High-speed rail - Knowledge

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The most important effect of HSR is the increase of accessibility due to shorter travel times. HSR lines have been used to create long-distance routes which in many cases cater to business travellers. However, there have also been short-distance routes that have revolutionised the concepts of HSR. They create commuting relationships between cities opening up more opportunities. Using both longer distance and shorter distance rail in one country allows for the best case of economic development, widening the labor and residential market of a metropolitan area and extending it to smaller cities. Therefore, HSR is highly related to urban development, it attracts offices and start-ups, induces industrial displacement, and promotes firm innovation.

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this track section is a conventional section and in this case the automatic speed limit was said to be disabled by the driver several kilometers before the station. A few days later, the train worker's union claimed that the speed limiter didn't work properly because of lack of proper funding, acknowledging the budget cuts made by the current government. Two days after the accident, the driver was provisionally charged with homicide by negligence. This is the first accident that occurred with a Spanish high-speed train, but it occurred in a section that was not high speed and as mentioned safety equipment mandatory on high-speed track would have prevented the accident.

4636: 5123: 3109: 1205: 1635:. These Maglev trains still have the traditional underlying tracks and the cars have wheels. This serves a practical purpose at stations and a safety purpose out on the lines in the event of a power failure. However, in normal operation, the wheels are raised up into the car as the train reaches certain speeds where the magnetic levitation effect takes over. It will link Tokyo and Osaka by 2037, with the section from Tokyo to Nagoya expected to be operational by 2027. Maximum speed is anticipated at 505 km/h (314 mph). The first generation train can be ridden by tourists visiting the test track. 2725: 3278: 4345: 87: 4647: 1970: 2700: 1391: 2254: 3121: 2407:, operating at a top speed of 280 km/h (170 mph). The German ICE train was similar to the TGV, with dedicated streamlined power cars at both ends, but a variable number of trailers between them. Unlike the TGV, the trailers had two conventional bogies per car, and could be uncoupled, allowing the train to be lengthened or shortened. This introduction was the result of ten years of study with the ICE-V prototype, originally called Intercity Experimental, which broke the world speed record in 1988, reaching 406 km/h (252 mph). 5312: 1352: 4460: 1726: 1410: 3157: 3228: 1284: 1951: 3708:, which primarily runs off the French grid, emissions from traveling by train from London to Paris are 90% lower than by flying. In Germany 38.5% of all electricity was produced from renewable sources in 2017, however railways run on their own grid partially independent from the general grid and relying in part on dedicated power plants. Even using electricity generated from coal, fossil gas or oil, high-speed trains are significantly more fuel-efficient per passenger per kilometer traveled (despite the greater 4950: 14712: 12660: 747: 372: 4552: 1402: 937: 2377: 11288: 5648: 3988:

is an advantage over air travel, which currently uses fossil fuels and is a major source of pollution. Studies regarding busy airports such as LAX, have shown that over an area of about 60 square kilometres (23 square miles) downwind of the airport, where hundreds of thousands of people live or work, the particle number concentration was at least twice that of nearby urban areas, showing that airplane pollution far exceeded road pollution, even from heavy freeway traffic.

3145: 2242: 1615: 4483: 3442: 13811: 2931: 1986: 3133: 1587:(1,834 mi) of high speed lines as of 2024, with a further 211 km (131 mi) of extensions currently under construction and due to open in 2031. The cumulative patronage on the entire system since 1964 is over 10 billion, the equivalent of approximately 140% of the world's population, without a single train passenger fatality. (Suicides, passengers falling off the platforms, and industrial accidents have resulted in fatalities.) 4598: 1680: 1019: 4437: 4575: 4414: 4391: 57: 1799: 4506: 4529: 4368: 2273:: a diesel-powered railcar was modified with a gas-turbine, and was called "TGV" (Turbotrain Grande Vitesse). It reached 230 km/h (140 mph) in 1967, and served as a basis for the future Turbotrain and the real TGV. At the same time, the new "SNCF Research Department", created in 1966, was studying various projects, including one code-named "C03: Railways possibilities on new infrastructure (tracks)". 2863: 13821: 3244: 2549: 6364: 3804: 3770:). The Tokaido Shinkansen line in Japan, has a much higher ratio (with as many as 20,000 passengers per hour per direction). Similarly, commuter roads tend to carry fewer than 1.57 persons per vehicle (Washington State Department of Transportation, for instance, uses 1.2 persons per vehicle) during commute times. Compare this to the capacity of typical small to mid-sized airliners like the 2307:, with new multi-engined trains running at 260 km/h (160 mph). At that time, the classic Paris-Lyon line was already congested and a new line was required; this busy corridor, neither too short (where high speeds give limited reductions in end to end times) nor too long (where planes are faster in city center to city center travel time), was the best choice for the new service. 2594:, in the same year along its fully electrified segment between New York City and Washington, D.C. The officials favored the X2000 as it had a tilting mechanism. However, the Swedish manufacturer never bid on the contract as the burdensome United States railroad regulations required them to heavily modify the train resulting in added weight, among other things. Eventually, a custom-made 14700: 6035: 2501: 1038: 4130:

train was performing tests at 10 percent above the planned speed limit for the line and should have slowed from 352 km/h (219 mph) to 176 km/h (109 mph) before entering the curve. Officials have indicated that excessive speed may have caused the accident. During testing, some safety features that usually prevent accidents like this one are switched off.

2234: 1857: 5714:, are built for 250 km/h (155 mph). But the short high-speed parts and the mix with freight will lower the average speeds. The limited size of the country gives fairly short domestic travel times anyway. Switzerland is investing money in lines on French and German soil to enable better access to the high-speed rail networks of those countries from Switzerland. 4869:, after China relaunched its 350 km/h class service on select services effective 21 September 2017. In China, from July 2011 until September 2017, the maximum speed was officially 300 km/h (186 mph), but a 10 km/h (6 mph) tolerance was acceptable, and trains often reached 310 km/h (193 mph). Before that, from August 2008 to July 2011, 5202:. It is approximately 345 kilometres (214 miles) long, along the west coast of Taiwan from the national capital Taipei to the southern city of Kaohsiung. The construction was managed by Taiwan high-speed rail Corporation and the total cost of the project was US$ 18 billion. The private company operates the line fully, and the system is based primarily on Japan's 3573:

road market shares shrunk from 31 to 7% and from 29 to 21%, respectively. On the Madrid–Seville link, the AVE connection increased share from 16 to 52%; air traffic shrunk from 40 to 13%; road traffic from 44 to 36%, hence the rail market amounted to 80% of combined rail and air traffic. This figure increased to 89% in 2009, according to Spanish rail operator

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broke previous speed records, reaching respectively 320 km/h (200 mph) and 331 km/h (206 mph), again on standard track. For the first time, 300 km/h (190 mph) was surpassed, allowing the idea of higher-speed services to be developed and further engineering studies commenced. Especially, during the 1955 records, a dangerous

4954: 4953: 4951: 3894:, airspace. A train that is late by a couple of minutes will not have to wait for another slot to open up, unlike airplanes at congested airports. Furthermore, many airlines see short-haul flights as increasingly uneconomic and in some countries airlines rely on high-speed rail instead of short-haul flights for connecting services. 4955: 2621:, and Washington, D.C. The service did not meet the 3-hour travel time objective between Boston and New York City. The time was 3 hours and 24 minutes as it partially ran on regular lines, limiting its average speed, with a maximum speed of 240 km/h (150 mph) being reached on a small section of its route through 2475:. Spain began building the largest HSR network in Europe: as of 2011, five of the new lines have opened (Madrid–Zaragoza–Lleida–Tarragona–Barcelona, Córdoba–Malaga, Madrid–Toledo, Madrid–Segovia–Valladolid, Madrid–Cuenca–Valencia) and another 2,219 km (1,380 mi) were under construction. Opened in early 2013, the 896:

difficult for drivers to identify trackside signalling. Standard signaling equipment is often limited to speeds below 200 km/h (124 mph), with the traditional limits of 127 km/h (79 mph) in the US, 160 km/h (99 mph) in Germany and 125 mph (201 km/h) in Britain. Above those speeds

1896:, and passenger numbers increased. As of 2019 many of these trains are still in service, private operators have often preferred to rebuild the units with new engines rather than replace them. Prior to COVID-19, ridership of the UK's High Speed Intercity Services had exceeded 40 million journeys per annum. 1571: – outclassed the earlier fast trains in commercial service. They traversed the 515 km (320 mi) distance in 3 hours 10 minutes, reaching a top speed of 210 km/h (130 mph) and sustaining an average speed of 162.8 km/h (101.2 mph) with stops at Nagoya and Kyoto. 5990:

With high-speed rail there has been an increase in accessibility within cities. It allows for urban regeneration, accessibility in cities near and far, and efficient inter-city relationships. Better inter-city relationships lead to high-level services to companies, advanced technology, and marketing.

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has transferred over 360 million passengers until April 2013, and now Asia's third largest with 887 kilometres (551 miles) of rail lines. For any transportation involving travel above 300 km/h (186.4 mph), the KTX secured a market share of 57% over other modes of transport, which is by far

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On 6 February 2020, a high-speed train travelling at 300 km/h (190 mph) derailed at Livraga, Lombardy, Italy. The two drivers were killed and a number of passengers were injured. The cause as reported by investigators was that a faulty set of junction points was in the reverse position, but

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in Ankara Province, Turkey. Three cars (carriages/coaches) of the passenger train derailed in the collision. Three railroad engineers and five passengers were killed at the scene, and 84 people were injured. Another injured passenger later died, and 34 passengers, including two in critical condition,

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Noise and pollution: Major airports are heavy polluters, downwind of LAX particulate pollution doubles, even accounting for Port of LA/Long Beach shipping and heavy freeway traffic. Trains may run on renewable energy, and electric trains produce no local pollution in critical urban areas at any rate.

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In Japan, there is a so-called "4-hour wall" in high-speed rail's market share: If the high-speed rail journey time exceeds 4 hours, then people likely choose planes over high-speed rail. For instance, from Tokyo to Osaka, a 2h22m-journey by Shinkansen, high-speed rail has an 85% market share whereas

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hours (about 150–900 km or 93–559 mi), for which the train can beat air and car trip time. For trips under about 700 km (430 mi), the process of checking in and going through airport security, as well as travelling to and from the airport, makes the total air journey time equal to

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Mixing trains of vastly different speeds and/or stopping patterns on the same tracks drastically reduces capacity, so usually a temporal separation (e.g. freight trains use the high-speed line only at night when no or only a few passenger trains operate) is employed or the slower train has to wait at

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as land may have already been acquired for the construction of the other infrastructure. In addition to that, habitats of local wildlife are disrupted only once (by the combined rail/road right of way) instead of at multiple points. However, downsides include the fact that roads usually allow steeper

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in 2011, which was upgraded in 2013 to an average operational speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) and peak speed of 250 km/h (160 mph). The Talgo 250 service has been extended to Karshi as of August 2015 whereby the train travels 450 km (280 mi) in 3 hours. As of August 2016, the

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In the 1990s, China's domestic train production industry designed and produced a series of high-speed train prototypes but few were used in commercial operation and none were mass-produced. The Chinese Ministry of Railways (MOR) then arranged for the purchase of foreign high-speed trains from French,

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Germany's first high-speed lines ran north–south, for historical reasons, and later developed east–west after German unification. In the early 1900s, Germany became the first country to run a prototype electric train at speeds in excess of 200 km/h, and during the 1930s several steam and diesel

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The disaster led to a number of changes in management and exploitation of high-speed rail in China. Despite the fact that speed itself was not a factor in the cause of the accident, one of the major changes was to further lower the maximum speeds in high-speed and higher-speed railways in China, the

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On 23 July 2011, 13 years after the Eschede train accident, a Chinese CRH2 travelling at 100 km/h (62 mph) collided with a CRH1 which was stopped on a viaduct in the suburbs of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, China. The two trains derailed, and four cars fell off the viaduct. Forty people were

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High-speed rail usually implements electric power and therefore its energy sources can be distant or renewable. The usage of electric power in high-speed rails can thereby result in a reduction of air pollutants as shown in a case study on China's high-speed railways throughout its development. This

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High-speed rail can accommodate more passengers at far higher speeds than automobiles. Generally, the longer the journey, the better the time advantage of rail over the road if going to the same destination. However, high-speed rail can be competitive with cars on shorter distances, 0–150 kilometres

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European data indicate that air traffic is more sensitive than road traffic (car and bus) to competition from HSR, at least on journeys of 400 km (249 mi) and more. TGV Sud-Est reduced the travel time Paris–Lyon from almost four to about two hours. Market share rose from 40 to 72%. Air and

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While commercial high-speed trains have lower maximum speeds than jet aircraft, they offer shorter total trip times than air travel for short distances. They typically connect city centre rail stations to each other, while air transport connects airports that are typically farther from city centres.

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was inaugurated, with a 260 km/h (160 mph) top speed (then 270 km/h (170 mph) soon after). Being able to use both dedicated high-speed and conventional lines, the TGV offered the ability to join every city in the country at shorter journey times. After the introduction of the TGV

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In 1903 – 30 years before the conventional railways started to streamline their trains – the officials of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition organised the Electric Railway Test Commission to conduct a series of tests to develop a carbody design that would reduce wind resistance at high speeds. A long

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The criterion of 200 km/h (124 mph) is selected for several reasons; above this speed, the impacts of geometric defects are intensified, track adhesion is decreased, aerodynamic resistance is greatly increased, pressure fluctuations within tunnels cause passenger discomfort, and it becomes

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The UIC prefers to use "definitions" (plural) because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high-speed rail, nor even standard usage of the terms ("high speed", or "very high speed"). They make use of the European EC Directive 96/48, stating that high speed is a combination of

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Eight initial stations were built during the construction of the high-speed rail system: Taipei, Banqiao, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taichung, Chiayi, Tainan, and Zuoying (Kaohsiung). The line now has 12 total stations (Nangang, Taipei, Banqiao, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Taichung, Changhua, Yunlin, Chiayi,

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In July 2013, a high-speed train in Spain travelling at 190 km/h (120 mph) attempted to negotiate a curve whose speed limit is 80 km/h (50 mph). The train derailed and overturned, resulting in 78 fatalities. Normally high-speed rail has automatic speed limiting restrictions, but

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between Frankfurt and Cologne, are attractive for commuters as the housing prices are more affordable than in the central cities - even when taking into account the price of a yearly ticket for the train. Consequently, Montabaur has the highest per capita rate of Bahn Card 100 in Germany — a ticket

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The cost per kilometre in Spain was estimated at between €9 million (Madrid–Andalucía) and €22 million (Madrid–Valladolid). In Italy, the cost was between €24 million (Roma–Napoli) and €68 million (Bologna–Firenze). In the 2010s, costs per kilometre in France ranged from €18 million (BLP Brittany)

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In 1971, the "C03" project, now known as "TGV Sud-Est", was validated by the government, against Bertin's Aerotrain. Until this date, there was a rivalry between the French Land Settlement Commission (DATAR), supporting the Aérotrain, and the SNCF and its ministry, supporting conventional rail. The

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service between New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. The new service was inaugurated in 1969, with top speeds of 200 km/h (120 mph) and averaging 145 km/h (90 mph) along the route, with the travel time as little as 2 hours 30 minutes. In a 1967 competition with a GE

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After initial feasibility tests, the plan was fast-tracked and construction of the first section of the line started on 20 April 1959. In 1963, on the new track, test runs hit a top speed of 256 km/h (159 mph). Five years after the beginning of the construction work, in October 1964, just

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After the breakthrough of electric railroads, it was clearly the infrastructure – especially the cost of it – which hampered the introduction of high-speed rail. Several disasters happened – derailments, head-on collisions on single-track lines, collisions with road traffic at grade crossings, etc.

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High-speed rail is the fastest and most efficient ground-based method of commercial transportation. However, due to requirements for large track curves, gentle gradients and grade separated track the construction of high-speed rail is more costly than conventional rail and therefore does not always

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network. In 2000, the Shinkansen was responsible for about 85% of the cumulative world ridership up to that point. This has been progressively surpassed by the Chinese high-speed rail network, which has been the largest contributor of global ridership growth since its inception. As of 2018, annual

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province killed 40 and injured 195, raising concerns about operational safety. A credit crunch later that year slowed the construction of new lines. In July 2011, top train speeds were lowered to 300 km/h (190 mph). But by 2012, the high-speed rail boom had renewed with new lines and new

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In 1975, a program for a widespread updating of the rolling stock was launched. However, as it was decided to put more emphasis on local traffic, this caused a shifting of resources from the ongoing high-speed projects, with their subsequent slowing or, in some cases, total abandonment. Therefore,

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trainsets under the brand name of High Speed Train (HST). It was the fastest diesel-powered train in regular service and it improved upon its 160 km/h (100 mph) forerunners in speed and acceleration. As of 2019 it is still in regular service as the fastest diesel-powered train. The train

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China has the largest network of high-speed railways in the world. As of 2022 it encompassed over 40,000 kilometres (25,000 miles) of high-speed rail or over two-thirds of the world's total. It is also the world's busiest with an annual ridership of over 1.44 billion in 2016 and 2.01 billion in

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HSR is much simpler to control due to its predictable course. High-speed rail systems reduce (but do not eliminate) collisions with automobiles or people, by using non-grade level track and eliminating grade-level crossings. To date, the only three deadly accidents involving a high-speed train on

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Comfort: High-speed trains also have comfort advantages, since train passengers are allowed to move freely about the train at any point in the journey. Since airlines have complicated calculations to try to minimise weight to save fuel or to allow takeoff at certain runway lengths, rail seats are

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electric locomotives, and began to study and evaluate running at higher speeds. In 1954, the CC 7121 hauling a full train achieved a record 243 km/h (151 mph) during a test on standard track. The next year, two specially tuned electric locomotives, the CC 7107 and the prototype BB 9004,

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came to a rest in the canal, while the remainder of the train came to a rest in the grassy median between the northern and southern tracks. Approximately 50 people were on board, consisting of SNCF technicians and, reportedly, some unauthorised guests. Eleven were killed and 37 were injured. The

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gives a maximum capacity of 2,250 passenger cars per hour per lane, excluding other vehicles, assuming an average vehicle occupancy of 1.57 people. A standard twin track railway has a typical capacity 13% greater than a 6-lane highway (3 lanes each way), while requiring only 40% of the land

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On 23 October 1903, the S&H-equipped railcar achieved a speed of 206.7 km/h (128.4 mph) and on 27 October the AEG-equipped railcar achieved 210.2 km/h (130.6 mph). These trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high-speed rail; however, regularly scheduled electric

2783:. The maglev train service began operating in 2004 with trains reaching a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph), and remains the fastest high-speed service in the world. Maglev, however, was not adopted nationally and all subsequent expansion features high-speed rail on conventional tracks. 1586:

After three years, more than 100 million passengers had used the trains, and the milestone of the first one billion passengers was reached in 1976. In 1972, the line was extended a further 161 km (100 mi), and further construction has resulted in the network expanding to 2,951 km

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project to reduce the running time between the two big cities to ten hours by using electric 160 km/h (99 mph) locomotives. After seven years of effort, however, less than 50 km (31 mi) of arrow-straight track was finished. A part of the line is still used as one of the last

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France has 2,800 kilometres (1,700 miles) of high-speed rail lines, making it one of the largest network in Europe and the world. Market segmentation has principally focused on the business travel market. The French original focus on business travellers is reflected by the early design of the

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and the result has been a rapid development of the Chinese rail system into the world's most extensive high-speed rail network. By 2013 the system had 11,028 km (6,852 mi) of operational track, accounting for about half of the world's total at the time. By the end of 2018, the total

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in the early-mid 20th century. Speed had always been an important factor for railroads and they constantly tried to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. Rail transportation in the late 19th century was not much slower than non-high-speed trains today, and many railroads regularly

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Ability to serve multiple stops: An airplane spends significant amounts of time loading and unloading cargo and/or passengers as well as landing, taxiing and starting again. Trains spend only a few minutes stopping at intermediate stations, often greatly enhancing the business case at little

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HSR eliminated air transport from routes such as Paris–Lyon, Paris–Brussels, Cologne–Frankfurt, Nanjing–Wuhan, Chongqing–Chengdu, Taipei–Kaohsiung, Tokyo–Nagoya, Tokyo–Sendai and Tokyo–Niigata, while also greatly reducing air traffic on routes such as Amsterdam–Brussels, Barcelona-Madrid and

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states that high-speed rail is a set of unique features, not merely a train travelling above a particular speed. Many conventionally hauled trains are able to reach 200 km/h (124 mph) in commercial service but are not considered to be high-speed trains. These include the French

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Weather: Rail travel also requires less weather dependency than air travel. A well-designed and operated rail system can only be affected by severe weather conditions, such as heavy snow, heavy fog, and major storm. Flights however, often face cancellations or delays under less severe

1662:, northwest of Shanghai. A prototype vehicle was developed in 2019 and was tested in June 2020. In July 2021 a four car train was unveiled. A high-speed test track is under development and in April 2021 there was consideration given to re-opening the Emsland test facility in Germany. 3862:

Short range advantages: Trains may be preferred in short to mid-range distances since rail stations are typically closer to urban centers than airports. Likewise, air travel needs longer distances to have a speed advantage after accounting for both processing time and transit to the

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express trains (the three reaching 125 mph (201 km/h)) are currently the only high-speed services on the American continent according to the American definition, although they are not considered high-speed by international standards. These services are all limited to the

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planes have 15%. From Tokyo to Hiroshima, a 3h44m-journey by Shinkansen, high-speed rail has a 67% market share whereas planes have 33%. The situation is the reverse on the Tokyo to Fukuoka route where high-speed rail takes 4h47m and rail only has 10% market share and planes 90%.

