20-year impact equivalent to 7 tons of

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This is the theoretical amount of heat pumped but in practice it will be less for various reasons, for example if the outside unit has been installed where there is not enough airflow. More data sharing with owners and academics—perhaps from

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with either cooling water or cooling air flowing across the coil or tubes. In heating mode this heat is used to heat the building using the internal heat exchanger, and in cooling mode this heat is rejected via the external heat exchanger.

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Photovoltaic-thermal direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (PV/T-DX-SAHP) system enables to benefit the waste heat for evaporation of refrigerant in PV/T collector-evaporator, while providing better cooling for PV cells (Yao et al.,

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is performed. The work required to transfer a given amount of heat is usually much less than the amount of heat; this is the motivation for using heat pumps in applications such as the heating of water and the interior of buildings.

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and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be

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in the interior of the building so for each 27 joules of heat that are removed from the low-temperature reservoir, 28 joules of heat are added to the building interior, making the heat pump even more attractive from an efficiency

1570:. In Europe, heat pumps account for a mere 1% of heat supply in district heating networks but several countries have targets to decarbonise their networks between 2030 and 2040. Possible sources of heat for such applications are 5227: 4813: 2358:

The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture. That warm air

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cycle. An internal heat exchanger is either used to heat/cool the interior air directly or to heat water that is then circulated through radiators or underfloor heating circuit to either heat or cool the buildings.

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Window mounted heat pumps run on standard 120v AC outlets and provide heating, cooling, and humidity control. They are more efficient with lower noise levels, condensation management, and a smaller footprint than

1215:, but in the opposite direction. ASHPs are the most common type of heat pump and, usually being smaller, tend to be used to heat individual houses or flats rather than blocks, districts or industrial processes. 837:

Heat flows spontaneously from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Heat does not flow spontaneously from lower temperature to higher, but it can be made to flow in this direction if

3946: 1419:) in combination with the heat pump. The use of a hybrid panel is preferable because it allows covering a part of the electricity demand of the heat pump and reduce the power consumption and consequently the 4843: 1393:. In this system the solar thermal panel performs the function of the low temperature heat source and the heat produced is used to feed the heat pump's evaporator. The goal of this system is to get high 3598: 2790:

to speed up production of heat pumps. It used the Defense Production Act to do so, because according to the administration, energy that is better for the climate is also better for national security.

1496:(thermal energy movement) may be reversed. The reversing valve switches the direction of refrigerant through the cycle and therefore the heat pump may deliver either heating or cooling to a building. 5571: 1115:, when neutral Switzerland was completely surrounded by fascist-ruled countries, the coal shortage became alarming again. Thanks to their leading position in energy technology, the Swiss companies 2063:

of heat pumps depends on their individual efficiency and how electricity is produced. An increasing share of low-carbon energy sources such as wind and solar will lower the impact on the climate.

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rating, it must have a rating of at least 14 SEER. Pumps with ratings of 18 SEER or above are considered highly efficient. The highest efficiency heat pumps manufactured are up to 24 SEER.

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as the medium which absorbs heat from one space, compresses it thereby increasing its temperature before releasing it in another space. The system normally has eight main components: a

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applications, heat pumps may be used to heat or preheat water for swimming pools, homes or industry. Usually heat is extracted from outdoor air and transferred to an indoor water tank.

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The amount of work required to drive an amount of heat Q from a lower-temperature reservoir such as ambient air to a higher-temperature reservoir such as the interior of a building is:

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heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions.

5223: 4809: 2265: 1521:(in Europe) are ratings of heating performance. The SPF is Total heat output per annum / Total electricity consumed per annum in other words the average heating COP over the year. 754:

so its pressure and temperature rise. When operating as a heater in cold weather, the warmed gas flows to a heat exchanger in the indoor space where some of its thermal energy is

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can be achieved by heat exchange between relatively warm liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser and the cooler refrigerant vapor emerging from the evaporator. The

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There is great potential to reduce the energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions in industry by application of industrial heat pumps, for example for

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and installing a heat pump, up to $ 2,000. Starting in 2023, low- and moderate-level income households will be eligible for a heat-pump rebate of up to $ 8,000.

4758: 938: 908: 5030: 1656:). Performance varies, depending on installation details, temperature differences, site elevation, location on site, pipe runs, flow rates, and maintenance. 5759: 5483: 5423: 7219: 3602: 804: 5567: 807:, but they usually reduce emissions. Heat pumps could satisfy over 80% of global space and water heating needs with a lower carbon footprint than gas-fired 7249: 4436: 4238: 2770: 1499:

Because the two heat exchangers, the condenser and evaporator, must swap functions, they are optimized to perform adequately in both modes. Therefore, the

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without refrigerant but instead uses a standing wave in a sealed chamber driven by a loudspeaker to achieve a temperature difference across the chamber.

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In 2022, the Canada Greener Homes Grant provides up to $ 5000 for upgrades (including certain heat pumps), and $ 600 for energy efficiency evaluations.

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flowing into it, the coefficient of performance decreases, causing an increasing amount of work to be required for each unit of heat being transferred.

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is a device that consumes energy (usually electricity) to transfer heat from a cold heat sink to a hot heat sink. Specifically, the heat pump transfers

3659: 1476:(HVAC) and may also provide domestic hot water and tumble clothes drying. The purchase costs are supported in various countries by consumer rebates. 4333: 3290: 1263:(COP) may be between 2 and 5, while at temperatures below around −8 °C (18 °F) an air-source heat pump may still achieve a COP of 1 to 4. 4206: 5892:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press (In Press). Archived from

3741: 2350:, is next routed through an expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic 1008:

the 1 joule of work ultimately ends up as thermal energy in the interior of the building so 10 joules of heat are added to the building interior.

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This article is about devices used to heat and potentially also cool a building using the refrigeration cycle. For more about the theory, see

7264: 3269: 2692:, which corresponds to two years of natural gas heating in an average household. Refrigerants with a high ODP have already been phased out. 5557:

IEA (2024), The Future of Heat Pumps in China, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps-in-china, Licence: CC BY 4.0

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Because of their high efficiency and the increasing share of fossil-free sources in electrical grids, heat pumps are playing a key role in

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emissions (in some cases more than 50%). Industrial heat pumps can heat up to 200 °C, and can meet the heating demands of many

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of a reversible heat pump is typically slightly less than those of two separately optimized machines. For equipment to receive the

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in a single integrated system. Typically these two technologies are used separately (or only placing them in parallel) to produce

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Buffa, Simone; et al. (2019), "5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe",

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decline in efficiency on very cold days. Performance metrics supplied to consumers attempt to take this variation into account.

