History of the United States (1945–1964)

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survive on the income they earned. The older generation of Americans did not benefit as much from the postwar economic boom especially as many had never recovered financially from the loss of their savings during the Great Depression. It was generally a given that the average 35-year-old in 1959 owned a better house and car than the average 65-year-old, who typically had nothing but a small Social Security pension for an income. Many blue-collar workers continued to live in poverty, with 30% of those employed in industry in 1958 receiving under $ 3,000 a year. In addition, individuals who earned more than $ 10,000 a year paid a lower proportion of their income in taxes than those who earned less than $ 2,000 a year. In 1947, 60% of black families lived below the poverty level (defined in one study as below $ 3000 in 1968 dollars), compared with 23% of white families. In 1968, 23% of black families lived below the poverty level, compared with 9% of white families. In 1947, 11% of white families were affluent (defined as above $ 10,000 in 1968 dollars), compared with 3% of black families. In 1968, 42% of white families were defined as affluent, compared with 21% of black families. In 1947, 8% of black families received $ 7000 or more (in 1968 dollars) compared with 26% of white families. In 1968, 39% of black families received $ 7,000 or more, compared with 66% of white families. In 1960, the median for a married man of blue-collar income was $ 3,993 for blacks and $ 5,877 for whites. In 1969, the equivalent figures were $ 5,746 and $ 7,452, respectively.

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However, the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles, highways, and inexpensive housing. The population had grown, and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments, automobiles and appliances. The product was a great housing boom. Whereas an average of 316,000 new housing nonfarm units had been constructed each year from the 1930s through 1945, there were 1,450,000 built annually from 1946 through 1955 in all areas, especially suburbs. The G.I. Bill guaranteed low cost loans for veterans, with very low down payments, and low interest rates. With 16,000,000 eligible veterans, the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought one; their average price was $ 7,300 (equal to $ 84,000 in 2020). The construction industry kept prices low by standardization – for example standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets, refrigerators, and stoves allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings. Developers purchased empty land just outside the city, installed tract houses based on a handful of designs, and provided streets and utilities, as local public officials race to build schools. The most famous development was

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highway system was a remarkable success, that has done much to sustain Eisenhower's positive reputation. Although there were later objections to the negative impact of clearing neighborhoods in cities, the system has been well received. The railroad system for passengers and freight declined sharply, but the trucking expanded dramatically and the cost of shipping and travel fell sharply. Suburbanization became possible, with the rapid growth of easily accessible, larger, cheaper housing than was available in the overcrowded central cities. Tourism dramatically expanded as well, creating a demand for more service stations, motels, restaurants and visitor attractions. There was much more long-distance movement to the Sunbelt for winter vacations, or for permanent relocation, with convenient access to visits to relatives back home. In rural areas, towns and small cities off the grid lost out as shoppers followed the interstate, and new factories were located near them.

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manipulation of hybrid corn. It made for greater specialization and greater economic risks for the farmer. With rising land prices many sold their land and moved to town, the old farm becoming part of a neighbor's enlarged operation. Mechanization meant less need for hired labor; farmers could operate more acres even though they were older. The result was a decline in rural-farm population, with gains in service centers that provided the new technology. The rural non-farm population grew as factories were attracted by access to good transportation without the high land costs, taxes, unionization and congestion of city factory districts. Once remote rural areas such as the Missouri Ozarks and the North Woods of the upper Midwest, with a rustic life style and many good fishing spots, attracted retirees and vacationers.

6293:. The brief Republican control of Congress ended and Democrats regained both houses in downballot races. The House remained under Democrat control until 1995 with the exception of two years in the 1950s and the Senate would remain Democrat for most of 1949 to '94. However, the political climate in the postwar years had decidedly shifted back to the center and away from the leftism of the New Deal era. Americans had tired of top-down government planning and there was a growing distrust of Soviet intentions and the large number of Soviet spies who infiltrated Washington D.C. during the FDR era. The postwar Congressional coalitions were more conservative and resisted some of Truman's plans, including proposals for European-style social welfare programs. 5030: 2802:

and the self-employed worked fewer hours than they had done previously, although they still worked much longer hours than most other workers. Paid vacations also came to be enjoyed by the vast majority of workers, with 91% of blue-collar workers covered by major collective bargaining agreements receiving paid vacations by 1957 (usually to a maximum of three weeks), while by the early-1960s virtually all industries paid for holidays and most did so for seven days a year. Industries catering to leisure activities blossomed as a result of most Americans enjoying significant paid leisure time by 1960, while many blue-collar and white-collar workers had come to expect to hold on to their jobs for life. This period saw the growth of

5174: 4094: 2722: 5195: 5099: 6414:. Historians have explained Kennedy's victory in terms of an economic recession, the numerical dominance of 17 million more registered Democrats than Republicans, the votes that Kennedy gained among Catholics practically matched the votes Nixon gained among Protestants, Kennedy's better organization and superior campaigning skills. Kennedy used his large, well-funded campaign organization to win the nomination, secure endorsements, and with the aid of the last of the big-city bosses, to get out the vote in the big cities. He relied on Johnson to hold the South and used television effectively. Kennedy was the first Catholic to run for president since 2300: 2474:, a tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The crisis began on October 16, 1962, and lasted for thirteen days. It was the moment when the Cold War was closest to exploding into a devastating nuclear exchange between the two superpower nations. Kennedy decided not to invade or bomb Cuba but to institute a naval blockade of the island. The crisis ended in a compromise, with the Soviets removing their missiles publicly, and the United States secretly removing its nuclear missiles in Turkey. In Moscow, communist leaders removed 5009: 5149: 234: 6111: 6351:

monopoly on power for too long (control of the White House for 19 straight years and Congress for 16 of the last 19 years) and it was necessary to restore a proper two party balance. Also, the GOP in their desperation to regain power had begun supporting controversial figures such as Joseph McCarthy. As a national hero, Eisenhower carried every major demographic bloc and all states outside the South in the 1952 presidential election. He ended the Korean War, maintained the peace in Asia and the Middle East, and worked smoothly with NATO allies in Europe while keeping the

