884:-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6). The duration of standard interferon-based therapy for genotypes 1 and 4 is 48 weeks, whereas treatment for genotypes 2 and 3 is completed in 24 weeks. Sustained virological responses occur in 70% of genotype 1 cases, ~90% of genotypes 2 and 3, ~65% of genotype 4 and ~80% of genotype 6. In addition, people of African descent are much less likely to respond to treatment when infected with genotypes 1 or 4. The substantial proportion of this lack of response to treatment is proposed to be caused by a
47:
75:
292:
1034:
850:
504:
676:
785:
nonstructural (NS) proteins. Alternatively, a frameshift may occur in the Core region to produce an alternate reading frame protein (ARFP). HCV encodes two proteases, the NS2 cysteine autoprotease and the NS3-4A serine protease. The NS proteins then recruit the viral genome into an RNA replication complex, which is associated with rearranged cytoplasmic membranes. RNA replication takes place via the viral RNA-dependent
888:(SNP) on chromosome 19 of the human genome that is predictive of treatment success. HCV genotypes 1 and 4 have been distributed endemically in overlapping areas of West and Central Africa, infecting for centuries human populations carrying the genetic polymorphism in question. This has prompted scientists to suggest that the protracted persistence of HCV genotypes 1 and 4 in people of African origin is an
369:
836:(1–6) with several subtypes within each genotype (represented by lowercase letters). Subtypes are further broken down into quasispecies based on their genetic diversity. Genotypes differ by 30–35% of the nucleotide sites over the complete genome. The difference in genomic composition of subtypes of a genotype is usually 20–25%. Subtypes 1a and 1b are found worldwide and cause 60% of all cases.
483:
491:
1165:, for example, is a root extract found in the continent of Asia that has been reported to have antiviral activity against HCV in cell cultures and animal studies. Small and promising human trials have shown beneficial results and no serious side effects, but they were too small to generalize conclusions.
985:
The genotype 2 strains from Africa can be divided into four clades that correlate with their country of origin: (1) Cameroon and
Central African Republic (2) Benin, Ghana and Burkina Faso (3) Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (4) Madagascar. There is also strong evidence for the dissemination
895:
Infection with one genotype does not confer immunity against others, and concurrent infection with two strains is possible. In most of these cases, one of the strains outcompetes the other in a short time. This finding may be useful in treatment, in replacing strains non-responsive to medication with
616:
NS4B is a small (27 kDa) hydrophobic integral membrane protein with four transmembrane domains. It is located within the endoplasmic reticulum and plays an important role for recruitment of other viral proteins. It induces morphological changes to the endoplasmic reticulum forming a structure termed
651:, unique to NS5B, is contained within the palm structure of the protein. Recent studies on NS5B protein genotype 1b strain J4's (HC-J4) structure indicate a presence of an active site where possible control of nucleotide binding occurs and initiation of de-novo RNA synthesis. De-novo adds necessary
556:
The proteins of this virus are arranged along the genome in the following order: N terminal-core-envelope (E1)–E2–p7-nonstructural protein 2 (NS2)–NS3–NS4A–NS4B–NS5A–NS5B–C terminal. The mature nonstructural proteins (NS2 to NS5B) generation relies on the activity of viral proteinases. The NS2/NS3
1001:
was lifted. Once introduced to a country its spread has been influenced by many local factors including blood transfusions, vaccination programmes, intravenous drug use and treatment regimes. Given the reduction in the rate of spread once screening for HCV in blood products was implemented in the
981:
A study of genotype 1a and 1b estimated the dates of origin to be 1914–1930 for type 1a and 1911–1944 for type 1b. Both types 1a and 1b underwent massive expansions in their effective population size between 1940 and 1960. The expansion of HCV subtype 1b preceded that of subtype 1a by at least 16
1117:
work has shown that vitamin D may be able to reduce viral replication. While this work looks promising the results of clinical trials are pending. However, it has been proposed that vitamin D supplementation is important in addition to standard treatment, in order to enhance treatment response.
950:
are not correctly followed in the clinic. A number of cultural or ritual practices have been proposed as a potential historical mode of spread for HCV, including circumcision, genital mutilation, ritual scarification, traditional tattooing and acupuncture. It has also been argued that given the
1145:
for use against chronic hepatitis C infection was approved by the FDA on
December 6, 2013. It has been reported to be the first drug that has demonstrated safety and efficacy to treat certain types of HCV infection without the need for co-administration of interferon. On November 22, the FDA
784:
HCV takes over portions of the intracellular machinery to replicate. The HCV genome is translated to produce a single protein of around 3,011 amino acids. The polyprotein is then proteolytically processed by viral and cellular proteases to produce three structural (virion-associated) and seven
4280:
Ahmed, Ali
Mahmoud; Doheim, Mohamed Fahmy; Mattar, Omar Mohamed; Sherif, Nourin Ali; Truong, Duy Hieu; Pham T.L., Hoa; Hirayama, Kenji; Huy, Nguyen Tien (May 2018). "Beclabuvir in combination with asunaprevir and daclatasvir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: A systematic review and
977:
A study of
European, US and Japanese isolates suggested that the date of origin of genotype 1b was approximately in the year 1925. The estimated dates of origin of types 2a and 3a were 1917 and 1943 respectively. The time of divergence of types 1a and 1b was estimated to be 200–300 years.
793:
The virus replicates on intracellular lipid membranes. The endoplasmic reticulum in particular is deformed into uniquely shaped membrane structures termed 'membranous webs'. These structures can be induced by sole expression of the viral protein NS4B. The core protein associates with
359:
from latching onto its respective receptor on the virus. In addition, E2 can shield E1 from the immune system. Although HVR1 is quite variable in amino acid sequence, this region has similar chemical, physical, and conformational characteristics across many E2 glycoproteins.
789:
NS5B, which produces a negative strand RNA intermediate. The negative strand RNA then serves as a template for the production of new positive strand viral genomes. Nascent genomes can then be translated, further replicated or packaged within new virus particles.
951:
extremely prolonged periods of persistence of HCV in humans, even very low and undetectable rates of mechanical transmission via biting insects may be sufficient to maintain endemic infection in the tropics, where people receive large number of insect bites.
3170:
Simmonds P; Bukh J; Combet C; Deléage G; Enomoto N; Feinstone S; Halfon P; Inchauspé G; Kuiken C; Maertens G; Mizokami M; Murphy, DG; Okamoto, H; Pawlotsky, JM; Penin, F; Sablon, E; Shin-I, T; Stuyver, LJ; Thiel, HJ; Viazov, S; Weiner, AJ; Widell, A (2005).
2784:
Branch, A. D.; Stump, D. D.; Gutierrez, J. A.; Eng, F.; Walewski, J. L. (2005). "The
Hepatitis C Virus Alternate Reading Frame (ARF) and Its Family of Novel Products: The Alternate Reading Frame Protein/F-Protein, the Double-Frameshift Protein, and Others".
449:
into the 10 smaller proteins that allow viral replication within the host cell, or assemble into the mature viral particles. Structural proteins made by the hepatitis C virus include Core protein, E1 and E2; nonstructural proteins include
2511:
Baghbani-arani F, Roohvand F, Aghasadeghi MR, Eidi A, Amini S, Motevalli F, Sadat SM, Memarnejadian A, Khalili G, et al. (2012). "Expression and characterization of
Escherichia coli derived hepatitis C virus ARFP/F protein".
1002:
1990s, it would seem that previously blood transfusion was an important method of spread. Additional work is required to determine the dates of evolution of the various genotypes and the timing of their spread across the globe.
572:
Both envelope proteins (E1 and E2) are highly glycosylated and important in cell entry. E1 serves as the fusogenic subunit and E2 acts as the receptor binding protein. E1 has 4–5 N-linked glycans and E2 has 11 N-glycosylation
397:
bases long. This single open reading frame is translated to produce a single protein product, which is then further processed to produce smaller active proteins. This is why on publicly available databases, such as the
811:
4634:
Bitetto D, Fabris C, Fornasiere E, Pipan C, Fumolo E, Cussigh A, Bignulin S, Cmet S, Fontanini E, et al. (2011). "Vitamin D supplementation improves response to antiviral treatment for recurrent hepatitis C".
