2060:
ruled by the
Muthraiyar Kings having Woraiyur as their Capital. Vijayalayachola conquered Tanjore from Dhancheya Muhuraiyar King who established the Tanjore City. Among the noted Muthariyar King, Perumbidugu alias Swaran Maran Muthraiyar who conquered consequently 14 battles and known as the Emperor in Tamil Nadu (Perarasar). He and his ancestors built many cave temples in Tiruchirappalli and Pudukottai regions. Among them Kuvavan Sathan alias Videl Vidugu Muthraiyar built many cave temples in Pudukottai Region. Mutharaiyars and ancestors are known as Muthuraja in central of part of Tamil Nadu particularly Tiruchirappalli.
2829:
1848:. The classical Tamil literature, referred to as Sangam literature is attributed to the period between 500 BCE and 300 CE. The poems of Sangam literature, which deal with emotional and material topics, were categorised and collected into various anthologies during the medieval period. These Sangam poems paint the picture of a fertile land and of a people who were organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order (
2742:
2784:. This laid the foundation of future European involvement in the affairs of the country. The success of the Dutch inspired the English to seek trade with Thanjavur, which was to lead to far-reaching repercussions. Vijaya Raghava (1631–1676) was the last of the Thanjavur Nayaks. Nayaks reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country and their contributions can be seen even today. Nayaks expanded the existing temples with large pillared halls, and tall gateway towers, which is representative of the religious architecture of this period.
3652:, during which the AIADMK formed a large coalition of a number of smaller parties to counter the electoral threat posed by the alliance between the DMK and TMC. Since then the formation of alliances of a large number of political parties has become an electoral practice in Tamil Nadu. The electoral decline of Congress party at the national level, which started during early 1990, forced the Congress to seek coalition partners from various states including Tamil Nadu. This paved the way for the Dravidian parties to be part of the
2295:
3451:
3021:
3157:
2583:
1676:
7335:
7359:
350:
3320:
2412:
2264:(c.610–642) invaded the Pallava kingdom in the reign of Mahendravarman I. Narasimhavarman who succeeded Mahendravarman mounted a counter invasion of the Chalukya country and captured the Chalukyan capital Vatapi and ruled it for 12 years. The rivalry between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas continued for another 100 years until the demise of the Chalukyas around 750. The Chalukyas and Pallavas fought numerous battles and the Pallava capital
41:
2714:
800:
2125:
7104:
7347:
741:
2484:
2969:. The British East India Company built a 'factory' (warehouse) at Armagaon (Durgarazpatnam), a village around 35 miles (56 km) North of Pulicat, as the site in 1626. In 1639, Francis Day, one of the officers of the company, secured the rights over a three-mile (5 km) long strip of land a fishing village called Madraspatnam from the Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, the Nayak of
1621:. The Tamil area had an independent existence outside the control of these northern empires. The Tamil kings and chiefs were always in conflict with each other mostly over the property. The royal courts were mostly places of social gathering rather than places of dispensation of authority; they were centres for distribution of resources. Tamil literature
2501:, Pandya princes trying to win independence for their traditional territories, and by the growing ambitions of the Chalukyas in the western Deccan. The history of this period was one of constant warfare between the Cholas and of these antagonists. A balance of power existed between the Chalukyas and the Cholas and there was a tacit acceptance of the
2027:
period started with the rivalry between the
Pandyas and the Pallavas, which in turn caused the revival of the Cholas. The Cholas went on to become a great power. Their decline saw the brief resurgence of the Pandyas. This period was also that of the re-invigorated Hinduism during which temple building and religious literature were at their best.
3541:, during which almost 8000 people died in the disaster. The sixth most populous state in the Indian Union, Tamil Nadu was the seventh-largest economy in 2005 among the states of India. The growing demands for skilled labour has caused increased number of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu. The widespread application of caste-based
1335:, who restored the traditional kingdoms. The Cholas who re-emerged from obscurity in the 9th century by defeating the Pallavas and the Pandyas rose to become a great power and extended their empire over the entire southern peninsula. At its height the Chola empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km² (1,389,968 sq mi) straddling the
2602:
a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. Uthiyan
Cheralathan, Nedum Cheralathan and Senguttuvan Chera are some of the rulers referred to in the Sangam poems. Senguttuvan Chera, the most celebrated Chera king, is famous for the legends surrounding Kannagi, the heroine of the Tamil epic Silapathikaram.
2816:, the kingdom was brought under the Company's protection in 1800 as per the system of Subsidiary Alliance. The state was placed under the control of the Madras Presidency from 1800 until 1 October 1923, when the Madras States Agency was abolished, and until 1948 it was under the political control of the Government of India.
4184:'There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of settlements...' —
3245:
protection and compelled
Serfoji, the king of Thanjavur to cede control of his kingdom. The Madras Presidency was established so that the territory under direct Company control could be administered effectively. The direct administration began to cause resentment among the people. In 1806 the soldiers of the
2579:
comprising Venad, Kuttanad, Kudanad, Pazhinad, and more. In other words, they governed the area between
Alappuzha in the south to Kasargod in the north. This included Palghat, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kollimalai. The capital was Vanchi, which the Romans who actively traded with the Cheras knew as Muzris.
3632:(AIADMK). Since then these two parties have dominated the politics of Tamil Nadu. AIADMK, under MGR, retained control of the State Government over three consecutive assembly elections in 1977, 1980 and 1984. After MGR's death, AIADMK was split over the succession between various contenders. Eventually
3346:
wrote angrily about the woeful failure of the
British administration to act promptly and adequately in response to the wholesale suffering caused by the famine. When the famine finally ended with the return of the monsoon in 1878, between three and five million people had perished. In response to the
2026:
The medieval period of the history of the Tamil country saw the rise and fall of many kingdoms, some of whom went on to the extent of empires, exerting influences both in India and overseas. The Cholas who were very active during the Sangam age were entirely absent during the first few centuries. The
1525:
burial sites, which are found in several hundreds of places. On the basis of both some excavations and the typology of the burial monuments, it has been suggested that there was a gradual spread of the Iron Age sites from the north to the south. Comparative excavations carried out in
Adichanallur in
3549:
Since the 1990s, Tamil Nadu has experienced significant economic growth, especially in the service sector, and has had significant increases in development indicators. Kalaiyarasan (2014) attributes this to the strong welfare measures implemented by successive state governments and a two-track focus
2601:
The Tamil poetic collection called Sangam literature describes a long line of Chera rulers dated to the first few centuries AD. It records the names of the kings, the princes, and the court poets who extolled them. The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present,
2593:
By the early centuries of the Common Era, civil society and statehood under the Cheras were developed in present-day western Tamil Nadu. The location of the Chera capital is generally assumed to be at modern Karur (identified with the Korra of
Ptolemy). The Chera kingdom later extended to the plains
2085:
who found great happiness in writing for young children. The secular literature was mostly court poetry devoted to the eulogy of the rulers. The religious poems of the previous period and the classical literature of the Sangam period were collected and systematised into several anthologies. Sanskrit
1923:
schools) adhered by the majority of inhabitants of the Tamil region during the early centuries CE. As a result, Hindu scholars and authors who followed their decline in the 7th and 8th century may have expunged any mention of them in their texts and generally tended to paint their rule in a negative
3525:
fleeing to Tamil Nadu. The plight of Tamil refugees caused a surge of support from most of the Tamil political parties. They exerted pressure on the Indian government to intercede with the Sri Lankan government on behalf of the Sri Lankan
Tamilians. However, LTTE lost much of its support from Tamil
3244:
became the
Governor-General. In the course of the next six years, Wellesley made vast conquests and doubled the Company's territory. He shut out the French from further acquisitions in India, destroyed several ruling powers in the Deccan and the Carnatic, took the Mughal Emperor under the company's
3236:
and Kerala Verma. The Company forces led by Lt. Colonel Agnew laid siege to the Panchalankurichi fort and captured it in May 1801 after a prolonged siege and artillery bombardment. Oomaithurai escaped the fall of the fort and joined Marudu brothers at their jungle fort at Kalayar Kovil. The Company
2344:
Vikramaditya II and attacked the Pallava king Nandivarman II. Varagunan I defeated the Pallavas in a battle on the banks of the Kaveri. The Pallava king Nandivarman sought to restrain the growing power of the Pandyas and went into an alliance with the feudal chieftains of Kongu and Chera countries.
2042:
became dominant, replacing the prevalence of Jainism and Buddhism of the previous era. Saivism was patronised more by the Chola kings and became more or less a state religion. Some of the earliest temples that are still standing were built during this period by the Pallavas. The rock-cut temples in
1880:
on the west coast of south India were emporia of foreign trade, where huge ships moored, offloading precious merchandise. This trade started to decline after the 2nd century CE and the direct contact between the Roman empire and the ancient Tamil country was replaced by trade with the Arabs and the
2597:
The Cheras were in continuous conflict with the neighboring Cholas and Pandyas. The Cheras are said to have defeated the combined armies of the Pandyas and the Cholas and their ally states. They also made battles with the Kadambās of Banavasi and the Yavanas (the Greeks) on the Indian coast. After
2426:
The Cholas went into a temporary decline during the next few years due to weak kings, palace intrigues and succession disputes. Despite a number of attempts, the Pandya country could not be completely subdued and the Rashtrakutas were still a powerful enemy in the north. However, the Chola revival
2059:
and exquisite bronze sculptures. Temples dedicated to Siva and Vishnu received liberal donations of money, jewels, animals, and land, and thereby became powerful economic institutions. Mutharaiyar who ruled the central part of Tamil Nadu between 600 - 900 CE. The Cauvery Delta regions were mostly
1818:
of southern India. Their proximity to the sea favoured trade with Africa. Chera rulers dated to the first few centuries AD. It records the names of the kings, the princes, and the court poets who extolled them. The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present, a
3287:
In 1858 the British Crown assumed direct rule in India. During the early years, the government was autocratic in many ways. The opinion of Indians in their own affairs was not considered by Britain as important. However, in due course, the British Raj began to allow Indians participation in local
2811:
was a kingdom and later a princely state in British India, which existed from 1680 until 1948. It was one of the very few regions of Tamil Nadu not to be colonized by the British. The Kingdom of Pudukkottai was founded in about 1680 as a feudatory of Ramnad and grew with subsequent additions from
1975:
Even with the exit of the Kalabhras, the Jain and Buddhist influence still remained in Tamil Nadu. The early Pandya and the Pallava kings were followers of these faiths. The Hindu reaction to this apparent decline of their religion was growing and reached its peak during the later part of the 7th
3608:
The Congress party, riding on the wave of public support stemming from the independence struggle, formed the first post-independence government in Tamil Nadu and continued to govern until 1967. In 1965 and 1968, DMK led widespread anti-Hindi agitations in the state against the plans of the Union
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governing a few villages each. These local chieftains often fought amongst each other over territory. This turned the political situation in the Tamil country and in South India in general into confusion and chaos. The European traders found themselves in a situation where they could exploit the
2609:
The Later Cheras ruled from the 9th century. Little is known about the Cheras between the two dynasties. The second dynasty, Kulasekharas ruled from a city on the banks of River Periyar called Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur). Though never regained the old status in the Peninsula, Kulasekharas fought
2605:
The Chera kingdom owed its importance to trade with West Asia, Greece, and Rome. Its geographical advantages, like the abundance of exotic spices, the navigability of the rivers connecting the Ghat mountains with the Arabian Sea, and the discovery of favorable Monsoon winds which carried sailing
2578:
The Cheras were an ancient Dravidian royal dynasty of Tamil origin who ruled in regions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in India. Together with the Chola and the Pandyas, it formed the three principal warring Iron Age kingdoms of southern India in the early centuries of the Common Era. over a wide area
1899:
After the close of the Sangam era, from about 300 to about 600 CE, there was an almost total lack of information regarding occurrences in the Tamil land. Some time about 300 CE, the whole region was upset by the appearance of the Kalabhras. These people are described in later literature as 'evil
4811:
Some of the output of villages throughout the kingdom was given to temples that reinvested some of the wealth accumulated as loans to the settlements. The temple served as a centre for redistribution of wealth and contributed towards the integrity of the kingdom —John Keays, India a History, pp
2622:
After being overshadowed by the Pallavas and Cholas for centuries, the Pandiyas revived their fortunes in the 13th century and the Pandya power extended from the Telugu territories along the banks of the Godavari river to the northern half of Sri Lanka. When Kulasekara Pandyan I died in 1308, a
2548:
Vishnuvardhana, a Chalukya feudatory. In the Pandya territories, the lack of a controlling central administration caused a number of claimants to the Pandya throne to cause a civil war in which the Sinhalas and the Cholas were involved by proxy. During the last century of the Chola existence, a
1959:
were also written during this period. The patronage of the Jain and Buddhist scholars by the Kalabhra kings influenced the nature of the literature of the period, and most of the works that can be attributed to this period were written by the Jain and Buddhist authors. In the field of dance and
3473:
did not impact Tamil Nadu when India was granted Independence in 1947. There was no sectarian violence against various religions. There had always been an atmosphere of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence between all religions in Tamil Nadu. Congress formed the first ministry in the Madras
3558:
The politics of Tamil Nadu have gone through three distinct phases since independence. The domination of the Congress Party after 1947 gave way to the Dravidian populist mobilization in the 1960s. This phase lasted until the end of the 1990s. The most recent phase saw the fragmentation of the
4381:(c. 6th century CE) which attributes northern campaigns and conquests to all the three monarchs of the Tamil country, gives a glorious account of the northern expeditions of Karikala, which took him as far north as the Himalayas and gained for him the alliance and subjugation of the kings of
2819:
Pudukkottai State covered a total area of 1,178 square miles (3,050 km2) and had a population of 438,648 in 1941. It extended over the whole of the present-day Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu (with the exception of Aranthangi taluk which was then a part of Tanjore district). The town of
2791:
was the most famous Nayak ruler. He patronised art and architecture creating new structures and expanding the existing landmarks in and around Madurai. On Thirumalai Nayak's death in 1659, the Madurai Nayak kingdom began to break up. His successors were weak rulers and invasions of Madurai
3545:
caused the state to have 69% of all educational and employment vacancies to be reserved to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Such caste-based reservations have huge public support in Tamil Nadu, with no popular protests organised against its implementation.