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and later, television reports as their peaceful marches and demonstrations were violently attacked by law enforcement. Officers used batons, bullwhips, fire hoses, police dogs, and mass arrests to intimidate the protesters. The second characteristic of the movement is that it was not monolithic, led by one or two men. Rather it was a dispersed, grass-roots campaign that attacked segregation in many different places using many different tactics. While some groups and individuals within the civil rights movement—such as

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universities. At the advanced level, American science, engineering, and medicine was world-famous. By the mid-1960s, the majority of American workers enjoyed the highest wage levels in the world, and by the late-1960s, the great majority of Americans were richer than people in other countries, except Sweden, Switzerland, and Canada. Educational outlays were also greater than in other countries while a higher proportion of young people was at school and college than elsewhere in the world. As noted by the historian

4134: 2242:). McCarthyism included investigations into academics and teachers as well. McCarthyism became a widespread social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate and conflict in the United States. Investigating private citizens for alleged communist affiliations in government, private-industry and in the media produced widespread fear and destroyed the lives of many innocent American citizens. Using innuendo and intense interrogation methods, the " 5459: 6273:

shortages, serious labor strikes, and racial tensions--much like happened in 1919, white servicemen returning home from the war were unhappy at blacks being given their jobs in their absence. In the 1946 midterm elections, the Republican Party managed sweeping electoral gains and controlled both houses of Congress for the first time in 16 years via the electoral slogan "Had enough?" The new 80th Congress convened in early 1947 and promptly began clipping the wings of the New Deal. The anti-union

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level in 1965). Although the overall number of children per woman was not unusually high (averaging 2.3), they were assisted by improving technology that greatly brought down infant mortality rates versus the prewar era. Among other things, this resulted in an unprecedented demand for children's products and a huge expansion of the public school system. The large size of the postwar baby-boom generation would have significant social repercussions in American society for decades to come.

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and the advent of TV news. The railroad industry, once one of the cornerstones of the American economy and an immense and often scorned influence on national politics, also suffered from the explosion in automobile sales and the construction of the interstate system. By the end of the 1950s, it was well into decline and by the 1970s became completely bankrupt, necessitating a takeover by the federal government. Smaller automobile manufacturers such as

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over his presidency--a mild one in 1953-54 that followed up on the end of the Korean War and a bigger out that began in late 1957 and lasted through 1958. Another recession followed in 1960. Vice President Nixon blamed this on the president's monetary policy and thought he should have loosened the money supply to stimulate economic growth--the sluggish US economy was extensively exploited by Democrats during the 1960 presidential election.

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vacuum cleaner, 18% a freezer, 12% an electric or gas dryer, and 8% air conditioning. Car ownership also soared, with 72% of consumer units owning an automobile by 1960. From 1958 to 1964, the average weekly take-home pay of blue-collar workers rose steadily from $ 68 to $ 78 (in constant dollars). In a poll taken in 1949, 50% of all Americans said that they were satisfied with their family income, a figure that rose to 67% by 1969.

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familiar in the early 21st century made their first appearance during this era. The live-in maid and cook, common features of middle-class homes at the beginning of the century, were virtually unheard of in the 1950s; only the very rich had servants. Householders enjoyed centrally heated homes with running hot water. New style furniture was bright, cheap, and light, and easy to move around. As noted by

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as incomes of $ 3,000 to $ 10,000 in constant dollars), compared with only 31% in the last year of prosperity before the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. By the end of the decade, 87% of families owned a TV set, 75% owned a car, and 75% owned a washing machine. Between 1947 and 1960, the average real income for American workers increased by as much as it had in the previous half-century.

199: 181: 1797:(1953–1961) was a moderate who did not attempt to reverse New Deal programs such as regulation of business and support for labor unions; he expanded Social Security and built the interstate highway system. For most of the period, the Democrats controlled Congress; however, they were usually unable to pass as much liberal legislation as they had hoped because of the power of the 2793:"Today in this country minimum standards of nutrition, housing and clothing are assured, not for all, but for the majority. Beyond these minimum needs, such former luxuries as homeownership, durable goods, travel, recreation, and entertainment are no longer restricted to a few. The broad masses participate in enjoying all these things and generate most of the demand for them." 2832:

the labor force were covered by Social Security. In 1959, about two-thirds of the factory workers and three-fourths of the office workers were provided with supplemental private pension plans. In addition, 86% of factory workers and 83% of office workers had jobs that covered for hospital insurance while 59% and 61% had additional insurance for doctors. By 1969, the average

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came to enjoy the benefits of home ownership, while high wages provided blue-collar workers with the ability to pay for new cars, household appliances, and regular vacations. By the 1960s, a blue-collar worker earned more than a manager did in the 1940s, despite the fact that the former's relative position within the income distribution had not changed.

2930:, in Long Island just east of New York City. It offered a new house for $ 1,000 down, and $ 70 a month; it featured three bedrooms, fireplace, gas range and gas furnace, and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet, all for a total price of $ 10,000. Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment. Growth of the suburbs was especially prominent in the 2785:

units rose sharply from 43.3 million to 56.1 million in 1960, a rise of almost 23%, their average incomes grew even faster, from $ 3,940 in 1946 to $ 6,900 in 1960, an increase of 43%. After taking inflation into account, the real increase was 16%. The dramatic rise in the average American standard of living was such that, according to sociologist

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One of the key factors in postwar prosperity was a technology boom due to the experience of the war. Manufacturing had made enormous strides and it was now possible to produce consumer goods in quantities and levels of sophistication unseen before 1945. Acquisition of technology from occupied Germany

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turning out automobiles as fast as possible, city dwellers gave up cramped apartments for a suburban life style centered around children and housewives, with the male breadwinner commuting to work. Suburbia encompassed one-third of the nation's population by 1960. The growth of suburbs was not only a