3077:
Nakano, Tatsunori; Lau, Gillian M. G.; Lau, Grace M. L.; Sugiyama, Masaya; Mizokami, Masashi (9 October 2011). "An updated analysis of hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes based on the complete coding region".
1124:, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and other fruits and herbs, has been shown to block the assembly of intracellular infectious viral particles without affecting intracellular levels of the viral RNA or protein.
3011:
974:. The estimated rate of mutation was 1.8 × 10. An experimental study estimated the mutation rate at 2.5–2.9 × 10 base substitutions per site per year. This genotype may be the ancestor of the other genotypes.
569:; domain 2 (residues 118–174) is less basic and more hydrophobic and its C-terminus is at the end of p21; domain 3 (residues 175–191) is highly hydrophobic and acts as a signal sequence for E1 envelope protein.
996:
These dates from these various countries suggests that this virus may have evolved in South East Asia and was spread to West Africa by traders from
Western Europe. It was later introduced into Japan once that
3818:
Kato N, Ueda Y, Sejima H, Gu W, Satoh S, Dansako H, Ikeda M, Shimotohno K (2019) Study of multiple genetic variations caused by persistent hepatitis C virus replication in long-term cell culture. Arch Virol
3424:"Exposure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-positive recipients to HCV RNA-positive blood donors results in rapid predominance of a single donor strain and exclusion and/or suppression of the recipient strain"
773:
around the hepatocytes which are being infected. This triggers the migration of occludin, which is another tight-junction complex, to the basolateral membrane. The HCV particle is ready to enter the cell.
355:, the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) can be found on the E2 glycoprotein. HVR1 is flexible and quite accessible to surrounding molecules. HVR1 helps E2 shield the virus from the immune system. It prevents
639:. NS5B has the key function of replicating the HCV's viral RNA by using the viral positive sense RNA strand as its template and catalyzes the polymerization of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTP) during
1312:
691:, where it is estimated that daily each infected cell produces approximately fifty virions (virus particles) with a calculated total of one trillion virions generated. The virus may also replicate in
2392:
O'Farrell D, Trowbridge R, Rowlands D, Jäger J (February 2003). "Substrate complexes of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase (HC-J4): structural evidence for nucleotide import and de-novo initiation".
576:
NS1 (p7) protein is dispensable for viral genome replication but plays a critical role in virus morphogenesis. This protein is a 63 amino acid membrane-spanning protein which locates itself in the
810:
distribution. Release from the hepatocyte may involve the VLDL secretory pathway. Another hypothesis states that the viral particle may be secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum through the
703:
by blood flow. These sinusoids neighbor hepatocyte cells. HCV is able to pass through the endothelium of the sinusoids and make its way to the basolateral surface of the hepatocyte cells.
4727:
Cacopardo B, Camma C, Petta S, Pinzone MR, Cappellani A, Zanghi A, Nicolosi A, Nunnari G (2012). "Diagnostic and therapeutical role of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C virus infection".
3318:
Ge, D; Fellay, J; Thompson, AJ; Simon, SJ; Shianna, KV; Urban, TJ; Heinzen, EL; et al. (2009). "Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance".
718:
rather than a conventional virus species. Entry into host cells occur through complex interactions between virions, especially through their glycoproteins, and cell-surface molecules
908:
may occur. Although infrequent, HCV recombination has been observed between different genotypes, between subtypes of the same genotype and even between strains of the same subtype.
781:
of the viral particle. This process is aided by clathrin proteins. Once inside an early endosome, the endosome and the viral envelope fuse and the RNA is allowed into the cytoplasm.
557:
junction is cleaved by a metal-dependent autocatalytic proteinase encoded within NS2 and the N-terminus of NS3. The remaining cleavages downstream from this site are catalysed by a
2353:"Crystal structures of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genotype 2a of hepatitis C virus reveal two conformations and suggest mechanisms of inhibition by non-nucleoside inhibitors"
565:
The core protein has 191 amino acids and can be divided into three domains on the basis of hydrophobicity: domain 1 (residues 1–117) contains mainly basic residues with two short
655:
for initiation of RNA replication. Current research attempts to bind structures to this active site to alter its functionality in order to prevent further viral RNA replication.
3369:
Rose, R; Markov, PV; Lam, TT; Pybus, OG (2013). "Viral evolution explains the associations among hepatitis C virus genotype, clinical outcomes, and human genetic variation".
1735:
Kaito, Masahiko; Ishida, Satoshi; Tanaka, Hideaki; Horiike, Shinichiro; Fujita, Naoki; Adachi, Yukihiko; Kohara, Michinori; Konishi, Masayoshi; Watanabe, Shozo (June 2006).
2427:
Biswal BK, Wang M, Cherney MM, et al. (August 2006). "Non-nucleoside inhibitors binding to hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition".
1223:
1911:"The Hypervariable Region 1 of the E2 Glycoprotein of Hepatitis C Virus Binds to Glycosaminoglycans, but This Binding Does Not Lead to Infection in a Pseudotype System"
814:(ESCRT) pathway. This pathway is normally utilized to bud vesicles out of the cell. The only limitation to this hypothesis is that the pathway is normally used for
5550:
1049:
967:
virus. The minor genotypes diverged about 200 years ago from their major genotypes. All of the extant genotypes appear to have evolved from genotype 1 subtype 1b.
1320:
2615:
4392:"Vitamin D deficiency and a CYP27B1-1260 promoter polymorphism are associated with chronic hepatitis C and poor response to interferon-alfa based therapy"
4487:"Complementary role of vitamin D deficiency and the interleukin-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism in predicting antiviral response in chronic hepatitis C"
283:. There is also at least one virus in this genus that infects horses. Several additional viruses in the genus have been described in bats and rodents.
4438:"The vitamin D receptor gene bAt (CCA) haplotype impairs the response to pegylated-interferon/ribavirin-based therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients"
4973:
606:
activity. It is located within the endoplasmic reticulum and forms a heterodimeric complex with NS4A—a 54 amino acid membrane protein that acts as a
3525:
757:. It could surround itself with lipoproteins, partially covering up E1 and E2. Recent research indicates that these apolipoproteins interact with
322:
into the cell. Within the envelope is an icosahedral core that is 33 to 40 nm in diameter. Inside the core is the RNA material of the virus.
6042:
2165:"Intrinsically unstructured domain 3 of hepatitis C Virus NS5A forms a "fuzzy complex" with VAPB-MSP domain which carries ALS-causing mutations"
1316:
1208:
426:
5564:
1256:
1203:
4928:
5230:
5061:
1181:
1131:
inhibitors and non-nucleoside inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibitors of NSP5A, and host-targeted compounds such as
761:(SR-B1). SR-B1 is able to remove lipids from the lipoproteins around the virus to better allow for HVR1 contact. Claudin 1, which is a
5101:
3123:"New hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping system that allows for identification of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5a, and 6a"
3828:
Simmonds P, Smith DB (1997). "Investigation of the pattern of diversity of hepatitis C virus in relation to times of transmission".
6029:
3012:"Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region"
2556:
438:
2316:
Rigat K, Wang Y, Hudyma TW, et al. (November 2010). "Ligand-induced changes in hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase structure".
4390:
Lange CM, Bojunga J, Ramos-Lopez E, von Wagner M, Hassler A, Vermehren J, Herrmann E, Badenhoop K, Zeuzem S, et al. (2011).
2865:"Expression of hepatitis C virus proteins induces distinct membrane alterations including a candidate viral replication complex"
1336:"HCV syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancer"
1050:
https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174730/http://www.who.int/hepatitis/news-events/direct-acting-antiviral-cure-hepatitis-c/en/
4966:
647:
BK (HCV-BK, genotype 1). The structure can be represented by a right hand shape with fingers, palm, and thumb. The encircled
275:. Before 2011, it was considered to be the only member of this genus. However a member of this genus has been discovered in
5194:
4153:
Rauch, A.; Gaudieri, S.; Thio, C.; Bochud, P. Y. (2009). "Host genetic determinants of spontaneous hepatitis C clearance".