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The performance of a heat pump is determined by the ability of the pump to extract heat from a low temperature environment (the

1634:. In Europe alone, 15 GW of heat pumps could be installed in 3,000 facilities in the paper, food and chemicals industries. 7385: 1472:

estimated that, as of 2021, heat pumps installed in buildings have a combined capacity of more than 1000 GW. They are used for

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TheoreticalMaxCOP = (desiredIndoorTempC + 273) ÷ (desiredIndoorTempC - outsideTempC) = (27+273) ÷ (27 - (-3)) = 300÷30 = 10

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TheoreticalMaxCOP = (desiredIndoorTempC + 273) ÷ (desiredIndoorTempC - outsideTempC) = (7+273) ÷ (7 - (-3)) = 280÷10 = 28

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A: indoor compartment, B: outdoor compartment, I: insulation, 1: condenser, 2: expansion valve, 3: evaporator, 4: compressor

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Air-source heat pumps are relatively easy and inexpensive to install, so are the most widely used type. In mild weather,

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Electricity supply in the United Kingdom : a chronology – from the beginnings of the industry to 31 December 1985

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Purchase subsidies in rural areas in the 2010s reduced burning coal for heating, which had been causing ill health.

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At the same time, HFC refrigerants still dominate the market. Recent government mandates have seen the phase-out of

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are far less harmful to the environment than conventional hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and are already being used in

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It is possible to use any type of solar thermal panel (sheet and tubes, roll-bond, heat pipe, thermal plates) or

1371: 1208: 832: 404: 4428: 4230: 1207:(ASHP) is a heat pump that can absorb heat from air outside a building and release it inside; it uses the same 5997: 5359: 4634:. A superheated vapor is at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure. 2371:, the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated vapor and is routed back into the compressor. 2233: 5504: 4457: 1370:

Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar panels of a SAHP in an experimental installation at Department of Energy at

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Heat Pump Systems for Space Heating and DHW in low-energy and passive houses', J. Steen, Table 3.1, Table 3.3

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Exhaust air-water heat pumps transfer heat to a heating circuit that includes a tank of domestic hot water.

3651: 3406:. West Lafayette, IN, USA: 5th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue University: 1 7105: 6907: 6418: 6353: 6271: 6183: 6047: 5969: 5813:"Chapter 7: The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity Supplementary Material" 4325: 2741: 2269: 1469: 704: 5274: 759:

as a heat source. It can again take up energy from the heat source, be compressed and repeat the cycle.

7405: 7395: 7254: 7135: 6842: 6607: 6451: 4531:"US residential heat pumps: the private economic potential and its emissions, health, and grid impacts" 3016:"US residential heat pumps: the private economic potential and its emissions, health, and grid impacts" 2820: 2807: 2524:. Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps. Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide ( 2229: 1673: 1643: 1454: 1394: 1338: 1315: 1260: 975: 785: 574: 36: 4683: 3556: 2574:(ODP) but had problematic GWP. HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. 2504:

In the past 200 years, the standards and requirements for new refrigerants have changed. Nowadays low

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Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action (Australia), Victoria Government (2023-09-23).

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Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, Victoria Government (Australia) (2023-10-11).

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to large temperature fluctuations, and therefore is the most energy-efficient type of heat pump.

1626:. Short payback periods of less than 2 years are possible, while achieving a high reduction of CO 1412: 1382: 1305: 1293: 1277: 991: 915: 770: 766: 691: 569: 559: 263: 198: 5942: 5858:"Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development" 5461: 5422:

New South Wales Climate and Energy Action, New South Wales Government (Australia) (2023-12-08).

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Chamoun, Marwan; Rulliere, Romuald; Haberschill, Philippe; Berail, Jean Francois (2012-06-01).

4627: 4002: 3908: 3400:"Domestic High Temperature Air Source Heat Pump: Performance Analysis Using TRNSYS Simulations" 1595: 1441: 1124: 655: 464: 449: 397: 258: 178: 7359: 7037: 6996: 6712: 6383: 6203: 5975: 4998:"Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer – 7th Edition" 4404: 2684: 2552: 1688:

A heat pump's operating performance in cooling mode is characterized in the US by either its

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heat pumps provide hot or cold air directly to rooms, but do not usually provide hot water.

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As of 2023 about 10% of building heating worldwide is from ASHPs. They are the main way to

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by a heat pump can be calculated easily by considering an ideal heat pump operating on the

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Robert C. Webber is credited as developing and building the first ground-source heat pump.

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press).

4546: 4081: 3031: 2570:, are hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) with similar thermodynamic properties with insignificant 1445:

The largest water-source heat pump was installed in the Danish town of Esbjerg in 2023.

7290: 7234: 7171: 6948: 6827: 6822: 6612: 6423: 6408: 5990: 5793:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 5760:"Biden administration uses wartime authority to bolster energy efficient manufacturing" 5731: 4750: 4560: 3053: 2935: 2868: 2844: 2700:

Financial incentives aim to protect consumers from high fossil gas costs and to reduce

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temperature of the liquid refrigerant must be lower than the condensation temperature.

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operations like food production particularly well-suited to transition to renewables.

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transferred from the lower-temperature reservoir to the higher-temperature reservoir.

808: 409: 325: 5383: 5090:"R404 and DME Refrigerant blend as a new solution to limit global warming potential" 4066:"Heat pump placement, connection and operational modes in European district heating" 2333:

Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a

2276: 7329: 7084: 7079: 6662: 6368: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6173: 4944: 4734: 4699: 4695: 4550: 4121: 4085: 4044: 3568: 3035: 2783:

In 2022, more heat pumps were sold in the United States than natural gas furnaces.

2509: 2060: 1587: 1563: 1337:

Exhaust air heat pumps extract heat from the exhaust air of a building and require

1212: 1169: 800: 789: 778: 516: 511: 345: 330: 291: 243: 218: 158: 5879:(2022). Shula, P. R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.). 4089: 4031:"Heat Roadmap Europe: Large-Scale Electric Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems" 3800: 3572: 1676:(COP) being used to describe the ratio of useful heat movement per work input. An 978:

for the heat pump at the temperatures prevailing in the reservoirs at one instant.

7324: 7296: 6938: 6852: 6847: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6702: 6642: 6557: 6542: 6363: 6358: 6333: 6328: 6198: 6122: 5592: 5129: 4614: 4415: 4388: 4368: 4194: 3557:"Comparison of solar assisted heat pump systems for heating residences: A review" 2626: 2579: 2323: 1489: 1309: 1284: 911: 268: 223: 153: 28: 5224:"Heat Pumps with Climate-Friendly Refrigerant Developed for Indoor Installation" 5000:. United Nations Environment Programme – Ozone Secretariat. 2007. Archived from 4836:"Pivoting from global climate laggard to leader: Kigali and American HFC policy" 4810:"Heat Pumps with Climate-Friendly Refrigerant Developed for Indoor Installation" 2543:

Until the 1990s, heat pumps, along with fridges and other related products used

7074: 6971: 6747: 6727: 6692: 6627: 6547: 6388: 6378: 6287: 6137: 6107: 6062: 6057: 4738: 4555: 4530: 4140: 4126: 3215: 3040: 3015: 2786:

In November 2023 Biden's administration allocated 169 million dollars from the

2575: 2469: 2364:

condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser.