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By the mid-1960s, the majority of America's organized working class who were not victims of the second Red Scare embraced, or at least tolerated, anti-communism because it was an integral part of the New American Dream to which they had committed their lives. Theirs was not an unobtainable dream; nor

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The great majority of American workers who had stable jobs were well-off financially, while even non-union jobs were associated with rising paychecks, benefits, and obtained many of the advantages that characterized union work. An upscale working class came into being, as American blue-collar workers

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In addition to the huge domestic market for consumer items, the United States became "the world's factory", as it was the only major power whose soil had been untouched by the war. American money and manufactured goods flooded into Europe, South Korea, and Japan and helped in their reconstruction. US

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referred to as the "high mass consumption" stage of economic development. Short-term credit went up from $ 8.4 billion in 1946 to $ 45.6 billion in 1958. As a result of the postwar economic boom, 60% of the American population had attained a "middle-class" standard of living by the mid-1950s (defined

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The rapid social and technological changes brought about a growing corporatization of America and the decline of smaller businesses, which often suffered from high postwar inflation and mounting operating costs. Newspapers declined in numbers and consolidated, both due to the above-mentioned factors

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The recession lifted a month into Kennedy's administration and by the fall of 1961 the economy had begun an unprecedented boom. In a December 1962 speech, he announced his plans to reduce the top marginal tax rate to 75%, which one GOP Congressman wryly dubbed "the most Republican speech a president

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Despite overall prosperity during the 1950s, Eisenhower was a budget hawk and pursued a conservative fiscal policy designed to pay down the government's debts from two wars. He did not move to lower the 90% Federal income tax rates left over from World War II and there were three economic recessions

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Educational outlays were also greater than in other countries while a higher proportion of young people were graduating from high schools and universities than elsewhere in the world, as hundreds of new colleges and universities opened every year. Tuition was kept low—it was free at California state

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More than 21 million housing units were constructed between 1946 and 1960, and in the latter year 52% of consumer units in the metropolitan areas owned their own homes. In 1957, out of all the wired homes throughout the country, 96% had a refrigerator, 87% an electric washer, 81% a television, 67% a

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a job with McCarthy. McCarthy had talked of "twenty years of treason" (i.e. since Roosevelt's election in 1932). When, in 1953, he started talking of "21 years of treason" and launched a major attack on the Army for promoting a communist dentist in the medical corps, his recklessness proved too much

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in June 1956, and construction had begun by the fall of that same year. The originally planned set of highways took decades to complete. The interstate highway system (using a tax on gasoline) dramatically improved the nation's transportation infrastructure. In long-term perspective the interstate

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Musicals were still an enormously popular genre during the 1950s, although over the last thirty-five years or so, the musical film has declined in popularity. Many of the musical films of the 1950s and early 1960s, were straightforward adaptations or restagings of successful stage productions, some

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Prosperity also brought about the development of a distinct youth culture for the first time, as teenagers were not forced to work and support their family at young ages like in the past. This had its culmination in the development of new music genres such as rock-and-roll as well as fashion styles

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The farm population shrank steadily as families moved to urban areas, where on average they were more productive and earned a higher standard of living. Friedberger argues that the postwar period saw an accelerating mechanization of agriculture, combined with new and better fertilizers and genetic

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were unable to compete with the Big Three in the new postwar world and gradually declined into oblivion over the next fifteen years. Suburbanization caused the gradual movement of working-class people and jobs out of the inner cities as shopping centers displaced the traditional downtown stores. In

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With the prosperity of the era, the prevailing social attitude was one of belief in science, technology, progress, and futurism, although there had been signs of this trend since the 1930s. There was comparatively little nostalgia for the prewar era and the overall emphasis was on having everything

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In regards to social welfare, the post-war era saw a considerable improvement in insurance for workers and their dependents against the risks of illness, as private insurance programs like Blue Cross and Blue Shield expanded. With the exception of farm and domestic workers, virtually all members of

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The period from 1946 to 1960 also witnessed a significant increase in the paid leisure time of working people. The forty-hour workweek established by the Fair Labor Standards Act in covered industries became the actual schedule in most workplaces by 1960, while uncovered workers such as farmworkers

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An "accidental" president widely seen as a creature of the Teddy Pendergast machine in St. Louis, Harry Truman was not initially popular. Rationing of goods was officially ended in October 1945 but the transition back to a peacetime economy was difficult and marred by high inflation, raw materials

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Although they had white supporters and sympathizers, the Civil Rights Movement was designed, led, organized, and manned by African-Americans, who placed themselves and their families on the front lines in the struggle for freedom. Their heroism was brought home to every American through newspaper,

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Despite the prosperity of the postwar era, a significant minority of Americans continued to live in poverty by the end of the 1950s. In 1947, 34% of all families earned less than $ 3,000 a year, compared with 22.1% in 1960. Nevertheless, between one-fifth to one-quarter of the population could not

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family income lagged behind at $ 7,255, revealing a continued racial disparity in income among various segments of the American population. The percentage of American students continuing their education after the age of fifteen was also higher than in most other developed countries, with more than

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as "upward mobility on a rocket ship." The substantial increase in average family income within a generation resulted in millions of office and factory workers being lifted into a growing middle class, enabling them to sustain a standard of living once considered to be reserved for the wealthy. As

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Prosperity and overall optimism made Americans feel that it was a good time to bring children into the world, and so a huge baby boom resulted during the decade following 1945 (the baby boom climaxed during the mid-1950s, after which time birthrates gradually declined until going below replacement

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For NATO, containment of the expansion of Soviet influence became foreign policy doctrine; the expectation was that eventually the inefficient Soviet system would collapse of internal weakness, and no "hot" war (that is, one with large-scale combat) would be necessary. Containment was supported by

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The leadership role of black churches in the movement was a natural extension of their structure and function. They offered members an opportunity to exercise roles denied them in society. Throughout history, the black church served as a place of worship and also as a base for powerful ministers,

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Very little housing had been built during the Great Depression and World War, except for emergency quarters near war industries. Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition. Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown.