1508:
humans lived mostly on small flat hills or on the foothills in small, more or less permanent settlements but for periodical migration for grazing purposes. They gave the dead proper burials within urns or pits. They were also starting to use copper for making certain tools or weapons.
3341:
system resulted in a severe famine in the Madras Presidency during 1876–1877. The government and several charitable institutions organised relief work in the city and the suburbs. Funds were also raised from Europeans in India and overseas for the famine relief. Humanitarians such as
4463:'Archaeologists from UCLA and the University of Delaware have unearthed the most extensive remains to date from sea trade between India and Egypt during the Roman Empire, adding to mounting evidence that spices and other exotic cargo travelled into Europe over sea as well as land.'
4139:'The most interesting pre-historic remains in Tamil India were discovered at Adichanallur. There is a series of urn burials. seem to be related to the megalithic complex. – Zvelebil, K.A., Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature – pp 21–22, Brill Academic Publishers.
3639:
Several changes to the political balance in Tamil Nadu took place during the later half of the 1990s, eventually leading to the end of the duopoly of DMK and AIADMK in the politics of Tamil Nadu. In 1996, a split in the Congress party in Tamil Nadu eventuated in the formation of
1900:
rulers' who overthrew the established Tamil kings and got a stranglehold of the country. information about their origin and details about their reign is scarce. They did not leave many artifacts or monuments. The only source of information on them is the scattered mentions in
3269:. Although the rebellion had a huge impact on the state of the colonial power in India, Tamil Nadu was mostly unaffected by it. As a consequence of the war, the British Government enacted the Act of 1858 to abolish the powers of the Company and transfer the government to the
3066:
2613:
The Chera rulers of Venadu, based at the port Quilon in southern Kerala, trace their relations back to the later/second Cheras. Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, ruler of Venadu from 1299 to 1314, is known for his ambitious military campaigns to former Pandya and Chola territories.
3419:, which won the local legislative elections held in 1921. The Justice Party was not focused on the Indian independence movement, rather on local issues such as affirmative action for socially backward groups. The other main movement was the anti-religious, anti-Brahmin,
3216:, a local Palayakkarar chieftain in the Tirunelveli district, rebelled against the taxes imposed by the Company administration in the 1790s. After the First Polygar War (1799–1802), he was captured and hanged in 1799. A year later, the Second Polygar War was fought by
3679:
in Tamil Nadu and the AIADMK swept the state. In 2016, Jaylalithaa won another term, but soon after taking office died of a heart attack. After her death, Paneerselvam served again as caretaker Chief Minister until he was expelled from the party by general secretary
2540:, however, the eventual decline of the Chola power practically started during this period. The Cholas lost control of the island of Lanka and were driven out by the revival of Sinhala power. Around 1118 they also lost control of Vengi to Western Chalukya king
3167:
Although the Company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was getting clearer day by day that the Company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. Opinion amongst the members of the
2623:
conflict stemming from succession disputes arose amongst his sons – the legitimate Sundara Pandya and the illegitimate Vira Pandya (who was favoured by the king) fought each other for the throne. Soon Madurai fell into the hands of the invading armies of the
2561:
even captured Rajendra and held him prisoner. At the close of Rajendra's reign (1279), the Pandyan empire was at the height of prosperity and had completely absorbed the Chola kingdom. The Cholas also found a place in the very famous novel by Kalki titled
2480:. During the reign of Rajaraja and Rajendra, the administration of the Chola empire matured considerably. The empire was divided into a number of self-governing local government units, and the officials were selected through a system of popular elections.
2280:) in 760. Pallavas were also in constant conflict with the Pandyas and their frontier shifted along the river Kaveri. The Pallavas had the more difficult existence of the two as they had to fight on two fronts—against the Pandyas as well as the Chalukyas.
3347:
devastating effects of the famine, the government organised a Famine Commission in 1880 to define the principles of disaster relief. The government also instituted a famine insurance grant, setting aside 1.5 million Rupees. Other civic works such as
2721:
The 14th-century invasion by the Delhi Sultans caused a retaliatory reaction from the Hindus, who rallied to build a new kingdom, called the Vijayanagara Empire. Bukka, with his brother Harihara, founded the Vijayanagara Empire based in the city of
3688:, the newly-elected leader of the AIADMK legislature party, reached an agreement on chief ministership, and Palaniswami became chief minister in February 2017 with Paneerselvam as his deputy. In 2018, Karunanidhi died and was succeeded by his son
2610:
numerous wars with their powerful neighbors and diminished to history in the 12th century as a result of continuous Chola and Rashtrakuta invasions. The Chera Dynasty was supported by Tamil warriors such as Villavar, Vanavar and Malayar clans.
3207:
of 1772 to 1818 put the Company in control of most of India. In a sign of the early resistance against the English control, the Palayakkarar chieftains of the old Madurai Kingdom, who had independent authority over their territories, ran into
3605:, precluded secessionist parties from contesting elections, the DMK chose to formally drop its demand for an independent Dravida Nadu, focusing instead on securing greater functional autonomy within the framework of the Indian Constitution.
3172:
urged the government to control the activities of the Company. The Company's financial position was also bad and it had to apply for a loan from Parliament. Seizing this opportunity, the Parliament passed the Regulating Act (also known as
1858:
were highly developed and popular. Musical instruments of various types are mentioned in the Sangam poems. The amalgamation of the southern and the northern styles of dancing started during this period and is reflected fully in the epic
1417:
stage, pre-modern humans lived close to river valleys with sparse forest cover or in grassland environments. The population density was very low and so far only two localities of this lower Palaeolithic culture have been found in
3866:
3008:
Library at his palace. The incursion of the Muslim armies from the north forced a southward migration of Hindus from the central Deccan and the Andhra countries to seek shelter under the Nayak and the Maratha kings. The famous
2467:
basin in the north. The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty. Chola navies invaded and conquered Srivijaya in the Malayan archipelago. Chola armies exacted tribute from
2594:
of Kerala, the Palghat gap, along the river Perar and occupied land between the river Perar and river Periyar, creating two harbour towns, Tondi (Tyndis) and Muciri (Muziris), where the Roman trade settlements flourished.
3125:
positions were taken by rulers who were strongly sympathetic to the French. Chanda Sahib had been made Nawab of the Carnatic with Dupleix's assistance, while the British had taken up the cause of the previous incumbent,
2316:
revived the Pandya power. Pandya Cendan extended their rule to the Chera country. His son Arikesari Parantaka Maravarman (c. 650–700) had a long and prosperous rule. He fought many battles and extended the Pandya power.
3036:
in 1707, his empire dissolved amidst numerous succession wars and the vassals of the empire began to assert their independence. The administration of the southern districts of Tamil Nadu was fragmented with hundreds of
1960:
music, the elite started patronising new polished styles, partly influenced by northern ideas, in the place of the folk styles. A few of the earliest rock-cut temples belong to this period. Brick temples (known as
1924:
light. It is perhaps due to this reason, the period of their rule is known as a 'Dark Age'—an interregnum. Some of the ruling families migrated northwards and found enclaves for themselves away from the Kalabhras.
6018:
The geographical region of the proposed Dravida Nadu roughly corresponded to the then Madras Presidency, comprising people speaking Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada. —S. Viswanathan, A history of agitational
2730:. Under Bukka the empire prospered and continued to expand towards the south. Bukka and his son Kampana conquered most of the kingdoms of southern India. In 1371 the Vijayanagar empire defeated the short-lived
1767:. Various Pandya kings find mention in a number of poems in the Sangam literature. Among them, Nedunjeliyan, 'the victor of Talaiyalanganam' deserves a special mention. Besides several short poems found in the
3648:(MDMK), which split from DMK aligned with the AIADMK. These and several smaller political parties began to gain popular support. The first instance of a 'grand alliance' was during the 1996 elections for the
1443:, archaeologists from the Sharma Centre for Heritage Education excavated ancient stone tools which suggests that a human-like population existed in the Tamil Nadu region somewhere around 300,000 years before
3571:. DMK also decided to oppose the 'expansion of the Hindi culture' in Tamil Nadu and started the demand for a separate homeland for the Dravidians in the South. The demand was for an Independent state called
3101:
began in 1740 and eventually the British and the French forces in India were caught up in the conflict. There were numerous naval battles between the two navies along the Coromandel coast. The French led by
2660:
feudatory of Kulasekara Pandya, staked his claim to the Pandya throne. Ravivarman, utilizing the unsettled nature of the country, quickly overran the southern Tamil Nadu and brought the entire region from
6950:
3359:
The growing desire for independence began to gradually gather pace in the country and its influence in Tamil Nadu generated a number of volunteers to the fight against the British colonial power in the
1720:
and in inscriptions and literary works of the 11th and 12th centuries. They attribute to him the conquest of the whole of India up to the Himalayas and the construction of the flood banks of the river
6130:
John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF TAMIL NADU IN THE 1990s, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004. p4
6089:
John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF TAMIL NADU IN THE 1990s, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004. p2
3138:
and took possession of it in 1751. The French assisted Chanda Sahib in his attempts to drive Clive out of Arcot. However, the large Arcot army assisted by the French was defeated by the British. The
7312:
2708:
2408:
expanded to cover the entire Pandya country. However, towards the end of his reign, he suffered several reverses by the Rashtrakutas who had extended their territories well into the Chola kingdom.
2345:
The armies met in several battles and the Pandya forces scored decisive victories in them. Pandyas under Srimara Srivallaba also invaded Sri Lanka and devastated the northern provinces in 840.
1988:
provided a great stimulus to the growth of popular devotional literature. Karaikkal Ammaiyar who lived in the 6th century CE was the earliest of these Nayanmars. The celebrated Saiva hymnists
2352:
who had replaced the Chalukyas in the western Deccan. However, the Pallavas found an able monarch in Nandivarman III, who with the help of his Ganga and Chola allies defeated Srimara at the
5996:
and Andrew Wyatt, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF TAMIL NADU IN THE 1990s, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004. p1
6141:
4647:
K.A.N. Sastri postulates that there was a live connection between the early Cholas and the Renandu Cholas of the Andhra country. The northward migration probably took place during the
3856:
3834:
1529:
The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1800 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at
2734:, which had been established by the remnants of the invading Khalji army. Eventually the empire covered the entire south India. Vijayanagara empire established local governors called
2225:
in China, as a prince of the Pallava dynasty. Alongside Bodhidharma, another monk, Vajrabodhi is said to have been the son of a Tamil aristocrat, travelled from Tamil Nadu to the
1331:
during the 3rd century disturbed the traditional order of the land, displacing the three ruling kingdoms. These occupiers were overthrown by the resurgence of the Pandyas and the
1504:
period made their stone tools in finer shapes by grinding and polishing. A Neolithic axe head with ancient writing on it has been found in North Tamil Nadu Near Palar river. The
3482:. Madras Presidency was eventually reconstituted as Madras State. Following agitations for a separate Andhra state comprising the Telugu-speaking regions of the Madras state by
2051:
stand testament to the Pallava art. The Cholas, utilising their prodigious wealth earned through their extensive conquests, built long-lasting stone temples including the great
5594:"Noting that the Tamils formed a large chunk of the strength of the INA, Prof. Pfaff, said it was always a moving experience to interact with the INA members from Tamil Nadu."
3292:
passed a resolution in 1882, which gave a greater and more real share in local government to the people. Further legislation such as the 1892 Indian councils Act and the 1909 "
5017:
The kadaram campaign is first mentioned in Rajendra's inscriptions dating from his 14th year. The name of the Srivijaya king was Sangrama Vijayatungavarman —K.A.N. Sastri,
4494:
Archaeological evidence for the maritime contact between the Sangam age Cheras and the Roman empire has been found at Karur, which was the capital of Cheras. —R. Nagasami,
3142:
formally confirmed Mahommed Ali as the Nawab of the Carnatic. It was a result of this action and the increased British influence that in 1765 the Emperor of Delhi issued a
3004:(1798–1832 ). Serfoji devoted his life to the pursuit of culture and Thanjavur became renowned as a seat of learning. Serfoji's patronised art and literature and built the
3000:
During the Maratha rule of Thanjavur. After Ekoji, his three sons namely Shaji, Serfoji I, Thukkoji alias Thulaja I ruled Thanjavur. The greatest of the Maratha rulers was
2158:. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century. It has been widely accepted by scholars that they were originally executive officers under the
4274:
2404:
helped establish their independence. He invaded Pallava kingdom in 903 and killed the Pallava king Aparajita in battle, ending the Pallava reign. The Chola kingdom under
3692:
as DMK leader and leader of the opposition. In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the DMK-led alliance swept the state winning 37 out of 38 seats. The alliance also won the
3253:, the Governor of Madras decreed that the native soldiers should abandon all caste marks. Fearing this act to be an attempt of forceful conversion to Christianity, the
2360:. The Pandyas suffered further defeats at the hands of the Pallava Nripatunga at Arisil (c. 848). From then the Pandyas had to accept the overlordship of the Pallavas.