2319: 1631: 1045: 1032: 1000: 839: 736: 638: 611: 584: 552: 535: 414: 203: 173: 3883: 7374: 7156: 7007: 6902: 6867: 6637: 6632: 6587: 6582: 6428: 6403: 6398: 6373: 6343: 6213: 6112: 6092: 6072: 5983: 4919: 4910: 4746: 4722: 4707: 4065: 3971: 3681: 3580: 3437: 3378: 3295: 3049: 1733: 1551: 1420: 1390: 1301: 1241:

full central heating with a flow temperature up to 80 °C (176 °F).

1086: 1041: 755: 650: 616: 523: 506: 387: 377: 228: 5617: 3337: 7334: 7012: 6912: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6807: 6742: 6622: 6592: 6532: 6527: 6502: 6413: 6292: 6208: 6132: 6117: 6102: 5853: 3825: 2433: 2379: 2339: 2301: 2181: 2025: 1955: 1926: 1623: 1159: 1112: 589: 474: 143: 108: 32: 5672:"Clean Heat without the Hot Air: British and Dutch lessons and challenges" 5250:"Refrigerant Safety - About Refrigerant Safety, Toxicity and Flammability" 4380:

Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

3140:"The often forgotten Scottish inventor whose innovation changed the world" 2386: 1072:

In the period before 1875, heat pumps were for the time being pursued for

7344: 6986: 6943: 6917: 6857: 6837: 6832: 6707: 6667: 6652: 6597: 6522: 6492: 6487: 6303: 6168: 6087: 5727:"As Heat Pumps Go Mainstream, a Big Question: Can They Handle Real Cold?" 5421: 2548: 2427: 2398: 2346:

The condensed, liquid refrigerant, in the thermodynamic state known as a

2315: 2289: 1567: 1508: 1386: 1104: 1090: 747: 594: 469: 419: 382: 365: 350: 168: 3399: 3265:

Aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wärmepumpe, Schweizerische Bauzeitung

7100: 7022: 6953: 6922: 6797: 6767: 6697: 6647: 6617: 6602: 6577: 6482: 6282: 6178: 6097: 6037: 5062: 4626:

Saturated vapors and saturated liquids are vapors and liquids at their

4049: 4030: 2406: 2392: 2360: 2236: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1575: 1432: 1195: 1108: 1014: 604: 429: 424: 392: 355: 340: 123: 58: 2280:

An internal view of the outdoor unit of an Ecodan air source heat pump

7059: 6732: 6682: 6657: 6512: 6308: 4974:"Annex 53 Advanced Cooling/Refrigeration Technologies 2 page summary" 4684:"Dynamic model of an industrial heat pump using water as refrigerant" 2513: 819: 459: 439: 118: 4382:'State of the Art of Air-source Heat Pump for Cold Region', Figure 5 2211: 1529: 1366: 1304:, using far less energy than can be achieved by burning a fuel in a 686: 7042: 6976: 6477: 6277: 6077: 6052: 6027: 5300: 4035: 3976: 3909:"Why This Window Heat Pump is Genius - Undecided with Matt Ferrell" 3513:"Heat pumps do work in the cold – Americans just don't know it yet" 3353:

An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling

3221:

An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling

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another at 280 K. The one joule of work ultimately ends up as

599: 484: 479: 133: 128: 98: 5535:"Executive summary – The Future of Heat Pumps in China – Analysis" 5298: 3742:"Heat pump uses a loudspeaker and wet strips of paper to cool air" 3166:

Jacob Perkins, his inventions, his times, & his contemporaries

2555:. Use of these chemicals was banned or severely restricted by the 2264: 1574:

water, ambient water (e.g. sea, lake and river water), industrial

42: 6552: 6224: 5462:"Hot Water Rebates in Australia: A Detailed Guide For Businesses" 4207:"Application of Industrial Heat Pumps. Annex 35 two-page summary" 2517: 2453: 1844:(R744) heat pump with tripartite gas cooler, source at 0 °C 1135: 1107:, fuel prices were very high in Switzerland but it had plenty of 621: 579: 315: 298: 4780:"Everything you need to know about the wild world of heat pumps" 4681: 2374:

Over time, the evaporator may collect ice or water from ambient

1751:

High-efficiency air-source heat pump (ASHP), air at −20 °C

7229: 6981: 6787: 6537: 5964: 3014:

Deetjen, Thomas A.; Walsh, Liam; Vaishnav, Parth (2021-07-28).

2665: 2652: 2639: 2613: 2567: 2563: 1714: 1571: 1094: 310: 6005: 5443:"Queensland Business Energy Saving and Transformation Rebates" 4529:

Deetjen, Thomas A; Walsh, Liam; Vaishnav, Parth (2021-07-28).

4300:"Heating and cooling with a heat pump: Efficiency terminology" 4259: 4164: 7244: 6677: 5130:"List of Low GWP Refrigerants: 69 Refrigerants Below 500 GWP" 4723:"Vapor compression heat pumps with pure Low-GWP refrigerants" 3826:"Renewable Heat Incentive – Domestic RHI – paid over 7 years" 3617: 3591: 3187:"History of Heat Pumping Technologies in Switzerland – Texts" 2485: 545: 5846: 5811:

Forster, P.; Storelvmo, T.; Armour, K.; Collins, W. (2021).

5299:

US Environmental Protection Agency, OAR (14 November 2014).

3367:"Why Britain's homes will need different types of heat pump" 3085: 3083: 1594:. Large-scale heat pumps for district heating combined with 6752: 6672: 5911: 5876: 5831: 5790: 1500: 1479: 1297: 941: 643: 5856:; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K.; Fifta, S.; et al. (2018). 4501:"The UK is sabotaging its own plan to decarbonize heating" 4264:

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

4169:

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

2432:

Pure refrigerants can be divided into organic substances (

1652:) and deliver it to a higher temperature environment (the 4493: 4231:"Norwegian Researchers Develop World's Hottest Heat Pump" 3080: 2547:(CFCs) as refrigerants, which caused major damage to the 1233:

to heat a whole house and are often also used to provide

1077: 2501:)). Their boiling points are usually below −25 °C. 1566:. However as of 2022 about 90% of district heat is from 4608:

https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022

3418: 3359: 2991:"Study proves heat pump efficiency at low temperatures" 2387:

Improvement of coefficient of performance by subcooling

1602:. Therefore, they are regarded as a key technology for 1492:

and optimized heat exchangers so that the direction of

1345:

Exhaust air-air heat pumps transfer heat to intake air.