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Automobiles became much more available, after the low production runs in the Depression, followed by the moratorium on production during the Second World War, when factories produced Jeeps and other military transport vehicles instead of cars. Styles became flashier. Boxy and conservative in the

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spree, with a huge and voracious demand for new homes, cars, and housewares. Increasing numbers enjoyed high wages, larger houses, better schools, more cars and home comforts like vacuum cleaners, washing machines—which were all made for labor-saving and to make housework easier. Inventions

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Between 1946 and 1960, the United States witnessed a significant expansion in the consumption of goods and services. GNP rose by 36% and personal consumption expenditures by 42%, cumulative gains which were reflected in the incomes of families and unrelated individuals. While the number of these

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At the center of middle-class culture in the 1950s was a growing demand for consumer goods; a result of the postwar prosperity, the increase in variety and availability of consumer products, and television advertising. America generated a steadily growing demand for better automobiles, clothing,

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in 1949 and the nationalist government moved to the offshore island of Formosa (Taiwan), which came under American protection. Local communist movements attempted to take over all of Korea (1950) and Vietnam (1954). Communist hegemony covered one third of the world's land while the United States

6197:, or SNCC, founded in 1957, developed the "jail-no-bail" strategy. SNCC's role was to develop and link sit-in campaigns and to help organize freedom rides, voter registration drives, and other protest activities. These three new groups often joined forces with existing organizations such as the 2323:

invaded to take control of the canal. The U.S. had strongly warned against military action. The operation was a military success, but the canal was blocked for years to come. Eisenhower demanded the invaders withdraw, and they did. This action was a major humiliation for Britain and France, two

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Eisenhower had been a prospective presidential candidate since the end of World War II, and although he publicly announced himself a Republican, he declined the party's offers to run in 1948. However, four years later, he reconsidered, in part because he believed the Democratic Party had had a

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also proved an asset, as it was sometimes more advanced than its American counterpart, especially in the optics and audio equipment fields. The typical automobile in 1950 was an average of $ 300 more expensive than the 1940 version, but also produced in twice the numbers. Luxury brands such as

2281:) as an example, McCarthy derided the effeminate, scandalous homosexuals who were allegedly controlling United States foreign relations. McCarthy also posed the suggestion that these homosexuals were a security risk to the United States, as their sexuality made them open to blackmail from the 6304:

Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce, held all of America's attention. It was the first committee made up of senators from around the country organized to not only gain a better understanding of how to fight organized crime, but also to expose organized crime for the

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The Kennedy Family had long been leaders of the Irish Catholic wing of the Democratic Party; JFK was middle-of-the-road or liberal on domestic issues and conservative on foreign policy, sending military forces into Cuba and Vietnam. The Kennedy style called for youth, dynamism, vigor and an

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The economy was generally healthy, apart from a sharp economic recession in 1958. Eisenhower remained popular and largely avoided partisan politics; he was reelected by a landslide in 1956. While frugal in budget matters he expanded Social Security and did not try to repeal the remaining

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By 1947, the Soviets had fully absorbed the three Baltic nations, and effectively controlled Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria. Austria and Finland were neutral and demilitarized. The Kremlin did not control Yugoslavia, which had a separate communist regime under

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With the difficulties of World War II now in the past, the decade gave birth to what might be referred to as "the suburban dream" (the typical 1950s housewife would eventually become a universally recognised stereotype). Reflecting this were films such as the melodramas by director

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of Wisconsin, launched Congressional investigations into the cover-up of spies in the government. McCarthy dominated the media, and used reckless allegations and tactics that allowed his opponents to effectively counterattack. Irish Catholics (including conservative wunderkind

1882:, to control Eastern Europe in totalitarian fashion. Britain, in deep financial trouble, could no longer support Greece in its civil war with the communists. It asked the United States to take over aid to Greece. With bipartisan support in Congress, Truman responded with the 1772:

On the domestic front, after a short transition, the economy grew rapidly, with widespread prosperity, rising wages, and the movement of most of the remaining farmers to the towns and cities. Politically, the era was dominated by liberal Democrats who held together with the

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first half of the decade, they became lower, longer, wider, and sleeker. Tail fins, chrome, and multicolor paint jobs characterized the late 1950s. It was the beginning of the end for the small auto manufacturers, which were crippled by the Ford-GM price war of 1953–1954.

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To strike a balance with the Soviet Union, it would be easy to say that all but the very poorest Americans were better off than the Russians, that education was better but the health service worse, but that above all the Americans had freedom of expression and democratic

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has made since McKinley". Although the president did not live to see his tax proposal passed, Lyndon Johnson quickly steered it through Congress, and by late 1965, real GDP growth was exceeding 6% a year. The US economy remained strong for the most part until the

6418:'s ill-fated campaign in 1928. Voters were polarized on religious grounds, but Kennedy's election was a transforming event for Catholics, who finally realized they were accepted in America, and it marked the virtual end of anti-Catholicism as a political force. 2375:", which Dulles announced early in 1954, eschewing the costly, conventional ground forces characteristic of the Truman administration in favor of wielding the vast superiority of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and covert intelligence. Dulles defined this approach as " 6142:, a deliberate decision by an oppressed minority to abstain from violence for political gain. Using nonviolent strategies, civil rights activists took advantage of emerging national network-news reporting, especially television, to capture national attention. 2752:

noted by Deone Zell, assembly-line work paid well, while unionized factory jobs served as "stepping-stones to the middle class." By the end of the 1950s, 87% of all American families owned at least one T.V., 75% owned cars, and 60% owned their homes. By 1960,

6437:: "And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country." Kennedy was largely unsuccessful in domestic legislation and his initiatives were blocked by Congressional Democrats, many of them Southerners. 2729:

Between 1945 and 1960, GNP grew by 250%, expenditures on new construction multiplied nine times, and consumption on personal services increased three times. By 1960, per capita income was 35% higher than in 1945, and America had entered what the economist

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discrimination remained widespread through the 1950s. Fewer than 10% voted in the Deep South, although a larger proportion voted in the border states, and blacks in the northern urban areas had shifted wholesale to the Democrats during the New Deal era.