3770:
Pybus OG, Barnes E, Taggart R, Lemey P, Markov PV, Rasachak B, Syhavong B, Phetsouvanah R, Sheridan I, et al. (2009).
2828:
Dubuisson J, Penin F, Moradpour D (2002). "Interaction of hepatitis C virus proteins with host cell membranes and lipids".
4485:
Bitetto D, Fattovich G, Fabris C, Ceriani E, Falleti E, Fornasiere E, Pasino M, Ieluzzi D, Cussigh A, et al. (2011).
5251:
3965:"Colonial History and Contemporary Transmission Shape the Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 in Amsterdam"
3543:
2224:"Assembly, purification, and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase elongation complex"
348:. E2 is globular and seems to protrude 6 nm out from the envelope membrane according to electron microscope images.
765:, and CD81 link to create a complex, priming them for later HCV infection processes. As the immune system is triggered,
425:(IRES) that initiates the translation of a very long protein containing about 3,000 amino acids. The core domain of the
3624:
Pybus, OG; Markov, PV; Wu, A; Tatem, AJ (Jul 2007). "Investigating the endemic transmission of the hepatitis C virus".
959:
Identification of the origin of this virus has been difficult but genotypes 1 and 4 appear to share a common origin. A
521:
5570:
5096:
5053:
1083:
692:
543:
399:
4585:"Vitamin D supplementation improves sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1)-naïve patients"
3963:
Markov, PV; van de Laar, TJ; Thomas, XV; Aronson, SJ; Weegink, CJ; van den Berk, GE; Prins, M.; et al. (2012).
643:. Several crystal structures of NS5B polymerase in several crystalline forms have been determined based on the same
230:
5556:
5485:
4959:
3718:"NS4A protein as a marker of HCV history suggests that different HCV genotypes originally evolved from genotype 1b"
2914:"Hepatitis C virus core protein induces lipid droplet redistribution in a microtubule- and dynein-dependent manner"
1218:
1213:
3271:"Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in blacks and non-Hispanic whites"
1966:
Kato N (2000). "Genome of human hepatitis C virus (HCV): gene organization, sequence diversity, and variation".
1280:
5155:
5141:
1228:
927:
885:
525:
4892:"Medivir: Simeprevir has been approved in Japan for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infection"
4391:
1075:
has been successful but these have only been recently discovered. HCV, as with most RNA viruses, exists as a
437:. The conformation of this core domain constrains the open reading frame's orientation for positioning on the
5516:
2686:
Kohaar, I.; Ploss, A.; Korol, E.; Mu, K.; Schoggins, J.; O'Brien, T.; Rice, C.; Prokunina-Olsson, L. (2010).
1173:
17:
5593:
4818:
Sarrazin C, Hézode C, Zeuzem S, Pawlotsky JM (2012). "Antiviral strategies in hepatitis C virus infection".
5360:
5354:
5265:
5259:
5149:
4877:
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4853:
4324:
947:
746:
711:
422:
5723:
5649:
5643:
5316:
3121:
Ohno O, Mizokami M, Wu RR, Saleh MG, Ohba K, Orito E, Mukaide M, Williams R, Lau JY, et al. (2007).
1737:"Morphology of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus particles as detected by immunogold electron microscopy"
1158:. Simeprevir has been approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection, genotype 1.
818:, and it is not known how HCV would commandeer the ESCRT pathway for use with the endoplasmic reticulum.
758:
351:
These glycoproteins play an important role in the interactions hepatitis C has with the immune system. A
1106:—both inhibitors of NS3 protease were approved for use on May 13, 2011, and May 23, 2011, respectively.
970:
A study of genotype 6 strains suggests an earlier date of evolution: approximately 1,100 to 1,350 years
832:
Based on genetic differences between HCV isolates, the hepatitis C virus species is classified into six
74:
6070:
2688:"Splicing diversity of the human OCLN gene and its biological significance for hepatitis C virus entry"
1043:
987:
652:
620:
NS5A is a hydrophilic phosphoprotein which plays an important role in viral replication, modulation of
5780:
5387:
588:
of p7 are connected by a cytoplasmic loop and are oriented towards the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen.
3031:
2573:
1247:
5489:
5401:
5306:
5136:
5109:
5081:
5014:
248:
6007:
5285:
4905:
889:
762:
750:
699:
found in chronically infected HCV patients. In the liver, the HCV particles are brought into the
607:
514:
4951:
6075:
6047:
5969:
5679:
5657:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
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4925:
4678:
Cholongitas E, Theocharidou E, Goulis J, Tsochatzis E, Akriviadis E, Burroughs K (March 2012).
3873:"The global spread of hepatitis C virus 1a and 1b: a phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis"
3268:
3026:
2568:
2030:"Crystal structure of the HCV IRES central domain reveals strategy for start-codon positioning"
1103:
1840:
Castelli, Matteo; Clementi, Nicola; Pfaff, Jennifer; Sautto, Giuseppe A.; Diotti, Roberta A.;
5664:
5245:
5115:
5086:
3519:
2609:
1395:"Mechanisms of HCV-induced liver cancer: what did we learn from in vitro and animal studies?"
935:
931:
905:
598:
NS3 is 67 kDa protein whose N-terminal has serine protease activity and whose C-terminal has
577:
414:
6016:
5928:
5760:
5395:
5224:
3672:
3661:"Hepatitis C virus evolutionary patterns studied through analysis of full-genome sequences"
3378:
3327:
2748:
2642:
2176:
1857:
1792:
Op De Beeck A, Dubuisson J (2003). "Topology of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins".
1563:
1455:
1128:
960:
807:
585:
566:
352:
69:
4680:"Review article: the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C infection"
4188:
Meier V, Ramadori G (April 2009). "Hepatitis C virus virology and new treatment targets".
3269:
Muir, AJ; Bornstein, JD; Killenberg, PG; Atlantic Coast
Hepatitis Treatment Group (2004).
982:
years. Both types appear to have spread from the developed world to the developing world.
8:
5346:
5067:
4891:
4536:"Vitamin D: an innate antiviral agent suppressing hepatitis C virus in human hepatocytes"
3173:"Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes"
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Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Parts of this article (those related to direct-acting antiviral medications) need to be
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2001:
Jubin R (2001). "Hepatitis C IRES: translating translation into a therapeutic target".
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2464:"Evidence for a new hepatitis C virus antigen encoded in an overlapping reading frame"
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3924:"Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 in Africa"
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1532:
1483:
1424:
1375:
1357:
963:
analysis suggests that the major genotypes diverged about 300–400 years ago from the
923:
753:(LDL). Because of this similarity, the virus is thought to be able to associate with
430:
341:
4713:
4664:
4569:
4471:
4266:
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3857:
3702:
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4547:
4534:
Gal-Tanamy M, Bachmetov L, Ravid A, Koren R, Erman A, Tur-Kaspa R, Zemel R (2011).
4520:
4498:
4449:
4403:
4362:
4354:
4310:
4290:
4244:
4231:
Manns MP, Foster GR, Rockstroh JK, Zeuzem S, Zoulim F, Houghton M (December 2007).
4197:
4162:
4125:
4115:
4074:
4066:
4025:
3984:
3976:
3935:
3894:
3884:
3837:
3791:
3783:
3739:
3729:
3680:
3633:
3590:
3581:
Alter, MJ (Nov 2011). "HCV routes of transmission: what goes around comes around".
3555:
3497:
3487:
3443:
3435:
3422:
Laskus T, Wang LF, Radkowski M, Vargas H, Nowicki M, Wilkinson J, Rakela J (2001).