1248:(also known as "furnaces") from houses, to avoid their 4579:"Can the UK rely on hydrogen to save its gas boilers?" 4260:"Heat pumps are key to helping industry turn electric" 3168:. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 149. 3077:, Section 13.1, Longmans, Green & Company Limited. 1089:

constructs a closed-loop heat pump (water source from

765:

are the most common models, while other types include

5505:"Coal fired boiler replacement in Beijing rural area" 5440: 3772:"Scientists claim solid-state heat pump breakthrough" 1288:

A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

952: 926: 896: 852: 5943:"Specific Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Various Fuels" 5164:"Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants" 5065:"Calculation of green house gas potential of R-410A" 4606:

IEA (2022), Global Hydrogen Review 2022, IEA, Paris

4528: 3013: 2771:

Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration

2721:

gas or electric systems to heat pump based systems.

2326:

which selects between heating and cooling mode, two

1044:

patents a design for a practical refrigerator using

16:

System that transfers heat from one space to another

5618:"BBC Radio 4 – Sliced Bread, Air Source Heat Pumps" 5360:"Electrifying industrial processes with heat pumps" 3649: 3404:

International High Performance Buildings Conference

3116:"Heat pumps are great. Let's make them even better" 2307:

Wiring and connections to a central air unit inside

1872:Ground-source heat pump (GSHP), water at 0 °C 1162:, for both winter heating and summer cooling needs. 1158:-powered reversible water-source heat pump, fed by 4484: 4482: 3673: 3426:"Heat pumps show how hard decarbonisation will be" 3075:Engineering Thermodynamics, Work and Heat Transfer 1381:(SAHP) is a machine that combines a heat pump and 966: 932: 902: 879: 5910: 5882:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 4165:"Industrial Heat Pumps: it's time to go electric" 3739: 2964: 2717:locations advancing to full feasibility studies. 2180:emissions compared to heating systems powered by 1999:pump), return fluid 25 °C, source 0 °C 1484:In HVAC applications, a heat pump is typically a 1111:. In the period before and especially during the 988:coefficient of performance, and the work required 7372: 5810: 5441:Australian Government, Queensland (2023-10-05). 5194:"Qvantum plant has 1 million heat pump capacity" 5115: 3923:"How it Works — Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWHs)" 3703: 784:The efficiency of a heat pump is expressed as a 5796:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 4643: 4479: 3855:"Heat Pump Efficiency | Heat Pump SEER Ratings" 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 2295:Large heat pump setup for a commercial building 1562:Large (megawatt-scale) heat pumps are used for 1533:Saddle-style window mounted heat pump 3D sketch 1172:to phase out harmful refrigerants takes effect. 5697:"H. R. 5376 – Inflation Reduction Act of 2022" 5301:"Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)" 4302:. Natural Resources Canada. 8 September 2022. 4120:(in German), vol. 104, pp. 504–522, 3740:Padavic-Callaghan, Karmela (6 December 2022). 3652:"Could a water source heat pump work for you?" 2452:(HFOs), and HCFOs), and inorganic substances ( 1612:systems which can both heat and cool districts 1598:offer high flexibility for the integration of 5991: 5852: 3972:"The 'exploding' demand for giant heat pumps" 3682:"The 'exploding' demand for giant heat pumps" 3397: 3268:(in German), vol. 73, pp. 647–650, 2976: 880:{\displaystyle W={\frac {Q}{\mathrm {COP} }}} 712: 31:. For heat pumps used to keep food cool, see 27:. For a similar device for cooling only, see 5923: 5875: 5844:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 5820: 5789: 5459: 5127: 5082: 4362:'Commercial Earth Energy Systems', Figure 29 3398:Le, Khoa; Huang, M.J.; Hewitt, Neil (2018). 3172: 1326: 5888:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 3555:Sezen, Kutbay; Gungor, Afsin (2023-01-01). 3554: 2936:Technology Report: The Future of Heat Pumps 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2176:In most settings, heat pumps will reduce CO 1524: 1460:Electrocaloric heat pumps are solid state. 1436:Water-source heat exchanger being installed 1057:describes the theory underlying heat pumps. 1017:—could improve efficiency in the long run. 23:. For details of the most common type, see 6758:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 6007:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 5998: 5984: 5940: 4488: 4326:"Ecodesign requirements for space heaters" 3163: 3113: 2528:) also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller 1474:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 1211:process and much the same equipment as an 1134:John Sumner, City Electrical Engineer for 777:. Large-scale heat pumps are also used in 719: 705: 80: 5865: 5830: 5802:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 5023:"Refrigerants – Environmental Properties" 4554: 4125: 4048: 3282: 3073:G. F. C. Rogers and Y. R. Mayhew (1957), 3069: 3067: 3039: 2252:Learn how and when to remove this message 1505:European seasonal energy efficiency ratio 1453:A thermoacoustic heat pump operates as a 814: 7192:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 5648:"Air source heat pump costs and savings" 5645: 4906:"Propane-powered heat pumps are greener" 4863: 4727:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4399: 4397: 4117:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4024: 4022: 3969: 3679: 3487:Canada, Natural Resources (2009-04-22). 3164:Bathe, Greville; Bathe, Dorothy (1943). 2911: 2695: 2275: 2263: 2151:electricity by lignite (old power plant) 1528: 1480:Space heating and sometimes also cooling 1431: 1365: 1283: 1194: 1066:develops and builds the first heat pump. 818: 61:heat pump interior air handler wall unit 53: 41: 5191: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 3769: 3314: 3312: 3288: 2988: 2078:resulting emissions for thermal energy 1804:High-efficiency ASHP, air at 0 °C 805:depends on how electricity is generated 7373: 5757: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5311:from the original on 24 September 2015 5111: 5109: 5044: 4688:International Journal of Refrigeration 4360:The Canadian Renewable Energy Network 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4063: 3884:"COP and SPF for Heat Pumps Explained" 3709: 3489:"Heating and Cooling With a Heat Pump" 3486: 3064: 2582:with a lower GWP, but still over 600. 1700:COP variation with output temperature 1035:demonstrates artificial refrigeration. 811:: however, in 2021 they only met 10%. 214:List of low-energy building techniques 7065:Programmable communicating thermostat 5979: 5707:from the original on 17 November 2022 5593:"Apply for the Boiler Upgrade Scheme" 5275:"A2L – Mildly Flammable Refrigerants" 5230:from the original on 20 February 2022 5221: 5158: 5156: 5154: 4900: 4898: 4807: 4429:"How Wind Can Help Us Breathe Easier" 4394: 4113: 4028: 4019: 3355:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 123. 