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6167:
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The Pandya power continued to grow under Srimara and encroached further into the Pallava territories. The Pallavas were now facing a new threat in the form of the
4798:
There is an inscription from 1160 that the custodians of Siva temples who had social intercourses with Vaishnavites would forfeit their property. —K.A.N. Sastri,
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however, the DMK won a majority and Karunanidhi became chief minister. During the 2011 election however, the DMK was beset by anti-incumbency and anger over the
6961:
1972:) dedicated to various deities are referred to in literary works. Kalabhras were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.
3368:, who was born in 1904 in a small village near Erode. Kumaran lost his life during a protest march against the British. The location of the French colony of
1556:
script, confirming it of the Neolithic period 2800 years ago. Adhichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.
1454:, by a team of archaeologists was reported in April 2003, It is estimated to be about 187,000 years - 200,000 years or older. The ancestor of modern humans (
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forces pursued him there and eventually captured Kalayar Kovil in October 1801. Oomaithurai along with the Marudu brothers was hanged on 16 November 1801.
2443:, annexed parts of Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of Maldives. Rajendra Chola extended the Chola conquests to the Malayan archipelago by defeating the
1672:, who ruled around 150 BCE, mentioned in the famous Hathigumpha inscription of the confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms that had existed for over 100 years.
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7092:
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began with the accession of Rajaraja Chola I in 985. Cholas rose as a notable military, economic and cultural power in Asia under Rajaraja and his son
1885:
of East Africa. Internal trade was also brisk and goods were sold and bartered. Agriculture was the main profession of a vast majority of the populace.
1866:
Internal and external trade was well organised and active. Evidence from both archaeology and literature speaks of a flourishing foreign trade with the
6838:
5627:"More than 75 percent of the INA soldiers were Tamils" according to V. Vaidhyalingam, secretary and treasurer, Tamil Nadu Indian National Army League.
5565:
7061:
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was formed in 1664 and in 1666 the French representatives obtained Aurangzeb's permission to trade in India. The French soon set up trading posts at
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In the 2001 elections, Jaylalithaa became Chief Minister again, but due to legal cases against her, the Chief Ministership was taken up by loyalist
6629:
3415:
sowing the seeds for the Dravidian movements. During the 1920s, two movements focused mainly on regional politics began in Tamil Nadu. One was the
6780:
6718:
John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004
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1831:
are some of the rulers referred to in the Sangam poems. Senguttuvan Chera, the most celebrated Chera king, is famous for the legends surrounding
272:
5739:
6225:
3257:. The rebellion was suppressed but 114 British officers were killed and several hundred mutineers executed. Bentinck was recalled in disgrace.
2977:
and castle on an approximate five square kilometre sand strip. This was the start of the town of Madras. The coromandel coast was ruled by the
2505:
river as the boundary between the two empires. However, the bone of contention between these two powers was the growing Chola influence in the
1945:
became a mature script for writing Tamil. While several anthologies were compiled by collecting bardic poems of earlier centuries, some of the
6737:
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in employment and educational institutions were pioneered in Tamil Nadu based on the demands of the Dravidian movement. The leadership of the
6920:
5629:
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and Avanti countries. There is no contemporary evidence either in Sangam literature or from the north Indian source for such an expedition.
6099:
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4591:(54–68CE) found all over Tamil Nadu testify the extent of the trade, the presence of Roman settlers in the Tamil country'. K.A.N. Sastri,
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was a contemporary of Aurobindo. Bharathi wrote numerous poems in Tamil extolling the revolutionary cause. He also published the journal
287:
115:
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2086:
was patronised by the priestly groups for religious rituals and other ceremonial purposes. Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a contemporary of
1854:). The people were loyal to their kings and roving bards, musicians and dancers gathered at the royal courts of the generous kings. The
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kingdom. The Cholas and Chalukyas fought many battles and both kingdoms were exhausted by the endless battles and a stalemate existed.
1351:
4229:'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the
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1304:, shows evidence of having had continuous human habitation from 15,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE. Throughout its history, spanning the early
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1946:
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Pandya Kadungon and Pallava Simhavishnu overthrew the Kalabhras. Acchchutakalaba is likely the last Kalabhra king —K.A.N. Sastri,
3542:
7085:
5532:
3831:"Science News : Archaeology – Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances"
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allied himself with Maruthu brothers (who ruled Sivagangai) and was part of a grand alliance against the Company which included
2249:. Vajrabodhi's contribution to the growth of Tantric Buddhism in China has been recorded by one of his lay disciples, Lü Xiang.
1327:
in the world. These three dynasties were in constant struggle with each other vying for hegemony over the land. Invasion by the
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dynasty and eventually established the imperial line of the medieval Cholas. Vijayalaya revived the Chola dynasty and his son
1323:
were of ancient origins. Together they ruled over this land with a unique culture and language, contributing to the growth of
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districts became part of the new state of Kerala, and the Madras state assumed its present shape. The Madras state was named
3479:
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was involved in the Polygar Wars against the East India Company. In the first Poligar war, he was captured and imprisoned in
2812:
Tanjore, Sivaganga and Ramnad. One of the staunch allies of the British East India Company in the Carnatic, Anglo-Mysore and
1763:. With the other kingdoms of Tamilakam, they maintained trading contacts and marital relationships with Tamil merchants from
110:
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unearthed 157 urns, including 15 containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, plus husks, grains of rice, charred rice and
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1582:
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ships directly from the Arabian coast to Chera kingdom, combined to produce a veritable boom in the Chera foreign trade.
1281:
316:
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was another famous early Chola king who has been extolled in a number of poems of the Sangam period. He was even made a
7078:
5895:
5038:) to Rajendra Chola which the Chola king caused to be inserted into the wall of the Chidambaram shrine —K.A.N. Sastri,
3117:
The conflict between the British and the French continued, this time in political rather than military terms. Both the
2843:
2330:
1526:
Thirunelveli District and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the Megalithic culture.
1358:
gained a foothold in the region from the late 14th century until the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the
408:
105:
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and rebuilt the Panchalankurichi fort which had been razed in the first war. In the second Poligar war that followed,
1374:, after the Telugu and Malayalam parts of Madras state were separated from Tamilagam state in 1956, it was renamed as
6653:
4160:
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652:
525:
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and blade-like tools using a variety of stones. From about 10,000 years ago, humans made still smaller tools called
1428:, lived in this primitive 'old stone age' (Palaeolithic) for quite a long time, using only crude implements such as
3111:
1795:) that give a glimpse into the society and commercial activities in the Pandyan kingdom during the Sangam age. The
769:
403:
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125:
95:
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4655:. Sastri also categorically rejects the claims that these were the descendants of Karikala Chola —K.A.N. Sastri,
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during the reign of Nandivarman II. Nandivarman II had a very long reign (732–796). He led an expedition to the
1724:
with the aid of his feudatories. These legends, however, are conspicuous by their absence in the Sangam poetry.
7379:
3857:"The Washington Post : Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?"
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2927:. This particular Bhonsle dynasty ruled Thanjavur until 1855, when the kingdom was annexed by the British Raj.
2598:
the 2nd century AD, the Cheras' power decayed rapidly with the decline of the lucrative trade with the Romans.
2566:
which portrays the whole Chola history with Rajaraja Cholan ( Ponniyin Selvan, Arul Mozhi Varman, Vallavarayan
2549:
permanent Hoysala army was stationed in Kanchipuram to protect them from the growing influence of the Pandyas.
2012:
produced devotional hymns for their faith and their songs were collected later into the four thousand poems of
1824:
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1538:
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22:
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of Madurai and Thanjavur were the most prominent of them. Ragunatha Nayak (1600–1645) was the greatest of the
2528:
was assassinated in a civil disturbance in 1070 and Kulothunga Chola I ascended the Chola throne starting the
1521:
humans started using iron for making tools and weapons. The Iron Age culture in peninsular India is marked by
6806:
6572:
Shanti Pappu; Yanni Gunnell; Maurice Taieb; Jean-Philippe Brugal; K. Anupama; Raman Sukumar; Kumar Akhilesh.
5725:
5464:
3527:
3017:(1767–1847), along with the Trinity of Carnatic music flourished in the Thanjavur district during this time.
2677:. But, Ravivarman's hold over Kanchi was only short-lived and his aggressive activities were arrested by the
2340:
was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power. Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligned with the
1743:. Pandyas are also mentioned in Sangam Literature, as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period.
1354:
from the northwest and the decline of the three ancient dynasties during the 14th century. Despite this, the
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made use of an opportunity arising out of a conflict between Pandyas and Pallavas, captured Thanjavur from
2082:
2014:
1371:
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727:
282:
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and improvements in roads and railway were also undertaken to minimise the effects of any future famines.
3199:
The next few decades were of rapid growth and expansion in the territories controlled by the British. The
7164:
3709:
3621:, who assiduously utilised the popular media of stage plays and movies to spread its political messages.
3169:
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invaded and sacked Madurai in 1311. Pandyas and their descendants were confined to a small region around
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420:
277:
257:
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60:
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1366:, comprising most of southern India, was created in the late 18th century and was ruled directly by the
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5055:
passed a resolution that the election of local government officials will be carried out through lots (
3531:
3297:
3265:
The simmering discontent in the various districts of the company territories exploded in 1857 into the
3055:
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European settlements began to appear in the Tamil country during the Vijayanagara Empire. In 1605, the
2210:
1688:
694:
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that the Pallavas emerged into prominence. They subjugated the Cholas and reigned as far south as the
7184:
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5746:
3724:
3564:
3427:. Further steps towards eventual self-rule were taken in 1935 when the British Government passed the
3177:) in 1773. The act set down regulations to control the Company Board and created the position of the
3127:
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2898:
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have been the main source for the information we attribute now to Karikala. See also K.A.N. Sastri,
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from Pondicherry. Both Aurobindo and Bharathi were associated with other Tamil revolutionaries like
7249:
7219:
6858:
6745:
6593:
5673:
4420:
In Megasthenes' account (350 BCE – 290 BCE), the Pandya kingdom is ruled by Pandaia, a daughter of
3898:"Homo Sapiens (Archaic) Baby Fossil of the Middle Pleistocene | Rajendran | Ancient Asia"
3590:
3432:
3389:
3293:
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386:
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3372:, offered a place of refuge for the fugitives freedom fighters trying to flee the British Police.
7144:
6877:
6859:"Sowing The Seeds of a Policy For Free India and the Anti-Hindi Agitation in the South 1910–1915"
5674:"Sowing The Seeds of a Policy For Free India and the Anti-Hindi Agitation in the South 1910–1915"
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3685:
3405:
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2685:. The Kākatiya army under the command of Muppidi Nāyaka marched to Kanchi and captured the city.
1564:
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S. Theodore Baskaran, The Roots of South Indian Cinema, Journal of the International Institute,
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was one of the prisoners of war from this battle. The war in Europe ended in 1748 and with the
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135:
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In 1967 DMK won the state election. DMK split into two in 1971, with MGR forming the splinter
3530:
on 21 May 1991 by an operative from Sri Lanka for the former prime minister's role in sending
1617:, and from the middle of the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE the same area was ruled by the
7282:
6359:
5873:
3625:(MGR) who later became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, was one such stage and movie actor.
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and led to the advent of political alliances and coalition governments. Annadurai formed the
3420:
3416:
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3118:
3070:
2997:. With his approval the English began to exercise sovereign rights over their strip of land.
2873:
1993:
1796:
1488:. Archaeological evidence suggests that the microlithic period lasted between 6000–3000 BCE.
1395:
1238:
937:
932:
717:
672:
560:
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went into obscurity at the end of the 3rd century CE during the incursion of the Kalabhras.
7239:
7224:
7199:
7174:
7169:
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Unintended influence of Jainism on the development of caste in post-classical Tamil society
5663:
Subramaniyam Swami, Is the Dravidian movement dying?, Frontline, Vol.20, Iss. 12, June 2003
4194:
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party in Madras during the late 1950s and the strong pan-Indian emotions whipped up by the
3518:
3393:
3369:
3094:
2942:
2911:, started a campaign in present-day Tamil Nadu. Shivaji had conquered important forts like
2885:
2867:
2662:
2487:
2463:). At its peak, the Chola Empire extended from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the
1485:
961:
762:
604:
371:
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and several tribal chieftaincies, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination
8:
7209:
6009:(Dravidian Association) in September 1944 —Nambi Arooran, K., The Demand for Dravida Nadu
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losing some of its immediacy. Consequently, in 1963, when the Sixteenth Amendment to the
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1739:, a seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to
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against the Congress ministry's decision to introduce the teaching of Hindi in schools.
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beliefs, which encouraged performance of sacrifices to enhance the status of the ruler.
7244:
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7194:
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Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).
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3130:. In the resultant battle between the rivals, Clive assisted Mohammed Ali by attacking
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mentions the Pandyan kingdom. The Pandyas controlled the present districts of Madurai,
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620:
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302:
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4365:
3754:"Chapter III – Profile of the State Tamil Nadu and Selected Public Sector Enterprises"
2241:. He took a plethora of new theological beliefs to a China that was largely following
1660:(inscribed 273–232 BCE) inscriptions, among the kingdoms, which though not subject to
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A Tamil Asylum Diaspora: Sri Lankan Migration, Settlement and Politics in Switzerland
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1997:
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sheds some light on early religion. Gradually the rulers came under the influence of
1559:
Mentions of the political situation of Tamil Nadu before the common era are found in
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2772:. The local Nayak governors declared their independence and started their rule. The
1976:
century. There was a widespread Hindu revival during which a huge body of Saiva and
1656:
The names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras, are mentioned in the
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Throughout this period, the Cholas were constantly troubled by the ever-resilient
2162:
kings. After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of
1932:, took deep roots in the society, giving birth to a large body of ethical poetry.