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prototype 02 reached 345 km/h (214 mph) on a half-scale experimental track. In 1969, it achieved 422 km/h (262 mph) on the same track. On 5 March 1974, the full-scale commercial prototype Aérotrain I80HV, jet powered, reached 430 km/h (270 mph).

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In China, many conventional lines upgraded up to 200 km/h had high-speed services shifted to parallel high-speed lines. These lines, often passing through towns and having level crossings, are still used for local trains and freight trains. For example, all (passenger)

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grades and sharper turns than high-speed rail lines and thus co-locating them may not always be suitable. Moreover, both roads and railways often make use of narrow river valleys or mountain passes which do not allow a lot of infrastructure to be sited next to each other.

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began in 1992. The Seoul–Busan corridor is Korea's busiest running between the two largest cities. In 1982, it represented 65.8% of South Korea's population, a number that grew to 73.3% by 1995, along with 70% of freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic. With both the

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used in most of the national railway network, meaning that the high-speed tracks are separated and not shared with local trains or freight. Although standard gauge is the norm for Spanish high-speed rail, since 2011 there exists a regional high-speed service running on

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all have maximum speed limits of 125 mph (201 km/h). Attempts to increase speeds to 140 mph (225 km/h) on both the West Coast Main Line and East Coast Main Line were abandoned in the 1980s, due to trains operating on those lines not being capable of

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Over 100 million passengers used the Frecciarossa from the service introduction up to the first months of 2012. The high-speed rail system serves about 20 billion passenger-km per year as of 2016. Italian high-speed services are profitable without government funding.

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was the first bullet train and reaches a cumulative ridership of 6 billion passengers with zero passenger fatalities due to operational accidents (as of 2003), now it is second largest high-speed rail in Asia with 2,664 kilometres (1,655 miles) of rail lines.

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The infrastructure is fixed hence the services provided are limited and can not be changed in response to changing market conditions. However, for passengers this can present an advantage as services are less likely to be withdrawn from railways compared to flight

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Travel by rail is more competitive in areas of higher population density or where gasoline is expensive because conventional trains are more fuel-efficient than cars when ridership is high, similar to other forms of mass transit. Very few high-speed trains consume

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were completed in December 2009. All these lines are designed for speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph). Since then, it is possible to travel from Turin to Salerno (ca. 950 km (590 mi)) in less than 5 hours. More than 100 trains per day are operated.

3900:: HSR does not need to spend time deicing as planes do, which is time-consuming but critical; it can dent airline profitability as planes remain on the ground and pay airport fees by the hour, as well as take up parking space and contributing to congestive delays. 1430:, and the Japanese government began thinking about ways to transport people in and between cities. Because Japan was resource limited and did not want to import petroleum for security reasons, energy-efficient high-speed rail was an attractive potential solution. 1188:

Further development allowed the usage of these "Fliegenden Züge" (flying trains) on a rail network across Germany. The "Diesel-Schnelltriebwagen-Netz" (diesel high-speed-vehicle network) had been in the planning since 1934 but it never reached its envisaged size.

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was launched on 1 April 2004, using French (TGV) technology. Top speed for trains in regular service is currently 305 km/h (190 mph), though the infrastructure is designed for 350 km/h (220 mph). The initial rolling stock was based on

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in Chengdu, the design uses high-temperature super conducting magnets, which the university has been researching since 2000, and is capable of 620 km/h (390 mph). A prototype was demonstrated in January 2021 on a 165 m (180 yd) test

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high-speed trains. Countries whose legacy network is entirely or mostly of a different gauge than 1435mm – including Japan and Spain – have however often opted to build their high speed lines to standard gauge instead of the legacy railway gauge.

1298:, designed for 200 km/h (120 mph), between Bologna and Naples. It too reached 160 km/h (99 mph) in commercial service, and achieved a world mean speed record of 203 km/h (126 mph) between Florence and Milan in 1938. 1173:, with a regular top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). Incidentally no train service since the cancelation of this express train in 1939 has traveled between the two cities in a faster time as of 2018. In August 2019, the travel time between 4877:. The speed of the service was reduced in 2011 due to high costs and safety concerns the top speeds in China were reduced to 300 km/h (186 mph) on 1 July 2011. Six years later they started to be restored to their original high speeds. 3040:

As of 2022, there are no operational high-speed rail lines in Egypt. Plans have been announced for three lines, aiming to connect the Nile river valley, the Mediterranean coast, and the Red Sea. Construction had started on at least two lines.

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As the infrastructure can be extremely expensive, it is not possible to create a direct route between every major city. This means that a train might be transiting or stopping in intermediate stations, increasing the length and duration of a

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Urban centers: Particularly for dense city centers, short-hop air travel may not be ideal to serve these areas as airports tend to be far out of the city, due to land scarcity, short runway limitations, building heights, as well as airspace

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of about 200 km/h (124 mph) on existing lines which have been specially upgraded. This must apply to at least one section of the line. Rolling stock must be able to reach a speed of at least 200 km/h to be considered high

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was adopted for high-speed service. With the sole exceptions of Russia, Finland, and Uzbekistan all high-speed rail lines in the world are still standard gauge, even in countries where the preferred gauge for legacy lines is different.

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is still in use, almost 110 years after P&W in 1907 opened their double-track Upper Darby–Strafford line without a single grade crossing with roads or other railways. The entire line was governed by an absolute block signal system.

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Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h, but with some sections having a lower allowable speed (for example due to topographic constraints, or passage through urban

5354:). The system lowered prices on long-distance travel to compete more effectively with air services, and as a result some cities within an hour of Paris by TGV have become commuter communities, increasing the market while restructuring 5108:. Commercial operations had been suspended from 30 Jan, 2020 to 15 Jan, 2023 owing to the COVID-19 outbreak. Parts of the West Kowloon station are not under the jurisdiction of Hong Kong to facilitate co-location of border clearance. 1469:

trains at 145 km/h (90 mph), giving the Odakyu engineers confidence they could safely and reliably build even faster trains at standard gauge. Conventional Japanese railways up until that point had largely been built in the

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was chosen, and fitted, to support 200 km/h (120 mph) rather than 140 km/h (87 mph). Some improvements were set, notably the signals system, development of on board "in-cab" signalling system, and curve revision.

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In China, high-speed lines at speeds between 200 and 250 km/h (124 and 155 mph) may carry freight or passengers, while lines operating at speeds over 300 km/h (186 mph) are used only by passenger CRH/CR trains.

1444:

Electric traction study department). JNR engineers returned to Japan with a number of ideas and technologies they would use on their future trains, including alternating current for rail traction, and international standard gauge.

4021:. Shinkansen trains have anti-derailment devices installed under passenger cars, which do not strictly prevent derailment, but prevent the train from travelling a large distance away from train tracks in case a derailment occurs. 4056:

In 1998, after over thirty years of high-speed rail operations worldwide without fatal accidents, the Eschede accident occurred in Germany: a poorly designed ICE 1 wheel fractured at a speed of 200 km/h (124 mph) near

2757:

high-speed railway (HSR) in China had risen to over 29,000 kilometres (18,000 miles). Over 1.71 billion trips were made in 2017, more than half of China's total railway passenger delivery, making it the world's busiest network.

1068:

which run from city to city) of the early 20th century were very high-speed for their time (also Europe had and still does have some interurbans). Several high-speed rail technologies have their origin in the interurban field.

11118:

It is reported that in order to unleash the freight capacity of the Handan Railway and take advantage of the high-speed rail transportation, all the EMU trains running on the Handan Railway will be transferred to the Han-Dan

3409:

offers express deliveries within Germany as well as to some major cities outside the country on the ICE network. Rather than using dedicated freight trains, these use luggage racks and other unused space in passenger trains.

2922:, achieved 421.4 km/h (261.8 mph) in 2013, making South Korea the world's fourth country after France, Japan, and China to develop a high-speed train running on conventional rail above 420 km/h (260 mph). 130:. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, lines built to handle speeds above 250 km/h (155 mph) or upgraded lines in excess of 200 km/h (125 mph) are widely considered to be high-speed. 4844:

Many of these trains and their networks are technically capable of higher speeds but they are capped out of economic and commercial considerations (cost of electricity, increased maintenance, resulting ticket price, etc.)

9274: 2138: 5049:

The improved mobility and interconnectivity created by these new high-speed rail lines has generated a whole new high-speed commuter market around some urban areas. Commutes via high-speed rail to and from surrounding

1545:, was opened between the two cities; a 510 km (320 mi) line between Tokyo and Ōsaka. As a result of its speeds, the Shinkansen earned international publicity and praise, and it was dubbed the "bullet train." 9300: 4080:

remaining 350 km/h (217 mph) becoming 300, 250 km/h (155 mph) becoming 200, and 200 km/h (124 mph) becoming 160. Six years later they started to be restored to their original high speeds.

10427: 5837:, which was made a legal requirement in the UK for tracks permitted to operate any service at speeds greater than 125 mph (201 km/h), due to the impracticality of observing lineside signals at such speeds. 4956: 1318:

at 202.58 km/h (125.88 mph). The external combustion engines and boilers on steam locomotives were large, heavy and time and labor-intensive to maintain, and the days of steam for high speed were numbered.

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A true dedicated high-speed rail network was developed during the 1980s and the 1990s, and 1,000 km (621 mi) of high-speed rail were fully operational by 2010. Frecciarossa services are operated with

1741:

After the successful introduction of the Japanese Shinkansen in 1964, at 210 km/h (130 mph), the German demonstrations up to 200 km/h (120 mph) in 1965, and the proof-of-concept jet-powered

1590:

Since their introduction, Japan's Shinkansen systems have been undergoing constant improvement, not only increasing line speeds. Over a dozen train models have been produced, addressing diverse issues such as

1154:(286 km or 178 mi), thereby achieving a new top speed for a regular service, with a top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). This train was a streamlined multi-powered unit, albeit diesel, and used 1331:, developed a streamlined, articulated train that was able to run on existing tracks at higher speeds than contemporary passenger trains. This was achieved by providing the locomotive and cars with a unique 2361:

in 1981 at 380 km/h (240 mph), in 1990 at 515 km/h (320 mph), and then in 2007 at 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph), although these were test speeds, rather than operation train speeds.

2146: 1105:

from Cincinnati Car Company and a some other interurban rail cars reached about 145 km/h (90 mph) in commercial traffic. The Red Devils weighed only 22 tons though they could seat 44 passengers.

3887:

when adverse wind conditions arise. Trains can also accommodate intermediate stops at lower time and energetic costs than planes, though this applies less to HSR than to the slower conventional trains.

3733:

to the airport (42 km) rise to 51% in 2014, compared to 17% for buses and 28% for private cars and taxis. On such short lines−particularly services which call at stations close to one another−the

2330:

was developed for testing at very high speeds, reaching a speed of 306 km/h (190 mph). It was used to develop pantographs capable of withstanding speeds of over 300 km/h (190 mph).

1899:

The next year, in 1977, Germany finally introduced a new service at 200 km/h (120 mph), on the Munich–Augsburg line. That same year, Italy inaugurated the first European High-Speed line, the

1264:

between New York and Chicago since the late 1940s and it consistently reached 161 km/h (100 mph) in its service life. These were the last "high-speed" trains to use steam power. In 1936, the

3564:, China's largest airline, expects the construction of China's high-speed railway network to impact (through increased competition and falling revenues) 25% of its route network in the coming years. 3353:

All high-speed trains have been designed to carry passengers only. There are very few high-speed freight services in the world; they all use trains that were originally designed to carry passengers.

8179: 2471:

In 2005, the Spanish Government announced an ambitious plan, (PEIT 2005–2020) envisioning that by 2020, 90 percent of the population would live within 50 km (30 mi) of a station served by

1529:) would provide a new alignment, 25% wider standard gauge utilising continuously welded rails between Tokyo and Osaka with new rolling stock, designed for 250 km/h (160 mph). However, the 10062: 7727: 2150: 6258: 5477:

trainset. After the Second World War and the fall of the fascist regime, interest in high-speed rail dwindled, with the successive governments considering it too costly and developing the tilting

9519: 3930:

Energy: high-speed trains are more fuel-efficient per passenger space offered than planes. Furthermore, they usually run on electricity, which can be produced from a wider range of sources than

3647: 1335:

system that used one axle set per car end, connected by a Y-bar coupler. Amongst other advantages, the centre of mass was only half as high as usual. This system became famous under the name of

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cancelled all its Europe-bound flights during summer due to heat. high-speed rail may complement airport operations during hot hours when takeoffs become uneconomical or otherwise problematic.

10617: 3741:

has been enabled by high-speed rail with commuters covering distances by rail daily that they would not usually by car. Furthermore, stations in less densely populated areas within the larger

2764:, was built in 1999 and opened to commercial operation in 2003. This line could accommodate commercial trains running at up to 200 km/h (120 mph). Planners also considered Germany's 9635: 8068: 5319:

In Europe, several nations are interconnected with cross-border high-speed rail, such as London-Paris, Paris-Brussel-Rotterdam, Madrid-Perpignan, and other future connecting projects exist.

4000:. On the other hand, trees next to rail lines can often become a hazard during leaf-fall seasons, with several German media calling for trees to be cut down following autumn storms in 2017. 2941:'s first and only HSR line opened for service on 5 January 2007, using Japanese trains with a top speed of 300 km/h (190 mph). The service traverses 345 km (214 mi) from 8342: 3425:

has inclines up to 40‰. If a high-speed line through even somewhat hilly terrain is to be usable for freight, expensive engineered structures will need to be built, as is the case with the

1226:, at 124 km/h (77 mph) with peaks at 185 km/h (115 mph). The Zephyr was made of stainless steel and, like the Fliegender Hamburger, was diesel powered, articulated with 7647: 1260:, which was designed to be capable of hauling 1200 tons passenger trains at 161 km/h (100 mph). The S1 engine was assigned to power the popular all-coach overnight premier train 10958:

Xiao, Fan; Zhou, Yong; Deng, Weipeng; Gu, Hengyu (April 2020). "Did high-speed rail affect the entry of automobile industry start-ups? Empirical evidence from Guangdong Province, China".

4701:

Since the 1955 record, where France recorded a world record of speed of 331 km/h, France has nearly continuously held the absolute world speed record. The latest record is held by a

7373: 2823: 4181:

Comparison of high-speed rail and airlines, by year: annual passengers worldwide (in millions). Only systems with 200 km/h (124 mph) service speeds or higher are considered.

1892:

was as a reversible multi-car set having driving power-cars at both ends and a fixed formation of passenger cars between them. Journey times were reduced by an hour for example on the

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The Metroliner was able to travel from New York to Washington in just 2.5 hours because it did not make any intermediate stops, Metroliner Timetable, Penn Central, 26 October 1969,

5016:

2018, more than 60% of total passenger rail volume. By the end of 2018, cumulative passengers delivered by high-speed railway trains was reported to be over 9 billion. According to

4929:

train (2,653 kilometres or 1,648 miles, 10 hours 43 minutes to 14 hours 54 minutes), which began service on 28 December 2016, are the longest high-speed rail services in the world.

3890:

Delays: On particular busy air-routes – those that HSR has historically been most successful on – trains are also less prone to delays due to congested airports, or in the case of

3417:

sees weekly freight services. However, high speed lines tend to be steeper than regular (non-mountain) railways, which poses a problem for most freight trains as they have a lower

1378:

which enabled safe running at high speeds today. Research was also made about "current harnessing" at high-speed by the pantographs, which was solved 20 years later by the Zébulon

9579: 9278: 11206: 5710:

High-speed north–south freight lines in Switzerland are under construction, avoiding slow mountainous truck traffic, and lowering labour costs. The new lines, in particular the

5432:. The 512 km (318 miles) route is covered in 3 to 4 hours with trains reaching speeds of up to 250 km/h (160 miles/h). The 180 km (112 mile) line from Athens to 5633:, Serbia's northernmost city. The work is expected to be finished until the end of 2024, with an anticipated travel time between Belgrade and Subotica being around 70 minutes. 9304: 8104: 7868: 5473:

railways connecting major cities on dedicated electrified high-speed track (although at speeds lower to what today would be considered high-speed rail) and developed the fast

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at a maximum top speed of 270 kilometers per hour (170 mph), between 1984 and 2015. The trainsets were either specifically adapted and built, either converted, passenger

3364:

were planning for freight services along the route. This plan was discarded before the line opened, but since 2019 light freight has been carried on some Shinkansen services.

10431: 10227: 9976: 8817: 7959: 6216:

Nikolaos, Demiridis; Christos, Pyrgidis (2012). "An Overview of High-Speed Railway Systems in Revenue Service Around the World at the End of 2010 and New Links Envisaged".

5228:, which allows trains to reach up to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) with 600 kilometres (370 miles) of rail lines. There are also electrified extensions at lower speeds to 5365:, the LGV Est, and most high-speed lines in France, were designed as feeder routes branching into conventional rail lines, serving a larger number of medium-sized cities. 7903: 4857:

reaches 431 km/h (268 mph) during its daily service on its 30.5 km (19.0 mi) dedicated line, holding the speed record for commercial train service.

2530:

in the Bosphorus. The first connection between two continents in the world as a high-speed train line was made in Istanbul. The last station of this line in Europe is

5521:

trains may attain 200 kilometres per hour (120 miles per hour). A velocity of 210 kilometres per hour (130 miles per hour) is permitted on the 42 kilometres (26 miles)

4323:

High-speed rail ridership in the world. Data is from UIC Statistics unless otherwise specified. Only countries with more than 5 million passengers a year are included.

2664:

started operations along part of its route in early 2018. The top speed is 201 km/h (125 mph) but most of the line still runs at 127 km/h (79 mph).

13894: 10479: 1015:

The physical laws were well-known, i.e. if the speed was doubled, the curve radius should be quadrupled; the same was true for the acceleration and braking distances.

13459: 7041: 5361:

On the Paris–Lyon service, the number of passengers grew sufficiently to justify the introduction of double-decker coaches. Later high-speed rail lines, such as the

3390:

trainsets to carry goods at average speeds of 180 km/h (110 mph), at first between Caserta and Bologna, with plans to extend the network throughout Italy.

8525: 6003:) was closed in 2018, due to a mix of issues, including poor ridership and track sharing. The AREX was not constructed as high-speed rail, resulting a cap of 150 9753: 7071: 6965: 5805:. At speeds of up to 300 km/h (186 mph), it is the only high-speed line in Britain with an operating speed of more than 125 mph (201 km/h). 13900: 1533:, whilst supporting the project, considered the design of the equipment as unproven for that speed, and set the maximum speed to 210 km/h (130 mph). 9527: 3345:

to €26 million (Sud Europe Atlantique). The World Bank estimated in 2019 that the Chinese HSR network was built at an average cost of $ 17–21 million per km.

3293:

to be achieved from such a setup as noise mitigation measures for the road benefit the railway and vice versa and furthermore less land must be taken through

13385: 8439: 7566: 7198: 3429:

which contains the longest and the second longest mainline rail tunnel in Germany and altogether runs on tunnels or bridges for roughly half of its length.

2280:

was signed for the construction of two gas-turbine high-speed train prototypes, named "TGV 001". The prototype consisted of a set of five carriages, plus a

10505: 9020: 10746: 10073: 7738: 7403: 2583:

and replace the then 30-year-old Metro liners with new trains, so that the distance between Boston and New York City could be covered in 3 hours or less.

1440:'s Electrotechnology Congress in France, and during a 6-month visit, the head engineer of JNR accompanied the deputy director Marcel Tessier at the DETE ( 6444: 6417: 2787:

German, and Japanese manufacturers along with certain technology transfers and joint ventures with domestic trainmakers. In 2007, the MOR introduced the

8090: 6813: 915:

Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long-distance passenger traffic until the development of the

13784: 8875: 7836: 7621: 3671:

starting operations. Completion of the high-speed railway in 2007 led to drastically fewer flights along the island's west coast, with flights between

11050:

Dong, Xiaofang; Zheng, Siqi; Kahn, Matthew E. (January 2020). "The role of transportation speed in facilitating high skilled teamwork across cities".