3350: 3261: 3214: 2421: 2314:Vapor-compression uses a circulating 2127:natural-gas thermal (high efficiency) 2105:heat pump with global electricity mix 1617: 1610:. They are also a crucial element of 7187:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 4867:Green Electricity and Global Warming 4833: 4374: 4347: 3456: 3309: 2234:adding citations to reliable sources 2205: 5758:Frazin, Rachel (17 November 2023). 5739:from the original on April 11, 2023 5568:"HMCR rates for goods and services" 5522: 5106: 4864:Itteilag, Richard L. (2012-08-09). 4281: 4064:Sayegh, M. A.; et al. (2018). 4029:David, Andrei; et al. (2017). 3830:Ground Source Heat Pump Association 3712:"Energy transition, the Danish way" 2775:Climate change in the United States 2184:. In regions accounting for 70% of 2054: 1776:Two-stage ASHP, air at −20 °C 1557: 1515:Heating seasonal performance factor 1150:First large scale installation—the 13: 7048:Minimum efficiency reporting value 5405:"Hot water systems for households" 5386:"Hot water systems for businesses" 5151: 4895: 4720: 4003:"District Heating - Energy System" 3650:Energy Saving Trust (2019-02-13). 2875:from the original on 27 April 2023 2397:Heat input can be improved if the 1397:and then produce energy in a more 960: 957: 954: 871: 868: 865: 14: 7422: 7090:Standard temperature and pressure 6803:Packaged terminal air conditioner 6339:Passive daytime radiative cooling 6068:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 5957: 4306:from the original on 3 April 2023 4188:IEA HPT TCP Annex 35 Publications 3459:"Air source heat pumps explained" 3322:. The Electricity Council. 1987. 2755: 2083:heat pump with onshore wind power 1501:Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating 1352: 1199:Heat pump on balcony of apartment 1093:) which provides heating for the 829:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 21:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 6159:Absorption-compression heat pump 5963: 5751: 5719: 5694: 5688: 5664: 5639: 5610: 5585: 5560: 5551: 5222:Miara, Marek (22 October 2019). 5095:. March 14, 2012. Archived from 4650:. Butterworths. pp. 22–23. 4458:"Global Electricity Review 2023" 3625:"Pompe di calore elio-assistite" 3114:Williamson, Chris (2022-10-13). 2764: 2300: 2288: 2210: 1694:seasonal energy efficiency ratio 1545: 1358:This section is an excerpt from 1276:This section is an excerpt from 1270: 1187:This section is an excerpt from 685: 672: 671: 149:Energy efficiency implementation 7054:Normal temperature and pressure 6434:Vapor-compression refrigeration 5783: 5628:from the original on 2022-04-30 5599:from the original on 2023-09-19 5574:from the original on 2022-07-22 5511:from the original on 2023-03-24 5497: 5486:from the original on 2022-01-17 5472: 5453: 5434: 5424:"Upgrade your hot water system" 5415: 5396: 5377: 5366:from the original on 2022-08-08 5352: 5341:from the original on 2023-09-17 5323: 5292: 5267: 5242: 5215: 5204:from the original on 2023-09-24 5185: 5174:from the original on 2023-09-24 5140:from the original on 2023-06-10 5121: 5071:from the original on 2015-07-13 5063:Ecometrica.com (27 June 2012). 5056: 5033:from the original on 2013-03-14 5015: 4990: 4978:HPT - Heat Pumping Technologies 4966: 4955:from the original on 2023-01-30 4937: 4926:from the original on 2023-09-17 4884:from the original on 2021-11-23 4857: 4846:from the original on 2022-10-04 4827: 4816:from the original on 2022-02-20 4801: 4790:from the original on 2023-08-01 4772: 4761:from the original on 2023-09-24 4714: 4675: 4664:from the original on 2023-04-03 4637: 4620: 4600: 4589:from the original on 2021-06-06 4571: 4522: 4511:from the original on 2021-06-06 4468:from the original on 2023-04-11 4450: 4439:from the original on 2023-08-28 4421: 4371:. . Retrieved December 8, 2009. 4336:from the original on 2021-01-18 4318: 4270:from the original on 2023-09-24 4252: 4241:from the original on 2022-05-23 4223: 4211:HPT – Heat Pumping Technologies 4199: 4181: 4157: 4133: 4107: 4096:from the original on 2019-12-14 4057: 3995: 3984:from the original on 2023-09-07 3963: 3939: 3915: 3901: 3876: 3865:from the original on 2023-01-14 3847: 3836:from the original on 2018-03-08 3818: 3807:from the original on 2017-07-04 3793: 3782:from the original on 2023-09-24 3763: 3752:from the original on 2023-01-04 3733: 3722:from the original on 2023-08-09 3692:from the original on 2023-09-07 3662:from the original on 2022-10-04 3643: 3548: 3534: 3523:from the original on 2022-05-09 3505: 3480: 3469:from the original on 2022-10-04 3450: 3391: 3344: 3272:from the original on 2021-11-20 3255: 3244:from the original on 2016-12-20 3208: 3197:from the original on 2021-11-23 3157: 3132: 3107: 2946:from the original on 2023-01-06 2813: 2800: 2221:needs additional citations for 2202:Vapor-compression refrigeration 1592:seasonal thermal energy storage 1540:window mounted air conditioners 1486:vapor-compression refrigeration 1463: 1427: 1209:vapor-compression refrigeration 833:Vapor-compression refrigeration 405:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5646:Lawrence, Karen (2024-05-03). 4700:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.12.007 4644:Ludwig von Cube, Hans (1981). 4535:Environmental Research Letters 3970:Baraniuk, Chris (2023-05-29). 3680:Baraniuk, Chris (2023-05-29). 3020:Environmental Research Letters 3007: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2887: 2861: 2837: 2272:of the vapor-compression cycle 1637: 1074:vapour compression evaporation 967:{\displaystyle \mathrm {COP} } 918:by the heat pump's compressor. 46:External heat exchanger of an 1: 7386:Bright green environmentalism 7202:Testing, adjusting, balancing 7146:Building information modeling 7141:Building services engineering 6718:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 6246:Demand controlled ventilation 6194:Building insulation materials 4834:Rabe, Barry G. (2022-09-23). 4418:. . Retrieved April 19, 2008. 4391:. . Retrieved April 19, 2008. 4090:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.02.006 3947:"Heat-pump hot water systems" 3803:. U.S. Department of Energy. 3710:Ristau, Oliver (2022-07-24). 3573:10.1016/j.solener.2022.11.051 2830: 1181: 234:Passive solar building design 6763:High-pressure cut-off switch 6314:Ice storage air conditioning 6235:Dedicated outdoor air system 5480:"Canada Greener Homes Grant" 5192:Everitt, Neil (2023-09-15). 5051:R-410A#Environmental effects 3770:Everitt, Neil (2023-08-14). 3627:(in Italian). Archived from 3351:Banks, David (August 2012). 2989:Everitt, Neil (2023-09-11). 2707: 2378:. The ice is melted through 2195: 1678:electrical resistance heater 50:for both heating and cooling 7: 7106:Thermostatic radiator valve 6908:Thermostatic radiator valve 6419:Underfloor air distribution 6354:Radiant heating and cooling 6272:Energy recovery ventilation 6184:Automobile air conditioning 6048:Domestic energy consumption 5460:Time To Save (2023-11-21). 5128:LearnMetrics (2023-05-12). 4870:. AuthorHouse. p. 77. 4808:Miara, Marek (2019-10-22). 3599:"Solar-assisted heat pumps" 3493:natural-resources.canada.ca 3289:Randall, Ian (2022-07-31). 2940:International Energy Agency 2871:. US Department of Energy. 