1362:
expanded its territories into the northern regions of present-day Tamil Nadu. The
7363:
7269:
7065:
7011:
6991:
6921:"Community, Class and Conservation:Development Politics on the Kanyakumari Coast"
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temple dated 1114 mentioning a peculiar stone presented by the king of Kambhoja (
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3436:
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2780:. Raghunatha Nayak encouraged trade and permitted a Danish settlement in 1620 at
2777:
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was well known since ancient times, with contacts, even diplomatic, reaching the
2269:
1460:) who appeared around 50,000 years ago was more developed and could make thinner
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attacked the poorly defended Fort St. George in Madras in 1746 and occupied it.
2081:, was written in the 13th century. A contemporary of Kamban was the famous poet
7149:
6613:
5477:
Read, Anthony, The Proudest Day—India's Long Ride to the Independence, pp 34–37
5182:
Kampana's wife Ganga Devi wrote an account of this campaign in a Sanskrit poem
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2536:. The Chalukya Chola dynasty saw very capable rulers in Kulothunga Chola I and
2529:
2517:
2464:
2419:
2337:
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2182:. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and
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2005:
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age to modern times, this region has coexisted with various external cultures.
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6142:"Panneerselvam: AIADMK sacks Panneerselvam, 19 other rebel leaders from party"
5445:. The Hindu Group. 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007
5411:
3816:
have been found in the Kaveri and Vaigai beds —K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari,
1587:
Ancient Tamil Nadu contained three monarchical states, headed by kings called
1350:
Rapid changes in the political situation of the rest of India occurred due to
1043:
7373:
7339:
6303:
6179:
5972:
5157:
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3671:, and Jaylalithaa became Chief Minister again. Unlike the rest of India, the
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2735:
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During the 6th and the 7th centuries, the western Deccan saw the rise of the
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A history of South India: from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar
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3316:) of 1919. The first elections were held for the local assemblies in 1921.
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193:
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4466:"Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt"
1548:. One urn has writing inside, which, according to archaeologists from the
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3618:
3487:
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3282:
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3213:
3156:
2990:
2946:
2912:
2908:
2813:
2748:
became a major cultural centre during the 18th and 19th centuries, under
2670:
2666:
2649:
2641:
2502:
2455:
and Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called
2440:
2405:
2397:
2265:
2230:
2214:
2194:
2190:
2175:
2048:
2039:
1828:
1752:
1744:
1725:
1680:
1646:
1622:
1545:
1534:
1419:
1142:
1072:
662:
70:
5980:
5956:
5203:
4347:
3507:
3486:, the Indian Government decided to partition the Madras state. In 1953
3001:
2582:
2326:
2159:
2090:, collected and arranged the books on Saivism into eleven books called
1955:
1937:
1912:
1844:
These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant
1807:
1791:
1714:. In later times Karikala was the subject of many legends found in the
1707:
1522:
1375:
1344:
1340:
1296:
1083:
684:
359:
233:
6762:"Passions of the Tongue – Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970"
5926:"With the highest rate of reservation already in place, TN stays calm"
4097:
Subramanian T.S. (17 February 2005) The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2007
1468:
tools. The material used by the early humans to make these tools were
7334:
6414:
6104:
5634:
5601:
5199:
5035:
4058:
4021:
3586:
3411:
In 1916 Dr. T. M. Nair and Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty released the
3373:
3319:
3033:
3014:
2970:
2727:
2627:(which initially gave protection to the vanquished Sundara Pandyan).
2444:
2309:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2074:. Religious literature flourished during the period. The Tamil epic,
2056:
1981:
1977:
1769:
1669:
1542:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1465:
1328:
1078:
393:
349:
6574:"Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India"
6397:
Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India
5520:
Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India
2520:
began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi.
7358:
6742:
By S. Theodore Baskaran, The Journal of the International Institute
6253:"Finally, son rises in Tamil Nadu as Stalin becomes Chief Minister"
4721:
4421:
3435:
captured power defeating the Justice party. In 1938, Ramasami with
3338:
3086:
2832:
Ramachandra Tondaiman, king of Pudukkottai, at his durbar, ca. 1858
2483:
2477:
2469:
2448:
2432:
2411:
2401:
2341:
2305:
2222:
2144:
2136:
2009:
1989:
1929:
1901:
1650:
1642:
1630:
1518:
1429:
1332:
1127:
1053:
1038:
1028:
40:
6951:"The History of Reservations in India From The 1800s to the 1950s"
5957:"A Comparison of Developmental Outcomes in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu"
4118:
Subramanian T.S. (26 May 2004 ) The Hindu. Retrieved 31 July 2007
3537:
The east coast of Tamil Nadu was one of the areas affected by the
2713:
2544:
and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the growing power of
1819:
connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived.
1675:
6342:
6028:
Hargrave, R.L.: "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism",
4713:
4648:
4386:
3719:
3495:
3424:
3334:
3246:
3038:
2966:
2934:
2916:
2797:
2749:
2745:
2570:, Karikalar, Nandhini, Kundhavi) as the characters of the novel.
2545:
2124:
2035:
1925:
1877:
1740:
1638:
1634:
1033:
6904:
6201:"M.K. Stalin timeline: Slow, steady rise of DMK's new president"
6043:
The History of Reservations in India From The 1800S to the 1950s
5706:. The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007
3148:(decree) recognising the British possessions in southern India.
1422:. Pre-modern humans in South India, belonging to the species of
799:
5874:"Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Situation Report"
4230:
3777:(Press release). newsreporter.in. 25 March 2011. Archived from
3511:
3499:
3475:
3392:. Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the
2930:
2674:
2554:
2436:
2357:
2277:
2273:
2257:
2246:
2106:, a semi-historical account on the two invasions of Kalinga by
1985:
1920:
1850:
1811:
1756:
1736:
1721:
1661:
1601:. Still lower at the local level there were clan chiefs called
1597:
1560:
1481:
1469:
1169:
1147:
1137:
518:
341:
160:
6590:"Archaeobotany of Early Historic sites in Southern Tamil Nadu"
6366:
5144:
Rama Shankar Tripathi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1942. p. 491
7103:
6988:
Rajesh Venugopal, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford
4279:
Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–1930). Delhi, 1933, pp 86–89
3135:
2920:
2506:
2498:
2452:
2047:
and the majestic Kailasanatha and Vaikuntaperumal temples of
2031:
1764:
1729:
1711:
1477:
1473:
1301:
425:
6514:
5377:
Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India pp 245
4121:
Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu
3065:
2792:
recommenced. The Nayakas manned their forces with primarily
2166:
and the Tamil country. Later they had marital ties with the
1911:
Historians speculate that these people followed Buddhist or
1755:, and parts of south Kerala. They had trading contacts with
7031:
4588:
2688:
2516:
kings based around Vengi located on the south banks of the
1905:
1868:
4100:
Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur
3461:
of Tamil Nadu in India was created in 1969 when erstwhile
1915:
faiths and were antagonistic towards the Hindu religions (
6785:
Subramanian Swamy, Frontline, Vol 20, Issue 12, June 2003
6347:. St Martin's Street, London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.
3775:"Million years old Acheulian tools were found in Chennai"
2218:
4583:'The vast quantities of gold and silver coins struck by
4193:. Kerala Council for Historical Research. Archived from
3498:
district became part of the Mysore state. In 1956 south
3431:. Fresh local elections were held and in Tamil Nadu the
2764:
The Vijayanagar Empire declined in 1565 defeated by the
2669:, under the Chera kingdom. His inscription was found in
6475:
4860:
Kamil V. Zvelebil (1987). "The Sound of the One Hand",
3675:
resulted in no significant increase in support for the
3617:
had very capable authors and literati in Annadurai and
3490:
and the coastal Andhra regions became the new state of
3323:
Madras famine (1877). Distribution of relief. From the
2435:
in the south to as far north as the banks of the river
1563:'s edicts dated c.3rd century BCE and, vaguely, in the
6168:"From farmer to CM pick — the rise of a Jaya loyalist"
5533:"Victorian Values: Death and Dying in Victorian India"
2952:
2431:. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of
7323:
6371:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Ltd. ASIN: B0007ASWQW.
3644:(TMC). TMC aligned with the DMK, while another party
3308:'s leadership led the British government to pass the
2356:. The Pallava kingdom again extended up to the river
1500:
period had its advent around 2500 BCE. Humans of the
1484:, etc. In 1949, researchers found such microliths in
6378:
The Proudest Day – India's Long Ride to Independence
5570:
Extract from diary of A.B. Purani (PT MS5 (1924), 86
4533:
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature
4281:. Missouri Southern State University. Archived from
4175:
K.A.N. Sashtri, A History of South India, pp 109–112
3609:
Government to introduce Hindi in the state schools.
3404:
from Tamil Nadu was a prominent leader in the INA's
1710:
poem 224 mentions him as a great king who performed
4712:is not known with any certainty. This work of 1330
4366:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 224 by George L. III Hart"
3887:"Religions and Religious Freedom in India", page 20
6839:"The Political Situation in Pondicherry 1910–1915"
6714:"The Changing Politics of Tamil Nadu in the 1990s"
6538:Sri Swami Sivananda, The Divine Life Trust Society
6440:The Hollow Crown:Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom
5840:
5605:. Chennai, India. 22 December 2005. Archived from
3521:during the 1970s and the 80s saw large numbers of
3185:was appointed the first Governor-General. In 1784
2738:to rule in the various territories of the empire.
6329:. Guntur, India: P. G. Publishers. Archived from
6226:"Stalin Steers DMK To Success In Lok Sabha Polls"
5206:at Talikota on 15 September 1564 —K.A.N. Sastri,
3553:
3077:The French were relative newcomers to India. The
2892:
1687:as the god sleeping on a serpent bed at the town
7371:
6981:"The Global Dimensions of Conflict in Sri Lanka"
6787:. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006
6766:Sumathi Ramaswamy University of California Press
6358:. Madras: Brahadish Publications. Archived from
6310:
6280:
6100:"The arithmetic of alliance and anti-incumbency"
5597:"Tamils' contribution to INA campaigns recalled"
5566:"Political situation in Pondicherry (1910–1915)"
4720:, who was probably a Jain with knowledge of the
4062:. Chennai, India. 6 October 2006. Archived from
3212:with the Company officials over tax collection.
2532:dynasty. Kulothunga was a son of the Vengi king
2308:(560–590) is credited with the overthrow of the
6367:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A.; Srinivasachari (2000).
5932:. The Financial Express, Mumbai. Archived from
5876:. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
5638:. Chennai, India. 2 August 2004. Archived from
5156:Volume I (To 1526) J. Allan, T. Wolseley Haig,
3550:on economic growth and grassroots development.
3024:Fort St. George, Chennai (18th century etching)
2803:
2439:in Bengal. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular
2143:The 7th century Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the
2094:. The hagiology of Saivism was standardised in
1664:, were on friendly terms with him. The king of
1450:A discovery of a rare fossilized baby brain in
6694:"The State Legislature – Origin and Evolution"
5826:The Global Dimensions of Conflict in Sri Lanka
4500:
4233:, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni...' —
4148:
4142:
3924:"Over 2 lakh years old fossilised skull found"
3700:became the Chief Minister for the first time.
2000:were of this period. Vaishnava Alvars such as
1702:. He is mentioned in a number of poems in the
1378:on January 14, 1969, by the state government.
7086:
5837:Chris McDowell, A Tamil Asylum Diaspora, p112
5485:
5483:
4155:. CSC and Pearson Education. pp. 31–32.
3589:and Kerala. The increased involvement of the
3296:" eventually led to the establishment of the
3151:
3046:prevailing confusion to their own advantage.
2110:was an early example of a biographical work.
1679:Yathothkari Perumal Temple is one of the 108
1275:
763:
310:
6108:. Chennai, India. 6 May 2004. Archived from
5572:. Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust. Archived from
5491:"The State Legislature—Origin and Evolution"
5119:. Tamil Arts Academy, Madras. Archived from
4876:Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia
4604:'Kalabhraas were denounced as 'evil kings' (
4439:"'Roman Maps and the Concept of Indian Gems"
4305:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
4025:. Chennai, India. 1 May 2006. Archived from
2512:Marital and political alliances between the
2497:trying to overthrow the Chola occupation of
2021:
6674:"Roman Maps and the Concept of Indian Gems"
6476:Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
5316:. "Saraswathi Mahal Library. Archived from
5245:
4792:
4238:. Colorado State University. Archived from
4088:TAMILNADU is stated as Kalabhras, pp. 49–51
3445:
3276:
2461:the town of Cholas who conquered the Ganges
2098:by Sekkilar, who lived during the reign of
7093:
7079:
6630:"Historical Atlas of South India-Timeline"
6555:. Saraswathi Mahal Library. Archived from
6340:
5539:. Fathom Knowledge Network. Archived from
5493:. Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from
5480:
5399:
5252:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
4054:"Steps to preserve megalithic burial site"
3696:, with 159 out of 234 seats. As a result,
3663:until she returned 6 months later. In the
3400:to fight the British occupation in India.
