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1416:-controlled territories for government-controlled areas. It was also used experimentally for large area forest burning operations that failed to produce the desired results. Defoliation was judged in 1963 as improving visibility in jungles by 30–75% horizontally, and 40–80% vertically. Improvements in delivery systems by 1968 increased this to 50–70% horizontally, and 60–90% vertically. Ranch Hand pilots were the first to make an accurate 1:125,000 scale map of the
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1291:. Deployment of herbicides and defoliants served the dual purpose of thinning jungle trails to prevent ambushes and destroying crop fields in regions where the MNLA was active to deprive them of potential sources of food. In the summer of 1952, 500 hectares were sprayed with 90,000 liters of Trioxone from
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to secure supplies. The concentration of herbicides sprayed in
Operation Ranch Hand was more than an order of magnitude greater than that in domestic use. Approximately 10% of the land surface of South Vietnam was sprayed—about 17,000 square kilometers. About 85% of the spraying was for defoliation
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leveled against the United States. The
British government found that the simplest solution was to deny that a conflict was going on in Malaya. They declared the insurgency to be an internal security matter; thus, the use of herbicidal agents was a matter of police action, much like the use of
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practices by armies throughout history to deprive the enemy of food and cover. Work on military herbicides began in
England in 1940, and by 1944, the United States joined in the effort. Even though herbicides are chemicals, due to their mechanism of action (growth regulators), they are often
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in areas of
Malaysia. Roughly 10,000 civilians and insurgents in Malaysia also suffered from the effects of the defoliant, though many historians argue the true number was higher given that herbicides and defoliants were used on a large scale in the Malayan Emergency; the British government
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Ranch Hand started as a limited program of defoliation of border areas, security perimeters, and crop destruction. As the conflict continued, the anti-crop mission took on more prominence, and (along with other agents) defoliants became used to compel civilians to leave
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claimed that herbicides used in
Vietnam were not harmful to people or the environment. In 1972 it was advised that a known impurity precluded the use of these herbicides in Vietnam and all remaining stocks should be returned home. In 1977 the
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a number of
American-based and multinational chemical corporations for damages related to the manufacture and use of the chemical. A federal judge rejected the suit, claiming that the plaintiff's claim of direct responsibility was invalid.
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aircraft to spray herbicides over large areas, was one of many programs under Trail Dust. The aircrews charged with spraying the defoliant used a sardonic motto-"Only you can prevent forests"-a shortening of the
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The United States had technical military symbols for herbicides that have since been replaced by the more common color code names derived from the banding on shipping drums. The US further distinguished between
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field tests with herbicides in South
Vietnam in 1961 and inspiration by the British use of herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency led to the formal herbicidal program
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1044:
1295:; British Commonwealth forces found it difficult to operate the machinery in jungle conditions while wearing full protective gear. Herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from
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1239:" because the substance was not particularly dangerous to humans. On the other hand, the same plan envisaged that if the U.S. were to engage in "gas warfare" against Japan, then
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Many
Commonwealth personnel who handled herbicides and defoliants during, and in the decades after, the conflict suffered from serious exposure to dioxin, which also led to
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and DOW chemical in Texas, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii and later in
Malaysia in a cooperative project with the International Rubber Research Institute. Discussions in the
1235:. This was part of larger set of proposed measures to starve the Japanese in submission. The plan calculated that ammonium thiocyanate would not be seen as "
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1318:, which only prohibited chemical warfare among signatory states in international armed conflicts. The British were keen to avoid accusations like the
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famous warning to the general public "Only you can prevent forest fires". The United States and its allies officially claims that herbicidal and
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Kan Lay, 55 years old, and her son, Ke Van Bec, 14 years old, physically and mentally disabled, pose in front of the billboard denouncing the
1275:(MNLA) insurgents of cover, potential sources of food and to flush them out of the jungle. The herbicides and defoliants they used contained
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Historical records of DOW chemical show that "Super Agent Orange", also called DOW Herbicide M-3393, was Agent Orange that was mixed with
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fall outside the definition of "chemical weapons" and that
Britain set the precedent by using them during the Malayan Emergency.
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is the use of substances primarily designed to destroy the plant-based ecosystem of an area. Although herbicidal warfare use
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soldiers and civilians, and with over 40,000 children of veterans possibly suffering birth defects from herbicidal warfare.