2742:International Energy Agency 2270:Temperature–entropy diagram 1897:GSHP, ground at 10 °C 1727:(e.g. heated timber floor) 1722:(e.g. heated screed floor) 1519:Seasonal Performance Factor 1470:International Energy Agency 1154:in London is opened with a 692:Renewable energy portal 410:Renewable energy transition 10: 7427: 7255:Institute of Refrigeration 7136:Architectural technologist 6608:Electrostatic precipitator 5778: 4739:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110571 4127:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059 2821:Coefficient of performance 2808:Coefficient of performance 2768: 2740:In the 2024 report by the 2425: 2390: 2199: 2072:emissions of energy source 1929:limit, source −20 °C 1674:coefficient of performance 1644:Coefficient of performance 1641: 1455:thermoacoustic heat engine 1357: 1330: 1316:coefficient of performance 1275: 1261:coefficient of performance 1186: 1020: 976:coefficient of performance 826: 786:coefficient of performance 37:Heat pump (disambiguation) 18: 7317: 7308:Volatile organic compound 7283: 7210: 7167:Environmental engineering 7131:Architectural engineering 7114: 6962: 6933:Ultra-low particulate air 6518:Automatic balancing valve 6465: 6446:Variable refrigerant flow 6298:Heat recovery ventilation 6241:Deep water source cooling 6151: 6013: 5847:https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ 2942:(Report). November 2022. 2724: 2572:ozone depletion potential 2028:limit, source 10 °C 1743: 1738: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1600:variable renewable energy 1448: 1333:Heat recovery ventilation 1327:Heat recovery ventilation 1314:Efficiency is given as a 797:climate change mitigation 254:Sustainable refurbishment 7355:Template:Home automation 7177:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 6873:Solar-assisted heat pump 6473:Air conditioner inverter 6252:Displacement ventilation 6143:Vapour pressure of water 6128:Thermal destratification 5934: 4556:10.1088/1748-9326/ac10dc 3041:10.1088/1748-9326/ac10dc 2895:"Exhaust air heat pumps" 2793: 2732: 2702:greenhouse gas emissions 2562:Replacements, including 2506:global warming potential 2442:hydrochlorofluorocarbons 2328:thermal expansion valves 2186:world energy consumption 1958:limit, source 0 °C 1847:High output temperature 1832:Prototype transcritical 1746:(e.g. radiator and DHW) 1741:(e.g. radiator and DHW) 1608:phasing out fossil fuels 1525:Window mounted heat pump 1401:and less expensive way. 1379:solar-assisted heat pump 1360:Solar-assisted heat pump 1250:greenhouse gas emissions 1176: 767:ground source heat pumps 239:Sustainable architecture 194:Glass in green buildings 184:Environmental technology 114:Compact fluorescent lamp 7350:World Refrigeration Day 7197:Refrigerant reclamation 7126:Architectural acoustics 7070:Programmable thermostat 7002:Clean air delivery rate 6898:Thermal expansion valve 6813:Pressurisation ductwork 6723:Ground source heat pump 6164:Absorption refrigerator 5890:Sixth Assessment Report 5804:Sixth Assessment Report 5027:The Engineering ToolBox 4403:SINTEF Energy Research 3951:Sustainability Victoria 3888:Green Business Watch UK 2788:Inflation Reduction Act 2551:when released into the 1900:Low output temperature 1807:Low output temperature 1779:Low source temperature 1690:energy efficiency ratio 1604:limiting climate change 1488:device that includes a 1322:are often used instead. 1308:or by use of resistive 1294:ground source heat pump 1278:Ground source heat pump 771:water source heat pumps 560:Human-powered transport 264:Tropical green building 199:Green building and wood 7340:Glossary of HVAC terms 7302:Sick building syndrome 7182:Mechanical engineering 6893:Smoke exhaust ductwork 6324:Mixed-mode ventilation 4628:saturation temperature 3095:Physics Stack Exchange 2965:IPCC AR6 WG3 Ch11 2022 2281: 2273: 1596:thermal energy storage 1542:that just do cooling. 1534: 1442:water-source heat pump 1437: 1374: 1339:mechanical ventilation 1289: 1200: 1097:city hall to this day. 968: 934: 904: 881: 824: 815:Principle of operation 775:exhaust air heat pumps 656:Personal rapid transit 398:Tidal stream generator 259:Thermal energy storage 179:Environmental planning 62: 51: 35:. For other uses, see 7360:Template:Solar energy 7038:Intelligent buildings 6997:Carbon dioxide sensor 6384:Room air distribution 6204:Central solar heating 5735:. February 22, 2023. 5447:Queensland Government 5116:IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch7 2021 4945:"Smart CO2 Heat Pump" 4784:MIT Technology Review 2769:Further information: 2696:Government incentives 2580:difluoromethane (R32) 2522:air-source heat pumps 2279: 2267: 1705:Pump type and source 1532: 1435: 1369: 1341:. Two classes exist: 1320:air-source heat pumps 1287: 1246:phase out gas boilers 1198: 992:reversed Carnot cycle 974:is the instantaneous 969: 935: 905: 882: 822: 763:Air source heat pumps 500:Sustainable transport 445:Floating wind turbine 274:Zero heating building 189:Fossil fuel phase-out 57: 45: 7391:Building engineering 7162:Duct leakage testing 7152:Deep energy retrofit 7096:Thermographic camera 7033:Infrared thermometer 6508:Air source heat pump 6457:Water heat recycling 6023:Air changes per hour 5972:at Wikimedia Commons 5941:Quaschning, Volker. 4647:Heat Pump Technology 4617:, License: CC BY 4.0 4070:Energy and Buildings 2230:improve this article 1590:and heat from solar 1503:(SEER in the US) or 1383:thermal solar panels 1372:Polytechnic of Milan 1205:air source heat pump 1189:Air source heat pump 950: 924: 894: 850: 634:Personal transporter 529:Wind-powered vehicle 373:Marine current power 279:Zero-energy building 139:Efficient energy use 48:air-source heat pump 25:air source heat pump 7411:Residential heating 7028:HVAC control system 7018:Home energy monitor 6992:Building automation 6778:Inverter compressor 6440:Variable air volume 6349:Passive ventilation 6319:Kitchen ventilation 6219:Constant air volume 6189:Autonomous building 5409:Victoria Government 5390:Victoria Government 4632:saturation pressure 4547:2021ERL....16h4024D 4082:2018EneBu.166..122S 3801:"Heat Pump Systems" 3656:Energy Saving Trust 3605:on 28 February 2020 3227:. Wiley-Blackwell. 3191:www.aramis.admin.ch 3032:2021ERL....16h4024D 2955:License: CC BY 4.0. 2899:Energy Saving Trust 2869:"Heat Pump Systems" 2845:"Heat Pump Systems" 2545:chlorofluorocarbons 2438:chlorofluorocarbons 2369:refrigeration cycle 2153:and low performance 1701: 1152:Royal Festival Hall 1064:Peter von Rittinger 792:and other heaters. 790:electric resistance 741:refrigeration cycle 321:Carbon-neutral fuel 249:Sustainable habitat 104:Building insulation 92:Energy conservation 68:Part of a series on 7291:Indoor air quality 7235:ASTM International 7172:Hydronic balancing 6949:Wood-burning stove 6828:Radiator reflector 6613:Evaporative cooler 6424:Underfloor heating 6409:Thermal insulation 5869:. pp. 93–174. 5732:The New York Times 5226:. Fraunhofer ISE. 5102:on March 14, 2012. 