3394:
3386:
3355:
3335:
3302:
3282:
3233:
3184:
3142:
3134:
3087:
3036:
2982:
2974:
2925:
2912:
Boulant S, Douglas MW, Moody L, Budkowska A, Targett-Adams P, McLauchlan J (2008).
2884:
2876:
2837:
2794:
2756:
2707:
2699:
2658:
2650:
2578:
2541:
2521:
2483:
2475:
2436:
2401:
2364:
2325:
2282:
2245:
2235:
2194:
2184:
2137:
2100:
2090:
2049:
2041:
1975:
1938:
1922:
1881:
1865:
1801:
1748:
1702:
1692:
1630:
1622:
1581:
1571:
1522:
1514:
1473:
1463:
1414:
1406:
1365:
1347:
700:
581:
5852:
3138:
1079:, making it very difficult to isolate a single strain or receptor type for study.
5812:
5717:
5637:
5626:
5497:
5461:
5381:
5167:
5028:
4935:
4932:
3889:
3637:
3473:
3390:
3040:
2631:"Hepatitis C virus entry: molecular mechanisms and targets for antiviral therapy"
2189:
1841:
1410:
1177:
1169:
964:
640:
558:
380:
345:
123:
3306:
2654:
2582:
1071:
The study of HCV has been hampered by the narrow host range of HCV. The use of
613:
NS4A—a 54 amino acid membrane protein that acts as a cofactor of the proteinase.
5048:
4407:
3922:
Markov PV, Pepin J, Frost E, Deslandes S, Labbé AC, Pybus OG (September 2009).
2273:
Moradpour D, Penin F, Rice CM (June 2007). "Replication of hepatitis C virus".
1869:
1697:
1680:
1503:"Serology-enabled discovery of genetically diverse hepaciviruses in a new host"
1095:
1087:
971:
786:
754:
636:
621:
377:
303:
300:
226:
3685:
3660:
2978:
2525:
2479:
2440:
2045:
1753:
1736:
1707:
714:. The mutation rate produces so many variants of the virus it is considered a
683:
Replication of HCV involves several steps. The virus replicates mainly in the
6064:
5992:
5043:
5038:
4986:
4601:
2095:
1934:
1877:
1762:
1361:
939:
827:
795:
318:, are embedded in the lipid envelope. They take part in viral attachment and
111:
3734:
2863:
Egger D, Wölk B, Gosert R, Bianchi L, Blum HE, Moradpour D, Bienz K (2002).
2240:
1576:
1468:
1281:"Create 13 new species in the genus Hepacivirusand rename 1 species (family
5904:
5754:
5432:
5293:
4839:
4804:
4748:
4705:
4656:
4620:
4561:
4512:
4463:
4415:
4376:
4358:
4302:
4258:
4209:
4174:
4139:
4088:
4070:
4039:
3998:
3949:
3940:
3923:
3908:
3805:
3753:
3694:
3645:
3602:
3594:
3567:
3511:
3457:
3408:
3347:
3296:
3247:
3198:
3099:
2996:
2939:
2898:
2849:
2806:
2770:
2721:
2672:
2590:
2533:
2497:
2448:
2413:
2378:
2369:
2352:
2337:
2294:
2259:
2208:
2149:
2114:
2063:
2014:
1987:
1979:
1952:
1895:
1844:; Doranz, Benjamin J.; Dal Peraro, Matteo; Clementi, Massimo (2017-03-16).
1813:
1770:
1716:
1681:"Virology and cell biology of the hepatitis C virus life cycle – An update"
1644:
1595:
1536:
1487:
1428:
1379:
1161:
There is also current experimental research on non drug related therapies.
1048:. The reason given is: HCV is now curable as a result of medical research:
723:
664:
307:
291:
271:
239:
159:
147:
135:
4343:"Classical and emerging roles of vitamin d in hepatitis C virus infection"
4120:
4030:
4013:
3849:
3156:
3048:
2798:
1626:
1352:
892:
of HCV over many centuries to these populations’ immunogenetic responses.
6001:
5944:
5893:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5857:
5831:
5801:
5703:
5542:
5454:
5437:
5372:
5033:
3980:
3871:
Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, Paraskevis D, et al. (December 2009).
3787:
3287:
3270:
2703:
1518:
1132:
799:
778:
659:
An 11th protein has also been described. This protein is encoded by a +1
648:
319:
265:
244:
171:
31:
6034:
4785:
3399:
3339:
2761:
2736:
2286:
1611:"Identification of rodent homologs of hepatitis C virus and pegiviruses"
5794:
5578:
5335:
4677:
4166:
1162:
1147:
1142:
1121:
1091:
943:
881:
766:
710:
and mutates rapidly due to a high error rate on the part of the virus'
696:
684:
660:
625:
592:
528: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
442:
434:
394:
4552:
4535:
4503:
4486:
4294:
4201:
3189:
3172:
2128:
De
Francesco R (1999). "Molecular virology of the hepatitis C virus".
1552:"Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses"
1082:
Current research is focused on small-molecule inhibitors of the viral
880:
Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to
628:
response. It is known to bind to endoplasmic reticulum-anchored human
5839:
5820:
5787:
5775:
5769:
5748:
5694:
5622:
5508:
5470:
5239:
5218:
5124:
5002:
4994:
4982:
3492:
2510:
1198:
1155:
1136:
1110:
833:
455:
451:
234:
222:
99:
62:
5963:
4454:
4437:
4249:
4232:
2391:
1805:
503:
5986:
5937:
5584:
5326:
5182:
2737:"Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function"
2028:
Berry KE, Waghray S, Mortimer SA, Bai Y, Doudna JA (October 2011).
739:
707:
675:
603:
446:
418:
403:
335:
331:
315:
311:
252:
46:
4947:
Virus
Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Flaviviridae
4014:"Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus—15 years on"
1909:
Basu, Arnab; Beyene, Aster; Meyer, Keith; Ray, Ranjit (May 2004).
770:
413:(UTR), that are not translated into proteins but are important to
6021:
5690:
4981:
4740:
4389:
3169:
1099:
1017:
942:. Common setting for transmission of HCV is also intra-hospital (
815:
731:
3870:
3222:"Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Asia: when East meets West"
1846:"A Biologically-validated HCV E1E2 Heterodimer Structural Model"
5299:
4767:
Halegoua-De Marzio, Dina; Fenkel, Jonathan (January 27, 2014).
4583:
Abu-Mouch S, Fireman Z, Jarchovsky J, Zeina AR, Assy N (2011).
4582:
998:
938:(IDUs), recipients of blood products and sometimes patients on
803:
727:
679:
A simplified diagram of the hepatitis C virus replication cycle
599:
386:
3962:
3474:
González-Candelas F, López-Labrador FX, Bracho MA (Oct 2011).
30:
This article is about the virus species. For the disease, see
5950:
5709:
5341:
4817:
4533:
4484:
2222:
Jin, Z; Leveque, V; Ma, H; Johnson, K. A.; Klumpp, K (2012).
993:
Genotype 3 is thought to have its origin in South East Asia.
735:
688:
482:
86:
4633:
3010:
Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA, et al. (November 1993).
2911:
1501:
Burbelo PD, Dubovi EJ, Simmonds P, et al. (June 2012).
1224:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cis-acting replication element (CRE)
934:. Because of this mode of spread the key groups at risk are
580:. Cleavage of p7 is mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum's
1839:
1444:"Characterization of a canine homolog of hepatitis C virus"
1113:
levels and a poor response to treatment has been reported.
986:
of HCV genotype 2 from West Africa to the Caribbean by the
719:
471:
467:
463:
459:
368:
356:
344:
when embedded in the envelope of HCV and are stabilized by
4726:
4230:
2628:
1441:
494:
Diagram of the structure of the hepatitis C virus particle
5176:
4233:"The way forward in HCV treatment—finding the right path"
3921:
3421:
2629:
Zeisel, M.; Barth, H.; Schuster, C.; Baumert, T. (2009).