9557: 9237: 7242: 4172:

High-speed rail ridership has been increasing rapidly since 2000. At the beginning of the century, the largest share of ridership was on the Japanese

3996:

Airplanes and airstrips require trees to be cut down, as they are a nuisance to pilots. Some 3,000 trees will be chopped due to obstruction issues at

3761:, which provides capacity for 12 trains per hour and 800 passengers per train, totaling 9,600 passengers per hour in each direction. By contrast, the 2041:, were also updated for speeds up to 200 km/h (125 mph). The braking systems of cars were updated to match the increased travelling speeds. 13944: 8059: 7103: 1981:. The version ETR 500 Y1 achieved 362 km/h (225 mph) on the Bologna-Florence line on 4 February 2009, a new world speed record in a tunnel. 1245: 11116:[Officially opened to traffic! Today, many counties and cities in Hubei bid farewell to the absence of high-speed rail!]. 29 November 2019. 9436: 6744: 5544:

The Follo Line southwards from Oslo, a 22-kilometre-long (14-mile) line Oslo–Ski on the Østfold Line, mainly in tunnel, planned to be ready in 2021.

3859:

can be increased by travel to/from far out airports, check-in, baggage handling, security, and boarding, which may also increase cost to air travel.

10923:

Xiao, Fan; Wang, Jiaoe; Du, Delin (18 January 2022). "High-speed rail heading for innovation: the impact of HSR on intercity technology transfer".

10008: 9100: 8835: 8365: 8294: 7876: 7764: 5768: 9920: 8643: 8606: 7125: 12384: 8903: 7657: 6255: 10639: 7679: 6115: 5210:

Tainan and Zuoying) as of August 2018. There is a planned and approved extension to Yilan and Pingtung, which are set to enter service by 2030.

1757:

consulted engineers and gave the French National Railways twelve months to raise speeds to 200 km/h (120 mph). The classic line Paris–

5951:

trains travel the whole of the same route, but make more station stops. All other high-speed rail services travel over portions of the route.

5581:

in Russia, which would allow 3-day Far East to Europe service for freight, potentially fitting in between the months by ship and hours by air.

3652:

According to this formula, a journey time of three hours yields a 65% market share, not taking into account any price differential in tickets.

1030:

proposed a high-speed line from Vienna to Budapest for electric railcars at 250 km/h (160 mph). In 1893 Wellington Adams proposed an

10098: 5550:

The Farriseidet project, 14.3 kilometres (8.9 miles) between Larvik and Porsgrunn on the Vestfold Line, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 miles) in tunnel.

10198: 7813: 7308: 5436:

is also being upgraded to high speed with an expected completion by 2026. The route between Athens and Thessaloniki was previously among the

4896:

with a maximum commercial speed of 320 km/h (199 mph), the former two on some French high-speed lines, and the latter on a part of

3167: 2326:

in 1974), a ministry decision switched the future TGV from now costly gas-turbine to full electric energy in 1974. An electric railcar named

8236: 5655:

Spain has built an extensive high-speed rail network, with a length of 3,622 km (2,251 mi) (2021), the longest in Europe. It uses

5469:

During the 1920s and 1930s, Italy was one of the first countries to develop the technology for high-speed rail. The country constructed the

3725:(0–90 mi), for example for commuting, especially if the car users experience road congestion or expensive parking fees. In Norway, the 2464:

trainsets built by Alstom, directly derived in design from the French TGV trains. The service was very popular and development continued on

14553: 14313: 10125: 8308: 8135: 5882:" for speeds up to 150 mph (240 km/h) and "very high-speed rail" for the rail on dedicated tracks with speeds over 150 mph. 2476: 2333:

After intensive tests with the gas-turbine "TGV 001" prototype, and the electric "Zébulon", in 1977, the SNCF placed an order to the group

2130: 1826: 8273: 8152: 7381: 7220: 4144:

On 13 December 2018, a high-speed passenger train travelling at 80–90 kilometres per hour (50–56 mph) and a locomotive collided near

3478:

Key technologies used in high-speed train rolling stock include tilting trainsets, aerodynamic designs (to reduce drag, lift, and noise),

14548: 14359: 14343: 14150: 9501: 5454: 5225: 3958:

HSR is affected by topography of the terrain as crossing mountain ranges or large bodies of water requires expensive tunnels and bridges.

2745: 2482:

As of May 2023, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,966 km (2,464 mi) and the

1978: 1782:

locomotives hauling classic UIC cars, and a full red livery. It averaged 119 km/h (74 mph) over the 713 km (443 mi).

1047: 9587: 7929: 1611:, problems due to snow, and energy consumption (newer trains are twice as energy-efficient as the initial ones despite greater speeds). 868:

Average running speed across the corridor in excess of 150 km/h (93 mph), or 200 km/h (124 mph) for very high-speed.

14584: 14338: 14155: 13529: 11329: 9840: 7286: 5249:

In November 2007, the Moroccan government decided to undertake the construction of a high-speed rail line between the economic capital

3757:

Moreover, a typical passenger rail carries 2.83 times as many passengers per hour per meter width as a road. A typical capacity is the

3422: 3054:

In November 2007, the Moroccan government decided to undertake the construction of a high-speed rail line between the economic capital

2985:. Once THSR began operations, almost all passengers switched from airlines flying parallel routes while road traffic was also reduced. 2914:, which achieved 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) in tests, resulted in a second type of high-speed trains now operated by Korail, the 2835: 2761: 14348: 10855: 4996:). In European and East Asian countries, dense networks of urban subways and railways provide connections with high-speed rail lines. 3426: 3286: 2404: 14559: 14498: 14353: 13587: 12696: 2126: 2045: 2034: 2030: 2023: 14569: 11297: 10142: 7880: 5138:

with an operational speed of 350 km/h (217 mph). Operations commenced in October 2023. It is the first high-speed rail in

3875:

also less subject to weight restrictions than on planes, and as such may have more padding and legroom. Technology advances such as

13954: 11095: 10223: 9986: 9034: 8814: 7963: 7309:"Strategic Infrastructures and Transport Plan (PEIT) – Strategic Infrastructures and Transport Plan (PEIT) – Ministerio de Fomento" 5413: 5270: 4968:

The early high-speed lines, built in France, Japan, Italy and Spain, were between pairs of large cities. In France, this was Paris–

4035:

In general, travel by high-speed rail has been demonstrated to be remarkably safe. The first high-speed rail network, the Japanese

3997: 3171: 3075: 2676:

was the only high-speed rail service outside of Europe. In the 2000s a number of new high-speed rail services started operating in

2269:

began to study high-speed services. In 1964, the DETMT (petrol-engine traction studies department of SNCF) investigated the use of

2212:

section has been opened to passenger traffic; the Milan-Genoa high-speed line (Terzo Valico dei Giovi) is also under construction.

729: 721: 8031: 7988: 6554: 1627:

After decades of research and successful testing on a 43 km (27 mi) test track, in 2014 JR Central began constructing a

14574: 14543: 14416: 14364: 14067: 13949: 13918: 13889: 13884: 9638:[Train derailed, the causes of the accident: «A set of points opened by mistake»] (in Italian). Corriere. 7 February 2020 5031: 4866: 2843: 2710: 2441: 2122: 2118: 1219: 14564: 14128: 8668:"The Hokkaido Shinkansen that couldn't break the "4 hour wall"! Do customers flow to the plane with a difference of 2 minutes?" 8416: 1121:(P&W). They were capable of running at 148 km/h (92 mph). Some of them were almost 60 years in service. P&W's 865:

Maximum achievable running speed in excess of 200 km/h (124 mph), or 250 km/h (155 mph) for very high-speed,

14579: 14369: 14118: 13777: 13711: 13536: 9204: 9115: 7907: 6243:

1910: The Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, Mexico, and Cuba

5089: 4874: 3315: 2810:

set a world record for average speed over an entire trip, at 312.5 km/h (194.2 mph) over 968 kilometres (601 miles).

2807: 1579:

Speed was not only a part of the Shinkansen revolution: the Shinkansen offered high-speed rail travel to the masses. The first

1436:(JNR) engineers began to study the development of a high-speed regular mass transit service. In 1955, they were present at the 802: 775: 5864:

defines high-speed rail as services "reasonably expected to reach sustained speeds of more than 125 mph (201 km/h)",

3078:, was completed in 2018. Future projects include expansions south to Marrakech and Agadir, and east to Meknes, Fes and Oujda. 850:

Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h (124 mph).

14737: 14608: 14436: 14379: 14374: 14332: 13716: 13626: 12306: 11186: 10721: 6799: 6774: 6200: 5780: 4904: 2799: 2780: 1851: 1311: 725: 277: 10830: 10483: 7526: 861:

A third definition of high-speed and very high-speed rail requires simultaneous fulfilment of the following two conditions:

844:

New tracks specially constructed for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 250 km/h (155 mph).

196:

In addition to these, many other countries have developed high-speed rail infrastructure to connect major cities, including

14426: 14421: 13486: 12298: 10618:"OVO JE NOVI RED VOŽNJE NA BRZOJ PRUZI! "Sokolom" 64 puta dnevno iz Beograda i Novog Sada - PROMOTIVNA CENA DO KRAJA MAJA!" 10313: 5851: 5437: 5219: 4926: 2543: 2015: 1901: 1865: 953:

joined with ten electrical and engineering firms and electrified 72 km (45 mi) of military owned railway between

717: 281: 166: 9945: 8986: 6889: 6835: 14431: 14123: 13939: 13814: 13747: 10572: 10453: 9706: 6584: 6079: 6020: 5566: 4944: 3598: 3093: 2209: 10779: 10662: 10255: 9757: 6242: 5958:

project, eventually linking the 5 largest cities in California, is planned to have its first operating segment, between

5517:

As of 2015, Norway's fastest trains have a commercial top speed of 210 kilometres per hour (130 miles per hour) and the

1917:

hauled train at 200 km/h (120 mph). In France this year also saw the abandonment for political reasons of the

14538: 14456: 14446: 14441: 13669: 11254: 10888:

Garmendia, Maddi; Ribalaygua, Cecilia; Ureña, José María (1 December 2012). "High speed rail: implication for cities".

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trains. Pleasure travel was a secondary market; now many of the French extensions connect with vacation beaches on the

5101: 3716:

in generator technology and trains themselves, as well as lower air friction and rolling resistance at the same speed.

3697: 3257:

is generally used to reduce track vibrations and misalignment. Almost all high-speed lines are electrically driven via

1094: 229: 17: 10340: 7063: 5493:

non-tilting trains at 25kVAC, 50 Hz power. The operational speed of the service is 300 km/h (186 mph).

4873:

trains held the highest commercial operating speed record with 350 km/h (217 mph) on some lines such as the

3961:

HSR is costly due to required specialized infrastructure as well as advanced technologies and multiple safety systems.

3783: 3696:

but the power stations that provide electric trains with electricity can consume fossil fuels. In Japan (prior to the

829:

Rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility, safety and quality of service.

13770: 11216: 11147: 5540:

Some parts of the trunk railways around Oslo are renewed and built for 250 kilometres per hour (160 miles per hour):

5281:

Plans in Saudi Arabia to begin service on a high-speed line consist of a phased opening starting with the route from

5130:

Indonesia operates a 142.8 kilometres (88.7 miles) high-speed rail line connecting its two largest cities in Western

4089: 2753: 2749: 1252:

service, hauled at 160 km/h (99 mph) by steam locomotives. In 1939, the largest railroad of the world, the

1118: 9662: 9189: 9049: 8472: 7464: 6154: 13824: 13793: 13405: 12511: 12430: 11476: 10596:"Vodič za građane koji redovno putuju vozom Soko na relaciji Novi Sad – Beograd: Cene karata, popusti i pogodnosti" 10595: 10296: 6059: 4938: 3087: 2822:

rolling stock by domestic producers that had indigenised foreign technology. On 26 December 2012, China opened the

2483: 2188:(Silver arrow) trains operate at a maximum of 250 km/h (155 mph) on both high-speed and mainline tracks; 2051:, the first high-speed line in Italy and in Europe. It included the 5,375-metre-long (3.340 mi) bridge on the 1134: 999: 713: 97: 11281: 8498:

Campos, Javier (2009). "Some stylized facts about high-speed rail: A review of HSR experiences around the world".

7465:"Amtrak's Management of Northeast Corridor Improvements Demonstrates Need for Applying Best Practices (GAO-04-94)" 6909:

this travel time beats the Contemporary (2015) Acela on the same route, though the latter makes intermediate stops

3790:. If a business or first class section is provided, those airliners will have lower seating capacities than that. 2760:

State planning for high-speed railway began in the early 1990s, and the country's first high-speed rail line, the

2399:, in 1991 Germany was the third country in Europe to inaugurate a high-speed rail service, with the launch of the 13923: 8799: 7444: 6158: 6122: 5868: 2735: 1962: 874: 834: 9256: 5034:

have the fastest average operating speed in the world at 317.7 km/h (197.4 mph) as of July 2019.

2839: 14049: 13706: 13554: 11322: 10754: 8974: 8629: 7243:"Alta velocità ferroviaria Salerno-Reggio e Palermo-Catania Messina: aggiudicati lavori per altri 3,7 miliardi" 7172: 6800:"German maglev test track set for revival? CRRC could use the Transrapid Emsland track to test maglev vehicles" 6238: 6016: 5875: 5705: 5174: 3495: 3324:

In France, some lines are shared with regional trains that travel at 200 km/h (124 mph), for example

2831: 2022:

locomotives were the first standard locomotives capable of top speed of 200 km/h (125 mph), while an

2007: 1715:, a French hovercraft monorail train prototype, reached 200 km/h (120 mph) within days of operation. 1405:

The original 0 series Shinkansen train. Introduced in 1964, it reached a speed of 210 km/h (130 mph).

1261: 1257: 565: 405: 265: 11161: 7147: 6939: 6448: 6421: 3750: 2357:

on some routes, air traffic on these routes decreased and in some cases disappeared. The TGV set a publicised

14268: 13934: 13581: 13548: 13213: 12689: 12115: 11483: 9779: 8557: 8121: 7652: 6906: 5027: 5023: 5018: 3336:

for the faster train to overtake - even if the faster train is delayed, thus delaying the slower train, too.

3318:

at speeds of up to 225 km/h (140 mph), and occasionally freight trains that run to central Europe.

2851: 2847: 2714: 2169: 1954: 1666: 1508:)) would make very high-speed rail much simpler due to improved stability of the wider rail gauge, and thus 901: 658: 319: 303: 285: 8861: 7846: 7625: 6966:"Class 43 High-Speed Train, also known as the InterCity 125, is unveiled at National Railway Museum in York" 5684:

in northwestern Spain. Connections to the French network exist since 2013, with direct trains from Paris to

14742: 14220: 13970: 13928: 13913: 13733: 13523: 12539: 12501: 11433: 11346: 11291: 9921:"Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record with 600 kilometres per hour (370 miles per hour) test run" 9411: 9067: 8913: 7330: 7265:"Alta velocità Napoli-Bari. Partiti i lavori. Sei miliardi per collegare le due città in 2 ore a 40 minuti" 5975: 5135: 5117: 3397:

services to provide fast door-to-door intercity deliveries. For example, China Railways has partnered with

3285:

The road-rail parallel layout uses land beside highways for railway lines. Examples include Paris/Lyon and

3163: 2827: 1703:(German Federal Railways), performed 347 demonstrations at 200 km/h (120 mph) between Munich and 307: 217: 9010:

Examples of this include SNCF who codeshares with Air France and Lufthansa's AIRail in cooperation with DB

7093: 6338: 4709:

high-speed line. This run was for proof of concept and engineering, not to test normal passenger service.

4139: 3321:

In Germany, some lines are shared with Inter-City and regional trains at day and freight trains at night.

2182:("Red arrow") trains operate at a maximum of 300 km/h (185 mph) on dedicated high-speed tracks; 2106:. Most of the planned lines have already been opened, while international links with France, Switzerland, 873:

all the elements which constitute the system: infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions. The

14057: 14039: 13908: 13685: 13570: 13559: 13509: 13116: 12918: 12585: 11677: 11575: 11167: 9440: 8726: 7347: 7264: 6752: 5500: 5294: 5286: 5083: 3700:) and France, with very extensive high-speed rail networks, a large proportion of electricity comes from 3542:

or slower than HSR. European authorities treat HSR as competitive with passenger air for HSR trips under

2999: 2894:

congested as of the late 1970s, the government saw the pressing need for another form of transportation.

2198: 2003: 1994: 513: 508: 331: 249: 241: 10176: 9361: 8929: 8583: 7779: 4635: 4177:

ridership of the Chinese high-speed rail network is over five times larger than that of the Shinkansen.

2479:

provides a link with neighbouring France with trains running to Paris, Lyon, Montpellier and Marseille.

122:

that run significantly faster than those of traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialized

14690: 14324: 14230: 14212: 14178: 13647: 13637: 13632: 13619: 13613: 13607: 12549: 12440: 12363: 12348: 11471: 10684: 9895: 8650: 8613: 7427: 7012: 6084: 5955: 5909: 5625:

take 36 minutes to go across two cities. In addition to the two main stations, the trains only stop in

5503:, the world's first private open-access operator of high-speed rail, is operative in Italy since 2012. 5374: 3584:, as compared to planes, can be computed approximately as a function of the travelling time in minutes 3361: 2649: 2629: 2371: 1433: 1372:

which leads to dynamic instability and potential derailment was discovered. This problem was solved by

1306: 1249: 1182: 1151: 1122: 962: 798: 789: 768: 560: 225: 209: 205: 201: 197: 174: 11208:

Una leggenda che corre: breve storia dell'elettrotreno e dei suoi primati; ETR.200 – ETR.220 – ETR 240

9805: 9134: 8900: 4821: 3775: 3453: 1034:

from Chicago to St. Louis of 252 miles (406 km), at a speed of only 160 km/h (99 mph).

14594: 14492: 14474: 14397: 14389: 14308: 14255: 14169: 13701: 13691: 13679: 13674: 13663: 13652: 13642: 13598: 13576: 13480: 13473: 13466: 12760: 12481: 12471: 12317: 12208: 11315: 9480: 7687: 7173:"Viaggia con i treni Frecciarossa e acquista il biglietti a prezzi scontati - Le Frecce - Trenitalia" 6126: 6064: 5723: 5560: 5512: 5328: 5306: 5193: 4837: 4718: 3746: 3473: 2603: 2495: 2228: 2129:

opened in December 2008. The remaining sections of the Rome–Naples and the Turin–Milan lines and the

1934: 1765:

The next year, in May 1967, a regular service at 200 km/h (120 mph) was inaugurated by the

1553: 889: 673: 668: 663: 525: 382: 315: 273: 261: 253: 245: 237: 233: 182: 170: 14110: 9462: 5749: 5481:, to run at medium-high speed (up to 250 km/h (160 mph)) on conventional lines, instead. 1583:

had 12 cars and later versions had up to 16, and double-deck trains further increased the capacity.

1268:

entered service, from Chicago to Minneapolis, with an average speed of 101 km/h (63 mph).

185:

with numerous international connections. More recent construction since the 21st century has led to

14732: 14530: 14408: 14133: 14062: 13870: 13696: 13657: 13517: 13504: 13441: 13168: 13153: 12682: 12506: 10573:"We Took a Ride on "Soko" to Novi Sad – What Did We Like, and What Did We Not Like? (PHOTO, VIDEO)" 9958: 7571: 5802: 5642: 5449: 5384:

briefly held the world speed record for a steel-wheel-on-steel-rails vehicle during the 1980s. The

5155: 5010: 4961: 4870: 3876: 3269:

angles. HSR tracks may also be designed to reduce vibrations originating from high speed rail use.