2759:From the collection of the V&A Museum.
1282:
1268:
770:
756:
317:
303:
6166:Saqaf, Syed Muthahar (14 February 2017).
6139:
6056:
5659:
5657:
5560:
5558:
5514:
5512:
5051:'In the twelfth year of Parantaka I the
5011:
3060:
2070:script throughout Tamil Nadu for writing
1311:The three ancient Tamil dynasties namely
7288:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
6494:
6351:
4862:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4508:"India – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
3630:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3502:district was transferred to Mysore, the
3449:
3354:
3318:
3155:
3064:
3019:
2923:, the paternal half brother of Shivaji,
2827:
2740:
2712:
2689:Vijayanagar and Nayak period (1300–1650)
2581:
2482:
2410:
2293:
2123:
1888:
1674:
6456:
6323:History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D.
6083:
5888:
5154:The Cambridge Shorter History of India.
4998:
3735:Political history of medieval Karnataka
3337:and administrative shortcomings of the
3085:on the Coromandel coast. They occupied
2709:Tamil Nadu under the Vijayanagar Empire
1777:collections, there are two major works—
7372:
6319:
6288:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
6250:
5810:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5770:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5654:
5555:
5509:
5186:(Conquest of Madurai) —K.A.N. Sastri,
4849:History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D
4805:
4441:. The Bead Museum, Inc. Archived from
3972:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3646:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3260:
3049:
7074:
7032:"Varalaaru – Online Monthly Magazine"
6437:
6423:. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
6395:Dutt, Romesh Chunder (January 1999).
6341:Codrington, Humphrey William (1926).
6165:
6140:Mariappan, Julie (14 February 2017).
5024:
4254:
4017:"Significance of Mayiladuthurai find"
3985:
3983:
3869:from the original on 10 February 2018
3581:) comprising Tamil Nadu and parts of
2925:established his own rule in Thanjavur
2201:during the Pallava rule includes the
1381:
6815:"Tamil Coins- a study – Online Book"
6515:"Religious Traditions of the Tamils"
6442:. US: University of Michigan Press.
6413:
6394:
6375:
5406:. Mittal Publications. p. 261.
5113:"Chera Coins – Tamil Coins, a Study"
4341:and a number of individual poems in
3904:from the original on 4 December 2014
3837:from the original on 9 February 2018
3636:took over the leadership of AIADMK.
3224:. In February 1801, he escaped from
3192:made the Company subordinate to the
3114:Madras was restored to the British.
2189:. Pallavas ruled a large portion of
1683:and is mentioned in the Sangam Text
1583:Tamil history from Sangam literature
1325:some of the oldest extant literature
6897:"A history of agitational politics"
4621:Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund,
4149:Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal (2009).
3730:The Tamils are an ancient people...
3567:(DMK) in 1949 after splitting from
2953:Rule of Poligars, Nizams and Nawabs
2862:Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II
2312:in the south. Kadungon and his son
1980:literature was created. Many Saiva
1935:Writing became very widespread and
13:
7052:
6781:"Is the Dravidian movement dying?"
6738:"The Roots of South Indian Cinema"
6005:The Justice Party was renamed the
5930:The Financial Express, 28 May 2006
5848:"Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi"
4318:"Pathuppāttu – Perumpānātruppadai"
4236:"Ashoka's second minor rock edict"
3980:
3767:
3694:2021 Legislative Assembly election
3534:to Sri Lanka to disarm the LTTE.
2937:capital for nine years during the
2844:Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I
2630:
2388:Around 850, out of obscurity rose
2174:. It was around 550 CE under King
1732:saint during the medieval period.
1609:. During the 3rd century BCE, the
14:
7396:
7009:
6062:
5954:
3954:from the original on 3 March 2016
2961:established trading posts in the
2858:(December 1789 – 1 February 1807)
2617:
1653:during the first five centuries.
653:Religion in ancient Tamil country
7357:
7345:
7333:
7102:
6244:
6218:
6193:
6159:
6133:
6124:
6092:
6047:
6035:
6022:
6012:
5999:
5987:
5948:
5918:
5866:
5831:
5818:
5778:
5732:
5692:
5666:
5621:
5588:
5525:
5274:"The Marathas: Tanjore Bhosales"
4873:
4187:"Perspectives on Kerala History"
3429:All-India Federation Act of 1935
2888:(28 October 1928 – 1 March 1948)
2644:, a general of the Delhi Sultan
1835:, the heroine of the Tamil epic
1570:
1537:, where archaeologists from the
798:
739:
377:Sources of ancient Tamil history
348:
39:
6634:French Institute of Pondicherry
6315:. Madras: University of Madras.
6311:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1984).
6251:Saxena, Prasanth (7 May 2021).
5471:
5431:
5418:
5393:
5380:
5371:
5358:
5345:
5332:
5306:
5299:K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari,
5293:
5280:
5266:
5239:
5226:
5213:
5193:
5176:
5163:
5147:
5135:
5105:
5092:
5085:K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari,
5079:
5072:K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari,
5066:
5045:
5030:There is an inscription in the
4985:
4972:
4959:
4946:
4921:
4895:
4882:
4867:
4854:
4841:
4828:
4815:
4779:
4766:
4753:
4740:
4727:
4702:
4680:
4662:
4641:
4628:
4615:
4598:
4577:
4564:
4551:
4538:
4525:
4488:
4457:
4431:
4414:
4392:
4372:
4358:
4324:
4310:
4297:
4267:
4223:
4210:
4201:
4178:
4169:
4152:A Social History of Early India
4133:
4112:
4091:
4078:
4041:
4009:
3996:
3934:
2973:. The East India Company built
2717:Tirumalai Nayak Palace, Madurai
1953:and didactic works such as the
1432:and choppers and subsisting as
1408:
5232:K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari
5219:K.A.N. Sastri, Srinivasachari
4909:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
4864:, Vol. 107, No. 1, p. 125-126.
4708:The identity of the author of
3916:
3890:
3881:
3849:
3823:
3806:
3793:
3746:
3597:in 1962 led to the demand for
3554:Evolution of regional politics
3099:War of the Austrian Succession
2941:, starting after the death of
2893:Maratha influences (1676–1855)
2876:(13 July 1839 – 15 April 1886)
2102:(1133–1150 CE). Jayamkondar's
1550:Archaeological Survey of India
1539:Archaeological Survey of India
1259:Portal:Dravidian civilizations
995:History of Dravidian languages
1:
6878:"The Demand for Dravida Nadu"
6399:. Adamant Media Corporation.
6273:
5961:Economic and Political Weekly
4688:"South Asian Writing Systems"
4472:. dickran.net. Archived from
3803:vol 77 no 297, September 2003
3528:assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
2882:(15 April 1886 – 28 May 1928)
2864:(1 February 1807 – June 1825)
2820:Pudukkottai was its capital.
2553:was the last Chola king. The
2237:, after mastering the art of
1806:comprised the modern Western
1735:Pandyas ruled initially from
6553:"Maratha Kings of Thanjavur"
6499:. New York: Berghahn Books.
6459:The India after Independence
5314:"Maratha Kings of Thanjavur"
4724:didactic works of the north.
3364:. Notable amongst these are
3226:Palayamkottai Central Prison
3222:Palayamkottai Central Prison
2824:List of kings of Pudukkottai
2804:Tondaiman period (1680–1948)
2015:Naalayira Divyap Prabhandham
1491:
837:Ancient history of Sri Lanka
728:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
7:
7278:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
6438:Dirks, Nicholas B. (2000).
6032:, 37(4):396–411 at 396–397.
5249:Architecture of Sovereignty
3710:Chronology of Tamil history
3703:
3561:Dravidian political parties
3514:or Tamil Country) in 1969.
3069:Mohamed Ali Khan Wallajah,
2880:Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman
2856:Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman
2752:rule. The figure depicts a
2325:; during the 13th century,
2113:
1872:(Greeks). The port city of
1512:
1352:incursions of Muslim armies
1347:kingdom in Southeast Asia.
1300:in the southeast of modern
421:Chronology of Tamil history
61:Chronology of Tamil history
10:
7401:
6654:"Excavations at Arikamedu"
3314:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
3298:Madras Legislative Council
3280:
3152:British Government control
3093:was appointed Governor of
3056:British East India Company
3053:
2939:27-year Mughal-Maratha war
2896:
2870:(June 1825 – 13 July 1839)
2706:
2692:
2634:
2373:
2367:
2287:
2283:
2211:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2117:
1892:
1580:
1574:
1385:
695:Christianity in Tamil Nadu
7268:
7115:
6805:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6380:. London: Jonathan Cape.
6369:Advanced History of India
5724:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5463:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5301:Advanced History of India
5234:Advanced History of India
5221:Advanced History of India
5087:Advanced History of India
5074:Advanced History of India
4275:"Hathigumpha Inscription"
3818:Advanced History of India
3725:Tamil Heritage Foundation
3565:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3539:2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
3362:struggle for Independence
3249:cantonment rebelled when
3128:Mohammed Ali Khan Walajah
3079:French East India Company
2899:Thanjavur Maratha kingdom
2850:Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman
2838:Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman
2573:
2363:
2022:Age of empires (600–1300)
1856:arts of music and dancing
1567:dated c.2nd century BCE.
1005:Elamo-Dravidian languages
813:Indus Valley Civilisation
566:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
6495:McDowell, Chris (1996).
6344:A Short History of Lanka
5955:A, Kalaiyarasan (2014).
5403:Gazetteer of South India
5208:A History of South India
5188:A History of South India
5171:A History of South India
5142:History of Ancient India
5100:A History of South India
4993:A History of South India
4980:A History of South India
4967:A History of South India
4954:A History of South India
4890:A History of South India
4836:A History of South India
4823:A History of South India
4787:A History of South India
4761:A History of South India
4748:A History of South India
4670:"A magnum opus on Tamil"
4636:A History of South India
4610:A History of South India
4593:A History of South India
4572:A History of South India
4561:, OUP (1955) pp 118, 119
4559:A History of South India
4546:A History of South India
4426:A History of South India
4218:A History of South India
4086:A History of South India
4004:A History of South India
3991:A History of South India
3740:
3673:2014 Lok Sabha elections
3591:Indian National Congress
3446:Post Independence period
3390:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai
3302:non-cooperation movement
3277:British rule (1858–1947)
3203:of 1766 to 1799 and the
3112:peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
2314:Maravarman Avanisulamani
2213:. Many sources describe
2139:. (c. eighth century CE)
1224:Tulu Nadu state movement
1000:Proto-Dravidian language
816:Keezhadi excavation site
571:Malaysian Tamil diaspora
387:Keezhadi excavation site
7064:18 January 2012 at the
6457:Chandra, Bipin (1999).
5700:"The battle for Andhra"
4907:Encyclopædia Britannica
4625:, Routledge (UK), p 105
4595:, OUP (1955) pp 125–127
4127:7 December 2013 at the
3665:2006 assembly elections
3510:(literally The Land of
3406:Rani of Jhansi Regiment
3376:was one such living in
3326:Illustrated London News
3310:Government of India Act
3091:Joseph François Dupleix
3028:With the demise of the
2945:. The Mughals captured
1814:, along the western or
1565:Hathigumpha inscription
1392:Prehistory of Sri Lanka
1388:Prehistoric South India
1219:Kannada language rights
1024:Dravidian folk religion
6461:. New Delhi: Penguin.
6376:Read, Anthony (1997).
6320:Prasad, Durga (1988).
6282:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A.
5704:The Hindu, 30 Mar 2003
4531:Kamil Veith Zvelebil,
4047:One such was found at
3677:Bharatiya Janata Party
3642:Tamil Maanila Congress
3466:
3333:Failure of the summer
3330:
3175:East India Company Act
3164:
3140:Treaty of Paris (1763)
3074:
3061:Anglo-French conflicts
3025:
2833:
2761:
2718:
2652:for a few more years.
2590:
2490:
2457:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
2423:
2301:
2199:Dravidian architecture
2140:
1876:on the east coast and
1789:(in the collection of
1692:
1641:co-existed with early
967:Dravidian architecture
957:Dravidian civilization
832:History of South India
713:Politics of Tamil Nadu
668:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu
658:Religion in Tamil Nadu
66:List of Tamil monarchs
7380:History of Tamil Nadu
6863:M. S. Thirumalai, PhD
6610:"Vellore Revolt 1806"
5680:. languageinindia.com
5678:M. S. Thirumalai, PhD
5518:Romesh Chunder Dutt,
5439:"The first rebellion"
4933:Facts-About-India.com
3603:Constitution of India
3453:
3440:launched an agitation
3421:Self-Respect Movement
3413:Non-Brahmin Manifesto
3355:Independence struggle
3322:
3159:
3119:Nawab of the Carnatic
3071:Nawab of the Carnatic
3068:
3023:
2874:Ramachandra Tondaiman
2852:(1769– December 1789)
2831:
2744:
2716:
2654:Ravivarman Kulasekara
2585:
2486:
2447:kingdom. He defeated
2414:
2297:
2217:, the founder of the
2127:
1994:Thirugnana Sambanthar
1889:Interregnum (300–600)
1678:
1447:arrived from Africa.
1396:South Asian Stone Age
1386:Further information:
1372:independence of India
1239:Dravidian nationalism
718:Dravidian nationalism
673:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
561:Indian Tamil diaspora
367:History of Tamil Nadu
32:History of Tamil Nadu
7010:L. R., Jegatheesan.
6640:on 28 September 2006
6616:on 27 September 2007
6519:Veluppillai, Prof. A
6352:Nagasamy, R (1995).