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1799:"Operational Evaluation of Super-Orange" via National Security Archives at George Washington University. retrieved 10-24-12
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1972:
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centered on avoiding the thorny issue of whether herbicidal warfare in Malaya was in violation of the spirit of the 1925
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1616:, which were to be used in combat operations and commercial herbicides, which used in and around military bases, etc.
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1147:, its main purpose is to disrupt agricultural food production and/or to destroy plants which provide cover or
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1740:"Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques"
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Martini, Edwin A. (2013). "Hearts, Minds, and Herbicides: The Politics of the Chemical War in Vietnam".
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manipulated data and kept its deployment of herbicidal warfare secret in fear of a diplomatic backlash.
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Young, Alvin L. (2009), "A History of the Development and Procurement of Tactical Herbicides",
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since 1978, which bans "any technique for changing the composition or structure of the Earth's
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1196:. Over 1,000 substances were investigated by the war's end for phytotoxic properties, and the
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Use of herbicides in Vietnam caused a shortage of commercial pesticides in mid-1966 when the
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humans and/or destroy human-made structures. Herbicidal warfare has been forbidden by the
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Decades later the lingering problem of herbicidal warfare remains as a dominant issue of
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crops. British planners did not believe herbicides were logistically feasible against
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1675:. In 2003, a coalition of Vietnamese survivors and long-term victims of Agent Orange
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The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests
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rejected the plan as tactically unsound, but expressed no moral reservations.
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by defoliating swaths perpendicular to the trail every half mile or so.
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1533: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1306:. Super Orange was known to have been tested by representatives from
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The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange
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Before the Bomb: How America Approached the End of the Pacific War
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Victor Betrandias advanced a proposal to his superior, General
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Pesticide Dilemma in the Third World: A Case Study of Malaysia
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Plan Colombia § Fumigation strategy and criticisms
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by adding general information and discuss at the
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would be an even more effective rice crop killer. The
1840:
Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Reference Handbook
150:, during the Vietnam War by UC-123B Provider aircraft
1946:. Stanford University, Department of Global Ecology.
1823:
Arnold Schecter, Thomas A. Gasiewicz (4 July 2003).
1846:
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allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1715:United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
1187:, and is therefore a technological advance on the
16:Use of substances to destroy crops or other plants
1837:
1648:that may have affected the health of over 17,000
1271:in the Malaysian countryside in order to deprive
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1757:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 91–92.
1937:"Herbicides in Warfare: The Case of Indochina"
1855:Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945
1407:Map of herbicide usage during the Vietnam war.
1966:
1780:
1444:War on drugs in South America and Afghanistan
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1175:Modern day herbicidal warfare resulted from
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1973:
1959:
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1114:
140:
1857:. Harvard University Press. p. 223.
1720:War on drugs#Aerial herbicide application
1593:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1440:and about 15% was for crop destruction.
1402:
1342:
3114:Pollutant release and transfer register
1942:. In Bourdeau, P.; et al. (eds.).
1934:
1913:
1200:envisioned using herbicides to destroy
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1954:
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1474:one specialized aspect of the subject
1161:Environmental Modification Convention
3204:
2445:Electromagnetic radiation and health
1531:adding citations to reliable sources
1502:
1458:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3220:
3212:
2303:Radium and radon in the environment
1642:2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
356:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
1907:
1853:Mark Wheelis; Lajos Rózsa (2009).
1812:. Phoenix Press. 1984. p. 23.
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1621:United States Defense Department
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1273:Malayan National Liberation Army
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23:
2017:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1838:Albert J. Mauroni (July 2003).
1673:United States-Vietnam relations
1518:needs additional citations for
176:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
34:needs additional citations for
1871:
1831:
1816:
1802:
1793:
1732:
1437:Defense Production Act of 1950
1338:
1045:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
2505:Electrical resistance heating
1980:
1725:
1472:This section focuses only on
516:Electrical resistance heating
146:Defoliant spray run, part of
2157:Persistent organic pollutant
1753:John David Chappell (1997).