2461:
383:
306:
that is 55 to 65 nm in diameter. Two viral envelope
276:
4766:
3469:
3467:
1734:
4940:
4279:
4152:
4055:"Reconstructing the origins of human hepatitis viruses"
3769:
2827:
2783:
2351:
Biswal BK, Cherney MM, Wang M, et al. (May 2005).
2027:
2862:
490:
4340:
3715:
3464:
3317:
2554:
1609:
Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Scheel TK, et al. (2013).
1500:
1292:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
635:
The NS5B protein (65 kDa) is the viral RNA-dependent
61:
purified from cell culture. Scale bar = 50
4104:"A new insight into hepatitis C vaccine development"
3544:"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection"
3076:
2462:
Walewski JL, Keller TR, Stump DD, Branch AD (2001).
1791:
1608:
1550:
Quan PL, Firth C, Conte JM, et al. (May 2013).
561:
also contained within the N-terminal region of NS3.
4436:Baur K, Mertens JC, Schmitt J, et al. (2012).
3772:"Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in East Asia"
3541:
3120:
2221:
595:(kDa) transmembrane protein with protease activity.
417:and replication of the viral RNA. The 5′ UTR has a
4874:"FDA approves new treatment for hepatitis C virus"
4769:"Alternative medications in Hepatitis C infection"
4435:
3623:
3368:
2685:
2504:
2272:
1908:
1127:Other agents that are under investigation include
372:Structure of the IRES located in the 5′-UTR of HCV
3009:
2963:"Hepatitis C virus hijacks host lipid metabolism"
2960:
2614:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2426:
2350:
1046:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
6062:
4906:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020"
1016:Unlike hepatitis A and B, there is currently no
812:endosomal sorting complex required for transport
695:, potentially accounting for the high levels of
4671:
3864:
3542:Shepard, CW; Finelli, L; Alter, MJ (Sep 2005).
2315:
2121:
1679:Dubuisson, Jean; Cosset, François-Loïc (2014).
1678:
4894:. The Wall Street Journal. September 27, 2013.
4527:
3658:
3537:
3535:
2734:
2127:
1549:
1317:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
1279:Smith, Donald B.; et al. (23 June 2016).
946:) transmission, when practices of hygiene and
4967:
4926:Academic articles about the HCV six genotypes
4720:
4576:
4334:
4187:
3827:
2821:
1257:National Center for Biotechnology Information
299:The hepatitis C virus particle consists of a
4811:
4181:
4046:
4005:
3821:
3765:
3763:
3524:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3003:
2455:
2162:
2070:
1994:
1959:
1785:
1204:Discovery and development of NS5A inhibitors
3532:
2905:
2076:
1272:
263:The hepatitis C virus belongs to the genus
5231:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
4974:
4960:
4854:"Press announcement, FDA, December 6 2013"
4341:Gutierrez JA, Parikh N, Branch AD (2011).
3915:
3709:
3652:
2728:
1494:
1392:
1182:2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1168:On October 5, 2020, it was announced that
1090:and other nonstructural genes. Two agents—
325:
45:
5102:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
4794:
4784:
4695:
4610:
4600:
4551:
4502:
4453:
4383:
4366:
4248:
4129:
4119:
4078:
4029:
3988:
3939:
3898:
3888:
3795:
3760:
3743:
3733:
3684:
3501:
3491:
3447:
3398:
3286:
3237:
3188:
3146:
3030:
2986:
2929:
2888:
2856:
2760:
2711:
2662:
2572:
2555:Bartenschlager R, Lohmann V (July 2000).
2487:
2368:
2249:
2239:
2198:
2188:
2156:
2104:
2094:
2053:
2021:
1942:
1885:
1752:
1706:
1696:
1634:
1602:
1585:
1575:
1526:
1477:
1467:
1435:
1418:
1369:
1351:
544:Learn how and when to remove this message
409:At the 5′ and 3′ ends of the RNA are the
4429:
4325:"FDA approves Victrelis for Hepatitis C"
4101:
4052:
4011:
3812:
3219:
3163:
3114:
2954:
1327:
674:
489:
486:Genome organisation of hepatitis C virus
481:
367:
290:
243:. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of
2000:
1543:
904:When two viruses infect the same cell,
445:is later cleaved by cellular and viral
247:and some cancers such as liver cancer (
14:
6063:
3213:
3070:
1965:
1674:
839:
433:that is integrated within a predicted
5968:
5967:
4955:
4941:HCV Sequence and Immunology Databases
4762:
4760:
4758:
3580:
2961:Syed GH, Amako Y, Siddiqui A (2010).
1835:
1833:
1831:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1333:
1278:
922:Hepatitis C virus is predominantly a
663:in the capsid gene. It appears to be
3476:"Recombination in hepatitis C virus"
1027:
843:
526:adding citations to reliable sources
497:
477:
5252:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
1109:A possible association between low
1023:
24:
4755:
4059:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
3842:10.1111/j.1365-2893.1997.tb00163.x
2557:"Replication of hepatitis C virus"
1828:
1723:
1651:
1129:nucleoside and nucleotide analogue
1020:to prevent hepatitis C infection.
745:The envelope of HCV is similar to
693:peripheral blood mononuclear cells
389:. The genome consists of a single
25:
6087:
5571:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
5097:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
4943:at Los Alamos National Laboratory
4919:
400:European Bioinformatics Institute
5557:Middle East respiratory syndrome
4697:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05000.x
4649:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01141.x
3239:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05789.x
3092:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02684.x
2931:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00767.x
2881:10.1128/JVI.76.12.5974-5984.2002
1032:
999:country's self-imposed isolation
899:
848:
502:
73:
4898:
4884:
4866:
4846:
4627:
4478:
4317:
4273:
4224:
4146:
4095:
3956:
3716:Sarwar MT, et al. (2011).
3617:
3574:
3440:10.1128/JVI.75.5.2059-2066.2001
3415:
3362:
3311:
3262:
2777:
2679:
2622:
2548:
2420:
2385:
2344:
2330:10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.014
2309:
2266:
2228:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2215:
2163:Gupta G, Qin H, Song J (2012).
1927:10.1128/JVI.78.9.4478-4486.2004
1902:
1214:Hepatitis C virus stem-loop VII
918:Hepatitis C § Epidemiology
911:
777:These interactions lead to the
513:needs additional citations for
5156:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
5142:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
3659:Salemi M, Vandamme AM (2002).
1442:Kapoor A, et al. (2011).
1386:
1305:
1240:
1229:Sexually transmitted infection
1005:
886:single-nucleotide polymorphism
670:
295:Structure of Hepatitis C Virus
13:
1:
4832:10.1016/S0168-8278(12)60010-5
3560:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70216-4
3139:10.1128/JCM.35.1.201-207.1997
2842:10.1016/S0962-8924(02)02383-8
2735:Lindenbach B, Rice C (2005).
2406:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01439-0
2142:10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80374-2
1234:
1219:Hepatitis C virus 3′X element
806:to alter their location to a
747:very low-density lipoproteins
667:but its function is unknown.
406:only consists of 2 proteins.
5361:Tropical spastic paraparesis
5266:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
4878:Food and Drug Administration
4859:Food and Drug Administration
4012:Simmonds P (November 2004).
3890:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000198
3638:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.009
3391:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.029
3041:10.1099/0022-1317-74-11-2391
2190:10.1371/journal.pone.0039261
2079:"Hepatitis C virus proteins"
1741:Medical Molecular Morphology
1556:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1411:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.028
1150:for use in combination with
954:
821:
712:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
429:contains a four-way helical
423:internal ribosome entry site
286:
7:
5724:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
5644:Human parainfluenza viruses
5317:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
4773:World Journal of Hepatology
4190:Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther
3307:10.1056/nejm200409163511229
2655:10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.11.006
2583:10.1099/0022-1317-81-7-1631
1340:World Journal of Hepatology
1319:. July 2018. Archived from
1187:
258:
10:
6092:
4408:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.036
3830:Journal of Viral Hepatitis
1870:10.1038/s41598-017-00320-7
1698:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.031
1393:Rusyn I, Lemon SM (2014).