6063:L. R., Jegatheesan.
5246:Gita V. Pai (2023).
4470:Veluppillai, Prof. A
4066:on 18 September 2008
3686:Edappadi Palaniswami
3519:Sri Lankan Civil War
3480:first Chief Minister
3394:Indian National Army
3294:Minto–Morley Reforms
3288:government. Viceroy
2943:Chhatrapati Sambhaji
2907:, the first Maratha
2886:Rajagopala Tondaiman
2868:Raghunatha Tondaiman
2488:Brihadishwara Temple
2392:, the successor of
2329:mentioned it as the
2233:, via Sri Lanka and
1698:was the most famous
1486:Tirunelveli district
962:South Indian culture
629:Tamil New Zealanders
605:Tamil South Africans
372:History of Sri Lanka
6928:Ajantha Subramanian
6907:on 14 November 2006
6596:on 13 February 2006
6559:on 27 November 2006
5936:on 28 February 2008
5896:"Ranking of states"
5630:"The unsung heroes"
5400:W. Francis (1989).
5320:on 27 November 2006
5059:)' —K.A.N. Sastri,
4674:www.worldgenweb.org
4285:on 17 November 2006
4106:27 May 2014 at the
3862:The Washington Post
3833:. 31 January 2018.
3650:National parliament
3532:Indian peacekeepers
3526:Nadu following the
3398:Subhas Chandra Bose
3261:End of Company rule
3234:Dheeran Chinnamalai
3050:European influences
2965:near Gingee and in
2695:Vijayanagara Empire
2170:who ruled over the
2100:Kulothunga Chola II
2053:Brihadisvara temple
1846:literature in Tamil
1821:Uthiyan Cheralathan
1802:The kingdom of the
1496:In Tamil Nadu, the
1452:Viluppuram district
1356:Vijayanagara Empire
1343:held sway over the
990:Dravidian languages
845:Dravidian dynasties
793:culture and history
785:Part of a series on
209:Vijayanagara Empire
101:Three Crowned Kings
6997:on 10 October 2006
6480:. Routledge (UK).
6478:A History of India
6146:The Times of India
5906:on 28 October 2006
5824:Rajesh Venugopal,
5752:on 2 December 2013
5642:on 30 October 2004
5609:on 9 February 2006
5543:on 21 October 2006
5008:, 1935. pp 211–215
4623:A History of India
4608:) —K.A.N. Sastri,
4574:, OUP (1955) p 124
4548:, OUP (1955) p 105
4338:Porunaraatruppadai
4320:. 14 January 2013.
4242:on 28 October 2013
4197:on 26 August 2006.
3928:The Times of India
3715:Tamil inscriptions
3654:Central Government
3615:Dravidian movement
3611:Affirmative action
3543:affirmative action
3476:C. Rajagopalachari
3469:The trauma of the
3467:
3396:(INA), founded by
3382:Subramania Bharati
3380:in 1910. The poet
3331:
3205:Anglo-Maratha Wars
3194:British Government
3170:British Parliament
3165:
3123:Nizam of Hyderabad
3075:
3026:
2834:
2770:Battle of Talikota
2762:
2719:
2656:(r. 1299–1314), a
2591:
2551:Rajendra Chola III
2526:Athirajendra Chola
2522:Virarajendra Chola
2491:
2424:
2302:
2207:Narasimhavarman II
2197:as their capital.
2141:
2108:Kulothunga Chola I
1693:
1685:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
1619:Satavahana dynasty
1552:, resembles early
1533:, 24 km from
1415:Lower Palaeolithic
1382:Prehistoric period
1229:Telugu Desam Party
253:Ancient Tamil Nadu
234:Thondaiman Kingdom
116:Naming conventions
7321:
7320:
7298:Jammu and Kashmir
7270:Union territories
7130:Arunachal Pradesh
7036:Dr.R. Kalaikkovan
7012:"ஆளும் அரிதாரம் (
6937:on 15 August 2006
6506:978-1-57181-917-8
6487:978-0-415-32919-4
6468:978-0-14-027825-5
6449:978-0-472-08187-5
6430:978-0-00-638784-8
6406:978-1-4021-5115-6
6387:978-0-393-31898-2
6336:on 13 March 2007.
6295:978-0-19-560686-7
6065:"ஆளும் அரிதாரம் (
6041:Cynthia Stephen,
6007:Dravidar Kazhagam
5900:India Today Group
5259:978-1-009-15015-6
5021:, 1935 pp 211–220
4716:is attributed to
4476:on 9 October 2006
4402:. Tamilnation.org
3569:Dravidar Kazhagam
3523:Sri Lankan Tamils
3478:(Rajaji) was the
3255:soldiers mutinied
3201:Anglo-Mysore Wars
3161:Madras Presidency
2987:Peda Venkata Raya
2979:Vijayanagara King
2732:Madurai Sultanate
2637:Madurai Sultanate
2534:Rajaraja Narendra
2354:Battle of Tellaru
2156:Narasimhavarman I
2104:Kalingattupparani
1998:Thirunavukkarasar
1941:evolved from the
1829:Senguttuvan Chera
1825:Nedum Cheralathan
1658:Pillars of Ashoka
1364:Madras Presidency
1306:Upper Paleolithic
1292:
1291:
1244:Dravidian parties
1234:Tamil nationalism
1103:Dravidian peoples
972:Dravidian studies
780:
779:
723:Tamil Nationalism
625:Tamil Seychellois
593:Tamil Indonesians
577:Tamil Australians
531:Sri Lankan Tamils
327:
326:
204:Madurai Sultanate
76:Maritime contacts
7392:
7362:
7361:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7338:
7337:
7329:
7165:Himachal Pradesh
7109:History of India
7107:
7106:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7072:
7071:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7014:Reigning filmdom
7006:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6990:. Archived from
6985:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6967:on 18 March 2009
6966:
6960:. Archived from
6955:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6930:. Archived from
6925:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6903:. Archived from
6892:
6890:
6888:
6882:Nambi Arooran, K
6873:
6871:
6869:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6845:on 11 March 2007
6841:. Archived from
6834:
6832:
6830:
6821:. Archived from
6810:
6804:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6748:on 23 April 2005
6744:. Archived from
6733:
6731:
6729:
6720:. Archived from
6709:
6707:
6705:
6700:on 13 April 2010
6696:. Archived from
6689:
6687:
6685:
6680:on 21 March 2006
6676:. Archived from
6669:
6667:
6665:
6660:on 24 April 2006
6656:. Archived from
6649:
6647:
6645:
6636:. Archived from
6625:
6623:
6621:
6612:. Archived from
6605:
6603:
6601:
6592:. Archived from
6585:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6510:
6491:
6472:
6453:
6434:
6420:India, a History
6410:
6391:
6372:
6363:
6348:
6337:
6335:
6328:
6316:
6307:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6067:Reigning filmdom
6060:
6054:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6026:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5902:. Archived from
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5829:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5809:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5792:on 18 March 2016
5788:. Archived from
5782:
5776:
5775:
5769:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5745:. Archived from
5744:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5723:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5576:on 11 March 2007
5562:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5529:
5523:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5497:on 13 April 2010
5487:
5478:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5462:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5435:
5429:
5426:The Hollow Crown
5422:
5416:
5415:
5397:
5391:
5388:India, a History
5384:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5366:India, a History
5362:
5356:
5353:India, a History
5349:
5343:
5340:India, a History
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5310:
5304:
5297:
5291:
5288:India, a History
5284:
5278:
5277:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5197:
5191:
5180:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5090:
5083:
5077:
5070:
5064:
5049:
5043:
5028:
5022:
5015:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4989:
4983:
4976:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4903:"Pandya Dynasty"
4899:
4893:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4858:
4852:
4845:
4839:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4796:
4790:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4666:
4660:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4602:
4596:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4542:
4536:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4445:on 21 March 2006
4435:
4429:
4424:—K.A.N. Sastri,
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4396:
4390:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4191:P.J.Cherian (Ed)
4182:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4116:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4013:
4007:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3930:. 31 March 2003.
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3827:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3750:
3366:Tiruppur Kumaran
3251:William Bentinck
3179:Governor General
3097:. In Europe the
2963:Coromandel Coast
2789:Thirumalai Nayak
2754:Tanjore painting
2703:Thanjavur Nayaks
2568:Vanthiyaththevan
2559:Kopperunchinga I
2514:Eastern Chalukya
2429:Rajendra Chola I
2390:Vijayalaya Chola
2268:was occupied by
2239:Tantric Buddhism
2149:Mahendravarman I
2088:Rajaraja Chola I
1895:Kalabhra dynasty
1712:Vedic Sacrifices
1613:was part of the
1434:hunter-gatherers
1413:For most of the
1400:Bronze Age India
1284:
1277:
1270:
802:
782:
781:
772:
765:
758:
746:Tamil portal
744:
743:
742:
621:Tamil Pakistanis
613:Tamil Mauritians
541:Singapore Tamils
536:Malaysian Tamils
352:
329:
328:
319:
312:
305:
224:Kalahasti Nayaks
173:Medieval history
43:
18:
17:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7356:
7346:
7344:
7332:
7324:
7322:
7317:
7264:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7066:Wayback Machine
7055:
7053:Further reading
7050:
7041:
7039:
7030:
7021:
7019:
7018:(in Tamil). BBC
7000:
6998:
6994:
6983:
6979:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6958:Cynthia Stephen
6953:
6949:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6923:
6919:
6910:
6908:
6895:
6886:
6884:
6876:
6867:
6865:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6837:
6828:
6826:
6825:on 15 June 2006
6813:
6798:
6797:
6790:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6768:
6760:
6751:
6749:
6736:
6727:
6725:
6724:on 26 June 2007
6712:
6703:
6701:
6692:
6683:
6681:
6672:
6663:
6661:
6652:
6643:
6641:
6628:
6619:
6617:
6608:
6599:
6597:
6588:
6562:
6560:
6551:
6542:
6540:
6532:
6523:
6521:
6513:
6507:
6488:
6469:
6450:
6431:
6407:
6388:
6333:
6326:
6296:
6276:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6207:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6148:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6072:
6071:(in Tamil). BBC
6061:
6057:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6030:Pacific Affairs
6027:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5937:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5823:
5819:
5803:
5802:
5795:
5793:
5786:"Archived copy"
5784:
5783:
5779:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5740:"Archived copy"
5738:
5737:
5733:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5707:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5424:Nicholas Dirk,
5423:
5419:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5298:
5294:
5285:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5244:
5240:
5231:
5227:
5218:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5184:Madhura Vijayam
5181:
5177:
5169:K.A.N. Sastri,
5168:
5164:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5123:on 18 July 2006
5111:
5110:
5106:
5098:K.A.N. Sastri,
5097:
5093:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5067:
5050:
5046:
5029:
5025:
5016:
5012:
5004:K.A.N. Sastri,
5003:
4999:
4991:K.A.N. Sastri,
4990:
4986:
4978:K.A.N. Sastri,
4977:
4973:
4965:K.A.N. Sastri,
4964:
4960:
4952:K.A.N. Sastri,
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4888:K.A.N. Sastri,
4887:
4883:
4872:
4868:
4859:
4855:
4846:
4842:
4834:K.A.N. Sastri,
4833:
4829:
4821:K.A.N. Sastri,
4820:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4797:
4793:
4785:K.A.N. Sastri,
4784:
4780:
4772:K.A.N. Sastri,
4771:
4767:
4759:K.A.N. Sastri,
4758:
4754:
4746:K.A.N. Sastri,
4745:
4741:
4732:
4728:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4690:. Lawrence K Lo
4686:
4685:
4681:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4646:
4642:
4634:K.A.N. Sastri,
4633:
4629:
4620:
4616:
4603:
4599:
4582:
4578:
4570:K.A.N. Sastri,
4569:
4565:
4557:K.A.N. Sastri,
4556:
4552:
4544:K.A.N. Sastri,
4543:
4539:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4260:K.A.N. Sastri,
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4216:K.A.N. Sastri,
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4129:Wayback Machine
4117:
4113:
4108:Wayback Machine
4096:
4092:
4084:K.A.N. Sastri,
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4052:
4051:in Tamil Nadu—
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4029:on 17 June 2006
4015:
4014:
4010:
4002:K.A.N. Sastri,
4001:
3997:
3989:K.A.N. Sastri,
3988:
3981:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3942:"Archived copy"
3940:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:Madras Industry
3811:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3781:on 10 July 2015
3773:
3772:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3706:
3661:O. Paneerselvam
3634:J. Jayalalithaa
3623:MG Ramachandran
3595:Sino-Indian War
3556:
3504:Malabar coastal
3484:Potti Sriramalu
3448:
3437:C. N. Annadurai
3357:
3312:(also known as
3285:
3279:
3263:
3183:Warren Hastings
3154:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3006:Saraswati Mahal
2983:Aravidu Dynasty
2955:
2905:Shivaji Bhonsle
2901:
2895:
2806:
2778:Tanjavur Nayaks
2757:
2711:
2705:
2693:Main articles:
2691:
2683:Pratāparudra II
2658:Chera (Perumal)
2646:Alauddin Khalji
2639:
2633:
2631:Delhi Sultanate
2625:Delhi Sultanate
2620:
2576:
2564:Ponniyin Selvan
2542:Vikramaditya VI
2394:Srikantha Chola
2386:
2380:Medieval Cholas
2372:
2366:
2292:
2286:
2270:Vikramaditya II
2122:
2116:
2024:
1897:
1891:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1515:
1494:
1411:
1406:
1384:
1288:
1254:
1253:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1018:
1010:
1009:
985:
977:
976:
952:
944:
943:
942:
841:
827:
819:
818:
810:
776:
740:
738:
733:
732:
708:
700:
699:
648:
640:
639:
601:Tamil Americans
597:Tamil Canadians
575:
556:
546:
545:
521:
511:
510:
451:
441:
440:
362:
323:
294:
293:
292:
247:
239:
238:
179:Kalabhra Empire
174:
166:
165:
91:
81:
80:
51:
12:
11:
5:
7398:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7367:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7185:Madhya Pradesh
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7125:Andhra Pradesh
7121:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7028:
7007:
6977:
6947:
6917:
6901:Viswanathan, S
6893:
6874:
6855:
6835:
6811:
6777:
6758:
6734:
6710:
6690:
6670:
6650:
6626:
6606:
6586:
6569:
6549:
6534:"63 Nayanmars"
6530:
6511:
6505:
6492:
6486:
6473:
6467:
6454:
6448:
6435:
6429:
6411:
6405:
6392:
6386:
6373:
6364:
6362:on 7 May 2012.