3035: 2788: 2689: 2553: 2465: 2416: 2194:(White arrow) trains operate at a maximum of 200 km/h (125 mph) on mainline tracks only. 2142: 2026: 1945: 1174: 688: 624: 420: 327: 296: 190: 178: 162: 10550: 10272: 7316: 3026:, and the 600 km (370 mi) extension will take 3 hours and 20 minutes down from 7 hours. 2345:

trainsets. They used the "TGV 001" concept, with a permanently coupled set of eight cars, sharing

2018:(also called "Direttissima") in 1977. High-speed trains in Italy were developed during the 1960s. 14008: 13861: 13496: 13397: 13203: 12914: 12610: 12570: 12516: 9082: 6865: 5963: 5809: 4730: : 431 km/h (268 mph) (in China, on the lone 30 km (19 mi) maglev track) 4070: 4014: 3762: 3709: 3561: 2814: 2323: 1658:. A 1.5 km (0.93 mi) test track has been operating since 2006 at the Jiading Campus of 1542: 1454: 1204: 950: 693: 653: 575: 134: 14013: 12859: 5954:

As of 2024, there are two high-speed rail projects under construction in the United States. The

5350:

and also the ski resorts in France and Switzerland. Friday evenings are the peak time for TGVs (

3855:

Less boarding infrastructure: Although air transit moves at higher speeds than high-speed rail,

3486:, engine technology and dynamic weight shifting. Notable high-speed train manufacturers include 2846:, once again refreshing the world record for average speed with select services running between 14278: 14100: 13564: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13240: 13163: 12910: 12878: 12874: 12268: 12248: 11992: 11987: 11739: 10099:"Shanghai, Shenzhen, Beijing Lead Prospects in ULI's China Cities Survey – Urban Land Magazine" 9219: 7440: 6990: 6707: 6012: 5729: 5673: 5578: 5577:

railway capable of a maximum of 200 km/h. Future areas include freight lines, such as the

5199: 5122: 5042: 4916: 4781: 4749: 4104: 4051: 4010: 3668: 3254: 3232: 3108: 2938: 2798:

In 2008, high-speed trains began running at a top speed of 350 km/h (220 mph) on the

2731: 2576: 2560: 2358: 2205:. Even nowadays, Italy is the only country in Europe with a private high-speed train operator. 1965:, with a maximum speed of 400 km/h (249 mph), is one of the fastest trains in Europe. 1275:

successors, which are limited to 127 km/h (79 mph) top speed on most of the network.

1162: 1102: 1082: 897: 683: 580: 449: 387: 269: 9505: 6521: 6383: 5856:

The United States has domestic definitions for high-speed rail varying between jurisdictions.

3277: 2079: 1271:

Many of these streamliners posted travel times comparable to or even better than their modern

14283: 13283: 13279: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13069: 13053: 12906: 12843: 12783: 12779: 12625: 12605: 12420: 12253: 11913: 11595: 11401: 11176: 9326: 8390: 6470: 5813: 5381: 4854: 4122: 4030: 3916: 3418: 2772: 2637: 2029:(EMU) reached a speed of 240 km/h (150 mph) during a test. Other EMUs, such as the 1462: 1395: 1374: 1253: 1234: 1113:

research – the first in the railway industry – was done before J. G. Brill in 1931 built the

1074: 761: 698: 9844: 9190:"Los Angeles Airport Pollutes City Air For Miles Downwind – Chemical & Engineering News" 9050:"Los Angeles Airport Pollutes City Air For Miles Downwind – Chemical & Engineering News" 7709: 6685: 4685:

The speed record for a pre-production unconventional passenger train was set by a seven-car

4665:

The maximum speed at which a train is allowed to run by law or policy in daily service (MOR)

4646: 4110: 3903:

Hot and High: Some airlines have cancelled or move their flights to takeoff at night due to

3413:

Non-high-speed freight trains running on high-speed lines is much more common; for example,

3371:

was for a long time the sole very high-speed train service, transporting mail in France for

2075:

diesel railcars. Some 1,000 much-needed passenger and 7,000 freight cars were also ordered.

1596: 1556: – in English often called "Bullet Trains", after the original Japanese name 1027: 13291: 13287: 13193: 13112: 13108: 13087: 13083: 12926: 12922: 12600: 12565: 12293: 12263: 12218: 12029: 11908: 11622: 11585: 11406: 11157: 11014: 10967: 10039:[China's high-speed rail trains send 9 billion passengers: more than 60% in 2018]. 9146: 7501: 6054: 5829: 5817: 5711: 4893: 4889: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4705:

trainset, which reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) in 2007, on the newly constructed

4639: 4630: 3483: 3325: 2803: 2724: 2433: 2068: 1893: 1632: 1390: 1328: 1294:

The German high-speed service was followed in Italy in 1938 with an electric-multiple-unit

986: 703: 14018: 13998: 11113: 3972:

Railways require the security and cooperation of all geographies and governments involved.

2826:, the world's longest high-speed rail line, which runs 2,208 km (1,372 mi) from 2526:(European part). In this extension, Europe and Asia were connected by an undersea tunnel, 2276:

In 1969, the "C03 project" was transferred to public administration while a contract with

8: 13993: 13988: 13275: 12940: 12640: 12620: 12435: 12130: 12009: 11802: 11797: 11493: 11443: 11391: 10705: 8091:"Nantes-Laval. Le TER file à 200 km/H sur la ligne à grande vitesse [vidéo]" 6049: 6004: 5979: 5825: 5258: 5143: 3880: 3825: 3063: 2946: 2898: 2883: 2437: 2253: 2215:

Today it is possible to travel from Rome to Milan in less than 3 hours (2h 55') with the

1770: 1766: 1700: 1549: 1538: 1365: 1143: 1114: 1086: 1078: 981: 678: 476: 432: 257: 30:"High-speed train" redirects here. For the "High Speed Train" in the United Kingdom, see 11227: 11018: 10971: 10242: 9343: 9150: 4164:

was reported by the signaling system as being in the normal – i.e. straight – position.

812:

Track built specially for high-speed travel or specially upgraded for high-speed travel.

288:. Only in continental Europe and Asia does high-speed rail cross international borders. 14641: 14023: 13369: 13301: 13183: 13173: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 12855: 12851: 12839: 12835: 12394: 12195: 11822: 11627: 11610: 11533: 11077: 11032: 10983: 10940: 9386: 9170: 8210: 8035: 7593: 7472:

Report to the chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate

6562: 5959: 5928: 5897: 5861: 5790: 5732:

started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. The first section of the line, between

4865:

The fastest operating conventional trains are the Chinese CR400A and CR400B running on

4693:

train at 603 km/h (375 mph) on 21 April 2015 in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

4158: 4039:

has not had any fatal accidents involving passengers since it began operating in 1964.

4018: 3713: 3357: 2653: 2572: 2262: 2067:

locomotives for short-medium range traffic were acquired, together with 80 EMUs of the

1834: 1802: 1779: 1730: 1458: 1360: 1265: 1089:

and others pioneered lightweight constructions, use of aluminium alloys, and low-level

636: 63: 14298: 12944: 8014: 4671:

The maximum speed at which specially modified train is proved to be capable of running

3382:

In Italy, Mercitalia Fast is a high-speed freight service launched in October 2018 by

2907: 1969: 1359:

In the early 1950s, the French National Railway started to receive their new powerful

1178: 818:

Minimum speed of 250 km/h (155 mph) on lines specially built for high speed

86: 14003: 13270: 13135: 13130: 13042: 12869: 12353: 12019: 11954: 11920: 11545: 11488: 11371: 11250: 11246: 11212: 11182: 11143: 11081: 11036: 10987: 10944: 10905: 10863: 10150: 9174: 9162: 9094: 9021:"The Time-Consuming But Extremely Critical Process of Deicing Aircraft in the Winter" 8978: 8701: 8447: 8424: 8288: 8214: 7992: 7540: 6663: 6389: 6221: 6196: 5915: 5879: 5821: 5490: 5459: 5412:

where ICEs run as "feeder flights" bookable with a Lufthansa flight number under the

5343: 4897: 3738: 3589: 3479: 3372: 3368: 3262: 3248: 3010: 2641: 2400: 2315: 2216: 1958: 1884:

introduced a high-speed service able to reach 201 km/h (125 mph) using the

1814: 1659: 1351: 1241:, but at a lower speed than the record, on average speed 74 km/h (46 mph). 1238: 1147: 1031: 38: 14293: 7436: 5311: 3975:

As all HSRs are electrified they require an extended electricity grid to supply the

3120: 2953:

where over 90% of Taiwan's population live; connecting most major cities of Taiwan:

2699: 14716: 13878: 13126: 12936: 12864: 12664: 12580: 12544: 12534: 12491: 12486: 12466: 12461: 12343: 12288: 12258: 11749: 11709: 11647: 11528: 11513: 11508: 11428: 11386: 11338: 11067: 11059: 11022: 10975: 10932: 10897: 10362: 9821: 9609: 9154: 8507: 8202: 8194: 6919: 5971: 5903: 5594: 5574: 5547:

The Holm–Holmestrand–Nykirke part of the Vestfold Line (west to southwest of Oslo).

5385: 3767: 3712:

to motion of the railcars at higher speeds) than the typical automobile because of

3664: 3499: 3387: 3376: 2342: 2296: 2219:, the new high-speed train. To cover this route, there's a train every 30 minutes. 2208:

Construction of the Milan-Venice high-speed line has begun in 2013 and in 2016 the

2072: 1725: 1608: 1409: 1315: 1302: 1288: 1222:

set an average speed record on long distance with their new streamlined train, the

1098: 751: 602: 503: 486: 300: 146: 10936: 10528: 9158: 8511: 8198: 5740:, was inaugurated on 13 March 2009. It is a part of the 533 km (331 mi) 1805:

trains developed in the U.S. for rapid service between New York and Washington, DC

1093:

which could operate smoothly at extremely high speeds on rough interurban tracks.

37:

For fast railway services with speeds less than 200 km/h (125 mph), see

14519: 14482: 14244: 14072: 13325: 13311: 13306: 13073: 12896: 12847: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12379: 12213: 12049: 11870: 11754: 11724: 11667: 11555: 11298:

Progress with Railway Interoperability in the European Union 2013 Biennial Report

11240: 11137: 11003:"High-speed rail and high-tech industry evolution: Empirical evidence from China" 10901: 10231: 9981: 8917: 8907: 8821: 8693: 8667: 8271: 8178:

Beria, Paolo; Grimaldi, Raffaele; Albalate, Daniel; Bel, Germà (September 2018).

6893: 6262: 6190: 6094: 5967: 5522: 5463: 4727: 4668:

The maximum speed at which an unmodified train is proved to be capable of running

3952: 3908: 3758: 3726: 3227: 2962: 2958: 2942: 2311: 2161: 1950: 1888: 1283: 550: 535: 10317: 8923: 4118: 3754:

that allows unlimited travel on all trains in Germany for a fixed yearly price.

3289:

in which 15% and 70% of the track runs beside highways, respectively. There are

2838:

by 2015, and continues to rapidly expand with the July 2016 announcement of the

2748:. The Chinese government made high-speed rail construction a cornerstone of its 14263: 13187: 13158: 13033: 12998: 12980: 12715: 12595: 12496: 12476: 12312: 12233: 12024: 11949: 11878: 11672: 11463: 11232:

The BCA of HSR: Should the Government Invest in High Speed Rail Infrastructure?

11027: 11002: 10806:"Development of High Speed Rail in the United States: Issues and Recent Events" 10663:"Najseverniji grad Srbije poznat je po bogatom nasleđu i atrakcijama u okolini" 9841:"IATA – New IATA Passenger Forecast Reveals Fast-Growing Markets of the Future" 8965: 7841: 6886: 5834: 5656: 5362: 5347: 5339: 5139: 4117:

high-speed line in France, when it entered a curve, overturned, and struck the

3779: 3660: 3333: 3156: 2950: 2949:

in as little as 105 minutes. While it contains only one line, its route covers

2792: 2706: 2628:

As of November 2021, the U.S. has one high-speed rail line under construction (

2580: 2449: 2319: 2064: 2060: 1839: 1830: 1509: 1483: 1223: 1210: 977: 570: 444: 363: 292: 115: 11063: 10979: 9690: 8982: 8180:"Delusions of success: Costs and demand of high-speed rail in Italy and Spain" 6857: 6612: 6590: 3915:

in 2017, which moved its long haul takeoff slot to after midnight. Similarly,

1401: 1343:), and for half a century was the main Spanish provider of high-speed trains. 1101:

designed motors compact enough to be mounted on the bogies. From 1930 on, the

936: 14726: 14704: 13330: 13296: 13255: 13222: 13218: 13177: 13064: 13011: 12829: 12645: 12590: 12185: 12170: 12150: 12145: 11888: 11774: 11657: 11617: 11605: 11498: 11364: 11096:"South Korea closes $ 266m high-speed rail line as passengers prefer the bus" 10909: 10867: 10783: 10454:"Il mercato del Trasporto Ferroviario A/V – NTV, Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori" 10154: 9734: 9166: 8868: 8705: 8531:. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 2010. Archived from 8451: 6638:"The Shinkansen Turns 50: The History and Future of Japan's High-Speed Train" 6637: 6225: 6040: 6023:

on its opening to free up capacity for freight trains on the slower railway.

5891: 5755:

The construction of three separate high-speed lines from Ankara to Istanbul,

5665: 5660: 5614: 5518: 5407: 5062:

have become increasingly common, likewise are between the cities surrounding

4922: 4827: 4807: 4556: 4551: 3976: 3701: 3404: 3294: 3258: 2891: 2610: 2595: 2461: 2453: 2426: 2376: 2190: 2184: 2019: 1914: 1885: 1822: 1818: 1754: 1192:

All high-speed service stopped in August 1939 shortly before the outbreak of

886: 619: 545: 540: 518: 467: 427: 415: 371: 335: 323: 127: 123: 93: 31: 9636:"Treno deragliato, le cause dell'incidente: "Uno scambio aperto per errore"" 5647: 5601:, meaning "falcon") trains connects the country's two most populous cities: 5096:

to the border with Chinese mainland, where the railway continues onwards to

5088:

A 26 kilometres (16 miles), entirely underground express rail link connects

4767: 4723:

As of 2022, the fastest trains currently in commercial operation are :

4657:, conventional world speed record holder (574.8 km/h or 357.2 mph) 4642:, unconventional world speed record holder (603 km/h or 374.7 mph) 2055:

river, then the longest in Europe. Works were completed in the early 1990s.

1825:

to devise a way to increase speeds on the railroads. Congress delivered the

1695:

In Europe, high-speed rail began during the International Transport Fair in

882: 14711: 14616: 14600: 14238: 14080: 13762: 13250: 13245: 13121: 12965: 12952: 12892: 12659: 12630: 12615: 12415: 12399: 12389: 12358: 12338: 12322: 12283: 12243: 12238: 12223: 12180: 11903: 11682: 11590: 11503: 11418: 11381: 10529:"Srbija i železnica: Leti "Soko" pun putnika, sa četiri godine zakašnjenja" 9301:"Fatal high-speed train kills 12 young pedestrians near beach in Barcelona" 6475: 5940: 5786: 5626: 5622: 5429: 5388:

entered revenue service in 1991 and serves purpose-built high-speed lines (

4650: 4042:

Notable major accidents involving high-speed trains include the following.

3904: 3829: 3737:

capabilities of the trains may be more important than their maximum speed.

3734: 3503: 3491: 3414: 3311: 2915: 2867: 2622: 2614: 2504: 2392: 2346: 2285: 2246: 2178: 1881: 1708: 1684: 1655: 1466: 1427: 1227: 1193: 1155: 746: 708: 498: 339: 213: 161:. Japan's example was followed by several European countries, initially in 11287: 11276: 10805: 9437:"Death toll from China's train crash rises to 39, including two Americans" 7930:"Egypt's Transport Ministry starts construction of 2nd express train line" 5871:

uses a definition of top speeds at 110 mph (180 km/h) and above.

5737: 2511: 2241: 2086:) project, which involved building a new high-speed network on the routes 1918: 1786: 1743: 1712: 1614: 1041:

1907 map showing the projected Chicago–New York Electric Air Line Railroad

1018: 14303: 12931: 12824: 12635: 12273: 12135: 12105: 12095: 11883: 11850: 11830: 11687: 11448: 11072: 9668: 9238:"Folgen von Sturmtief "Xavier": Bahn bestreitet mangelnden Baumbeschnitt" 9135:"Can high-speed rail reduce environmental pollution? Evidence from China" 9081:(Taiwan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (26 July 2011). 8206: 7475: 7448: 6385:

Geschichte und Zukunft des Verkehrs.: Verkehrskonzepte von der Frόhen ...

6162: 6074: 5693: 4487: 4482: 4145: 3771: 3742: 3693: 3689: 3266: 2353: 2270: 1809:

In the United States, following the creation of Japan's first high-speed

1592: 1110: 991: 954: 439: 311: 8770: 7474:. United States General Accounting Office. February 2004. Archived from 5677: 3897: 3441: 70:

in the background. The Tokaido Shinkansen, which connects the cities of

13980: 13542: 13374: 13003: 12960: 12956: 12948: 12788: 12736: 12575: 12445: 12165: 12160: 12080: 11982: 11860: 11840: 11792: 11759: 11729: 11694: 11637: 11565: 11560: 11523: 11453: 11438: 11413: 11396: 11359: 10856:"Construction to begin on high-speed rail between Vegas and California" 10767:

reasonably expected to reach sustained speeds of more than 125 mph

10036: 6555:"How Japan's Shinkansen bullet trains changed the world of rail travel" 5920: 5688:. Although on the French side, conventional speed tracks are used from 5526: 5250: 5233: 5203: 5161: 5093: 4775: 4763: 4737: 4733: 4173: 4113:

was performing commissioning tests on the unopened second phase of the

4036: 3884: 3398: 3383: 3144: 3055: 2930: 2765: 2673: 2657: 2633: 2338: 2292: 2202: 2165: 1985: 1810: 1647: 1600: 1530: 1522: 1479: 1061: 916: 614: 609: 481: 454: 221: 154: 67: 9550:"El accidente atemoriza a las empresas que pujan por el AVE de Brasil" 9520:"American woman among 80 killed in Spain train crash; driver detained" 8440:"10 Jahre ICE-Strecke Köln-Frankfurt: Was 300 Stundenkilometer kosten" 5404:, Germany's flag carrier, has entered into a codeshare agreement with 5380:

trains achieved revenue speeds of 160 km/h in daily service. The

2531: 1218:

On 26 May 1934, one year after Fliegender Hamburger introduction, the

13364: 13260: 12975: 12901: 12793: 12741: 12278: 12228: 12175: 12090: 12044: 12014: 12004: 11944: 11898: 11855: 11845: 11764: 11734: 11719: 11662: 11518: 11376: 10428:"Alta Velocità: tagliato il traguardo dei 100 milioni di viaggiatori" 9133:

Yang, Xuehui; Lin, Shanlang; Li, Yan; He, Minghua (1 December 2019).

8930:

http://www.amtrak.com/the-unique-amtrak-experience-with-many-benefits

8752: 6814:"China's super fast 600km/h maglev train performs its first test run" 5944: 5923: 5798: 5689: 5685: 5610: 5534: 5478: 5401: 5105: 5071: 4993: 4686: 4126: 3912: 3818: 3676: 3290: 3231:

High-speed line on a viaduct to avoid ramp and road-crossing, with a

3018: 2982: 2919: 2677: 2618: 2591: 2281: 2173: 2014:

The earliest European high-speed railway to be built was the Italian

1426:

corridor, congestion on road and rail became a serious problem after

1065: 920: 410: 150: 11699: 9866: 7778:. Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements: 11. Archived from 2563:

passed the Amtrak Authorization and Development Act that authorized

2510:

In 2009, Turkey inaugurated a high-speed service between Ankara and

2284:

at each end, both powered by two gas-turbine engines. The sets used

1679: 1233:

The new service was inaugurated 11 November 1934, traveling between

1045:

Alexander C. Miller had greater ambitions. In 1906, he launched the

928:

trains which averaged speeds of around 100 km/h (62 mph).

100:; China has the most extensive high-speed rail network in the world. 14464: 14288: 13847: 13435: 12745: 12110: 12100: 12085: 12075: 12054: 12034: 11999: 11977: 11939: 11930: 11893: 11807: 11580: 11550: 11307: 10640:"Vučić: Za godinu dana, od Beograda do Subotice vozom za 75 minuta" 10199:"Melesat di Kecepatan 320 Km per Jam, Kereta Cepat Minim Guncangan" 8901:

http://www.techthefuture.com/mobility/high-speed-train-vs-airplane/

7098: 6745:"New maglev Shinkansen to run underground for 86% of initial route" 6089: 5794: 5741: 5630: 5606: 5602: 5570: 5355: 5097: 5067: 5063: 4981: 4831: 3931: 3814: 3786:

in a high-density single-class layout - as employed for example by

3705: 3236: 3132: 3014: 2970: 2911: 2818: 2527: 2523: 2445: 2111: 1910: 1775: 1758: 1704: 1230:, and could reach 160 km/h (99 mph) as commercial speed. 735: 12674: 9783: 9083:"Taiwan tackles land subsidence with water project – Taiwan Today" 9068:"Land-acquisition concerns continue to dog high-speed rail agency" 8864:. US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 8644:"Substitution Opportunities of High Speed Train for Air Transport" 8607:"Substitution Opportunities of High Speed Train for Air Transport" 7374:"High-speed train to make 8 trips daily between Ankara, Eskișehir" 6887:

Remarks at the Signing of the High-Speed Ground Transportation Act

6192:

Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation

5764: 5424:

In 2022, Greece's first high-speed train began operations between

5269:. The first section of the line, the 323-kilometre (201 mi) 3766:(1.0/3.0 versus 2.5/7.5 hectares per kilometre of direct/indirect 3074:. The first section of the line, the 323-kilometre (201 mi) 1422:

With some 45 million people living in the densely populated Tokyo–

907:

National domestic standards may vary from the international ones.