1184:for the discovery of HCV.
1009:
988:trans-Atlantic slave trade
915:
825:
706:HCV has a wide variety of
329:
29:
5976:
5927:
5903:
5811:
5734:
5689:
5678:
5507:
5469:
5448:
5416:
5388:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
5371:
5325:
5204:
5193:
5166:
4993:
4102:Yu CI, Chiang BL (2010).
3686:10.1007/s00239-001-0018-9
3220:Yu ML, Chuang WL (2009).
2979:10.1016/j.tem.2009.07.005
2787:Seminars in Liver Disease
2526:10.1134/S0026893312020033
2480:10.1017/S1355838201010111
2441:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.074
2046:10.1016/j.str.2011.08.002
1754:10.1007/s00795-006-0317-8
363:
269:, a member of the family
200:
193:
68:
53:
44:
39:
5490:Infectious mononucleosis
5307:Chandipura vesiculovirus
5137:Hepatocellular carcinoma
5082:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
5015:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4684:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther
4602:10.3748/wjg.v17.i47.5184
2096:10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2406
1448:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1334:Ferri, Clodoveo (2015).
926:, with very low risk of
896:others easier to treat.
751:low-density lipoproteins
376:Hepatitis C virus has a
249:hepatocellular carcinoma
206:human hepatitis C virus
5286:Encephalitis lethargica
4987:viral systemic diseases
3735:10.1186/1743-422X-8-317
3226:J Gastroenterol Hepatol
2967:Trends Endocrinol Metab
2635:Frontiers in Bioscience
2585:(inactive 2024-09-18).
2241:10.1074/jbc.M111.325530
1577:10.1073/pnas.1303037110
1469:10.1073/pnas.1101794108
890:evolutionary adaptation
769:increase the amount of
697:immunological disorders
591:NS2 protein is a 21–23
326:E1 and E2 glycoproteins
251:, abbreviated HCC) and
5658:Human orthopneumovirus
5312:Herpesviral meningitis
5273:Arbovirus encephalitis
4359:10.1055/s-0031-1297927
4071:10.1098/rstb.2001.0890
3941:10.1099/vir.0.011569-0
3595:10.1055/s-0031-1297923
2370:10.1074/jbc.M413410200
2083:World J. Gastroenterol
1980:10.1089/mcg.2000.5.129
1104:Vertex Pharmaceuticals
936:intravenous drug users
763:tight-junction protein
680:
495:
487:
373:
296:
5116:Merkel-cell carcinoma
4589:World J Gastroenterol
4108:J. Biomed. Biotechnol
4031:10.1099/vir.0.80401-0
2799:10.1055/s-2005-864786
2003:Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther
1685:Journal of Hepatology
1627:10.1128/mBio.00216-13
1353:10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.327
1323:on February 19, 2020.
1180:had been awarded the
932:vertical transmission
916:Further information:
906:genetic recombination
759:scavenger receptor B1
678:
586:transmembrane domains
578:endoplasmic reticulum
493:
485:
439:40S ribosomal subunit
371:
294:
5761:Adenovirus infection
5225:Human polyomavirus 2
5054:Oropharyngeal cancer
4826:(Suppl 1): S88–100.
4330:. FDA. May 13, 2011.
3981:10.1128/JVI.06910-11
3788:10.1128/JVI.01501-08
3288:10.1056/NEJMoa032502
2704:10.1128/JVI.00196-10
2077:Dubuisson J (2007).
1519:10.1128/JVI.00250-12
1313:"Genus: Hepacivirus"
522:improve this article
411:untranslated regions
353:hypervariable region
221:) is a small (55–65
70:Virus classification
5347:Post-polio syndrome
4983:Infectious diseases
4786:10.4254/wjh.v6.i1.9
4237:Nat Rev Drug Discov
4121:10.1155/2010/548280
4053:Simmonds P (2001).
3677:2002JMolE..54...62S
3428:Journal of Virology
3383:2013InfGE..20..418R
3340:10.1038/nature08309
3332:2009Natur.461..399G
3080:Liver International
2762:10.1038/nature04077
2753:2005Natur.436..933L
2692:Journal of Virology
2647:2009CNSNS..14.3274H
2287:10.1038/nrmicro1645
2275:Nat. Rev. Microbiol
2181:2012PLoSO...739261G
1968:Microb. Comp. Genom
1915:Journal of Virology
1862:2017NatSR...7..214C
1568:2013PNAS..110.8194Q
1460:2011PNAS..10811608K
1194:Blood-borne disease
1012:Hepatitis C vaccine
840:Clinical importance
617:the membranous web.
567:hydrophobic regions
55:Electron micrograph
5480:Epstein–Barr virus
5450:Respiratory system
5087:Burkitt's lymphoma
4931:2020-10-11 at the
4167:10.2217/pgs.09.121
4024:(Pt 11): 3173–88.
3836:(Suppl 1): 69–74.
2136:(Suppl 1): 47–53.
1850:Scientific Reports
1708:20.500.12210/28720
1152:peginterferon-alfa
1077:viral quasispecies
681:
645:consensus sequence
610:of the proteinase.
496:
488:
391:open reading frame
374:
297:
281:canine hepacivirus
6071:Hepatitis C virus
6058:
6057:
5978:Hepatitis C virus
5970:Taxon identifiers
5961:
5960:
5923:
5922:
5674:
5673:
5605:Influenza virus A
5522:Human coronavirus
5412:
5411:
5402:Herpes of the eye
4553:10.1002/hep.24575
4504:10.1002/hep.24201
4295:10.1002/jmv.24947
4202:10.1586/eri.09.12
4161:(11): 1819–1837.
4065:(1411): 1013–26.
3975:(14): 7677–7687.
3934:(Pt 9): 2086–96.
3548:Lancet Infect Dis
3371:Infect Genet Evol
3326:(7262): 399–401.
3190:10.1002/hep.20819
3025:(Pt 11): 2391–9.
2698:(14): 6987–6994.
2567:(Pt 7): 1631–48.
1069:
1068:
924:blood-borne virus
878:
877:
701:hepatic sinusoids
624:pathways and the
582:signal peptidases
554:
553:
546:
478:Molecular biology
431:Holliday junction
342:covalently bonded
215:hepatitis C virus
211:
210:
202:Hepatitis C virus
16:(Redirected from
6083:
6051:
6050:
6038:
6037:
6025:
6024:
6012:
6011:
6010:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5965:
5964:
5687:
5686:
5682:digestive system
5599:Orthomyxoviridae
5565:SARS coronavirus
5551:MERS coronavirus
5467:
5466:
5279:Orthomyxoviridae
5202:
5201:
5168:Immune disorders
5092:Hodgkin lymphoma
5068:Kaposi's sarcoma
4976:
4969:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4914:
4913:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4764:
4753:
4752:
4735:(4): 1276–1286.
4724:
4718:
4717:
4699:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4604:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4555:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4506:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4457:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4281:meta-analysis".
4277:
4271:
4270:
4252:
4243:(12): 991–1000.
4228:
4222:
4221:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4155:Pharmacogenomics
4150:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4123:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3892:
3883:(12): e1000198.
3868:
3862:
3861:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3688:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3493:10.3390/v3102006
3471:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3290:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3241:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3192:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3127:J Clin Microbiol
3118:
3112:
3111:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3034:
3016:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2933:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2830:Trends Cell Biol
2825:
2819:
2818:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2641:(8): 3274–3285.
2626:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2593:. Archived from
2576:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2363:(18): 18202–10.
2348:
2342:
2341:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2234:(13): 10674–83.
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1921:(9): 4478–4486.
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1842:Burioni, Roberto
1837:
1826:
1825:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1756:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1676:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1621:(2): e00216–13.
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1454:(28): 11608–13.