4812:. Fraunhofer ISE. 4613:2023-01-10 at the 4414:2009-03-18 at the 4387:2016-04-14 at the 4367:2011-05-11 at the 4330:European Union Law 4193:2018-09-21 at the 4050:10.3390/en10040578 3927:www.energystar.gov 3262:Wirth, E. (1955), 2977:IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018 2450:hydrofluoroolefins 2446:hydrofluorocarbons 2422:Refrigerant choice 2282: 2274: 1732:(e.g. radiator or 1699: 1618:Industrial heating 1586:, waste heat from 1535: 1438: 1375: 1290: 1235:domestic hot water 1231:underfloor heating 1201: 964: 930: 900: 877: 825: 809:condensing boilers 336:Geothermal heating 164:Energy saving lamp 74:Sustainable energy 63: 52: 7406:Energy technology 7396:Energy conversion 7368: 7367: 7284:Health and safety 6863:Scroll compressor 6818:Process duct work 6573:Convection heater 6568:Condensing boiler 6498:Air-mixing plenum 6394:Solar combisystem 6230:Cross ventilation 6033:Building envelope 5968:Media related to 5924:IPCC AR6 WG3 2022 5838:eradicate poverty 5821:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 5703:. U.S. Congress. 5482:. 17 March 2021. 5362:. 22 March 2022. 3631:on 7 January 2012 3457:Lawrence, Karen. 3234:978-1-4051-7061-1 2677: 2676: 2557:Montreal Protocol 2514:Isobutane (R600A) 2352:flash evaporation 2322:, a reservoir, a 2262: 2261: 2254: 2174: 2173: 2052: 2051: 1580:geothermal energy 933:{\displaystyle Q} 914:performed on the 903:{\displaystyle W} 875: 729: 728: 326:Geothermal energy 7418: 7330:Building science 7085:Smart thermostat 7080:Room temperature 6663:Fireplace insert 6369:Radon mitigation 6267:Electric heating 6262:District heating 6257:District cooling 6174:Air conditioning 6000: 5993: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5928: 5920: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5887: 5870: 5862: 5845: 5843: 5825: 5817: 5807: 5801: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5570:. 11 July 2022. 5564: 5558: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5531: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5160: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4694:(4): 1080–1091. 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4641: 4635: 4624: 4618: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4497: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4425: 4419: 4401: 4392: 4378: 4372: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4203: 4197: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3601:. 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liquid 2304: 2292: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2214: 2206: 2066: 2065: 2061:carbon footprint 2055:Carbon footprint 1998: 1997: 1996: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1702: 1698: 1668:is preferred to 1632:light industries 1588:district cooling 1564:district heating 1558:District heating 1310:electric heaters 1170:Kigali Amendment 1113:Second World War 973: 971: 970: 965: 963: 939: 937: 936: 931: 909: 907: 906: 901: 886: 884: 883: 878: 876: 874: 860: 801:carbon footprint 779:district heating 721: 714: 707: 694: 690: 689: 680: 675: 674: 512:Electric vehicle 361:Run-of-the-river 346:Hydroelectricity 331:Geothermal power 292:Renewable energy 244:Sustainable city 219:Low-energy house 159:Energy recycling 84: 65: 64: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7401:Energy recovery 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7325:ASHRAE Handbook 7313: 7297:Passive smoking 7279: 7212: 7206: 7118: 7116: 7110: 6964: 6958: 6939:Whole-house fan 6853:Run-around coil 6848:Reversing valve 6793:Mechanical room 6783:Kerosene heater 6773:Infrared heater 6703:Gasoline heater 6643:Fan filter unit 6558:Condensate pump 6543:Centrifugal fan 6461: 6364:Radiant heating 6359:Radiant cooling 6334:Passive cooling 6329:Microgeneration 6199:Central heating 6147: 6123:Thermal comfort 6015: 6009: 6004: 5960: 5947: 5945: 5937: 5918: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5885: 5860: 5841: 5815: 5799: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5678: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5654: 5644: 5640: 5631: 5629: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5543: 5541: 5533: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5458: 5454: 5439: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5344: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5216: 5207: 5205: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5175: 5162: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5122: 5114: 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1184: 1179: 1105:First World War 1023: 953: 951: 948: 947: 925: 922: 921: 895: 892: 891: 864: 859: 851: 848: 847: 835: 827:Main articles: 817: 725: 684: 683: 670: 663: 662: 502: 492: 491: 294: 284: 283: 269:Waste-to-energy 224:Microgeneration 154:Energy recovery 94: 40: 29:air conditioner 17: 12: 11: 5: 7424: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:Psychrometrics 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6972:Air flow meter 6968: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6748:Heating system 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6728:Heat exchanger 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6693:Gas compressor 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6628:Expansion tank 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6548:Ceramic heater 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6389:Solar air heat 6386: 6381: 6379:Renewable heat 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6290: 6288:Forced-air gas 6285: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6138:Thermodynamics 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108:Psychrometrics 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6063:Gas compressor 6060: 6058:Fluid dynamics 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5959: 5958:External links 5956: 5955: 5954: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5866:IPCC SR15 2018 5828: 5827: 5826: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5750: 5718: 5687: 5663: 5638: 5609: 5584: 5559: 5550: 5521: 5496: 5471: 5452: 5433: 5428:NSW Government 5414: 5395: 5376: 5351: 5322: 5291: 5266: 5241: 5214: 5184: 5150: 5120: 5105: 5081: 5055: 5043: 5014: 4989: 4965: 4936: 4914:. 2023-09-06. 4894: 4876: 4856: 4826: 4800: 4771: 4713: 4674: 4656: 4636: 4619: 4599: 4585:. 2021-05-21. 4570: 4521: 4492: 4478: 4464:. 2023-04-11. 4449: 4420: 4406: 4405:'Integrated CO 4393: 4373: 4346: 4317: 4280: 4251: 4237:. 2021-08-05. 4222: 4198: 4180: 4156: 4132: 4106: 4056: 4018: 3994: 3962: 3938: 3914: 3900: 3875: 3846: 3817: 3792: 3762: 3732: 3702: 3672: 3642: 3616: 3590: 3547: 3533: 3519:. 2022-05-09. 3504: 3479: 3449: 3417: 3390: 3358: 3343: 3329:978-0851881058 3328: 3308: 3281: 3254: 3233: 3218:(2008-05-06). 3207: 3171: 3156: 3131: 3106: 3079: 3063: 3006: 2981: 2979:, p. 142. 2969: 2957: 2910: 2886: 2860: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2812: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2756:United Kingdom 2754: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2709: 2706: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2576:Dimethyl ether 2534: 2518:propane (R290) 2494: 2478: 2470:carbon dioxide 2462: 2426:Main article: 2423: 2420: 2391:Main article: 2388: 2385: 2306: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2260: 2259: 2218: 2216: 2209: 2197: 2194: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069:heating system 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1838: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1706: 1642:Main article: 1639: 1636: 1627: 1619: 1616: 1559: 1556: 1547: 1544: 1526: 1523: 1509:US Energy Star 1481: 1478: 1465: 1462: 1450: 1447: 1429: 1426: 1423:of the system. 