14273: 13265: 13059: 12425: 12302: 12140: 12070: 11972: 11812: 11784: 11714: 11704: 11600: 10782:. U.S. Department of Transportation. 1 April 2009. Archived from 7502:"Acela, Built to Be Rail's Savior, Bedevils Amtrak at Every Turn" 5999:

The KTX Incheon International Airport to Seoul Line (operates on

5669: 5486: 5474: 5266: 5254: 5229: 5059: 5055: 4989: 4881: 4771: 4757: 4706: 4702: 4441: 4436: 4114: 4058: 3787: 3421:

and thus more difficulty climbing steep slopes. For example, the

3394: 3071: 3059: 3023: 2966: 2791:

service, also known as "Harmony Trains", a version of the German

2661: 2645: 2587: 2388: 2107: 2099: 2091: 2038: 1989: 1974: 1861: 1798: 1604: 1448: 1295: 1170: 14681:* An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services. 9754:"Taiwan HSR operator pitches restructuring idea to shareholders" 9387:"Special Feature Eschede, Germany ICE High Speed Train Disaster" 9205:"Nearly 3,000 trees around Sea-Tac Airport will be chopped down" 8911: 8862:"Fact #257: 3 March 2003 – Vehicle Occupancy by Type of Vehicle" 8335:"Mercitalia Fast: from October, goods will travel at high speed" 7199:"Ferrovie: Ecco il progetto della AV/AC Salerno-Reggio Calabria" 5752:

is the sole commercial operator of high-speed trains in Turkey.

2842:. In 2017, 350 km/h (217 mph) services resumed on the 2775:, which runs on a 30.5 km (19.0 mi) track linking the 2567:

to start working on service improvements on the segment between

2201:(branded as Italo), run high-speed services in competition with 56: 14513: 13320: 13316: 13231: 13078: 12970: 12750: 12125: 12120: 12039: 11744: 11570: 11423: 8933: 8777: 8153:"ICE-Neubaustrecke: Nachts wird es in Kommunen mitunter leiser" 6069: 5936: 5886: 5745: 5733: 5433: 5425: 5282: 4985: 4817: 4690: 4602: 4597: 4579: 4574: 4464: 4459: 4418: 4413: 4395: 4390: 3945: 3883:

found on slower railways, while air travel remains affected by

3672: 3487: 3243: 2978: 2974: 2954: 2903: 2887: 2862: 2776: 2768: 2599: 2568: 2564: 2515: 2334: 2303:"C03 project" included a new High-Speed line between Paris and 2277: 2052: 1869: 1696: 1628: 1272: 1166: 995: 958: 794:

Multiple definitions for high-speed rail are in use worldwide.

631: 138: 11302: 10722:"The digital railway - progresses to the East Coast Main Line" 8584:"China Southern Says Railways to Hurt 25% of Routes (Update1)" 8235:

Ollivier, Gerald; Sondhi, Jitendra; Zhou, Nanyan (July 2014).

7567:"Full speed ahead for China's high-speed rail network in 2019" 6586:

Kanagawa Prefecture:県央・湘南の環境と共生する都市づくりＮＥＷＳ NO. 11」新幹線豆知識クイズの解説

6418:"The Pioneer Zephyr – September, 1938 – Streamliner Schedules" 5748:

high-speed rail line. A subsidiary of Turkish State Railways,

2606:, won the contract and was put into service in December 2000. 2322:

then French Prime Minister announced an ambitious buildout of

980:

built two railcars, one fitted with electrical equipment from

949:

High-speed rail development began in Germany in 1899 when the

347:

present an economical advantage over conventional speed rail.

14202: 14196: 14191: 14186: 13235: 13227: 13198: 13049: 13045: 12888: 12883: 11835: 8894: 8366:"China Railway Corp., SF Express Team Up on Delivery Venture" 5760: 5756: 5290: 5262: 5051: 4973: 4885: 4813: 4801: 4760: : 350 km/h (220 mph) (in China and Indonesia) 4533: 4528: 4510: 4505: 4372: 4367: 4349: 4344: 3891: 3574: 3067: 2878: 2874: 2854:

reaching average speeds of 317.7 km/h (197.4 mph).

2575:. The primary objectives were to electrify the line north of 2548: 2519: 2381: 2314:

substantially increased oil prices. In the continuity of the

2103: 2095: 2087: 1873: 1690: 1638:

China is developing two separate high-speed maglev systems.

1437: 1423: 1369: 1336: 1278: 1161:

Following the success of the Hamburg line, the steam-powered

1090: 970: 530: 493: 186: 142: 119: 75: 71: 10430:(in Italian). ilsussidiario.net. 10 May 2012. Archived from 9946:"Top ten fastest trains in the world" railway-technology.com 8237:"High-Speed Railways in China: A Look at Construction Costs" 7869:"Taiwan's High-speed Rail: It's Been a Rapid Learning Curve" 7680:"China's operating high-speed railway exceeds 7,000 km" 7221:"Alta velocità ferroviaria SA-RC, come cambiano gli scenari" 6445:"The Twin Zephyrs – September, 1938 – Streamliner Schedules" 6265:", 21 January 2000, WorldRailFans. Accessed 23 January 2013. 4834:(Frecciarossa 1000): 300 km/h (190 mph) (in Italy) 2910:, and was partly built in Korea. The domestically developed 2197:

Since 2012, a new and Italy's first private train operator,

13007: 12200: 12155: 11769: 11632: 10823: 9985:. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. 17 March 2013. Archived from 7547: 6924: 6000: 5681: 5530: 5131: 4977: 4969: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4076:

killed and at least 192 were injured, 12 of them severely.

3730: 3513: 3507: 2806:

in Beijing. The following year, trains on the newly opened

2304: 2266: 1906: 1747: 1651: 1441: 1332: 1165:

was developed and introduced in June 1936 for service from

966: 879: 597: 14699: 9035:"Hainan moving flights to early mornings to beat the heat" 8272:

Lawrence, Martha, Richard Bullock, and Ziming Liu (2019).

6991:"Intercity 125: Workers say farewell to British Rail icon" 6034: 3527:

High-speed rail (HSR) is best suited for journeys of 1 to

3138:

Operational high-speed lines in Western & Central Asia

2500: 2349:, and hauled by two electric-power cars, one at each end. 1037: 1006:

high-speed rail travel was still more than 30 years away.

13208: 11354: 11282:

World's fastest high-speed trains in commercial operation

9693:[Changes in Shinkansen Passenger Traffic Volume] 8758:

France will run trains free from fossil fuel, says Chirac

7806:

Strategic Plan for National Spatial Development (Summary)

7452: 6285: 6283: 5970:

project is planned to be privately operated and link the

5335: 5293:

the following year. The 453-kilometre-long (281 mi)

5180: 4932: 4654: 2873:

In South Korea, construction of the high-speed line from

2744:

High-speed rail was introduced to China in 2003 with the

2534:

station. An extension to Sivas was opened in April 2023.

2472: 2457: 2396: 2233: 1922: 1913:, designed for 250 km/h (160 mph), but used by 1856: 1618:

A maglev train on the Yamanashi Test Track, November 2005

1379: 322:, have sought to develop a high-speed railway network in 11271: 10887: 10265: 10143:"Intercity commuters are a puzzle for Chinese officials" 8964:

Frittelli, John; Mallett, William J. (8 December 2009).

8177: 6836:"China reveals 620km/hr high-temp electric maglev train" 6664:"Outline History and Overview of the Tokaido Shinkansen" 6536: 6534: 5569:

can operate at maximum speeds of 250 km/h, and the

2672:

For four decades from its opening in 1964, the Japanese

13386:

Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)

11178:

Shinkansen: From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan

10177:"Indonesia electrifies railway from Jakarta to Bandung" 9810:(in Simplified Chinese). People's Daily Online Finance. 9703:

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

8836:"Deutsche Bahn: Verkaufte Bahncards 100 auf Rekordwert" 6345: 6319: 6307: 5037: 4784: : 320 km/h (200 mph) (in France and GB) 4083: 2824:

Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway

1750:

ran its fastest trains at 160 km/h (99 mph).

157:, the system also became known by its English nickname 11242:

The Second Age of Rail: a history of high-speed trains

11007:

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives

10341:"Uzbekistan electrifies railway towards Afghan border" 9959:"World's longest high-speed train to decelerate a bit" 9894:

railways, UIC-International union of (13 March 2022).

9610:"Italy train crash: Two dead in high-speed derailment" 8815:

Rekordmange kollektivreisende til og fra Oslo Lufthavn

7765:"High Speed Rail Construction of Korea and Its Impact" 6295: 6280: 6149: 6147: 3944:

HSR usually requires land acquisition, for example in

3393:

In some countries, high-speed rail is integrated with

2421: 837:(UIC) identifies three categories of high-speed rail: 189:

taking a leading role in high-speed rail. As of 2023,

14688: 6858:"Le Capitole – 1969 SNCF Ferroviaire / French Trains" 6531: 4824: : 305 km/h (190 mph) (in South Korea) 3955:, where expensive fixes sent costs soaring in Taiwan. 3601: 3265:, and use advanced switches using very low entry and 2318:"energy self-sufficiency" and nuclear-energy policy ( 10480:"Trenitalia: Dal 2013 a rischio il trasporto locale" 9502:"China begins to restore 350 km/h bullet train" 9481:"More high-speed trains slow down to improve safety" 9275:"ICE train slashed open by garbage truck in Germany" 9116:"Time to End Obama's Costly High-Speed Rail Program" 7148:"Special report: A European high-speed rail network" 6940:"Special report: A European high-speed rail network" 6775:"Japan produces next generation of train technology" 6268: 6030: 5982:

area, with service set to begin in as soon as 2028.

3580:

According to Peter Jorritsma, the rail market share

3281:

A German high-speed line being built along a highway

2452:, differing from all other Spanish lines which used 2237:

One power-car of the gas-turbine prototype "TGV 001"

2172:. Trains are divided into three categories (called " 1845: 1691:

First demonstrations at 200 km/h (120 mph)

1417: 1346: 193:

accounted for over two-thirds of the world's total.

10009:"Length of Beijing-HK rail network same as Equator" 8946:Narayanan, V.G.; Batta, George (13 December 2001). 8526:"European high-speed rail – An easy way to connect" 6725: 6144: 5220:

Rail transport in Uzbekistan § High speed rail

4009:high-speed tracks in revenue service were the 1998 3729:has made the rail market share for passengers from 3642:{\displaystyle s={1 \over 0.031\times 1.016^{t}+1}} 2934:

Taiwan high-speed rail, derived from the Shinkansen

2522:route, and the Eskisehir line has been extended to 2257:

The TGV at 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) in 2007

1838:powered Metroliner on Penn Central's mainline, the 1322: 1301:In Great Britain in the same year, the streamlined 8876:"Trains or planes? The great European travel test" 8630:Spain's High-Speed Rail Offers Guideposts for U.S. 8309:"Japanese high speed rail freight services expand" 8234: 8058: 7989:"'Africa's fastest train' steams ahead in Morocco" 7428: 5224:Uzbekistan has a single high-speed rail line, the 5104:. A depot and the stabling sidings are located in 4661:There are several definitions of "maximum speed": 3641: 1599:, lines with lower patronage ("Mini shinkansen"), 1129: 10126:"High-Speed Railways in China: A Look at Traffic" 9913: 9463:"Decision to slow trains met with mixed response" 7960:"Moroccan high-speed line to open in spring 2018" 7837:"Romance of rail jeopardises domestic air routes" 7816:, Government of Taiwan. June 2010. pp. 28–34 6382:Dienel, Hans-Liudger; Trischler, Helmuth (1997). 5198:Taiwan has a single north–south high-speed line, 4907:, maximum speed is 310 km/h (193 mph). 4804: : 320 km/h (200 mph) (in Germany) 3782:which has an absolute maximum seated capacity of 3114:Operational high-speed lines in the United States 1574: 14724: 8963: 7877:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania 7622:"World's Longest Fast Train Line Opens in China" 6794: 6792: 6215: 5668:with special trains that connects the cities of 5629:. The line is currently being extended to reach 4778: : 320 km/h (200 mph) (in France) 4017:(in which speed was not a factor), and the 2020 3948:, US, where it was caught up in legal paperwork. 1876:, the first high-speed railway opened in Europe. 1699:in June 1965, when Dr Öpfering, the director of 9822:"Air transport, passengers carried | Data" 9628: 8775:emissions by taking the train, by up to 90%..." 8056: 7648:"Beijing – Guangzhou high speed line completed" 7614: 7040:. Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. Archived from 6613:"Shinkansen | Summary & Facts | Britannica" 6589:(in Japanese). Pref.kanagawa.jp. Archived from 6546: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6381: 5966:, begin passenger service as soon as 2030. The 5239: 4960:China Railway High-speed train passing through 4810: : 310 km/h (190 mph) (in Spain) 2988: 2586:Amtrak started testing two trains, the Swedish 2156:The main public operator of high-speed trains ( 1557: 10957: 9977:"320-km/h Hayabusa matches world speed record" 9359: 8945: 8060:"China on track to be world's biggest network" 6802:. International Railway Journal. 6 April 2021. 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6245:, Rand McNally & Company Publishing, 1910, 4880:Other fast conventional trains are the French 4133: 3174:) high-speed lines in South and Southeast Asia 1842:set a record of 275 km/h (171 mph). 1821:infrastructure building initiatives asked the 1564: 1449:First narrow-gauge Japanese high-speed service 13778: 12690: 11323: 11272:US high-speed rail Association official site 11234:. Vol. 2. Berkeley Press. pp. 1–28. 11230:. In Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis (ed.). 11049: 10506:"Alta velocità e concorrenza: parte la sfida" 10063:"China powers ahead as new entrants clock in" 9496: 9494: 9362:"Opinion: Why high-speed rail is safe, smart" 8727:"Taipei-Kaohsiung flights end – Taipei Times" 8558:"High-speed rail cuts into airlines' success" 7814:Council for Economic Planning and Development 7728:"China powers ahead as new entrants clock in" 7533: 6789: 1665:An incompatible system has been developed at 769: 78:, was the world's first high-speed rail line. 13792: 10772: 10363:"Bridge near KAIA to be removed in 2 months" 9602: 9220:"Nach Herbststürmen – Die Bahn und der Baum" 9099:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8694:"Bullet Train Challenges Airlines in Taiwan" 8293:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7828: 7140: 5405: 5395: 5389: 4098: 3402: 3272: 2640:in Texas, higher-speed rail projects in the 2636:, and advanced planning by a company called 1827:High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 1516: 976:The Van der Zypen & Charlier company of 9969: 9132: 8641: 8604: 7493: 7118: 6666:. Central Japan Railway Company. March 2010 6484: 6256:Electrical Train Marienfelde–Zossen in 1901 5767:line to the launch stage, form part of the 5257:, one of the largest harbour cities on the 4712: 3062:, one of the largest harbour cities on the 1979:Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station 1674: 1385: 1048:Chicago-New York Electric Air Line Railroad 13785: 13771: 12697: 12683: 11330: 11316: 10922: 10526: 10403:"First high-speed trains to run in Greece" 9491: 9254: 8967:High Speed Rail (HSR) in the United States 8833: 8391:"ic:kurier: Rail courier service by train" 8246:. China Transport Topics. The World Bank. 7404:"Ankara Sivas High-speed line inaugurated" 6436: 6409: 6184: 6182: 6180: 5533:and a part of the main line northwards to 3348: 3203: 200–230 km/h (124–143 mph) 3196: 240–260 km/h (149–162 mph) 3190: 270–300 km/h (168–186 mph) 3184: 310–350 km/h (193–217 mph) 2125:partially opened in February 2006 and the 1279:Italian electric and the last steam record 776: 762: 11156: 11071: 11026: 10720:MIRSE, David Bickell (15 November 2018). 10685:"Brzim vozom do Subotice do kraja godine" 10551:"Pojačani polasci "sokola" tokom vikenda" 10031: 10029: 9303:. Bild.de. 17 August 2010. Archived from 9277:. Bild.de. 17 August 2010. Archived from 9217: 8834:Schlesiger, Christian (12 January 2018). 8797: 8414: 7527:"Construction Activities Interactive Map" 7128:(in Italian). Repubblica. 4 February 2009 7126:"Due record in prova per il Frecciarossa" 7064:"Frecciarossa 1000 Very High-Speed Train" 6519: 6442: 6415: 6351: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6289: 5895:(reaching 150 mph (240 km/h)), 5289:followed up with the rest of the line to 4840:: 300 km/h (190 mph) (in Italy) 4798:: 320 km/h (200 mph) (in Japan) 3150:Operational high-speed lines in East Asia 2834:. The network set a target to create the 2779:, the city's financial district, and the 2667: 2288:, which reduce drag and increase safety. 2044:On 25 June 1970, work was started on the 1650:technology and is being developed by the 1077:built a railcar for the traction magnate 1055: 1009: 10739: 10660: 9951: 9893: 9729: 9727: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9257:"Deutsche Bahn: Die Säge nach dem Sturm" 9080: 8363: 8105:"Filderdialog Auswirkungen Mischverkehr" 7762: 7710:"China Relaunches World's Fastest Train" 7013:"Passenger rail usage | ORR Data Portal" 6688:. East Japan Railway Company. March 2011 6188: 5646: 5453: 5310: 5126:KCIC400AF, Indonesian variant of CR400AF 5121: 5036: 4948: 4675: 4645: 4634: 4064: 4045: 3774:which in a high-density arrangement has 3719: 3514:Comparison with other modes of transport 3276: 3242: 3226: 2929: 2861: 2656:. The private higher speed rail venture 2652:, as well as upgrades on the high-speed 2547: 2499: 2477:Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line 2420: 2375: 2252: 2240: 2232: 1984: 1968: 1949: 1855: 1797: 1753:In 1966, French Infrastructure Minister 1724: 1678: 1613: 1541:, the first modern high-speed rail, the 1408: 1400: 1389: 1350: 1282: 1203: 1199: 1133: 1036: 1017: 935: 904:becomes necessary or legally mandatory. 11204: 11135: 11000: 10747:"US Code Title 49 § 26105 –Definitions" 10661:Blažević, Aleksandra (29 August 2023). 10277:(in Korean). Hankyung.com. 1 April 2013 9202: 8673:(in Japanese). J-Cast. 18 December 2015 8550: 8473:"Deutschlands längster Eisenbahntunnel" 8244:Documents & Reports: The World Bank 7861: 7457: 6520:Picard, Jean François; Beltran, Alain. 6339:"Built to Last: J.G. Brill's 'Bullets'" 6274: 6248: 6189:Pyrgidis, Christos N. (21 April 2016). 6177: 5261:. The line will also serve the capital 5226:Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line 4152: 3314:is also used by regional trains run by 3066:. The line will also serve the capital 3013:344 km (214 mi) service from 2746:Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway 2460:rail service to begin operations using 1793: 1631:Shinkansen line, which is known as the 1341:Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea Oriol 1146:company introduced the diesel-powered " 805:) defines high-speed rail in terms of: 14: 14725: 13840: 11238: 11225: 10836:. California High-Speed Rail Authority 10593: 10026: 9889: 9887: 9807:铁路2014年投资8088亿元超额完成全年计划--财经--人民网 8959: 8957: 8497: 8315:. DVV Media International. 5 June 2024 7957: 7763:Cho, Nam-Geon; Chung, Jin-Kyu (2008). 7552:(in Simplified Chinese). 5 March 2014. 6963: 5315:Operational high-speed lines in Europe 5090:Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station 4933:Existing systems by country and region 4860: 4680: 3126:Operational high-speed lines in Europe 2762:Qinhuangdao–Shenyang Passenger Railway 2752:in order to combat the effects of the 2352:In 1981, the first section of the new 1928: 1840:United Aircraft Corporation TurboTrain 1622: 1453:In 1957, the engineers at the private 1355:The French CC 7100, 1955 record holder 1347:First above 300 km/h developments 1073:series of tests was carried. In 1905, 803:Trans-European high-speed rail network 334:managed to develop high-speed rail in 133:The first high-speed rail system, the 13766: 12678: 11311: 11001:Xiao, Fan; Lin, Jen-Jia (June 2021). 10719: 10482:(in Italian). SkyTG24. Archived from 10338: 9900:UIC – International union of railways 9724: 9650: 9255:Djahangard, Susan (12 October 2017). 8274:"China's High-Speed Rail Development" 8071:from the original on 10 December 2022 7983: 7981: 7953: 7951: 7561: 7559: 6868:from the original on 11 December 2021 6552: 5985: 5781:High-speed rail in the United Kingdom 3923:Noise also is an issue for residents. 2683: 2141:(connected to Sicily with the future 1852:High-speed rail in the United Kingdom 1833:support and helped to create regular 1465:EMU. This EMU set a world record for 987:Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft 169:line, followed shortly thereafter by 13820: 11337: 11174: 10314:"Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation" 10123: 9712:from the original on 22 January 2013 9187: 9047: 8992:from the original on 14 January 2023 8692:Lew, Alexander (11 September 2007). 8253:from the original on 2 December 2020 7834: 7340: 6731: 6540: 6218:Rail Engineering International (REI) 5852:High-speed rail in the United States 5271:Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line 4848: 4696: 4084:2013 Santiago de Compostela accident 3998:Seattle–Tacoma International Airport 3797: 3682: 3436: 3401:for high-speed cargo deliveries and 3076:Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line 2613:" and linked Boston, New York City, 2544:High-speed rail in the United States 2405:Hannover–Würzburg high-speed railway 2137:Other proposed high-speed lines are 944: 291:High-speed trains mostly operate on 27:Fastest rail-based transport systems 13748:Proposed high-speed rail by country 12704: 11175:Hood, Christopher (18 April 2006). 10594:Martać, Isidora (23 October 2022). 10527:Stevanović, Nemanja (18 May 2022). 10043:. Phoenix New Media. 1 January 2019 9884: 9580:"Test train catastrophe on LGV Est" 9572: 8954: 8691: 8437: 7879:. 26 September 2007. Archived from 7499: 6080:Proposed high-speed rail by country 5032:Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway 4945:Proposed high-speed rail by country 4910: 4149:were treated in several hospitals. 4109:On 14 November 2015, a specialised 3518: 3094:Proposed high-speed rail by country 2857: 2844:Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway 2711:Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway 2442:Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line 2090:– (Bologna–Florence–Rome–Naples) – 24: 12502:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 11197: 10642:. mojnovisad.com. 21 December 2023 10037:"中国高铁动车组发送旅客90亿人次：2018年占比超60％_凤凰网" 9586:. 16 November 2015. Archived from 8670:「4時間の壁」切れなかった北海道新幹線！2分違いで飛行機に客流れる？ 8632:, The New York Times, 29 May 2009. 8415:Silvester, Katie (December 2011). 7978: 7948: 7686:. 27 November 2012. Archived from 7624:. Associated Press. Archived from 7556: 7433:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 7287:"Treno ad alta velocità Le Frecce" 7106:from the original on 5 August 2020 7094:"French Train Breaks Speed Record" 7074:from the original on 9 August 2015 6964:Baylis, Simon (11 November 2019). 6920:"High Speed Rail Transportation I" 6561:. Associated Press. Archived from 6155:"General definitions of highspeed" 6125:. 27 February 2020. Archived from 5947:, and Washington, D.C., and while 5845: 5785:The UK's fastest high-speed line ( 5605:, the capital of the country, and 4875:Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway 3698:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2836:4+4 National high-speed rail Grid 2808:Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway 2598:derived from TGV, manufactured by 2514:. This has been followed up by an 2078:In the 1990s, work started on the 1413:E6 and E5 series Shinkansen models 145:, in 1964. Due to the streamlined 25: 14754: 12723: 11265: 10753:. 1 February 2010. Archived from 10245:, Triplepoint. Boston University. 9203:Pittman, Mitch (12 August 2016). 7835:Chen, Melody (4 September 2008). 5774: 5276: 4090:Santiago de Compostela derailment 3907:conditions. Such is the case for 3849: 3427:Hannover Würzburg high-speed line 3423:Frankfurt Cologne high speed line 2918:. The next generation KTX train, 2840:8+8 National high-speed rail Grid 2800:Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway 2143:bridge over the Strait of Messina 1846:United Kingdom, Italy and Germany 1711:hauled trains. The same year the 1548:The first Shinkansen trains, the 1482:, however widening the tracks to 1418:Japanese research and development 1256:introduced a duplex steam engine 1119:Philadelphia and Western Railroad 984:, the second with equipment from 931: 14710: 14698: 13819: 13810: 13809: 13406:List of high-speed railway lines 12658: 12512:Transportation demand management 11303:Train speed test - official site 11286: 11106: 11088: 11043: 10994: 10951: 10916: 10881: 10848: 10811:. Congressional Research Service 10798: 10780:"High-Speed Rail Strategic Plan" 10713: 10699: 10677: 10654: 10632: 10610: 10587: 10565: 10543: 10520: 10498: 10472: 10446: 10420: 10395: 10386: 10377: 10355: 10332: 10306: 10289: 10248: 10236: 10217: 10191: 10168: 10135: 10117: 10091: 10055: 10001: 9939: 9896:"High-Speed Databases and Atlas" 9859: 9838: 9832: 9814: 9798: 9772: 9746: 9683: 9542: 9512: 9473: 9455: 9429: 9404: 9379: 9353: 9336: 9319: 9293: 9267: 9248: 9230: 9211: 9196: 9181: 9126: 9107: 9074: 9060: 9041: 9027: 9013: 9004: 8939: 8854: 8827: 8808: 8791: 8763: 8745: 8719: 8685: 8660: 8635: 8623: 8598: 8423:. Cambridge: CPL. Archived from 8057:Jamil Anderlini (5 April 2010). 7595:2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元投产新线3038公里-中新网 6060:List of high-speed railway lines 6033: 5840: 5400:), and unmodified legacy lines. 4939:List of high-speed railway lines 4596: 4573: 4550: 4527: 4504: 4481: 4458: 4435: 4412: 4389: 4366: 4343: 3938: 3802: 3567: 3440: 3432: 3301: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3088:List of high-speed railway lines 2723: 2698: 2537: 2016:Florence–Rome high-speed railway 1323:Introduction of the Talgo system 1144:Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft 1000:Experimental three-phase railcar 745: 370: 310:. However, certain regions with 98:Beijing Chaoyang railway station 85: 55: 11245:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: 9927:. United Kingdom. 21 April 2015 9360:Yonah Freemark (26 July 2013). 9113: 8801:The Economical Environmentalist 8756:, Friday, 6 January 2006, p54. 8576: 8518: 8491: 8465: 8431: 8408: 8383: 8357: 8327: 8301: 8265: 8228: 8171: 8145: 8128: 8114: 8097: 8083: 8050: 8034:. J.H. Crawford. Archived from 8024: 8007: 7922: 7895: 7797: 7756: 7720: 7702: 7672: 7640: 7586: 7519: 7421: 7396: 7366: 7331:"High speed lines in the world" 7323: 7301: 7279: 7257: 7235: 7213: 7191: 7165: 7086: 7056: 7030: 7005: 6983: 6957: 6932: 6912: 6899: 6880: 6850: 6828: 6806: 6767: 6737: 6700: 6678: 6656: 6630: 6605: 6577: 6463: 6375: 6367:. Deutsche Bahn. Archived from 6357: 6331: 6159:International Union of Railways 6123:International Union of Railways 6116:"High Speed Lines in the World" 6021:Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway 6007:on KTX service in its section. 5869:Federal Railroad Administration 5771:'s strategic aims and targets. 5567:Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway 5213: 3247:A German high-speed line, with 3222: 2993: 2789:China Railways High-speed (CRH) 2736:Luoyang Longmen railway station 1963:Milano Centrale railway station 1829:which passed with overwhelming 1138:The German Fliegender Hamburger 1130:Early German high-speed network 998:line during 1902 and 1903 (see 990:(AEG), that were tested on the 875:International Union of Railways 835:International Union of Railways 181:. Today, much of Europe has an 66:high-speed line in Japan, with 11128: 10892:. Current Research on Cities. 8975:Congressional Research Service 7901: 7038:"Frecciarossa 1000 in Figures" 6553:Jones, Ben (2 December 2019). 6239:Official Guide of the Railways 6232: 6209: 6108: 5876:Congressional Research Service 5763:, as well as taking an Ankara– 5706:High-speed rail in Switzerland 5699: 5175:High-speed rail in South Korea 5168: 3817:format but may read better as 3386:. It uses converted passenger 3022:train service was extended to 2832:Shenzhen North Railway Station 2815:collision of high-speed trains 2432:In 1992, just in time for the 2008:Venezia Mestre railway station 1718: 1575:High-speed rail for the masses 350: 92:High-speed trains operated by 13: 1: 14269:LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire 11484:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 11181:. Routledge. pp. 18–43. 10937:10.1080/23792949.2021.1999169 10553:. kanal9tv.com. 25 March 2022 10205:(in Indonesian). 25 June 2023 10174: 10070:Railway Gazette International 9667:(in Japanese). Archived from 9159:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118135 9139:Journal of Cleaner Production 8512:10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.02.008 8313:Railway Gazette International 8199:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.03.011 7735:Railway Gazette International 7653:Railway Gazette International 7223:(in Italian). 11 January 2024 7201:(in Italian). 8 February 2021 6838:. The Driven. 21 January 2021 6101: 5769:Turkish Ministry of Transport 5019:Railway Gazette International 3793: 3004: 2925: 2715:Beijing South railway station 2121:opened in December 2005, the 1866:Florence–Rome high-speed line 1667:Southwest Jiaotong University 1327:In 1945, a Spanish engineer, 1150:" in regular service between 940:The German 1903 record holder 902:European Train Control System 561:Passenger traffic terminology 14738:1964 establishments in Japan 13415:By countries and territories 12540:Passenger information system 11294:travel guide from Wikivoyage 11100:Globalconstructionreview.com 10960:Travel Behaviour and Society 10902:10.1016/j.cities.2012.06.005 10831:"2023 Project Update Report" 10575:. ekapija.com. 23 March 2022 8586:. Bloomberg. 28 October 2009 8479:(in German). 2 February 2019 8438:Bös, Nadine (25 July 2012). 8417:"Interview: Alain Thauvette" 7500:Dao, James (24 April 2005). 6471:Low Slung Train Travels Fast 6388:(in German). Campus Verlag. 6365:"Timetable for EuroCity 378" 5613:. In contrast to the slower 5438:busiest passenger air routes 5368: 5244: 5240:Middle East and North Africa 5118:High-speed rail in Indonesia 5111: 5077: 4167: 4024: 3982: 3679:ceasing altogether in 2012. 2989:Middle East and Central Asia 2828:Beijing West railway station 2781:Pudong International Airport 2754:2008 global financial crisis 801:96/48/EC, Annex 1 (see also 7: 13420:planned networks in italics 11678:Demand-responsive transport 11576:Medium-capacity rail system 11168:Kalmbach Publishing Company 10925:Area Development and Policy 9504:. Xinhuanet. Archived from 8649:. p. 4. Archived from 8612:. p. 3. Archived from 8364:Mo Yelin (29 August 2018). 7904:"Talgo 250 reaches Bukhara" 7772:KRIHS Special Report Series 7267:(in Italian). 9 August 2023 6026: 5994: 5717: 5651:Spanish high-speed services 5501:Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori 5322: 5295:Haramain high-speed railway 5287:King Abdullah Economic City 5179:Since its opening in 2004, 5084:Hong Kong Express Rail Link 4925:G403/4, G405/6 and D939/40 4134:2018 Ankara train collision 3751:Limburg Süd railway station 3356:During the planning of the 3000:Haramain high-speed railway 2609:The new service was named " 2484:second longest in the world 2427:AVE Class 102 "Pato" (duck) 1558: 10: 14759: 13919:Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou 13815:High-speed rail by country 12441:Public transport timetable 11472:Passenger rail terminology 11205:Cornolò, Giovanni (1990). 11052:Journal of Urban Economics 11028:10.1016/j.trip.2021.100358 10706:Strategic Aims and Targets 10687:. vreme.com. 26 March 2024 8950:. Harvard Business School. 8032:"Interstate Rail Proposal" 6085:Passenger rail terminology 6017:Hankou–Danjiangkou railway 5956:California High-Speed Rail 5849: 5778: 5721: 5703: 5640: 5636: 5558: 5510: 5447: 5443: 5394:), upgraded legacy lines ( 5375:High-speed rail in Germany 5372: 5326: 5304: 5217: 5191: 5172: 5153: 5115: 5081: 5008: 4942: 4936: 4914: 4716: 4628: 4619: 4156: 4137: 4102: 4087: 4068: 4049: 4028: 3471: 3362:Japanese National Railways 3239:in old livery crossing it. 3166:) and under construction ( 3091: 3085: 3081: 3049: 3033: 2997: 2802:, which opened during the 2687: 2630:California High-Speed Rail 2541: 2493: 2414: 2372:High-speed rail in Germany 2369: 2365: 2354:Paris–Lyon High-Speed line 2226: 2098:– (Milan–Verona–Venice) – 1943: 1932: 1921:project, in favour of the 1849: 1434:Japanese National Railways 1123:Norristown High Speed Line 910: 790:Passenger rail terminology 787: 36: 29: 14679: 14665: 14653: 14636: 14629: 14607: 14593: 14529: 14506: 14491: 14473: 14455: 14407: 14388: 14323: 14309:LGV Sud Europe Atlantique 14254: 14229: 14211: 14177: 14168: 14143: 14109: 14093: 14068:Suseo–Pyeongtaek HSR Line 14048: 14032: 13979: 13963: 13869: 13860: 13833: 13800: 13743: 13725: 13597: 13495: 13451: 13428: 13414: 13396: 13383: 13144: 12989: 12937:TGV Sud-Est (refurbished) 12802: 12768: 12759: 12722: 12712: 12654: 12558: 12525: 12472:Green transport hierarchy 12454: 12408: 12372: 12331: 12209:Automated fare collection 12194: 12063: 11963: 11929: 11869: 11821: 11783: 11646: 11462: 11345: 11139:Rollen, schweben, gleiten 11064:10.1016/j.jue.2019.103212 10980:10.1016/j.tbs.2019.12.002 10620:. informer.rs. 3 May 2022 8804:. Earthscan. p. 298. 8159:(in German). 20 July 2023 7245:(in Italian). 12 May 2023 6261:11 September 2016 at the 6065:List of high-speed trains 5724:High-speed rail in Turkey 5598: 5584: 5561:High-speed rail in Russia 5554: 5513:High-speed rail in Norway 5506: 5419: 5406: 5329:High-speed rail in France 5307:High-speed rail in Europe 5300: 5273:, was completed in 2018. 5194:High-speed rail in Taiwan 5187: 4802:ICE 3 Class 403, 406, 407 4309: 4298: 4287: 4276: 4265: 4251: 4240: 4229: 4218: 4207: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4140:Marşandiz train collision 4099:2015 Eckwersheim accident 4003: 3857:total time to destination 3747:Montabaur railway station 3663:cancelled all flights to 3474:List of high-speed trains 3403: 3273:Road-rail parallel layout 3044: 2899:Korea Train Express (KTX) 2771:technology and built the 2750:economic stimulus program 2571:and New York City of the 2496:High-speed rail in Turkey 2489: 2229:High-speed rail in France 2222: 1935:High-speed rail in Europe 1778:, with specially adapted 1565: 1554:Kawasaki Heavy Industries 1517:A new train on a new line 924:operated relatively fast 674:List of high-speed trains 13895:Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau) 13794:High-speed railway lines 13336:British Rail Classes 800 12507:Transportation authority 11136:Krettek, Ottmar (1975). 10273: 10230:18 December 2009 at the 10226:, Japan Railways Group. 9806: 9735: 9663: 8669: 8136:"2017 DA Hannes Ortlieb" 7594: 7572:South China Morning Post 7541: 6749:AJW by The Asahi Shimbun 6585: 5643:High-speed rail in Spain 5450:High-speed rail in Italy 5156:High-speed rail in Japan 5149: 5022:, select trains between 5011:High-speed rail in China 5004: 4962:Shenzhou railway station 4871:China Railway High-speed 4713:Maximum speed in service 4624: 4334:Passenger-km (billions) 3991: 3877:continuously welded rail 3209: Under construction 3036:High-speed rail in Egypt 3029: 2690:High-speed rail in China 2466:high-speed rail in Spain 2417:High-speed rail in Spain 2410: 2295:began operations on the 2245:The TGV Sud-Est, at the 2027:electrical multiple unit 1946:High-speed rail in Italy 1939: 1675:Europe and North America 1476:3 ft 6 in 1386:Breakthrough: Shinkansen 799:European Union Directive 297:continuously welded rail 14520:St. Petersburg-Helsinki 14314:LGV Perpignan–Barcelona 14245:St. Petersburg-Helsinki 14009:Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen 13398:High-speed railway line 13246:NSB Class 71 (Flytoget) 12571:Bus rapid transit creep 12517:Transportation planning 11239:Hughes, Murray (2015). 10274:KTX 개통 9년…이용객 4억명 돌파 눈앞 9412:"Derailment at Eschede" 9120:The Heritage Foundation 8948:Delays at Logan Airport 7873:China Knowledge@Wharton 7602:(in Simplified Chinese) 6713:. JR East. 30 July 2010 5810:Great Western Main Line 4999: 4071:Wenzhou train collision 4015:Wenzhou train collision 3826:converting this section 3763:Highway Capacity Manual 3745:of larger cities, like 3562:China Southern Airlines 3349:Freight high-speed rail 3339: 3310:In the United Kingdom, 3098: 2434:Barcelona Olympic Games 2324:nuclear power in France 2265:, two divisions of the 2139:Salerno-Reggio Calabria 1521:The new service, named 1455:Odakyu Electric Railway 1060:In the US, some of the 1052:interurbans in the US. 576:Railway nationalization 14279:LGV Interconnexion Est 13127:TGV Sud-Est (original) 12269:Manual fare collection 12249:Farebox recovery ratio 11740:Personal rapid transit 11226:de Rus, Gines (2011). 10224:Japanese Bullet Trains 7812:(in Chinese). Taipei: 6481:, February 1945, p. 70 5730:Turkish State Railways 5674:Santiago de Compostela 5652: 5579:Trans-Siberian Railway 5466: 5396: 5390: 5352:train à grande vitesse 5316: 5200:Taiwan high-speed rail 5127: 5046: 4965: 4917:Longest train services 4719:List of fastest trains 4658: 4643: 4192:Annual world airlines 4105:Eckwersheim derailment 4052:Eschede train disaster 4011:Eschede train disaster 3669:Taiwan high-speed rail 3643: 3282: 3255:Continuous welded rail 3251: 3240: 3233:British Rail Class 373 3009:Uzbekistan opened the 2939:Taiwan High Speed Rail 2935: 2870: 2668:Expansion in East Asia 2577:New Haven, Connecticut 2561:United States Congress 2556: 2507: 2429: 2384: 2258: 2250: 2238: 2011: 1982: 1966: 1877: 1806: 1785:At the same time, the 1738: 1687: 1619: 1414: 1406: 1398: 1356: 1310:achieved the official 1291: 1215: 1183:Berlin–Dresden railway 1163:Henschel-Wegmann Train 1139: 1083:Cincinnati Car Company 1056:High-speed interurbans 1042: 1023: 1010:High-speed aspirations 951:Prussian state railway 941: 898:positive train control 684:Longest train services 566:Named passenger trains 137:, began operations in 14083:(Cheongnyangni-Dodam) 13093:Shinkansen Series 200 12907:Shinkansen Series 500 12780:China Railway CR400AF 12626:Sustainable transport 12606:Passenger load factor 12421:Clock-face scheduling 12254:Free public transport 12106:Bus turnout (bus bay) 11803:Real-time ridesharing 11596:Platform screen doors 11277:UIC: high-speed rail 11158:Middleton, William D. 9963:People's Daily Online 9705:] (in Japanese). 