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1244:
1174:Michael Houghton
1064:
1061:
1055:
1044:factual accuracy
1036:
1035:
1028:
1024:Current research
873:
870:
864:
852:
851:
844:
816:cellular budding
549:
542:
538:
535:
529:
506:
498:
421:binding site or
233:single-stranded
78:
77:
49:
37:
36:
27:Species of virus
21:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6046:
6041:
6033:
6028:
6020:
6015:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5972:
5962:
5957:
5919:
5899:
5807:
5781:Gastroenteritis
5739:
5736:Gastroenteritis
5730:
5718:Cytomegalovirus
5681:
5670:
5638:Paramyxoviridae
5627:Avian influenza
5503:
5498:Cytomegalovirus
5462:viral pneumonia
5460:
5457:nasopharyngitis
5456:
5453:
5444:
5408:
5382:Cytomegalovirus
5367:
5321:
5209:
5196:
5189:
5162:
5029:Cervical cancer
4989:
4980:
4936:Clodovero Ferri
4933:Wayback Machine
4922:
4917:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4880:. Nov 22, 2013.
4872:
4871:
4867:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4816:
4812:
4765:
4756:
4725:
4721:
4676:
4672:
4632:
4628:
4595:(47): 5184–90.
4581:
4577:
4532:
4528:
4483:
4479:
4455:10.3851/IMP2018
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4388:
4384:
4347:Semin Liver Dis
4339:
4335:
4328:(press release)
4327:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4278:
4274:
4250:10.1038/nrd2411
4229:
4225:
4186:
4182:
4151:
4147:
4100:
4096:
4051:
4047:
4010:
4006:
3961:
3957:
3920:
3916:
3869:
3865:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3768:
3761:
3714:
3710:
3657:
3653:
3632:(8–9): 839–49.
3626:Int J Parasitol
3622:
3618:
3583:Semin Liver Dis
3579:
3575:
3540:
3533:
3517:
3516:
3486:(10): 2006–24.
3472:
3465:
3420:
3416:
3367:
3363:
3316:
3312:
3281:(22): 2265–71.
3267:
3263:
3218:
3214:
3168:
3164:
3119:
3115:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3032:10.1.1.325.7888
3014:
3008:
3004:
2959:
2955:
2910:
2906:
2875:(12): 5974–84.
2861:
2857:
2836:(11): 517–523.
2826:
2822:
2782:
2778:
2747:(7053): 933–8.
2733:
2729:
2684:
2680:
2627:
2623:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2574:10.1.1.319.8775
2553:
2549:
2514:Mol Biol (Mosk)
2509:
2505:
2460:
2456:
2425:
2421:
2390:
2386:
2349:
2345:
2314:
2310:
2271:
2267:
2220:
2216:
2161:
2157:
2126:
2122:
2089:(17): 2406–15.
2075:
2071:
2040:(10): 1456–66.
2026:
2022:
1999:
1995:
1964:
1960:
1907:
1903:
1838:
1829:
1806:10.1002/rmv.391
1794:Rev. Med. Virol
1790:
1786:
1733:
1724:
1677:
1652:
1607:
1603:
1548:
1544:
1499:
1495:
1440:
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1332:
1328:
1311:
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1296:
1294:
1287:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1190:
1178:Charles M. Rice
1170:Harvey J. Alter
1135:inhibitors and
1065:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1041:This article's
1037:
1033:
1026:
1014:
1008:
965:common ancestor
957:
920:
914:
902:
874:
868:
865:
862:
853:
849:
842:
830:
824:
755:apolipoproteins
673:
641:RNA replication
559:serine protease
550:
539:
533:
530:
519:
507:
480:
381:single-stranded
366:
346:disulfide bonds
338:
330:Main articles:
328:
289:
261:
205:
203:
189:
149:Amarillovirales
125:Kitrinoviricota
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6089:
6079:
6078:
6073:
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6055:
6053:
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6013:
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5980:
5974:
5973:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5941:
5933:
5931:
5925:
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5920:
5918:
5917:
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5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5823:
5817:
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5808:
5806:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5763:
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5745:
5743:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5714:
5713:
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5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5661:
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5653:
5652:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5422:
5420:
5418:Cardiovascular
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5199:
5197:nervous system
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5049:Vaginal cancer
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4921:
4920:External links
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:NobelPrize.org
4897:
4883:
4865:
4845:
4810:
4754:
4719:
4670:
4626:
4575:
4526:
4497:(4): 1118–26.
4477:
4428:
4402:(5): 887–893.
4382:
4353:(4): 387–398.
4333:
4316:
4289:(5): 907–918.
4272:
4223:
4180:
4145:
4094:
4045:
4004:
3955:
3914:
3863:
3820:
3811:
3782:(2): 1071–82.
3759:
3708:
3651:
3616:
3573:
3531:
3463:
3434:(5): 2059–66.
3414:
3361:
3310:
3261:
3232:(3): 336–345.
3212:
3162:
3113:
3069:
3002:
2953:
2924:(8): 1268–82.
2904:
2855:
2820:
2793:(1): 105–117.
2776:
2727:
2678:
2621:
2547:
2503:
2474:(5): 710–721.
2454:
2419:
2400:(4): 1025–35.
2384:
2343:
2324:(2): 197–206.
2308:
2265:
2214:
2155:
2120:
2069:
2020:
1993:
1958:
1901:
1827:
1784:
1722:
1650:
1601:
1562:(20): 8194–9.
1542:
1513:(11): 6171–8.
1493:
1434:
1385:
1326:
1304:
1271:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1088:RNA polymerase
1067:
1066:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1010:Main article:
1007:
1004:
972:Before Present
956:
953:
913:
910:
901:
898:
876:
875:
856:
854:
847:
841:
838:
826:Main article:
823:
820:
796:lipid droplets
787:RNA polymerase
672:
669:
657:
656:
637:RNA polymerase
633:
622:cell signaling
618:
614:
611:
596:
589:
574:
570:
552:
551:
510:
508:
501:
479:
476:
393:that is 9,600
378:positive sense
365:
362:
340:E1 and E2 are
327:
324:
301:lipid membrane
288:
285:
260:
257:
237:of the family
231:positive-sense
209:
208:
198:
197:
191:
190:
183:
181:
177:
176:
169:
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
137:Flasuviricetes
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
109:
105:
104:
97:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:Hepacivirus C
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6088:
6077:
6076:Hepaciviruses
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6008:Hepacivirus C
6003:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5910:
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5906:
5902:
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5890:
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5883:
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5850:
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5838:
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5829:
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5824:
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5819:
5818:
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5758:
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5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5650:Parainfluenza
5648:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:EBV infection
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Poliomyelitis
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Vulvar cancer
5042:
5040:
5039:Penile cancer
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4893:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4690:(6): 634–46.
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4546:(5): 1570–9.
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4442:Antivir. Ther
4439:
4432:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4326:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4196:(3): 329–50.
4195:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:J. Gen. Virol
4015:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3928:J. Gen. Virol
3925:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:(9): 558–67.
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3183:(4): 962–73.
3182:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:(2): 339–45.
3085:
3081:
3073:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:J. Gen. Virol
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2597:on 2009-12-03
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:J. Gen. Virol
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:J. Biol. Chem
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Antiviral Res
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:(6): 453–63.
2280:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:(6): e39261.
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2009:(3): 278–87.
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:(3): 129–51.
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:(4): 233–41.
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1691:(1): S3–S13.
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1346:(3): 327–43.