6349:
6338:
6317:
6308:
6294:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6243:
6217:
6192:
6158:
6132:
6123:
6112:on 31 May 2004
6091:
6082:
6055:
6046:
6034:
6021:
6011:
5998:
5986:
5947:
5917:
5887:
5865:
5854:. 27 June 2006
5839:
5830:
5817:
5777:
5731:
5691:
5665:
5653:
5620:
5587:
5554:
5524:
5508:
5479:
5470:
5430:
5417:
5392:
5379:
5370:
5357:
5344:
5331:
5305:
5292:
5279:
5265:
5258:
5238:
5225:
5212:
5192:
5175:
5162:
5146:
5134:
5104:
5091:
5078:
5065:
5044:
5023:
5010:
4997:
4984:
4971:
4958:
4945:
4920:
4894:
4881:
4874:Acri, Andrea.
4866:
4853:
4847:Durga Prasad,
4840:
4827:
4814:
4804:
4791:
4778:
4765:
4752:
4739:
4726:
4701:
4679:
4661:
4651:domination of
4640:
4627:
4614:
4597:
4585:Roman emperors
4576:
4563:
4550:
4537:
4524:
4512:Britannica.com
4499:
4487:
4456:
4430:
4413:
4400:"63 Nayanmars"
4391:
4379:Cilappatikaram
4371:
4357:
4332:Pattinappaalai
4323:
4309:
4296:
4266:
4253:
4222:
4209:
4200:
4177:
4168:
4161:
4141:
4132:
4111:
4090:
4077:
4040:
4008:
3995:
3979:
3933:
3915:
3889:
3880:
3848:
3822:
3805:
3799:Pappu et al.,
3792:
3766:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3702:
3682:V. K. Sasikala
3555:
3552:
3492:Andhra Pradesh
3447:
3444:
3433:Congress party
3425:E. V. Ramasami
3402:Lakshmi Sahgal
3356:
3353:
3349:canal building
3306:Mahatma Gandhi
3304:started under
3281:Main article:
3278:
3275:
3262:
3259:
3242:Lord Wellesley
3153:
3150:
3104:La Bourdonnais
3062:
3059:
3054:Main article:
3051:
3048:
3011:Carnatic music
2975:Fort St George
2954:
2951:
2933:served as the
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2805:
2802:
2766:Deccan sultans
2756:from this era.
2699:Madurai Nayaks
2690:
2687:
2673:, a suburb of
2635:Main article:
2632:
2629:
2619:
2618:Pandya revival
2616:
2575:
2572:
2530:Chalukya Chola
2518:river Godavari
2451:, the king of
2420:Rajendra Chola
2368:Main article:
2365:
2362:
2338:Pandyan Empire
2333:in existence.
2331:richest empire
2299:Pandyan Empire
2290:Pandyan Empire
2288:Main article:
2285:
2282:
2187:Nandivarman II
2120:Pallava Empire
2118:Main article:
2115:
2112:
2023:
2020:
2006:Bhoothathalvar
1984:and Vaishnava
1951:Cilappatikaram
1893:Main article:
1890:
1887:
1861:Cilappatikaram
1838:Silapathikaram
1780:Mathuraikkanci
1717:Cilappatikaram
1696:Karikala Chola
1575:Main article:
1572:
1569:
1514:
1511:
1493:
1490:
1410:
1407:
1404:Iron Age India
1383:
1380:
1360:Maratha Empire
1294:The region of
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
941:
940:
935:
930:
928:Aryacakravarti
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
849:
848:
847:
840:
839:
834:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
795:
794:
787:
786:
778:
777:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
749:
748:
735:
734:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Tamil Buddhism
677:
676:
675:
670:
660:
655:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
609:Myanmar Tamils
589:Tamil Italians
585:British Tamils
574:
573:
568:
563:
557:
554:Tamil diaspora
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
522:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
476:Numeral system
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
431:Tamil Kingdoms
428:
423:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
391:
390:
389:
379:
374:
369:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:
345:
344:
338:
337:
325:
324:
322:
321:
314:
307:
299:
296:
295:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Tanjore Nayaks
216:
214:Madurai Nayaks
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
189:Pandyan Empire
186:
184:Pallava Empire
181:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7397:
7386:
7385:Tamil history
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7343:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Uttar Pradesh
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7096:
7091:
7089:
7084:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7017:
7015:
7008:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6978:
6963:
6959:
6952:
6948:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6918:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6232:. 23 May 2019
6231:
6227:
6221:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6127:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6086:
6070:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6031:
6025:
6015:
6008:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5967:(15): 55–63.
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5875:
5869:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5813:
5807:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5773:
5767:
5748:
5741:
5735:
5727:
5721:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5474:
5466:
5460:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5427:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5396:
5389:
5383:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5354:
5348:
5341:
5335:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5302:
5296:
5289:
5283:
5275:
5269:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5242:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5205:
5204:Ali Adil Shah
5201:
5196:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5158:H. H. Dodwell
5155:
5150:
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4929:"The Pandyas"
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4908:
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4885:
4877:
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4802:, 1935 pp 645
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2209:, which is a
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:Vishnukundina
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2135:built by the
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:Periyapuranam
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:replaced the
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:Sundaramurthi
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
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1939:
1933:
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1816:Malabar Coast
1813:
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1797:early Pandyas
1794:
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1704:Sangam poetry
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1615:Maurya Empire
1612:
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1577:Sangam period
1571:Early history
1568:
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1441:Attirampakkam
1437:
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1427:
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1397:
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1389:
1379:
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1337:Bay of Bengal
1334:
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1165:Cholanaikkans
1163:
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1134:
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1108:Brahui people
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948:
947:
939:
938:Eastern Ganga
936:
934:
933:Western Ganga
931:
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618:
617:Tamil Germans
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
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586:
582:
581:French Tamils
578:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
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550:
549:
542:
539:
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534:
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526:Indian Tamils
524:
523:
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507:
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412:
410:
407:
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388:
385:
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383:
382:Sangam period
380:
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365:
364:
361:
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355:
351:
347:
346:
343:
340:
339:
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331:
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288:Ancient sites
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229:Gingee Nayaks
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199:Chera Kingdom
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185:
182:
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177:
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146:Early Pandyas
144:
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119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
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89:Sangam period
85:
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77:
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72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
34:
33:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
7234:
7145:Chhattisgarh
7040:. Retrieved
7035:
7020:. Retrieved
7013:
6999:. Retrieved
6992:the original
6987:
6969:. Retrieved
6962:the original
6957:
6939:. Retrieved
6932:the original
6927:
6909:. Retrieved
6905:the original
6900:
6885:. Retrieved
6881:
6866:. Retrieved
6862:
6847:. Retrieved
6843:the original
6827:. Retrieved
6823:the original
6819:R. Nagaswamy
6818:
6789:. Retrieved
6784:
6769:. Retrieved
6765:
6750:. Retrieved
6746:the original
6741:
6726:. Retrieved
6722:the original
6717:
6702:. Retrieved
6698:the original
6682:. Retrieved
6678:the original
6662:. Retrieved
6658:the original
6642:. Retrieved
6638:the original
6633:
6618:. Retrieved
6614:the original
6598:. Retrieved
6594:the original
6581:
6577:
6561:. Retrieved
6557:the original
6541:. Retrieved
6537:
6522:. Retrieved
6518:
6496:
6477:
6458:
6439:
6419:
6396:
6377:
6368:
6360:the original
6354:
6343:
6331:the original
6322:
6312:
6285:
6260:. Retrieved
6256:
6246:
6234:. Retrieved
6229:
6220:
6208:. Retrieved
6204:
6195:
6183:. Retrieved
6171:
6161:
6149:. Retrieved
6145:
6135:
6126:
6114:. Retrieved
6110:the original
6103:
6094:
6085:
6073:. Retrieved
6066:
6058:
6049:
6042:
6037:
6029:
6024:
6014:
6006:
6001:
5994:John Harriss
5989:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5938:. Retrieved
5934:the original
5929:
5920:
5908:. Retrieved
5904:the original
5899:
5890:
5878:. Retrieved
5868:
5856:. Retrieved
5851:
5842:
5833:
5825:
5820:
5794:. Retrieved
5790:the original
5780:
5754:. Retrieved
5747:the original
5734:
5708:. Retrieved
5703:
5694:
5682:. Retrieved
5677:
5668:
5644:. Retrieved
5640:the original
5633:
5623:
5611:. Retrieved
5607:the original
5600:
5590:
5578:. Retrieved
5574:the original
5569:
5545:. Retrieved
5541:the original
5537:David Arnold
5536:
5527:
5519:
5499:. Retrieved
5495:the original
5473:
5447:. Retrieved
5442:
5433:
5425:
5420:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5382:
5373:
5365:
5360:
5355:, pp 393–394
5352:
5347:
5342:, pp 372–374
5339:
5334:
5322:. Retrieved
5318:the original
5308:
5300:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5268:
5248:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5165:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:the original
5116:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5089:, pp 296–297
5086:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5042:, 1935 p 325
5039:
5026:
5018:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4992:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4966:
4961:
4953:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4932:
4923:
4911:. Retrieved
4906:
4897:
4889:
4884:
4875:
4869:
4861:
4856:
4848:
4843:
4835:
4830:
4822:
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4807:
4799:
4794:
4786:
4781:
4773:
4768:
4760:
4755:
4747:
4742:
4737:, 1935 p 102
4734:
4729:
4718:Tiruvalluvar
4709:
4704:
4692:. Retrieved
4682:
4673:
4664:
4659:, 1935 p 107
4656:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4592:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4511:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4474:the original
4469:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4443:the original
4433:
4425:
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4394:
4378:
4374:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4326:
4312:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4283:the original
4278:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4240:the original
4225:
4217:
4212:
4203:
4195:the original
4190:
4180:
4171:
4151:
4144:
4135:
4120:
4114:
4099:
4093:
4085:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:the original
4057:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4027:the original
4020:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3956:. Retrieved
3936:
3927:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3892:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3860:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3825:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3779:the original
3769:
3760:
3748:
3658:
3638:
3627:
3607:
3599:Dravida Nadu
3598:
3577:(country of
3574:Dravida Nadu
3572:
3557:
3548:
3536:
3516:
3474:Presidency.
3468:
3465:was renamed.
3463:Madras State
3412:
3410:
3385:
3358:
3332:
3324:
3286:
3264:
3239:
3198:
3166:
3143:
3132:Chanda Sahib
3116:
3108:Robert Clive
3089:in 1739 and
3076:
3042:
3027:
2999:
2995:Vellore Fort
2956:
2929:
2902:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:Polygar Wars
2807:
2787:In Madurai,
2786:
2782:Tarangambadi
2763:
2758:
2724:Vijayanagara
2720:
2640:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:Chera Empire
2577:
2567:
2511:
2492:
2460:
2425:
2416:Chola Empire
2387:
2384:Later Cholas
2376:Early Cholas
2370:Chola Empire
2350:Rashtrakutas
2347:
2335:
2323:Roman Empire
2318:
2303:
2251:
2243:Confucianism
2205:, built for
2203:Shore Temple
2184:Pallavamalla
2183:
2180:Kaveri River
2152:
2151:and his son
2142:
2133:Mamallapuram
2129:Shore Temple
2103:
2095:
2091:
2079:Ramavatharam
2078:
2067:
2064:Tamil script
2062:
2045:Mamallapuram
2029:
2025:
2013:
2002:Poigai Alvar
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1949:such as the
1943:Tamil-Brahmi
1936:
1934:
1916:
1910:
1908:literature.