9416:Derailment at Eschede 7542:中国高铁总里程达11028公里占世界一半" 7350:Red de Alta Velocidad 7017:dataportal.orr.gov.uk 6019:were routed over the 5814:South Wales Main Line 5650: 5589:A high-speed line of 5457: 5382:InterCityExperimental 5314: 5125: 5040: 4959: 4855:Shanghai Maglev Train 4676:Absolute speed record 4649: 4638: 4331:Ridership (millions) 4121:of a bridge over the 4065:2011 Wenzhou accident 4046:1998 Eschede accident 4031:List of TGV accidents 3917:Norwegian Air Shuttle 3720:Automobiles and buses 3644: 3419:power to weight ratio 3280: 3246: 3230: 2933: 2866:The Korean-developed 2865: 2773:Shanghai maglev train 2638:Texas Central Railway 2551: 2503: 2448:electrification, and 2444:opened in Spain with 2424: 2379: 2291:In 1970, the DETMT's 2256: 2244: 2236: 2131:Bologna–Florence line 1988: 1972: 1953: 1864:train running on the 1859: 1850:Further information: 1801: 1728: 1682: 1617: 1463:Odakyu 3000 series SE 1412: 1404: 1396:Odakyu 3000 series SE 1393: 1368:, the swaying of the 1354: 1286: 1254:Pennsylvania Railroad 1207: 1200:American Streamliners 1181:was 102 minutes. See 1137: 1075:St. Louis Car Company 1040: 1021: 939: 699:Platform screen doors 312:wider legacy railways 14514:Moscow–St.Petersburg 14360:Nuremberg–Ingolstadt 13070:Renfe Class 120, 121 12812:Renfe Class 100, 101 12794:Shinkansen Series L0 12665:Transport portal 12601:Outline of transport 12294:Reduced fare program 12264:Integrated ticketing 12219:Contract of carriage 12030:Personal transporter 11586:Narrow-gauge railway 11434:Rail replacement bus 11292:Tips for rail travel 10149:. 27 February 2021. 8916:4 March 2016 at the 8906:4 March 2016 at the 7849:on 25 September 2008 6876:– via YouTube. 6816:. SCMP. 22 June 2020 6593:on 27 September 2011 6055:Railway speed record 5830:East Coast Main Line 5818:West Coast Main Line 5712:Gotthard Base Tunnel 5617:trains used for the 4905:Madrid–Barcelona HSL 4894:E6 Series Shinkansen 4867:Beijing–Shanghai HSR 4796:H5 Series Shinkansen 4792:E6 Series Shinkansen 4788:E5 Series Shinkansen 4754:CRH380B, BL & CL 4640:L0 Series Shinkansen 4631:Railway speed record 4153:2020 Lodi derailment 3599: 3484:regenerative braking 3215: Other railways 2804:2008 Summer Olympics 2395:in Italy and French 2297:Paris–Cherbourg line 1961:high speed train at 1894:East Coast Main Line 1794:US Metroliner trains 1329:Alejandro Goicoechea 1148:Fliegender Hamburger 1142:On 15 May 1933, the 826:Operating conditions 752:Transport portal 704:Railway speed record 14743:Japanese inventions 14554:Barcelona–Perpignan 14398:Athens–Thessaloniki 14221:Copenhagen–Ringsted 13994:Hokuriku Shinkansen 13989:Hokkaido Shinkansen 13901:Guangzhou–Hong Kong 13276:Shinkansen series 0 12641:Transport economics 12436:On-time performance 12431:Night (owl) service 12131:Interchange station 12010:Horse-drawn vehicle 11798:Flexible carpooling 11606:Metro/Rapid Transit 11114:"今天，湖北多县市，告别无高铁历史！" 11019:2021TrRIP..1000358X 10972:2020TBSoc..19...45X 10339:Yeniseyev, Maksim. 10320:on 27 December 2014 10103:Urban Land Magazine 9590:on 17 November 2015 9560:on 29 November 2014 9508:on 31 January 2018. 9188:Lockwood, Deirdre. 9151:2019JCPro.23918135Y 9048:Lockwood, Deirdre. 9023:. 29 December 2017. 8880:www.telegraph.co.uk 8731:www.taipeitimes.com 8345:on 17 November 2018 7958:Briginshaw, David. 7660:on 29 December 2012 7628:on 29 December 2012 7044:on 18 December 2014 6896:. 30 September 1965 6892:8 July 2018 at the 6864:. 19 January 2018. 6755:on 26 December 2014 6686:"Tohoku Shinkansen" 6522:"D'où viens tu TGV" 6050:Ground-effect train 5980:Greater Los Angeles 5826:Cross Country Route 5346:, as well as major 5259:Strait of Gibraltar 5144:Southern Hemisphere 4681:Overall rail record 4324: 4182: 3879:have minimised the 3560:Naples–Rome–Milan. 3064:Strait of Gibraltar 2884:Gyeongbu Expressway 2817:on 23 July 2011 in 2625:and Massachusetts. 2456:. This allowed the 2080:Treno Alta Velocità 1929:Evolution in Europe 1701:Deutsche Bundesbahn 1654:under license from 1623:Future developments 1550:0 Series Shinkansen 1366:hunting oscillation 1220:Burlington Railroad 1079:Henry E. Huntington 963:three-phase current 815:Minimum speed limit 679:List of train songs 556:High-speed railways 509:Couplers by country 358:Part of a series on 191:China's HSR network 14642:Northeast Corridor 14549:Madrid–Extremadura 14499:Grodzisk–Zawiercie 14354:Mannheim–Stuttgart 14151:Tashkent–Samarkand 14024:Tōkaidō Shinkansen 13940:Lianyungang–Ürümqi 13924:Suifenhe–Manzhouli 13848:Casablanca–Tangier 13174:China Railway DJJ1 13147:(124–155 mph) 12992:(155–186 mph) 12961:M (Avelia Horizon) 12805:(186–217 mph) 12395:Standing passenger 11658:Auto rickshaw taxi 11628:Suspension railway 11611:Rubber-tyred metro 11534:Heritage streetcar 11439:Share taxi/Taxibus 11163:The Interurban Era 10203:mediaindonesia.com 10124:Ollivier, Gerald. 9867:"RAILISA STAT UIC" 9826:data.worldbank.org 9760:on 8 February 2015 9443:on 4 December 2011 8882:. 24 February 2011 8820:5 May 2016 at the 8733:. 1 September 2012 7995:. 15 November 2018 7690:on 1 December 2012 7506:The New York Times 7481:on 21 October 2014 7384:on 21 October 2014 7068:Railway Technology 6708:"2010 Fact Sheets" 6617:www.britannica.com 6451:on 21 October 2014 6424:on 21 October 2014 6254:Sith Sastrasinh, " 6132:on 17 January 2021 5986:Inter-city effects 5949:Northeast Regional 5929:Northeast Corridor 5898:Northeast Regional 5862:United States Code 5659:as opposed to the 5653: 5525:, which links the 5467: 5317: 5128: 5047: 4972:, in Japan, Tokyo– 4966: 4659: 4644: 4328:Country/territory 4322: 4180: 4159:Livraga derailment 4019:Livraga derailment 3951:HSR is subject to 3828:, if appropriate. 3714:economies of scale 3639: 3452:. You can help by 3358:Tokaido Shinkansen 3283: 3252: 3241: 2936: 2897:The line known as 2871: 2795:high-speed train. 2684:Chinese CRH and CR 2654:Northeast Corridor 2573:Northeast Corridor 2557: 2508: 2430: 2385: 2259: 2251: 2239: 2127:Milan–Bologna line 2012: 1983: 1967: 1878: 1807: 1780:SNCF Class BB 9200 1774:between Paris and 1739: 1688: 1646:, is based on the 1620: 1595:noise, vibration, 1543:Tōkaidō Shinkansen 1459:Greater Tokyo Area 1415: 1407: 1399: 1357: 1312:world speed record 1292: 1266:Twin Cities Zephyr 1216: 1152:Hamburg and Berlin 1140: 1043: 1028:Károly Zipernowsky 1024: 1022:Károly Zipernowsky 942: 514:Coupler conversion 135:Tōkaidō Shinkansen 118:network utilizing 64:Tokaido Shinkansen 18:High-speed railway 14686: 14685: 14675: 14649: 14648: 14625: 14624: 14370:Rastatt–Offenburg 14339:Cologne–Frankfurt 14164: 14163: 14156:Samarkand–Bukhara 14084: 14076: 14075:(Wonju-Gangneung) 14058:Gyeongbu HSR Line 14019:Tōhoku Shinkansen 14014:San'yō Shinkansen 14004:Kyushu Shinkansen 13999:Jōetsu Shinkansen 13955:Guangzhou–Kunming 13903: 13890:Beijing–Hong Kong 13856: 13855: 13760: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13422: 13392: 13391: 13145:200–249 km/h 12990:250–299 km/h 12803:300–349 km/h 12761:High-speed trains 12672: 12671: 12364:Transport network 12354:Non-revenue track 12020:Inclined elevator 11955:Inclined elevator 11921:Inclined elevator 11546:Higher-speed rail 11489:Airport rail link 11372:Bus rapid transit 11247:The History Press 11188:978-1-134-36088-8 11102:. 16 August 2018. 10862:. 20 April 2024. 10786:on 7 January 2013 10665:. ona.telegraf.rs 10243:AMTRAK, Off Track 9871:uic-stats.uic.org 9786:on 4 January 2016 9780:"월별 일반철도 역간 이용인원" 9671:on 9 October 2019 9616:. 6 February 2020 9281:on 20 August 2010 9244:. 6 October 2017. 8936:as of 10 May 2014 8920:as of 10 May 2014 8656:on 10 March 2012. 8642:Peter Jorritsma. 8619:on 10 March 2012. 8605:Peter Jorritsma. 8427:on 20 April 2012. 8421:Rail Professional 8339:www.fsitaliane.it 8038:on 8 October 2011 7934:Egypt Independent 7910:on 27 August 2016 7600:www.chinanews.com 6777:. 25 January 2020 6543:, pp. 18–43. 6371:on 7 August 2019. 6202:978-1-4822-6216-2 5939:, New York City, 5880:higher-speed rail 5822:Midland Main Line 5791:London St Pancras 5750:Yüksek Hızlı Tren 5609:, the capital of 5460:Frecciarossa 1000 4957: 4903:In Spain, on the 4898:Tohoku Shinkansen 4861:Conventional rail 4849:Levitation trains 4734:CR400AF/KCIC400AF 4697:Conventional rail 4617: 4616: 4320: 4319: 4189:Annual world HSR 4123:Marne–Rhine Canal 3847: 3846: 3739:Extreme commuting 3683:Energy efficiency 3667:within a year of 3637: 3470: 3469: 3263:in-cab signalling 3249:ballastless track 2709:train set on the 2642:Pacific Northwest 2486:, after China's. 2403:(ICE) on the new 2401:Intercity-Express 2217:Frecciarossa 1000 1959:Frecciarossa 1000 1815:Lyndon B. Johnson 1660:Tongji University 1316:steam locomotives 1026:In 1891 engineer 945:First experiments 786: 785: 504:Railway couplings 487:Steam locomotives 183:extensive network 39:Higher-speed rail 16:(Redirected from 14750: 14715: 14714: 14703: 14702: 14694: 14674: 14634: 14633: 14560:Madrid–Barcelona 14417:Bologna–Florence 14380:Wolfsburg–Berlin 14365:Nuremberg–Erfurt 14349:Hanover–Würzburg 14284:LGV Méditerranée 14175: 14174: 14082: 14074: 14073:Gyeonggang Line 13950:Shanghai–Kunming 13945:Shanghai–Chengdu 13935:Qingdao–Yinchuan 13899: 13885:Beijing–Shanghai 13879:Coastal corridor 13867: 13866: 13838: 13837: 13823: 13822: 13813: 13812: 13787: 13780: 13773: 13764: 13763: 13426: 13425: 13418: 13370:Voyager/Meridian 13038:CR300AF, CR300BF 12971:Thalys PBA, PBKA 12766: 12765: 12699: 12692: 12685: 12676: 12675: 12663: 12662: 12581:Destination sign 12545:Platform display 12535:Destination sign 12492:Transit district 12487:Street hierarchy 12467:Complete streets 12462:Airport security 12344:Cross-city route 12289:Proof-of-payment 12259:Free travel pass 11750:Public light bus 11710:Hackney carriage 11529:Heritage railway 11514:Elevated railway 11509:Cross-city route 11429:Public light bus 11387:Cross-city route 11339:Public transport 11332: 11325: 11318: 11309: 11308: 11290: 11260: 11235: 11228:"vol 2, issue 1" 11222: 11192: 11171: 11153: 11122: 11121: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11092: 11086: 11085: 11075: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11030: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10835: 10827: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10810: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10762: 10757:on 17 March 2012 10751:US Code Title 49 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10717: 10711: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10681: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10508:. il Sole 24 Ore 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10424: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10399: 10393: 10390: 10384: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10316:. Archived from 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10105:. 3 October 2016 10095: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10078: 10072:. Archived from 10067: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10033: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9989:on 19 March 2013 9973: 9967: 9966: 9965:. 15 April 2011. 9955: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9891: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9843:. Archived from 9836: 9830: 9829: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9782:. Archived from 9776: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9756:. Archived from 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9731: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9711: 9696: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9659: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9556:. Archived from 9546: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9526:. Archived from 9516: 9510: 9509: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9439:. Archived from 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9098: 9090: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8991: 8972: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8943: 8937: 8927: 8921: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8831: 8825: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8767: 8761: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8648: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8611: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8538:on 19 April 2011 8537: 8530: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8500:Transport Policy 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8341:. Archived from 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8292: 8284: 8278: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8252: 8241: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8187:Transport Policy 8184: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8062: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7985: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7962:. Archived from 7955: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7906:. Archived from 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7845:. Archived from 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7811: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7784: 7769: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7743: 7737:. Archived from 7732: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7656:. Archived from 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7563: 7554: 7553: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7469: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7453:October 27, 1992 7434: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7380:. Archived from 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7319:on 26 June 2010. 7315:. Archived from 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6897: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6751:. Archived from 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6644:. 1 October 2014 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6565:on 18 April 2021 6550: 6544: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6447:. Archived from 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6420:. Archived from 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6252: 6246: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6186: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6161:. Archived from 6151: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6120: 6112: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6015:services on the 5976:Rancho Cucamonga 5972:Las Vegas Valley 5904:Keystone Service 5600: 5575:Saint Petersburg 5411: 5410: 5399: 5393: 5386:InterCityExpress 5297:opened in 2018. 5045:high-speed train 4958: 4911:Service distance 4750:CRH380A & AL 4601: 4600: 4578: 4577: 4555: 4554: 4532: 4531: 4509: 4508: 4486: 4485: 4463: 4462: 4440: 4439: 4417: 4416: 4394: 4393: 4371: 4370: 4348: 4347: 4325: 4321: 4183: 4179: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3824:You can help by 3806: 3805: 3798: 3768:land consumption 3665:Taichung Airport 3648: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3629: 3628: 3609: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3519:Optimal distance 3465: 3462: 3444: 3437: 3408: 3407: 3326:TER Nantes-Laval 3216: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 2858:South Korean KTX 2727: 2702: 2438:Seville Expo '92 2158:alta velocità AV 2123:Turin–Milan line 2119:Rome–Naples line 2063:electric and 35 1998: 1609:braking distance 1597:aerodynamic drag 1570: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1537:in time for the 1507: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1489: 1477: 1473: 1303:steam locomotive 1262:the Trail Blazer 1250:Morning Hiawatha 1175:Dresden-Neustadt 1099:General Electric 961:. The line used 778: 771: 764: 750: 749: 450:Gauge conversion 374: 355: 354: 89: 59: 21: 14758: 14757: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14733:High-speed rail 14723: 14722: 14721: 14709: 14697: 14689: 14687: 14682: 14673: 14661: 14645: 14621: 14603: 14589: 14525: 14502: 14487: 14483:Gardermoen Line 14469: 14451: 14403: 14384: 14319: 14299:LGV Rhône-Alpes 14250: 14225: 14207: 14160: 14139: 14119:Ankara–Istanbul 14105: 14089: 14044: 14028: 13975: 13959: 13929:Beijing–Lanzhou 13914:Beijing–Kunming 13852: 13829: 13805:High-speed rail 13796: 13791: 13761: 13752: 13739: 13721: 13593: 13491: 13447: 13417: 13416: 13410: 13388: 13379: 13326:Z-TER (Z 21500) 13146: 13140: 12991: 12985: 12897:KTX-Cheongryong 12804: 12798: 12772: 12770: 12755: 12718: 12708: 12706:High-speed rail 12703: 12673: 12668: 12657: 12650: 12554: 12527: 12521: 12450: 12404: 12380:Checked baggage 12368: 12327: 12214:Bus advertising 12198: 12190: 12059: 12050:Trackless train 11993:Scooter-sharing 11988:Bicycle-sharing 11965: 11959: 11925: 11865: 11817: 11779: 11755:Pulled rickshaw 11725:Motorcycle taxi 11668:Combination bus 11649: 11642: 11556:Inter-city rail 11541:High-speed rail 11458: 11341: 11336: 11268: 11263: 11257: 11219: 11200: 11198:Further reading 11195: 11189: 11150: 11131: 11126: 11125: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11048: 11044: 10999: 10995: 10956: 10952: 10921: 10917: 10886: 10882: 10872: 10870: 10860:Washington Post 10854: 10853: 10849: 10839: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10814: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10760: 10758: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10730: 10728: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10700: 10690: 10688: 10683: 10682: 10678: 10668: 10666: 10659: 10655: 10645: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10623: 10621: 10616: 10615: 10611: 10601: 10599: 10592: 10588: 10578: 10576: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10556: 10554: 10549: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10525: 10521: 10511: 10509: 10504: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10486:on 4 April 2013 10478: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10437: 10435: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10382: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10361: 10360: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10337: 10333: 10323: 10321: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10258: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10241: 10237: 10232:Wayback Machine 10222: 10218: 10208: 10206: 10197: 10196: 10192: 10182: 10180: 10173: 10169: 10159: 10157: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10128: 10122: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10035: 10034: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9982:The Japan Times 9975: 9974: 9970: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9944: 9940: 9930: 9928: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9904: 9902: 9892: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9865: 9864: 9860: 9850: 9848: 9837: 9833: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9763: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9725: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9684: 9674: 9672: 9665: 9664:KTX vs 新幹線徹底比較 9661: 9660: 9651: 9641: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9619: 9617: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9584:Railway Gazette 9578: 9577: 9573: 9563: 9561: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9533: 9531: 9530:on 25 July 2013 9518: 9517: 9513: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9368: 9358: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9308: 9307:on 27 June 2010 9299: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9253: 9249: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9218:tagesschau.de. 9216: 9212: 9201: 9197: 9186: 9182: 9131: 9127: 9112: 9108: 9092: 9091: 9079: 9075: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9046: 9042: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8993: 8989: 8970: 8962: 8955: 8944: 8940: 8928: 8924: 8918:Wayback Machine 8908:Wayback Machine 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8832: 8828: 8824:, in Norwegian. 8822:Wayback Machine 8813: 8809: 8798:Prashant Vaze. 8796: 8792: 8782: 8780: 8774: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8750: 8746: 8736: 8734: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8653: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8436: 8432: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8286: 8285: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8239: 8233: 8229: 8219: 8217: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8065:Financial Times 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7956: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7936:. 14 March 2022 7928: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7902:UK, DVV Media. 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7883:on 16 July 2011 7867: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7565: 7564: 7557: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7292: 7290: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6907:The Metroliners 6904: 6900: 6894:Wayback Machine 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6862:www.youtube.com 6856: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6485: 6479:Popular Science 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6443:Eric H. Bowen. 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6416:Eric H. Bowen. 6414: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6380: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6341:. 5 April 2007. 6337: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6263:Wayback Machine 6253: 6249: 6237: 6233: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6187: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6165:on 20 July 2011 6153: 6152: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6095:Inter-city rail 6039: 6032: 6029: 5997: 5988: 5968:Brightline West 5878:uses the term " 5854: 5848: 5843: 5783: 5777: 5726: 5720: 5708: 5702: 5645: 5639: 5623:Stadler KISS-es 5587: 5563: 5557: 5523:Gardermoen Line 5515: 5509: 5464:Milano Centrale 5452: 5446: 5422: 5377: 5371: 5348:amusement parks 5331: 5325: 5309: 5303: 5279: 5247: 5242: 5222: 5216: 5196: 5190: 5177: 5171: 5158: 5152: 5120: 5114: 5086: 5080: 5013: 5007: 5002: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4927:Beijing–Kunming 4919: 4913: 4888:, and Japanese 4863: 4851: 4728:Shanghai Maglev 4721: 4715: 4699: 4683: 4678: 4633: 4627: 4622: 4595: 4572: 4549: 4526: 4503: 4480: 4457: 4434: 4411: 4388: 4365: 4342: 4170: 4161: 4155: 4142: 4136: 4107: 4101: 4092: 4086: 4073: 4067: 4054: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4006: 3994: 3985: 3953:land subsidence 3941: 3909:Hainan Airlines 3852: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3727:Gardermoen Line 3722: 3685: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3570: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3476: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3450:needs expansion 3435: 3351: 3342: 3304: 3275: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3052: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2991: 2928: 2860: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2703: 2692: 2686: 2670: 2590:and the German 2581:grade crossings 2579:, to eliminate 2546: 2540: 2498: 2492: 2419: 2413: 2374: 2368: 2312:1973 oil crisis 2231: 2225: 2210:Milan-Treviglio 2162:Eurostar Italia 2147:Palermo-Catania 1992: 1948: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1889:diesel-electric 1854: 1848: 1817:as part of his 1796: 1723: 1693: 1677: 1633:Chūō Shinkansen 1625: 1577: 1562: 1519: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1492:4 ft 1491: 1487: 1475: 1471: 1451: 1420: 1388: 1349: 1325: 1281: 1248:introduced the 1214:passenger train 1202: 1179:Berlin-Südkreuz 1132: 1064:(i.e. trams or 1058: 1012: 947: 934: 913: 792: 782: 744: 641: 590:Special systems 585: 551:Inter-city rail 536:Passenger train 461: 416:Railway station 393: 392: 353: 338:. There are no 301:grade-separated 114:) is a type of 108:High-speed rail 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 90: 81: 80: 79: 60: 51: 50: 49:High-speed rail 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14756: 14746: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14720: 14719: 14707: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14662: 14657: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14640: 14638: 14631: 14627: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14619: 14613: 14611: 14609:United Kingdom 14605: 14604: 14599: 14597: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14587: 14585:Madrid–Levante 14582: 14577: 14575:Madrid–Seville 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14551: 14546: 14544:Madrid–Galicia 14541: 14535: 14533: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14517: 14510: 14508: 14504: 14503: 14497: 14495: 14489: 14488: 14486: 14485: 14479: 14477: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14467: 14461: 14459: 14453: 14452: 14450: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14437:Naples–Salerno 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14413: 14411: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14394: 14392: 14386: 14385: 14383: 14382: 14377: 14375:Wendlingen–Ulm 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14351: 14346: 14344:Erfurt–Leipzig 14341: 14336: 14329: 14327: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14317: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14294:LGV Rhin-Rhône 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14264:LGV Atlantique 14260: 14258: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14242: 14235: 14233: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14217: 14215: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14194: 14189: 14183: 14181: 14172: 14166: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14153: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14115: 14113: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14078: 14070: 14065: 14063:Honam HSR Line 14060: 14054: 14052: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14042: 14036: 14034: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13985: 13983: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13967: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13909:Hohhot–Nanning 13906: 13905: 13904: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13875: 13873: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13835: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13827: 13817: 13807: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13790: 13789: 13782: 13775: 13767: 13758: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13750: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13737: 13729: 13727: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13717:United Kingdom 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13627:Czech Republic 13623: 13616: 13611: 13603: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13592: 13591: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13545: 13540: 13533: 13526: 13521: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13501: 13499: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13477: 13470: 13463: 13455: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13438: 13432: 13430: 13423: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13402: 13400: 13394: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13384: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13225: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13188:China Railway 13178:China Railway 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13150: 13148: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13124: 13119: 13090: 13081: 13076: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13040: 13034:China Railway 13022:2A, 2B, 2E, 2G 13012:China Railway 13001: 12999:Avelia Liberty 12995: 12993: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12981:Siemens Velaro 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12934: 12929: 12904: 12899: 12886: 12881: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12830:China Railway 12827: 12822: 12808: 12806: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12776: 12774: 12771:(217 mph) 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12739: 12734: 12728: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12716:rail transport 12713: 12710: 12709: 12702: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12679: 12670: 12669: 12655: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12596:Land transport 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12562: 12560: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12531: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12497:Transit police 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12477:Rail subsidies 12474: 12469: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12412: 12410: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12374: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12349:Network length 12346: 12341: 12335: 12333: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12313:Ticket machine 12310: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12234:Fare avoidance 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12205: 12203: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12116:Ferry terminal 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12025:Moving walkway 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11980: 11975: 11969: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11950:Moving walkway 11947: 11942: 11936: 11934: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11879:Aerial tramway 11875: 11873: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11827: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11789: 11787: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11675: 11673:Cycle rickshaw 11670: 11665: 11660: 11654: 11652: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11623:Street running 11620: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11468: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11351: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11335: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11267: 11266:External links 11264: 11262: 11261: 11256:978-0750961455 11255: 11236: 11223: 11217: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11187: 11172: 11154: 11148: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11105: 11087: 11042: 10993: 10950: 10931:(3): 293–311. 