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1250:Hepacivirus C
1243:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1060:November 2019
1051:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
989:
983:
979:
975:
973:
968:
966:
962:
952:
949:
948:sterilization
945:
941:
940:haemodialysis
937:
933:
929:
925:
919:
909:
907:
900:Recombination
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
872:
860:
855:
846:
845:
837:
835:
829:
828:HCV genotypes
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:and utilises
797:
791:
788:
782:
780:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
668:
666:
662:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
568:
564:
563:
562:
560:
548:
545:
537:
527:
523:
517:
516:
511:This section
509:
505:
500:
499:
492:
484:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
396:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
370:
361:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:glycoproteins
305:
302:
293:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:
268:
267:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
207:
199:
196:
192:
188:
187:
186:Hepacivirus C
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:Orthornavirae
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
64:
60:
59:Hepacivirus C
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Hepacivirus C
5977:
5943:
5936:
5912:
5905:Pancreatitis
5887:
5875:
5864:
5863:
5851:
5844:
5825:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5774:
5753:
5716:
5702:
5663:
5656:
5642:
5636:
5603:
5597:
5577:
5563:
5549:
5520:
5496:
5478:
5433:Pericarditis
5425:
5394:
5380:
5353:
5334:
5292:
5277:
5258:
5244:
5223:
5206:Encephalitis
5175:
5148:
5130:
5129:
5108:
5074:
5060:
5021:
5007:
4909:
4900:
4886:
4868:
4857:
4848:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4776:
4772:
4741:10.2741/e458
4732:
4729:Front Biosci
4728:
4722:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4643:(1): 43–50.
4640:
4636:
4629:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4448:(3): 541–7.
4445:
4441:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4399:
4395:
4385:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4319:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4021:
4017:
4007:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3814:
3779:
3775:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3671:(1): 62–70.
3668:
3664:
3654:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3589:(4): 340–6.
3586:
3582:
3576:
3551:
3547:
3520:cite journal
3483:
3479:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3400:10722/221827
3374:
3370:
3364:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3278:
3275:N Engl J Med
3274:
3264:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3180:
3176:
3165:
3133:(1): 201–7.
3130:
3126:
3116:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3022:
3018:
3005:
2973:(1): 33–40.
2970:
2966:
2956:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2610:cite journal
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2564:
2560:
2550:
2520:(2): 251–9.
2517:
2513:
2506:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2435:(1): 33–45.
2432:
2429:J. Mol. Biol
2428:
2422:
2397:
2394:J. Mol. Biol
2393:
2387:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2133:
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2123:
2086:
2082:
2072:
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2033:
2023:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1971:
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1961:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1853:
1849:
1797:
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1787:
1747:(2): 63–71.
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1321:the original
1307:
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1291:
1283:Flaviviridae
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1255:
1249:
1242:
1199:Cancer virus
1167:
1160:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1081:
1070:
1057:
1042:
1015:
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894:
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869:January 2024
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858:
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783:
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724:LDL receptor
716:quasispecies
705:
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658:
555:
540:
531:
520:Please help
515:verification
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441:. The large
408:
402:, the viral
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350:
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298:
272:Flaviviridae
270:
264:
262:
240:Flaviviridae
238:
218:
214:
212:
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185:
184:
172:
161:Flaviviridae
160:
148:
136:
124:
112:
100:
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83:(unranked):
58:
6002:Wikispecies
5802:Coronavirus
5543:Common cold
5455:acute viral
5438:Myocarditis
5282:(probable)
5034:Anal cancer
4779:(1): 9–16.
4637:Transpl Int
4283:J Med Virol
1399:Cancer Lett
1133:cyclophilin
1006:Vaccination
808:perinuclear
779:endocytosis
767:macrophages
749:(VLDL) and
685:hepatocytes
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443:pre-protein
415:translation
266:Hepacivirus
255:in humans.
245:hepatitis C
173:Hepacivirus
32:Hepatitis C
6065:Categories
5929:Urogenital
5795:Astrovirus
5755:Adenovirus
5579:SARS-CoV-2
5336:Poliovirus
5211:meningitis
4820:J. Hepatol
4540:Hepatology
4491:Hepatology
3665:J Mol Evol
3377:: 418–21.
3177:Hepatology
2601:2010-07-16
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1235:References
1163:Oxymatrine
1148:simeprevir
1143:Sofosbuvir
1122:Naringenin
1100:telaprevir
1092:boceprevir
944:nosocomial
882:interferon
661:frameshift
626:interferon
593:kilodalton
435:pseudoknot
395:nucleotide
225:in size),
63:nanometres
5840:RNA virus
5821:DNA virus
5813:Hepatitis
5788:Norovirus
5776:Rotavirus
5770:RNA virus
5749:DNA virus
5695:Esophagus
5623:Influenza
5509:RNA virus
5471:DNA virus
5240:RNA virus
5219:DNA virus
5125:RNA virus
5003:DNA virus
4995:Oncovirus
4396:J Hepatol
3611:260310609
3301:Erratum:
3027:CiteSeerX
2815:260316882
2569:CiteSeerX
2130:J Hepatol
2034:Structure
1935:0022-538X
1878:2045-2322
1763:1860-1480
1362:1948-5182
1264:3 January
1156:ribavirin
1146:approved
1137:silibinin
1111:Vitamin D
1073:replicons
955:Evolution
834:genotypes
822:Genotypes
736:Claudin-1
708:genotypes
665:antigenic
632:proteins.
447:proteases
287:Structure
253:lymphomas
235:RNA virus
227:enveloped
180:Species:
108:Kingdom:
101:Riboviria
6048:11459944
6035:10092132
6022:46700538
5987:Wikidata
5938:BK virus
5741:diarrhea
5585:COVID-19
5327:Myelitis
4929:Archived
4840:22300469
4805:24653790
4749:22201953
4714:25534747
4706:22316435
4665:22124427
4657:20649944
4621:22215943
4570:10090454
4562:21793032
4513:21480318
4472:32175340
4464:22300961
4416:21145801
4377:22189978
4303:28892235
4267:52874660
4259:18049473
4218:38411966
4210:19344246
4175:19891557
4140:20625493
4114:: 1–12.
4089:11516379
4040:15483230
3999:22573865
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3858:41594303
3806:18971279
3754:21696641
3722:Virol. J
3703:35899454
3695:11734899
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3409:24140473
3348:19684573
3297:15163776
3256:27333980
3248:19335784
3207:21393716
3199:16149085
3108:23271017
3100:22142261
3057:17597460
2997:19854061
2948:20609887
2940:18489704
2899:12021330
2850:12446113
2807:15732002
2771:16107832
2722:20463075
2673:19273272
2591:10859368
2534:22670521
2498:11350035
2449:16828488
2414:12589751
2379:15746101
2338:20813137
2303:13176201
2295:17487147
2260:22303022
2209:22720086
2169:PLOS ONE
2150:10622560
2115:17552023
2064:22000514
2015:11497352
1988:11252351
1953:15078928
1896:28303031
1822:22280227
1814:12820185
1779:24668769
1771:16821143
1717:25443344
1645:23572554
1596:23610427
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1488:21610165
1429:23871966
1380:25848462
1297:13 March
1209:HCV IRES
1188:See also
1115:In vitro
1084:protease
961:Bayesian
740:Occludin
608:cofactor
604:helicase
534:May 2016
427:HCV IRES
419:ribosome
404:proteome
336:E2 (HCV)
332:E1 (HCV)
304:envelope
259:Taxonomy
195:Synonyms
156:Family:
120:Phylum:
5993:Q708693
5691:Pharynx
5195:Central
4796:3953807
4612:3243885
4521:5329252
4421:10 July
4368:4107414
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4131:2896694
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3062:10 July
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2988:2818172
2918:Traffic
2869:J Virol
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2713:2898237
2664:3235086
2643:Bibcode
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2251:3323022
2200:3374797
2177:Bibcode
2106:4146758
2055:3209822
1887:5428263
1858:Bibcode
1636:3622934
1587:3657805
1564:Bibcode
1528:3372197
1479:3136326
1456:Bibcode
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4661:S2CID
4566:S2CID
4517:S2CID
4468:S2CID
4307:S2CID
4263:S2CID
4214:S2CID
3854:S2CID
3699:S2CID
3607:S2CID
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3203:S2CID
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3015:(PDF)
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320:entry
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1358:ISSN
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1098:and
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720:CD81
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468:NS5A
464:NS4B
460:NS4A
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334:and
314:and
277:dogs
213:The
6017:EoL
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5889:HEV
5877:HDV
5865:HCV
5853:HAV
5846:CBV
5827:HBV
5704:MuV
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5427:CBV
5396:HSV
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5246:MeV
5177:HIV
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