1898:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1801:
1790:
1786:Netunalvatai
1784:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1748:
1734:
1715:
1694:
1681:Divya Desams
1655:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1558:
1554:Tamil-Brahmi
1531:Adichanallur
1528:
1516:
1495:
1457:Homo sapiens
1455:
1449:
1445:homo sapiens
1438:
1425:Homo erectus
1423:
1412:
1409:Palaeolithic
1370:. After the
1349:
1310:
1295:
1293:
1249:Dravida Nadu
1113:Gondi people
844:
690:Tamil Muslim
637:Dutch Tamils
633:Swiss Tamils
491:Architecture
436:Tamilization
366:
278:Inscriptions
258:Architecture
194:Chola Empire
156:Early Cholas
151:Early Cheras
111:Legal system
31:
30:
15:
7308:Lakshadweep
7260:West Bengal
7255:Uttarakhand
7190:Maharashtra
6563:18 November
6355:Roman Karur
6257:The Federal
6116:15 November
5940:15 November
5910:15 November
5880:15 November
5756:23 November
5710:17 November
5684:15 November
5646:15 November
5613:15 November
5580:15 November
5547:13 November
5449:15 November
5386:John Keay,
5364:John Keay,
5351:John Keay,
5338:John Keay,
5324:18 November
5286:John Keay,
5127:15 November
5117:R. Nagasamy
5032:Chidambaram
4913:15 November
4694:15 November
4653:Simhavishnu
4496:Roman Karur
4480:15 November
4406:15 November
4289:15 November
4264:, 1935 p 20
4246:15 November
4231:Satyaputras
4070:15 November
4049:Krishnagiri
4033:15 November
3698:M.K. Stalin
3690:M.K. Stalin
3619:Karunanidhi
3488:Rayalaseema
3378:Pondicherry
3283:British Raj
3230:Oomaithurai
3218:Oomaithurai
3214:Kattabomman
3134:'s fort in
3083:Pondicherry
3073:(1717–1795)
2991:Chandragiri
2989:, based in
2909:Chhatrapati
2846:(1730–1769)
2840:(1686–1730)
2809:Pudukkottai
2667:Kanchipuram
2663:Kanyakumari
2650:Tirunelveli
2642:Malik Kafur
2503:Tungabhadra
2476:kingdom of
2441:South India
2406:Parantaka I
2398:Mutharaiyar
2266:Kanchipuram
2229:capital of
2215:Bodhidharma
2195:Kanchipuram
2191:South India
2176:Simhavishnu
2049:Kanchipuram
2040:Vaishnavism
1753:Tirunelveli
1745:Megasthenes
1726:Kocengannan
1700:early Chola
1647:Vaishnavism
1623:Tolkappiyam
1535:Tirunelveli
1517:During the
1466:Microlithic
1462:flake tools
1420:south India
1073:South India
873:Rashtrakuta
663:Tamil Hindu
399:Agriculture
71:Wootz steel
7374:Categories
7313:Puducherry
7283:Chandigarh
7235:Tamil Nadu
7038:(in Tamil)
7022:8 November
7001:17 October
6941:17 October
6911:17 October
6887:16 October
6868:16 October
6849:12 October
6704:16 October
6415:Keay, John
6274:References
6236:14 January
6210:14 January
6185:14 January
6151:14 January
6075:8 November
5501:16 October
5428:, pp 19–24
5412:1047901420
5173:pp 214–217
4982:pp 144–145
4938:26 January
4825:pp 342–344
4763:pp 333–335
4710:Tirukkural
4606:Kaliararar
4348:Purananuru
3873:9 February
3841:9 February
3761:Shodhganga
3579:Dravidians
3508:Tamil Nadu
3370:Pondichéry
3210:a conflict
3095:Pondichéry
3002:Serfoji II
2897:See also:
2800:warriors.
2707:See also:
2671:Punaamalli
2557:chieftain
2422:(c. 1030).
2374:See also:
2327:Marco Polo
2221:school of
2160:Satavahana
2092:Tirumurais
2068:vatteluttu
1956:Tirukkural
1947:epic poems
1938:vatteluttu
1808:Tamil Nadu
1792:Pattupattu
1775:Purananuru
1708:Purananuru
1689:Thiruvekka
1581:See also:
1523:Megalithic
1376:Tamil Nadu
1345:Sri Vijaya
1341:Chola navy
1297:Tamil Nadu
1159:Giraavarus
1118:Kannadigas
1084:South Asia
868:Satavahana
685:Tamil Jain
466:Philosophy
461:Literature
246:Categories
121:Government
7240:Telangana
7225:Rajasthan
7200:Meghalaya
7175:Karnataka
7170:Jharkhand
6578:Antiquity
6313:The Colas
6304:796210659
6180:0971-751X
6172:The Hindu
6105:The Hindu
5973:0012-9976
5635:The Hindu
5602:The Hindu
5443:The Hindu
5200:Rama Raya
5061:The Colas
5057:kudavolai
5040:The CoLas
5036:Kampuchea
5019:The CoLas
5006:The CoLas
4800:The CōĻas
4774:The CoLas
4735:The CōĻas
4657:The CōĻas
4517:29 August
4353:The Colas
4343:Akananuru
4262:The CōĻas
4059:The Hindu
4022:The Hindu
3801:Antiquity
3587:Karnataka
3471:partition
3456:political
3374:Aurobindo
3267:Sepoy war
3190:India Act
3034:Aurangzeb
3015:Tyagaraja
3013:composer
2971:Vandavasi
2949:in 1698.
2919:by 1678.
2903:In 1676,
2728:Karnataka
2445:Srivijaya
2310:Kalabhras
2256:based in
2254:Chalukyas
2235:Srivijaya
2057:Thanjavur
1982:Nayanmars
1978:Vaishnava
1966:devakulam
1883:Auxumites
1770:Akananuru
1670:Kharavela
1543:Neolithic
1506:Neolithic
1502:Neolithic
1498:Neolithic
1492:Neolithic
1430:hand axes
1329:Kalabhras
1161:(Extinct)
1155:(Extinct)
1128:Malayalis
1079:Sri Lanka
1075:(Dravida)
791:Dravidian
409:Education
394:Tamilakam
273:Monuments
268:Economies
106:Education
56:Tamiḻakam
7364:Religion
7210:Nagaland
7062:Archived
7042:12 April
6971:15 March
6801:cite web
6417:(2000).
6284:(2000).
6205:The Week
6019:politics
5981:24479122
5852:BBC News
5806:cite web
5766:cite web
5720:cite web
5459:cite web
5390:, pp 380
5076:, pp 294
5063:, p 496.
4851:., pp 68
4838:pp 91–92
4776:, pp 102
4722:Sanskrit
4714:distichs
4422:Herakles
4125:Archived
4104:Archived
4006:, p. 46.
3993:, p. 45.
3968:cite web
3958:10 March
3949:Archived
3908:10 March
3902:Archived
3867:Archived
3835:Archived
3820:, p. 14.
3704:See also
3494:and the
3339:Ryotwari
3335:monsoons
3240:In 1798
3087:Karaikal
3039:Polygars
3032:Emperor
2679:Kākatiya
2495:Sinhalas
2478:Cambodia
2472:and the
2470:Thailand
2465:Godavari
2449:Mahipala
2433:Maldives
2402:Aditya I
2342:Chalukya
2306:Kadungon
2231:Chang'an
2223:Buddhism
2145:Pallavas
2137:Pallavas
2114:Pallavas
2083:Auvaiyar
2076:Kamban's
2010:Peyalvar
1930:Buddhism
1902:Buddhist
1783:and the
1773:and the
1651:Shaktism
1643:Shaivite
1631:Buddhism
1519:Iron Age
1513:Iron Age
1333:Pallavas
1213:Politics
1054:Charvaka
1039:Buddhism
1029:Hinduism
1017:Religion
984:Language
888:Kakatiya
878:Chalukya
707:Politics
647:Religion
501:Calendar
481:Medicine
456:Language
414:Industry
334:a series
332:Part of
136:Religion
23:a series
21:Part of
7326:Portals
7245:Tripura
7205:Mizoram
7195:Manipur
7160:Haryana
7155:Gujarat
6829:16 June
6791:14 June
6771:14 June
6752:14 June
6728:14 June
6230:Outlook
5858:27 June
5368:, p 379
5303:, p 583
5290:, p 370
5210:, p 266
5202:fought
4812:217–218
4649:Pallava
4612:, p 130
4387:Magadha
4220:, p 129
3720:Tamizhi
3684:. Then
3669:2G scam
3496:Bellary
3423:led by
3247:Vellore
2967:Pulicat
2935:Maratha
2917:Vellore
2768:in the
2750:Maratha
2746:Tanjore
2681:ruler,
2546:Hoysala
2524:'s son
2304:Pandya
2284:Pandyas
2276:(south
2153:Mamalla
2036:Saivism
1926:Jainism
1878:Muziris
1869:Yavanas
1833:Kannagi
1747:in his
1741:Madurai
1666:Kalinga
1639:Ajivika
1635:Jainism
1589:Vendhar
1368:British
1200:Koragas
1195:Soligas
1185:Paniyas
1180:Kurukhs
1175:Kodavas
1143:Tuluvas
1133:Telugus
1123:Kodavas
1067:Regions
1049:Ājīvika
1044:Śramaṇa
1034:Jainism
951:Culture
913:Aravidu
898:Sangama
893:Hoysala
883:Pallava
863:Pandyan
826:History
496:Cuisine
449:Culture
404:Economy
360:History
263:Culture
131:Society
126:Economy
96:Sources
7340:Tamils
7303:Ladakh
7230:Sikkim
7220:Punjab
7215:Odisha
7180:Kerala
7117:States
6684:16 May
6664:16 May
6644:15 May
6620:15 May
6600:15 May
6584:(297).
6543:16 May
6524:15 May
6503:
6484:
6465:
6446:
6427:
6403:
6384:
6302:
6292:
6178:
5979:
5971:
5796:11 May
5410:
5256:
5190:pp 241
5102:pp 197
4892:pp 140
4750:pp 382
4587:up to
4535:, p 12
4449:15 May
4428:, p 23
4355:, 1935
4159:
3785:3 July
3583:Andhra
3512:Tamils
3500:Kanara
3329:(1877)
3300:. The
3187:Pitt's
3163:, 1909
3145:firman
3030:Mughal
2947:Gingee
2931:Gingee
2913:Gingee
2798:Marava
2794:Kallar
2774:Nayaks
2736:Nayaks
2701:, and
2675:Madras
2574:Cheras
2555:Kadava
2437:Ganges
2418:under
2382:, and
2364:Cholas
2358:Vaigai
2319:Pandya
2278:Mysore
2258:Vatapi
2247:Daoism
2172:Deccan
2164:Andhra
2147:under
2034:sects
1986:Alvars
1968:, and
1962:kottam
1921:Astika
1851:dharma
1812:Kerala
1804:Cheras
1757:Greece
1749:Indika
1737:Korkai
1722:Kaveri
1662:Ashoka
1611:Deccan
1607:mannar
1603:kizhar
1561:Ashoka
1482:quartz
1470:jasper
1402:, and
1339:. The
1321:Pandya
1319:, and
1170:Khonds
1148:Irulas
1138:Tamils
1096:People
908:Tuluva
903:Saluva
809:Origin
519:People
506:Cinema
471:Script
342:Tamils
161:Velirs
7352:India
7293:Delhi
7140:Bihar
7135:Assam
6995:(PDF)
6984:(PDF)
6965:(PDF)
6954:(PDF)
6935:(PDF)
6924:(PDF)
6334:(PDF)
6327:(PDF)
6262:7 May
5977:JSTOR
5750:(PDF)
5743:(PDF)
5522:, p10
5236:p 427
5223:p 428
5053:sabha
4995:p 159
4969:p 145
4956:p 140
4789:p 387
4638:p 130
4383:Vajra
3952:(PDF)
3945:(PDF)
3757:(PDF)
3741:Notes
3459:state
3386:India
3290:Ripon
3271:Crown
3136:Arcot
2959:Dutch
2507:Vengi
2499:Lanka
2474:Khmer
2453:Bihar
2193:with
2072:Tamil
2032:Hindu
1970:palli
1874:Puhar
1765:Eelam
1730:Saiva
1627:Vedic
1598:Velir
1546:Celts
1478:flint
1474:agate
1317:Chola
1313:Chera
1302:India
1190:Malar
1153:Nagas
923:Reddy
918:Nayak
858:Chera
853:Chola
486:Music
426:Eelam
283:Forts
141:Music
7044:2007
7024:2006
7003:2006
6973:2009
6943:2006
6913:2006
6889:2006
6870:2006
6851:2006
6831:2006
6807:link
6793:2006
6773:2006
6754:2006
6730:2006
6706:2006
6686:2006
6666:2006
6646:2006
6622:2006
6602:2006
6565:2006
6545:2006
6526:2006
6501:ISBN
6482:ISBN
6463:ISBN
6444:ISBN
6425:ISBN
6401:ISBN
6382:ISBN
6300:OCLC
6290:ISBN
6264:2021
6238:2021
6212:2021
6187:2021
6176:ISSN
6153:2021
6118:2006
6077:2006
5969:ISSN
5942:2006
5912:2006
5882:2006
5860:2006
5828:p 19
5812:link
5798:2015
5772:link
5758:2013
5726:link
5712:2006
5686:2006
5648:2006
5615:2006
5582:2006
5549:2006
5503:2006
5465:link
5451:2006
5408:OCLC
5326:2006
5254:ISBN
5129:2006
4940:2011
4915:2006
4696:2006
4589:Nero
4519:2012
4482:2006
4451:2006
4408:2006
4345:and
4291:2006
4248:2006
4157:ISBN
4072:2006
4035:2006
3974:link
3960:2014
3910:2014
3875:2018
3843:2018
3787:2012
3517:The
3454:The
3121:and
2993:and
2915:and
2796:and
2336:The
2227:Tang
2038:and
2030:The
2008:and
1996:and
1928:and
1919:the
1917:viz.
1913:Jain
1906:Jain
1904:and
1827:and
1810:and
1761:Rome
1759:and
1649:and
1637:and
50:Main
7150:Goa
3041:or
2985:),
2726:in
2665:to
2245:or
2219:Zen
2131:in
2055:of
1605:or
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1593:Vel
1439:In
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