1435:had to use powers under the
1213:United States Army Air Force
226:Persistent organic pollutant
7:
3281:Environmental impact of war
3167:Least polluted cities by PM
1888:10.1007/978-0-387-87486-9_2
1683:
10:
3297:
3109:Pollution haven hypothesis
3032:Brain health and pollution
2270:Ecological light pollution
2100:Internal combustion engine
1604:
1447:
1170:
3188:
3142:
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3040:
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2912:Nonpoint source pollution
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2832:War and environmental law
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2191:Volatile organic compound
1997:
1988:
1944:Ecotoxicology and Climate
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771:War and environmental law
391:Health effects from noise
241:Volatile organic compound
2371:Marine mammals and sonar
2282:Radio spectrum pollution
1636:on the incinerator ship
1628:destroyed its stocks of
396:Marine mammals and sonar
3217:WikiProject Environment
3175:Most polluted countries
3119:Polluter pays principle
2850:Agricultural wastewater
1935:Westing, A. H. (1989).
1742:. UN. 10 December 1976.
1644:(TCDD) was a suspected
1626:United States Air Force
1181:plant growth regulators
871:Freshwater salinization
791:Agricultural wastewater
3235:Environment portal
2468:Agricultural pollution
1781:Bruce Cumings (1998).
1408:
1352:
1283:herbicide used by the
1192:considered a means of
1090:Environment portal
2890:Industrial wastewater
2756:Clutter (advertising)
2664:Municipal solid waste
2510:Soil guideline values
2354:Sustainable transport
2247:Information pollution
2047:Open burning of waste
1448:Further information:
1406:
1346:
1231:crops part of Allied
1151:to the enemy, not to
831:Industrial wastewater
599:Municipal solid waste
521:Soil guideline values
3162:Most polluted cities
2855:Biological pollution
2766:Overhead power lines
1542:"Herbicidal warfare"
1527:improve this article
1480:improve this article
1390:U.S. Forest Services
1377:Operation Ranch Hand
1373:Operation Trail Dust
1349:Operation Ranch Hand
1261:British Commonwealth
1225:ammonium thiocyanate
1040:Most polluted cities
692:Overhead power lines
148:Operation Ranch Hand
58:"Herbicidal warfare"
43:improve this article
3225:WikiProject Ecology
2922:Ocean acidification
2827:Unexploded ordnance
2698:Post-consumer waste
2558:Foam food container
2536:Biodegradable waste
2110:Global distillation
1842:. pp. 178–180.
1827:. pp. 145–160.
1614:tactical herbicides
1455:Types of herbicides
1359:used herbicides in
1227:to reduce Japanese
1145:chemical substances
856:Ocean acidification
766:Unexploded ordnance
687:Advertising clutter
619:Post-consumer waste
564:Foam food container
549:Biodegradable waste
206:Global distillation
3245:Ecology portal
3129:Waste minimisation
3104:Industrial ecology
3099:Cleaner production
2917:Nutrient pollution
2794:Herbicidal warfare
2588:Construction waste
2224:Introduced species
2095:Indoor air quality
2022:Chlorofluorocarbon
1916:Diplomatic History
1882:, pp. 23–45,
1825:Dioxins and Health
1652:servicemen, 4,000
1632:200 miles west of
1607:Rainbow herbicides
1433:Defense Department
1409:
1353:
1327:for riot control.
1312:British government
1245:Joint Target Group
1233:air raids on Japan
1194:biological warfare
1141:Herbicidal warfare
1102:Ecology portal
727:Herbicidal warfare
271:Introduced species
211:Indoor air quality
181:Chlorofluorocarbon
3251:
3250:
3124:Pollution control
2804:Nuclear holocaust
2713:Thermal treatment
2681:Plastic pollution
2598:Mercury poisoning
2551:Battery recycling
2450:Radioactive waste
2219:Genetic pollution
2214:Biological hazard
2012:Air quality index
1928:10.1093/dh/dhs003
1897:978-0-387-87485-2
1864:978-0-674-04513-2
1764:978-0-8131-7052-7
1603:
1602:
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1577:
1501:
1500:
1418:Ho Chi Minh trail
1257:Malayan Emergency
1177:military research
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1137:
1073:
1072:
739:Nuclear holocaust
662:Urban heat island
476:Radioactive waste
261:Biological hazard
171:Air quality index
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93:
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3276:Chemical warfare
3271:Military tactics
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3068:Legacy pollution
2927:Oil exploitation
2789:Chemical warfare
2703:Waste management
2610:Industrial waste
2578:Biomedical waste
2546:Electronic waste
2531:Advertising mail
2515:Phytoremediation
2490:Land degradation
2275:Overillumination
2229:Invasive species
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1695:E77 balloon bomb
1640:. The impurity,
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722:Chemical warfare
624:Waste management
584:Industrial waste
559:Electronic waste
544:Advertising mail
526:Phytoremediation
501:Land degradation
441:Depleted uranium
326:Overillumination
276:Invasive species
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2932:Oil exploration
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2808:Nuclear fallout
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2693:Packaging waste
2647:Deep sea mining
2573:Hazardous waste
2519:
2500:Open defecation
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2420:Nuclear fallout
2415:Nuclear fission
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2257:Electromagnetic
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2120:Ozone depletion
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1908:Further reading
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1383:program to use
1367:. Success with
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1316:Geneva Protocol
1297:Royal Air Force
1253:
1221:Henry H. Arnold
1179:discoveries of
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846:Nonpoint source
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744:Nuclear fallout
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614:Packaging waste
579:Hazardous waste
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451:Nuclear fallout
446:Nuclear fission
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309:Electromagnetic
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282:
256:
246:
245:
216:Ozone depletion
161:
151:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3249:
3248:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3157:Law by country
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Surface runoff