3592:) were very popular. They were often hand decorated with various patterns or beads to make them unique and worn over petticoats. Shirt dresses with large, contrasting buttons were also stylish. Early 1950s women wore small hats over hair cut short, à la 1842:, and the powers of the Western world, led by the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, a 2780:

were their lives empty because of it. Indeed, for at least a quarter of century, the material promises of consumer-oriented Americanism were fulfilled in improvements in everyday life that made them the most affluent working class in American history.

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appliances, family vacations and higher education. After the initial hurdles of the 1945-48 period were overcome, Americans found themselves flush with cash from wartime work due to there being little to buy for several years. The result was a mass

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which pushed the boundaries of what was considered allowed, causing a liberating and exciting cultural effect which encouraged other writers to free up. For this, the Beat movement was met with a series of censorships and law enforcement excesses.

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and forged increasingly close ties with the Soviet Union, becoming communism's center in Latin America. The United States responded with an economic boycott of Cuba, and a large-scale economic support program for Latin America under Kennedy, the

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The return of many black soldiers following the end of World War II led a wave of racial violence to sweep through the south in 1945-46, becoming a national issue and prompting the Truman administration to focus increasingly on civil rights. The

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in 1952 campaigned against Truman's failures of "Korea, Communism and Corruption," promising to go to Korea himself and end the war. By threatening to use nuclear weapons in 1953, Eisenhower ended the war with a truce that is still in effect.

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showed in 1953 that under simulated conditions resembling those thought to be possible to have existed shortly after Earth was first created, many of the basic organic molecules that form the building blocks of life are able to spontaneously

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result of postwar prosperity, but innovations of the single-family housing market with low interest rates on 20 and 30 year mortgages, and low down payments, especially for veterans. Meanwhile, the suburban population swelled because of the

2386:, the first earth satellite. The space race began, and by the early 1960s the United States had forged ahead, with President Kennedy promising to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s—the landing indeed took place on July 20, 1969. 2039:

in June 1950. President Truman immediately and unexpectedly implemented the containment policy by a full-scale commitment of American and UN forces to Korea. He did not consult or gain approval of Congress but did gain the approval of the

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intellectual approach to aggressive new policies in foreign affairs. The downside was his inexperience in foreign affairs, standing in stark contrast to the vast experience of the president he replaced. He is best known for his call to

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seemed dim, but he pulled off a surprise upset win via an aggressive populist campaign focused mainly on his home region in the Midwest, and aided by the uninspired Republican candidate New York governor and 1944 presidential candidate

2149:, designed to balance the rights of management and unions, and delegitimizing communist union leaders. The challenge of rooting out communists from labor unions and the Democratic Party was successfully undertaken by liberals, such as 6476:

After Kennedy's assassination, Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson served out the remainder of the term, using appeals to finish the job that Kennedy had started to pass a remarkable package of liberal legislation that he called the

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In the 1950s, Latin America was the center of covert and overt conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. Their varying collusion with national, populist, and elitist interests destabilized the region. The United States

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In both foreign and domestic policy Eisenhower remained on friendly terms with the Democrats, who regained Congress in 1954 and made large gains in 1958. His farewell address to the nation warned of the dangers of a growing

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by President Roosevelt to prevent discriminatory practices by the federal government in all war-related work; following the end of the war, Truman unsuccessfully petitioned to maintain a permanent committee. In 1947, the

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Ford's launch of the new Edsel in 1958 was hotly anticipated, but it was a lemon and was cancelled after only three years. The name "Edsel" became an icon of failure. The 1950s was also the decade when the popular sport

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Television, a commodity virtually unheard of during the Second World War, was now prevalent in most American homes by the mid-to-late 1950s. Television also increasingly became a medium for which to advertise products.

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The American economy grew dramatically in the post-war period, expanding at a rate of 3.5% per year between 1945 and 1970. During this period of prosperity, many incomes doubled in a generation, described by economist

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in October. This advantage was lost when hundreds of thousands of Chinese entered an undeclared war against the United States and pushed the US/UN/Korean forces back to the original starting line, the 38th parallel.

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The 1950s were a time of fashion evolution. At the beginning of the decade, fitted blouses and jackets with rounded (as opposed to puffy) shoulders and small, round collars were very popular. Narrow pant legs and

2463:. Instead of supporting the claims of its NATO partners, the Eisenhower administration stated that it opposed French and British imperial adventurism in the region by sheer prudence, fearing that Egyptian leader 2756:

had become the biggest buyers of many luxury goods and services. In addition, by the early-1970s, post-World War II American consumers enjoyed higher levels of disposable income than those in any other country.

1906:

in 1949 including most of the nations of Western Europe, and Canada. In Asia, however, there was much more movement. The United States failed to negotiate a settlement between its ally, nationalist China under

2767:

In the postwar period, the majority of Americans were affluent in the sense that they were in a position to spend money on many things they wanted, desired, or chose to have, rather than on necessities alone.