1421:variable costs 1364: 1356: 1354: 1353:Solar-assisted 1351: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1331:Main article: 1328: 1325: 1306:boiler/furnace 1282: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1266:United States. 1193: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1166: 1163: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1101: 1098: 1084: 1081: 1078:Bex salt works 1070: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1046:dimethyl ether 1039: 1036: 1033:William Cullen 1030: 1022: 1019: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1001:thermal energy 980: 979: 962: 959: 956: 945: 929: 919: 899: 873: 870: 867: 863: 858: 855: 816: 813: 803:of heat pumps 737:thermal energy 727: 726: 724: 723: 716: 709: 701: 698: 697: 696: 695: 681: 665: 664: 661: 660: 659: 658: 648: 647: 646: 639:Rail transport 636: 631: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 612:Roller skating 609: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 585:Cycle rickshaw 582: 572: 567: 557: 556: 555: 550: 549: 548: 541:Human-electric 536:Hybrid vehicle 533: 532: 531: 526: 521: 520: 519: 503: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 427: 422: 417: 415:Renewable heat 412: 407: 402: 401: 400: 395: 390: 380: 375: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 307: 306: 295: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 204:Green building 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 174:Energy storage 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 90: 89: 86: 85: 77: 76: 70: 69: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7423: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213:organizations 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157:Duct cleaning 7155: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008:Control valve 7006: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Turning vanes 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:Thermal wheel 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868:Solar chimney 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6638:Fan coil unit 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6583:Cooling tower 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429:Vapor barrier 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6404:Solar heating 6402: 6400: 6399:Solar cooling 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Refrigeration 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6344:Passive house 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214:Chilled water 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113:Sensible heat 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093:Noise control 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Heat transfer 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5996: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5899:on 2022-04-04 5895: 5891: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5761: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5695:Shao, Elena. 5691: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5004:on 2016-05-30 5003: 4999: 4993: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4911:The Economist 4907: 4901: 4899: 4883: 4879: 4877:9781477217405 4873: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4663: 4659: 4657:0-408-00497-5 4653: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4541:(8): 084024. 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3910: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3746:New Scientist 3743: 3736: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:The Economist 3427: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:The Economist 3368: 3362: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3298: 3297: 3296:Daily Express 3292: 3285: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3160: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3026:(8): 084024. 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2765:United States 2762: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594:100-year GWP 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512:to ban HFCs. 2511: 2507: 2502: 2487: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2419: 2415: 2414:performance. 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2303: 2291: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2256: 2253: 2245: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2219:This section 2217: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2165: 2162: 2156:1221 gCO 2155: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1735: 1716: 1713:(e.g. heated 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1552:water heating 1546:Water heating 1543: 1541: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1446: 1443: 1434: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:water heating 1299: 1295: 1286: 1279: 1271:Ground source 1264: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1197: 1190: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Aurel Stodola 1085: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042:Jacob Perkins 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1006: 1002: 997: 996: 995: 993: 989: 984: 977: 946: 943: 927: 920: 917: 916:working fluid 913: 897: 890: 889: 888: 861: 856: 853: 844: 841: 834: 830: 821: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 722: 717: 715: 710: 708: 703: 702: 700: 699: 693: 688: 682: 679: 669: 668: 667: 666: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651:Rapid transit 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 617:Skateboarding 615: 613: 610: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 554: 551: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 538: 537: 534: 530: 527: 525: 524:Solar vehicle 522: 518: 515: 514: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507:Green vehicle 505: 504: 501: 496: 495: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 388:Tidal barrage 386: 385: 384: 381: 379: 378:Marine energy 376: 374: 371: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 305: 302: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 288: 287: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 229:Passive house 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 93: 88: 87: 83: 79: 78: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 60: 56: 49: 44: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7335:Fireproofing 7119:and services 7115:Professions, 7013:Gas detector 6913:Trickle vent 6888:Smoke damper 6883:Smoke canopy 6878:Space heater 6808:Plenum space 6743:Heating film 6737: 6623:Exhaust hood 6593:Dehumidifier 6533:Blast damper 6528:Barrier pipe 6503:Air purifier 6414:Thermosiphon 6293:Free cooling 6209:Chilled beam 6133:Thermal mass 6118:Stack effect 6103:Particulates 6083:Infiltration 6014:Fundamental 5946:. 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