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Eutrophication
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Scorched earth
2819:
2816:nuclear winter
2812:nuclear famine
2801:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2657:Uranium mining
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:Surface mining
2639:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Lead poisoning
2590:
2585:
2583:Chemical waste
2580:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Bioremediation
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Bioremediation
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:Transportation
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Global dimming
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:Diesel exhaust
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1932:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1870:
1863:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1801:
1792:
1770:
1763:
1745:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1658:New Zealanders
1605:Main article:
1601:
1600:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1381:U.S. Air Force
1361:Southeast Asia
1340:
1337:
1252:
1249:
1189:scorched earth
1172:
1169:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:Law by country
1032:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
946:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
906:Surface runoff
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
806:Eutrophication
803:
798:
793:
787:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
761:Scorched earth
758:
757:
756:
754:Nuclear winter
751:
749:Nuclear famine
746:
736:
735:
734:
724:
718:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
658:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Bioremediation
503:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Bioremediation
433:
427:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
386:Transportation
382:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
333:Radio spectrum
330:
329:
328:
323:
312:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
268:
263:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
201:Global dimming
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
145:
137:
136:
130:
129:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3293:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2999:Water quality
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Traffic signs
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:Microplastics
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Nanomaterials
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:Lead smelting
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Radioactivity
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2387:Noise control
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:Metal working
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1789:. p. 61.
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:United States
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1586:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544: –
1543:
1539:
1538:Find sources:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1516:This section
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:(1961–1971).
1374:
1370:
1369:Project AGILE
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:United States
1350:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:U.S. military
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:In May 1945,
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
970:
969:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
935:
934:
927:
924:
922:
921:Water quality
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
711:
710:
703:
700:
698:
697:Traffic signs
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
676:
671:
670:
663:
660:
659:
656:
651:
650:
643:
640:
639:
633:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Nanomaterials
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Radioactivity
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
420:
419:
412:
411:Soundproofing
409:
407:
406:Noise control
404:
402:
401:Noise barrier
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
342:
341:
334:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
304:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
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37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3253:
3078:Point source
3020:Heavy metals
2994:Urban runoff
2974:Sulfur water
2952:Septic tanks
2798:Agent Orange
2793:
2652:Mining waste
2478:Manure waste
2308:Volcanic ash
2184:Black carbon
2140:Oil refining
2125:Particulates
2054:Construction
1943:
1922:(1): 58–84.
1919:
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1795:
1782:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1690:E14 munition
1670:
1664:, countless
1638:M/T Vulcanus
1630:Agent Orange
1619:In 1966 the
1618:
1613:
1610:
1589:
1583:October 2016
1580:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1537:
1525:Please help
1520:verification
1517:
1489:
1478:Please help
1473:
1430:
1410:
1396:agents like
1354:
1332:soil erosion
1329:
1308:Fort Detrick
1301:
1293:fire engines
1281:Agent Orange
1254:
1223:, to use of
1210:
1206:Nazi Germany
1185:World War II
1174:
1140:
1139:
1009:Point source
954:Heavy metals
916:Urban runoff
901:Sulfur water
876:Septic tanks
732:Agent Orange
726:
642:Space debris
496:Agricultural
361:Volcanic ash
221:Particulates
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3048:Area source
2957:Pit latrine
2880:Groundwater
2637:Gold mining
2632:Coal mining
2603:Toxic waste
2568:Green waste
2541:Brown waste
2524:Solid waste
2071:Exhaust gas
1700:Enterotoxin
1654:Australians
1365:Vietnam War
1363:during the
1339:Vietnam War
1289:Vietnam War
1287:during the
1255:During the
1241:mustard gas
1237:gas warfare
1149:concealment
979:Area source
821:Groundwater
574:Green waste
554:Brown waste
538:Solid waste
296:Information
191:Exhaust gas
3266:Herbicides
3260:Categories
3200:by country
3196:Categories
3134:Zero waste
3015:Pollutants
2969:Stagnation
2907:Monitoring
2875:Freshwater
2751:Air travel
2563:Food waste
2483:Pesticides
2473:Herbicides
2377:Industrial
2206:Biological
2066:Demolition
2059:Renovation
2042:Joss paper
2027:Combustion
1726:References
1666:Vietnamese
1646:carcinogen
1553:newspapers
1394:incendiary
1299:aircraft.