3627:, sported ducktail haircuts (which were widely banned in schools) and displayed a general disregard for the law and authority. The greaser phenomenon was kicked off by the controversial youth-oriented movies 7399: 5054: 2366:

was the dominant figure in the nation's foreign policy in the 1950s. Dulles denounced the "containment" of the Truman administration and espoused an active program of "liberation", which would lead to a

6213:, provided legal counsel for jailed demonstrators, helped raise bail, and continued to test segregation and discrimination in the courts as it had been doing for half a century. CORE initiated the 1961 7215: 3538:, though not published until 1963, features a woman's struggle living in 1950s American culture. Agatha Christie was also at a stage where she published at an average rate of one book every year. 1986:. China had thus moved from a close ally of the U.S. to a bitter enemy, and the two fought each other starting in late 1950 in Korea. The Truman administration responded with a secret 1950 plan, 8610: 6260:, stood in sharp contrast to the urbane and imperious Roosevelt who kept personal control of all major decisions. Truman was a folksy, unassuming president who relied on his cabinet, remarking " 12648: 4093: 1923:

There were fundamental contrasts between the visions of the United States and the Soviet Union, between capitalist democracy and totalitarian communism. The United States envisioned the new

6016:

was a landmark case of the United States Supreme Court which explicitly outlawed segregated public education facilities for blacks and whites, ruling so on the grounds that the doctrine of "

2188:. Hiss was convicted and sent to prison, with the anti-communists gaining a powerful political weapon. It launched Nixon's meteoric rise to the Senate (1950) and the vice presidency (1952). 1990:, designed to confront the communists with large-scale defense spending. The Russians had built an atomic bomb by 1949, much sooner than expected. Truman then ordered the development of the 12833: 12864: 1878:(1948–1951), leading to a rapid economic recovery. The Soviet Union refused to allow its satellites to receive American aid. Instead, the Kremlin used local communist parties, and the 2347: 1874:

While Roosevelt was confident he could cooperate with Stalin after the war, Truman was much more suspicious. The United States provided large-scale grants to Western Europe under the

5860: 12798: 12763: 2273:--during the New Deal era, a significant amount of gays and lesbians had come to work in Washington, partially out of a desire to escape discrimination in small town America. Using 8849: 5098: 2432:

for nine months to stabilize a country on the verge of civil war. Between 1954 and 1961, Eisenhower dispatched large sums of economic and military aid and 695 military advisers to

12838: 12743: 12703: 1983: 12803: 12793: 12788: 12768: 6237:, concerned about possible communist influence in the civil rights movement and personally antagonistic to King, used the FBI to discredit King and other civil rights leaders. 12718: 12638: 1681: 12753: 12748: 2513: 2285:. Shortly after taking office in 1953, President Eisenhower passed an executive order banning homosexuals from Federal jobs. This prohibition remained in effect until 1977. 6082:

public safety commissioner Eugene T. "Bull" Connor advocated violence against freedom riders and ordered fire hoses and police dogs turned on demonstrators during the 1963

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of the Screen Actors Guild (Reagan was a liberal Democrat at the time). Many of the purged leftists joined the presidential campaign in 1948 of FDR's Vice President

1698:

was a time of high economic growth and general prosperity. It was also a time of confrontation as the capitalist United States and its allies politically opposed the

12738: 12678: 12613: 10450: 9629: 6462:. The event proved to be one of the greatest psychological shocks to the American people in the 20th century and led to Kennedy being revered as a martyr and hero. 2712:

the ordinary individual has access to amenities – foods, entertainments, personal transportation, and plumbing – in which not even the rich rejoiced a century ago.

2382:

A dramatic shock to Americans' self-confidence and its technological superiority came in 1957, when the Soviets beat the United States into outer space by launching

2324:

Western European countries, and symbolizes the beginning of the end of colonialism and the weakening of European global importance, specifically the collapse of the

942: 494: 6264:" and "If you can't stand the heat, you better get out of the kitchen." He replaced nearly all of Roosevelt's cabinet, often with old friends from his Senate days. 6020:" public education could never truly provide black Americans with facilities of the same standards available to white Americans. One hundred and one members of the 12693: 12658: 2561:

In 1958, the military dictatorship of Venezuela was overthrown. This continued a pattern of regional revolution and warfare making extensive use of ground forces.

12942: 12818: 12773: 12673: 12450: 11937: 11424: 11286: 1931:

tool to resolve future troubles, but it failed in that purpose. The U.S. rejected totalitarianism and colonialism, in line with the principles laid down by the

10312: 10131: 804: 661: 10753: 6102:, injuring many of the marchers and personally menacing other protesters. Police all across the South arrested civil rights activists on trumped-up charges. 5173: 2649: 2587:, establishing a communist government in the country. Although Castro initially sought aid from the US, he was rebuffed and later turned to the Soviet Union. 1232: 2680:, the rebel capitals. By the end of 1958, the rebels had been militarily defeated, and the last remaining rebel guerrilla bands surrendered in August 1961. 11269: 4530: 4133: 2993:, which had been largely hand-built vehicles only available to the rich, now became a mass-produced car within the price range of the upper middle-class. 10476: 10466: 968: 958: 8713: 6324:, 1950–53. Corruption in Truman's administration, which was linked to cabinet-level appointees and senior White House staff, was a central issue in the 5123: 5008: 10272: 10119: 1674: 1201: 764: 5194: 3338:

Bay Area Figurative Movement was an important return to figuration and a reaction against abstract expressionism by artists living and working on the

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to stop East Germans from fleeing communism. This was a major propaganda setback for the USSR, but it did allow them to keep control of East Berlin.

1890:

of Soviet communist expansion. The hope was that internal contradictions, such as diverse nationalism, would ultimately undermine Soviet ambitions.

1838:

The Cold War (1945–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition between the Soviet Union and its

1606: 2971:

new and more advanced than before. Nonetheless, the social conformity and consumerism of the 1950s often came under attack from intellectuals (e.g.

10672: 10297: 10246: 6193:(SCLC), founded in 1957, coordinated and raised funds, mostly from northern sources, for local protests and for the training of black leaders. The 3615:

became the most popular shoe style. Flower-pot shaped hats overtook the small ones of earlier in the decade, and large hairstyles, such as that of

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of 1941: self-determination, equal economic access, and a rebuilt capitalist, democratic Europe that could again serve as a hub in world affairs.

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hits movie theaters launching a cycle of Hollywood films in which Cold War fears are manifested through scenarios of alien invasion or mutation.