10915: 10880: 10847: 10822: 10797: 10771: 10738: 10712: 10698: 10676: 10653: 10631: 10609: 10586: 10564: 10542: 10519: 10497: 10471: 10445: 10434:on 13 May 2012 10419: 10394: 10385: 10376: 10365:. 31 July 2014 10354: 10343:. Caravanserai 10331: 10305: 10288: 10264: 10247: 10235: 10216: 10190: 10167: 10134: 10116: 10090: 10079:on 9 July 2019 10054: 10041:tech.ifeng.com 10025: 10000: 9968: 9950: 9948:29 August 2013 9938: 9912: 9883: 9858: 9847:on 17 May 2015 9831: 9813: 9797: 9771: 9745: 9742:(in Japanese). 9723: 9682: 9649: 9627: 9601: 9571: 9541: 9511: 9490: 9472: 9454: 9428: 9403: 9378: 9352: 9335: 9318: 9292: 9266: 9247: 9242:Spiegel Online 9229: 9210: 9195: 9180: 9125: 9106: 9073: 9059: 9040: 9037:. 30 May 2017. 9026: 9012: 9003: 8953: 8938: 8922: 8893: 8867: 8853: 8826: 8807: 8790: 8772: 8762: 8744: 8718: 8684: 8659: 8634: 8622: 8597: 8575: 8564:. 2 April 2011 8549: 8517: 8490: 8464: 8430: 8407: 8382: 8356: 8326: 8300: 8264: 8227: 8170: 8144: 8127: 8113: 8096: 8093:. 2 July 2017. 8082: 8049: 8023: 8006: 7977: 7966:on 8 July 2016 7947: 7921: 7894: 7860: 7842:Taiwan Journal 7827: 7796: 7785:on 29 May 2011 7755: 7744:on 9 July 2019 7719: 7701: 7671: 7639: 7613: 7585: 7555: 7532: 7518: 7492: 7456: 7441:H.R. 4250 7420: 7395: 7365: 7339: 7322: 7313:www.fomento.es 7300: 7278: 7256: 7234: 7212: 7190: 7177:trenitalia.com 7164: 7139: 7117: 7085: 7055: 7029: 7004: 6982: 6970:Railway Museum 6956: 6931: 6911: 6898: 6879: 6849: 6827: 6805: 6788: 6766: 6736: 6734:, p. 214. 6724: 6699: 6677: 6655: 6629: 6604: 6576: 6545: 6530: 6483: 6462: 6435: 6408: 6395:978-3593357669 6394: 6374: 6356: 6352:Middleton 1968 6344: 6330: 6326:Middleton 1968 6318: 6314:Middleton 1968 6306: 6302:Middleton 1968 6294: 6290:Middleton 1968 6279: 6267: 6247: 6231: 6208: 6201: 6176: 6143: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6028: 6025: 5996: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5884: 5883: 5872: 5865: 5850:Main article: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835:cab signalling 5803:Channel Tunnel 5779:Main article: 5776: 5775:United Kingdom 5773: 5722:Main article: 5719: 5716: 5704:Main article: 5701: 5698: 5657:standard gauge 5641:Main article: 5638: 5635: 5586: 5583: 5559:Main article: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5511:Main article: 5508: 5505: 5448:Main article: 5445: 5442: 5421: 5418: 5397:Ausbaustrecken 5391:Neubaustrecken 5373:Main article: 5370: 5367: 5363:LGV Atlantique 5327:Main article: 5324: 5321: 5305:Main article: 5302: 5299: 5278: 5275: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5218:Main article: 5215: 5212: 5192:Main article: 5189: 5186: 5173:Main article: 5170: 5167: 5160:In Japan, the 5154:Main article: 5151: 5148: 5140:Southeast Asia 5116:Main article: 5113: 5110: 5102:Futian station 5082:Main article: 5079: 5076: 5009:Main article: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4937:Main article: 4934: 4931: 4915:Main article: 4912: 4909: 4862: 4859: 4850: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4825: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4776:TGV Euroduplex 4761: 4731: 4717:Main article: 4714: 4711: 4698: 4695: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4629:Main article: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4169: 4166: 4157:Main article: 4154: 4151: 4138:Main article: 4135: 4132: 4111:TGV EuroDuplex 4103:Main article: 4100: 4097: 4088:Main article: 4085: 4082: 4069:Main article: 4066: 4063: 4050:Main article: 4047: 4044: 4026: 4023: 4005: 4002: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3977:Overhead lines 3973: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3949: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3850:HSR Advantages 3848: 3845: 3844: 3810: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3780:Boeing 737-800 3721: 3718: 3684: 3681: 3661:China Airlines 3650: 3649: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3569: 3566: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3468: 3467: 3447: 3445: 3434: 3431: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3334:passing siding 3303: 3300: 3287:Köln–Frankfurt 3274: 3271: 3259:overhead lines 3224: 3221: 3179: 3178: 3161: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3086:Main article: 3083: 3080: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3034:Main article: 3031: 3028: 3006: 3003: 2998:Main article: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2951:Western Taiwan 2927: 2924: 2859: 2856: 2793:Siemens Velaro 2729: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2704: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2688:Main article: 2685: 2682: 2669: 2666: 2542:Main article: 2539: 2536: 2494:Main article: 2491: 2488: 2450:standard gauge 2415:Main article: 2412: 2409: 2387:Following the 2370:Main article: 2367: 2364: 2320:Pierre Messmer 2261:Following the 2227:Main article: 2224: 2221: 2114:are underway. 2046:Rome–Florence 1973:A pair of FS' 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1933:Main article: 1930: 1927: 1847: 1844: 1795: 1792: 1722: 1717: 1692: 1689: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1624: 1621: 1576: 1573: 1518: 1515: 1510:standard gauge 1484:standard gauge 1450: 1447: 1419: 1416: 1387: 1384: 1382:'s prototype. 1348: 1345: 1324: 1321: 1280: 1277: 1246:Milwaukee Road 1201: 1198: 1131: 1128: 1057: 1054: 1011: 1008: 982:Siemens-Halske 978:Deutz, Cologne 946: 943: 933: 932:Early research 930: 912: 909: 870: 869: 866: 859: 858: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 831: 830: 827: 824: 816: 813: 810: 809:Infrastructure 784: 783: 781: 780: 773: 766: 758: 755: 754: 741: 740: 739: 738: 733: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 648: 647: 643: 642: 640: 639: 634: 629: 628: 627: 617: 612: 607: 606: 605: 592: 591: 587: 586: 584: 583: 578: 573: 571:Rail subsidies 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 522: 521: 516: 511: 501: 496: 491: 490: 489: 479: 471: 470: 463: 462: 460: 459: 458: 457: 452: 447: 445:Variable gauge 437: 436: 435: 425: 424: 423: 413: 408: 400: 399: 398:Infrastructure 395: 394: 391: 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 367: 366: 364:Rail transport 360: 359: 352: 349: 293:standard gauge 278:United Kingdom 126:and dedicated 116:rail transport 91: 84: 83: 82: 61: 54: 53: 52: 48: 47: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14755: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14728: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14695: 14692: 14678: 14672: 14668: 14666:South America 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14643: 14639: 14637:United States 14635: 14632: 14630:North America 14628: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14580:Madrid–Toledo 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14570:Madrid–Malaga 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14539:Atlantic Axis 14537: 14536: 14534: 14532: 14528: 14521: 14518: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14505: 14500: 14496: 14494: 14490: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14478: 14476: 14472: 14466: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14454: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14427:Milan–Bologna 14425: 14423: 14422:Florence–Rome 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14410: 14406: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14391: 14387: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14334: 14333:Cologne–Düren 14331: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14257: 14253: 14246: 14243: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14232: 14228: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14214: 14210: 14204: 14201: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14180: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14167: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14135: 14134:Konya–Karaman 14132: 14130: 14129:Polatlı–Konya 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14085: 14081:Jungang Line 14079: 14077: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14047: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14031: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13978: 13972: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13962: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13872: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13859: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13836: 13832: 13826: 13818: 13816: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13799: 13795: 13788: 13783: 13781: 13776: 13774: 13769: 13768: 13765: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13742: 13736: 13735: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13687: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13665: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13622: 13621: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13609: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13600: 13596: 13590: 13589: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13572: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13550: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13534: 13532: 13531: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13487:United States 13485: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13476: 13475: 13471: 13469: 13468: 13464: 13462: 13461: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13443: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13424: 13421: 13413: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13395: 13387: 13382: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13297:SBB RABDe 500 13295: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13220: 13219:InterCity 125 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13143: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13065:New Pendolino 13063: 13061: 13058: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13037: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13018:CRH1A, 1B, 1E 13016: 13015: 13009: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12893:II (Sancheon) 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12875:Eurostar e300 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12769:350 km/h 12767: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12700: 12695: 12693: 12688: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12653: 12647: 12646:Micromobility 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12591:Hail and ride 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12557: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12532: 12530: 12524: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12186:Transport hub 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12171:Train station 12169: 12167: 12166:Taxicab stand 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12151:Park and ride 12149: 12147: 12146:Metro station 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12062: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11889:Cable railway 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11820: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11618:Regional rail 11616: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11499:Commuter rail 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11402:Intercity bus 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11328: 11326: 11321: 11319: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11258: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11224: 11220: 11218:88-85068-23-5 11214: 11211:. Salò: ETR. 11210: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11190: 11184: 11180: 11179: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11149:3-87094-033-6 11145: 11141: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11083: 11079: 11074: 11073:1721.1/132188 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10997: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10954: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10832: 10826: 10807: 10801: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10768: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10727: 10726:Rail Engineer 10723: 10716: 10710: 10707: 10702: 10686: 10680: 10664: 10657: 10641: 10635: 10619: 10613: 10597: 10590: 10574: 10568: 10552: 10546: 10530: 10523: 10507: 10501: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10459: 10458:www.ntvspa.it 10455: 10449: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10389: 10383:Metzler, 1992 10380: 10364: 10358: 10342: 10335: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10298: 10292: 10276: 10268: 10257: 10251: 10244: 10239: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10220: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10178: 10171: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10147:The Economist 10144: 10138: 10127: 10120: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10058: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10030: 10014: 10010: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9972: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9947: 9942: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9888: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9809: 9801: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9738: 9730: 9728: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9692: 9691:"新幹線旅客輸送量の推移" 9686: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9637: 9631: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9442: 9438: 9432: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9345: 9339: 9328: 9322: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9225: 9224:tagesschau.de 9221: 9214: 9206: 9199: 9191: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9114:Utt, Ronald. 9110: 9102: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9069: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9044: 9036: 9030: 9022: 9016: 9007: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8968: 8960: 8958: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8931: 8926: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8897: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8863: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8811: 8803: 8802: 8794: 8779: 8776: 8766: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8672: 8663: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8585: 8579: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8453: 8449: 8446:(in German). 8445: 8441: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8371: 8370:Caixin Global 8367: 8360: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8296: 8290: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8207:11311/1122504 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8137: 8131: 8123: 8117: 8106: 8100: 8092: 8086: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8053: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8016: 8010: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7952: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7831: 7815: 7808: 7807: 7800: 7781: 7777: 7774:(in Korean). 7773: 7766: 7759: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7684:xinhuanet.com 7681: 7675: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7549: 7544: 7536: 7528: 7522: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7460: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7353: 7351: 7343: 7332: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7288: 7282: 7266: 7260: 7244: 7238: 7222: 7216: 7200: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7127: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7018: 7014: 7008: 6993:. 16 May 2021 6992: 6986: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6908: 6902: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6883: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6837: 6831: 6815: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6776: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6709: 6703: 6687: 6681: 6665: 6659: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6535: 6523: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6354:, p. 10. 6353: 6348: 6340: 6334: 6328:, p. 72. 6327: 6322: 6316:, p. 60. 6315: 6310: 6304:, p. 68. 6303: 6298: 6292:, p. 27. 6291: 6286: 6284: 6277:, p. 47. 6276: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6198: 6195:. CRC Press. 6194: 6193: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6041:Trains portal 6036: 6031: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5933:Acela Express 5930: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892:Acela Express 5888: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5846:United States 5841:North America 5838: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5666:Iberian gauge 5662: 5661:Iberian gauge 5658: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5615:Stadler FLIRT 5612: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565:The existing 5562: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5409: 5408:Deutsche Bahn 5403: 5398: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344:Mediterranean 5341: 5337: 5330: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5185: 5184:the largest. 5182: 5176: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5028:Nanjing South 5025: 5024:Beijing South 5021: 5020: 5012: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4946: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923:China Railway 4918: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4808:AVE Class 103 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782:Eurostar e320 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:United States 4553: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4165: 4160: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4096: 4091: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4053: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3939:Disadvantages 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3841: 3838:February 2019 3832:is available. 3831: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3811:This section 3809: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702:nuclear power 3699: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3568:Market shares 3565: 3563: 3557: 3525: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3464: 3455: 3451: 3448:This section 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433:Rolling stock 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3405:Deutsche Bahn 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3332:a station or 3329: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3302:Track sharing 3299: 3296: 3295:expropriation 3292: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162:Operational ( 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3042: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3001: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2892:Gyeongbu Line 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2852:Nanjing South 2849: 2848:Beijing South 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611:Acela Express 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:tilting train 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559:In 1992, the 2555: 2554:Acela Express 2550: 2545: 2538:United States 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Iberian gauge 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2363: 2360: 2359:speed records 2355: 2350: 2348: 2347:Jacobs bogies 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2286:Jacobs bogies 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2191:Frecciabianca 2187: 2186: 2185:Frecciargento 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1886:InterCity 125 1883: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:Great Society 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1755:Edgard Pisani 1751: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1686: 1681: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656:Thyssen-Krupp 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1581:Bullet trains 1572: 1560: 1559:Dangan Ressha 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1539:Olympic Games 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527:new main line 1524: 1514: 1511: 1488:1,435 mm 1485: 1481: 1472:1,067 mm 1468: 1464: 1461:launched the 1460: 1456: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1411: 1403: 1397: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1290: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244:In 1935, the 1242: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1228:Jacobs bogies 1225: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1156:Jakobs bogies 1153: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1016: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 938: 929: 927: 922: 918: 908: 905: 903: 899: 893: 891: 888: 884: 881: 876: 867: 864: 863: 862: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 839: 838: 836: 828: 825: 821: 817: 814: 811: 808: 807: 806: 804: 800: 795: 791: 779: 774: 772: 767: 765: 760: 759: 757: 756: 753: 748: 743: 742: 737: 734: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649: 645: 644: 638: 635: 633: 630: 626: 623: 622: 621: 620:Rapid transit 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 595: 594: 593: 589: 588: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 546:Regional rail 544: 542: 541:Commuter rail 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:Bogie (truck) 529: 527: 524: 520: 519:Dual coupling 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 500: 499:Railroad cars 497: 495: 492: 488: 485: 484: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 472: 469: 468:rolling stock 465: 464: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 441: 438: 434: 431: 430: 429: 428:Railway track 426: 422: 419: 418: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 397: 396: 389: 388:Company types 386: 384: 381: 380: 378: 377: 373: 369: 368: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 348: 344: 341: 337: 336:Iberian gauge 333: 329: 325: 324:Russian gauge 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 304:rights of way 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 282:United States 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 124:rolling stock 121: 117: 113: 109: 99: 95: 94:China Railway 88: 77: 73: 69: 65: 58: 44: 40: 33: 32:InterCity 125 19: 14670: 14658: 14617:High Speed 1 14601:Bothnia Line 14432:Milan–Verona 14239:Kerava-Lahti 14124:Ankara–Sivas 14040:Haramain HSR 14033:Saudi Arabia 13804: 13732: 13684: 13662: 13625: 13618: 13606: 13586: 13569: 13560:Saudi Arabia 13547: 13535: 13528: 13516: 13479: 13472: 13465: 13458: 13440: 13419: 13256:NSB Class 74 13251:NSB Class 73 13189: 13179: 13122:TCDD HT65000 13084:SBB RABe 501 13035: 13013: 12966:TCDD HT80000 12831: 12732:Conventional 12731: 12724:Technologies 12705: 12656: 12631:Timing point 12616:Request stop 12559:Other topics 12416:Bus bunching 12400:Travel class 12359:Radial route 12339:Circle route 12323:Transit pass 12284:Penalty fare 12244:Fare evasion 12239:Fare capping 12224:Dead mileage 12181:Transit mall 11904:Gondola lift 11683:Microtransit 11591:People mover 11540: 11504:Circle route 11419:Open top bus 11382:Circle route 11241: 11231: 11207: 11177: 11162: 11138: 11117: 11108: 11099: 11090: 11055: 11051: 11045: 11010: 11006: 10996: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10871:. 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