1269:defoliants
1265:herbicides
1215:commander
1153:asphyxiate
1066:By country
1058:Categories
949:Pollutants
926:Wastewater
896:Stagnation
841:Monitoring
816:Freshwater
682:Air travel
569:Food waste
511:Defecation
321:Ecological
254:Biological
186:Combustion
124:Part of a
69:newspapers
3092:Responses
3063:Garbology
2989:Turbidity
2937:Oil spill
2870:Firewater
2771:Vandalism
2733:Satellite
2430:Poisoning
2425:Plutonium
2405:Actinides
2397:Radiation
2145:Wood dust
2007:Acid rain
1982:Pollution
1787:Earthscan
1710:Mycotoxin
1705:M115 bomb
1492:June 2013
1484:talk page
1420:south of
1414:Viet Cong
994:Garbology
911:Turbidity
861:Oil spill
811:Firewater
796:Biosolids
702:Vandalism
461:Poisoning
456:Plutonium
431:Actinides
424:Radiation
166:Acid rain
134:Pollution
3180:Treaties
3152:Diseases
2964:Shipping
2860:Diseases
2708:Landfill
2383:Abstract
2380:Military
2313:Wildfire
2162:Smelting
2130:Asbestos
1684:See also
1656:, 1,700
1422:Tchepone
1304:picloram
1277:Trioxone
1050:Treaties
1030:Diseases
886:Shipping
851:Nutrient
801:Diseases
366:Wildfire
99:May 2010
3209:Commons
2984:Thermal
2885:Hypoxia
2669:Garbage
2440:Uranium
2291:Natural
2240:Digital
2172:Aerosol
2150:Welding
2037:Biomass
2032:Biofuel
1991:History
1662:Koreans
1567:scholar
1217:General
1183:during
1171:History
944:History
826:Hypoxia
655:Thermal
609:Plastic
471:Uranium
345:Natural
290:Digital
266:Genetic
83:scholar
3073:Midden
3053:Debris
3008:Topics
2947:Sewage
2900:debris
2895:Marine
2743:Visual
2627:Mining
2622:Litter
2115:Mining
1894:
1861:
1761:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1398:napalm
1385:C-123K
1325:CS gas
1251:Malaya
1198:Allies
1157:poison
1004:Midden
999:Legacy
984:Debris
938:Topics
891:Sludge
881:Sewage
836:Marine
675:Visual
594:Mining
589:Litter
126:series
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3144:Lists
3083:Waste
3025:Paint
2842:Water
2725:Space
2366:Sonar
2361:Urban
2339:Water
2323:Noise
2298:Ozone
2265:Light
2196:Waste
2088:Smoke
1940:(PDF)
1574:JSTOR
1560:books
1165:biota
1022:Lists
1014:Waste
959:Paint
784:Water
636:Space
379:Noise
351:Ozone
316:Light
90:JSTOR
76:books
3058:Dust
3041:Misc
2460:Soil
2349:Rail
2335:Land
2179:Soot
2167:Smog
2083:Haze
1892:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1677:sued
1546:news
1426:Laos
1379:, a
1355:The
1267:and
1229:rice
1202:Axis
989:Dust
973:Misc
489:Soil
236:Soot
231:Smog
196:Haze
62:news
3169:2.5
2781:War
2344:Air
1999:Air
1924:doi
1884:doi
1529:by
1167:".
1155:or
715:War
159:Air
45:by
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1918:.
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1773:^
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