3145:

especially helped older people. The proportion below the poverty line fell almost in half from 22% in 1960 to 12% in 1970 and then leveled off.

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was first published in 1956. 1956 also marked the beginning of Bethany Fellowship, a small press that grew to be a leading evangelical press.

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followed close on the heels of Abstract expressionism, and became the idiom for new abstraction in painting during the late 1950s. The term

10337: 10277: 10176: 9923: 9851: 9752: 9639: 9545: 9426: 9342: 9265: 9213: 9133: 6536: 2265:

In addition to communists, and those in the entertainment industry, McCarthy also targeted homosexuals, particularly those employed in the

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in 1948 and stretched on into the early-mid-1960s, was at its zenith in the 1950s. Such groundbreaking literature from the beats includes

11108: 10456: 10218: 10033: 7855: 6281:, which barred future presidents from serving more than two terms. Leftover wartime taxes and other regulations were lowered or removed. 3222: 3183:

The popularity of television skyrocketed, particularly in the US, where 77% of households purchased their first TV set during the decade.

1623: 1580: 948: 710: 6062:

in 1957. President Eisenhower (Republican) nationalized state forces and sent in the US Army to enforce federal court orders. Governors

10799: 10745: 10709: 10282: 9671: 5947:, the first major civil rights legislation in nearly a century, paving way to climactic federal civil rights legislation in the 1960s. 5148: 1278: 1223: 1196: 774: 8229: 6839: 10355: 10292: 10287: 10240: 9649: 9201: 9161: 6397: 6194: 5323:

in 1952. Originally launched as a comic book before it became a magazine, it was widely imitated and influential, impacting not only

2985:) and there was a good deal of unrest fermenting under the surface of American society that would erupt during the following decade. 847: 784: 779: 746: 732: 667: 83: 7729: 6714:

Matray, James I. (1979). "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea".

3335:

was applied to many abstract artists who were related to but following different directions than the early abstract expressionists.

2362:, President Dwight D. Eisenhower used the opportunity to end the Korean War, while continuing Cold War policies. Secretary of State 11262: 10714: 10626: 10612: 10471: 10422: 10375: 10370: 10317: 10267: 10212: 9715: 9580: 9392: 6333: 6325: 6190: 6122: 5913: 5412: 4745: 2689: 2359: 2234:, whereby artists who refused to testify about possible communist connections could not get work. Some famous celebrities (such as 1813: 1113: 1099: 963: 914: 867: 862: 809: 759: 704: 45: 3588:

were popular for low shoes. Socks were sometimes worn, but were not as necessary as they are now. Circle skirts (like the classic

2262:. On June 19, 1953, they were both executed. Their execution was the first of civilians, for espionage, in United States history. 2213:

for Eisenhower, who encouraged Republicans to censure McCarthy formally in 1954. The Senator's power collapsed overnight. Senator

11098: 10758: 10704: 10302: 10261: 10232: 9804: 5881: 5458: 1570: 1191: 794: 753: 724: 5477: 2451:

The first major strain among the NATO alliance occurred in 1956 when Eisenhower forced Britain and France to retreat from their

2424:; Mao denounced Khrushchev for going soft on capitalism. However, the US failed to take advantage of this split until President 10365: 10204: 10189: 10114: 10097: 6021: 4659: 4551: 4361: 2173: 857: 696: 681: 8828: 8761: 8732: 8465: 8341: 7777: 6174:", King showed tireless personal commitment to black freedom and his strong leadership won him worldwide acclaim and the 1964 11226: 10794: 10691: 10599: 10344: 10226: 10183: 10048: 9016: 9011: 8998: 8659: 6633: 4771: 3217:

including Youth for Christ (1943); the National Association of Evangelicals, the American Council of Christian Churches, the

1645: 1273: 1237: 1178: 1086: 836: 718: 675: 483: 273: 10136: 5439: 5077: 2328:. The United States then became much more deeply involved in Middle Eastern politics, and remains so into the 21st century. 10010: 8923: 6759: 5044: 5039: 4998: 2168:

A 1947 booklet published by the Catholic Catechetical Guild Educational Society raising the specter of a Communist takeover

2052:

between the United States and its allies and the communist powers of the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union.

152: 5420: 12937: 12932: 12927: 11255: 11216: 10633: 10383: 9936: 9876: 9466: 8980: 7883: 6546: 5933: 2315:

was a war fought over control of the Suez Canal. It followed the unexpected nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 by

1633: 1120: 875: 255: 2962:. Suburbs provided larger homes for larger families, security from urban living, privacy, and space for consumer goods. 2672:

in April 1958. In April 1958, the central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions on

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which ridiculed the housewife role of women during the postwar years; it was a best-seller and a major catalyst of the

3171: 3084: 2337: 1750: 1726:. Further laws were passed that made discrimination illegal and provided federal oversight to guarantee voting rights. 1628: 1185: 953: 814: 686: 5228:

during the 1950s, though not as popular as the previous decade (or the next), were still abundant. Some of the titles

10360: 10350: 9886: 9523: 9360: 8943: 8426: 7477: 7377: 7142: 7022: 6883: 4175: 3202:

of the time avoided describing it. The social mores of the decade were marked by overall conservatism and conformity.

2862: 2539: 2266: 2224: 852: 842: 243: 8197:

Elisheva Blas, "The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways: The Road to Success?."

3300:

Abstract expressionism was popular in New York City in the 1950s. This movement acquired its name for combining the

2521: 2445: 1729:

In the period, an active foreign policy was pursued to help Western Europe and Asia recover from the devastation of

12874: 10659: 9913: 9742: 9575: 9535: 9414: 8948: 8205: 6490: 6446: 6138:, black separatism, or even armed resistance, the majority of participants remained committed to the principles of 5408: 5184: 4898: 4429: 4049: 2938:, built largely to serve family of aviation workers. Going hand-in-hand with suburban development was the rise of 2620:

and other forces in 1959 resulted in the creation of the first communist government in the western hemisphere. The

1146: 921: 560: 160: 88: 8499: 7188:"The Age of Affluence Revisited: Council Estates and Consumer Society in Britain, 1950–1970 | Matthew Hollow" 2230:"McCarthyism" was expanded to include attacks on supposed communist influence in Hollywood, which resulted in the 12882: 10860: 10594: 10550: 9946: 9444: 9300: 6471: 6380: 6059: 6043: 5275:

featured stories with Superman, Batman and Robin, and other superheroes combined together. Superman's sweetheart

5019: 4713: 3339: 2959: 1339: 1081: 1032: 7498:

Education in Great Britain and Ireland: A source book Edited by Robert Bell, Gerald Fowler and Ken Little, P.104

3103:, perhaps the single most important milestone in the development of programming languages, was developed at IBM. 2005:. The U.S. in 1950 started to fund the French effort on the proviso that the Vietnamese be given more autonomy. 10330: 10199: 9966: 8028:"The Uphill Battle for Civil Rights on Capitol Hill | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" 5888:

which enforced segregation of the races and the second-class status of African Americans. The Supreme Court in

4385: 4078: 3552: 3351: 2517: 822: 691: 8710: 7827: 7802: 4024:

was another popular genre at the time. Popular Doo Wop and Rock-n-Roll bands of the mid-to-late 1950s include

2721: 2441: 48:, August 28, 1963. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of major social and political changes in the United States. 11045: 10654: 10639: 10574: 10564: 10535: 10525: 10063: 6782:

The Darkest Summer: Pusan and Inchon 1950: The Battles That Saved South Korea—and the Marines—From Extinction

6451: 6427: 6251: 4563: 3206: 2977: 2409:, with refugees leaving for the West by the thousands every week. The Soviet solution came in 1961, with the 2341: 1524: 1141: 1126: 1056: 1046: 1017: 1007: 12897: 10644: 10618: 10604: 10579: 10569: 10520: 10436: 10043: 9553: 9327: 9221: 9006: 8932: 5068: 4908: 4794: 4736: 4509: 3295: 2191:

With anxiety over communism in Korea and China reaching fever pitch in 1950, a previously obscure Senator,

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emerged as the world's more influential superpower, and formed a worldwide network of military alliances.

1866:

Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc, the western border is the "

12628: 11074: 10970: 10540: 9809: 9186: 9151: 8558: 6899:

Martin Halpern, "Taft-Hartley and the Defeat of the Progressive Alternative in the United Auto Workers,"

6716: 6202: 5968: 4731: 4671: 4629: 4298: 4188:

Musicals were an important and popular component to the American theater scene. During the 1950s several

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signed in 1959 by Canada and the United States creating a unified North American aerial defense system.

2251: 2208:(1888–1969), a very active conservative Democrat, was McCarthy's most ardent supporter and got his son 2112: 2100: 2072: 1995: 1151: 1136: 996: 8121: 12708: 12643: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11154: 11139: 11129: 11088: 11010: 10975: 10545: 9612: 9439: 9409: 9178: 6486: 6099: 5773: 4884: 4607: 4322: 3226: 1560: 1489: 1454: 1027: 516: 7954: 5924:, President Truman proposed a civil rights agenda to congress which included the elimination of the 3430:

One of the most influential and most highly critically acclaimed of the many books about the era is

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in July 1948, which outlawed segregation in the federal government and armed forces, respectively.

5368: 5271: 5138: 4969:'s theater-orientated, yet organic approach to acting influenced the work of film actors including 4966: 4623: 4370: 4280: 4250: 3525: 3390:

tradition, and most writers feeling compelled to self-censor themselves. This would clash with the

3304:'s emotional intensity with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as 3214: 2502: 2079:

MacArthur planned for a full-scale invasion of China, but this was against the wishes of President

1829: 1825: 1529: 1434: 1394: 989: 71: 9590: 7904: 7647: 2660:. Due to their anti-communist rhetoric, the rebels received money, weapons, and manpower from the 12783: 12653: 11149: 11144: 11124: 11015: 11005: 11000: 10980: 10530: 10058: 9375: 9320: 9121: 6171: 6147: 5819: 4963: 4584: 4210: 4189: 3577: 3175: 3080: 3041: 2912: 2506: 2197: 2108: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1459: 41: 9066: 8647:

The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974

6991:"50 years later, Rosenberg execution is still fresh". Associated Press in USA Today. 2003-06-17. 6229:

brought more than 50 lawsuits in four states to secure black Americans' right to vote. However,

2067:(Song Do port). The North Korean army collapsed, and within a few days, MacArthur's army retook 12813: 11180: 11164: 11103: 10930: 10845: 10789: 10073: 10005: 9941: 9869: 9634: 9387: 9332: 9243: 9166: 9071: 9056: 7979: 6371: 6185:

played key roles in every phase of the movement. Church and student-led movements, such as the

6182: 6155: 6114: 6091: 6029: 5936:. While most of these proposals were rejected by Southern Democrats in Congress, Truman signed 4932: 4918: 4757: 4707: 4635: 4545: 4053: 3271: 2705: 2204:) were intensely anti-communist and defended McCarthy (a fellow Irish Catholic). Paterfamilias 2142: 2104: 1898:; They had a permanent bitter break in 1948. The Cold War lines stabilized in Europe along the 1886:

in 1947. Truman followed the intellectual leadership of the State Department, which called for

1798: 1745:. An arms race escalated through increasingly powerful nuclear weapons. The Soviets formed the 1723: 1596: 1575: 1409: 1324: 1268: 340: 8651: 8645: 7851: 12887: 10965: 10960: 10835: 10558: 10109: 10092: 10068: 9961: 9956: 9903: 9725: 9693: 9501: 9486: 9076: 9051: 9036: 8599:

104.3 (Dec 2017): 707–726. Historiography; comprehensive coverage of political scholarship,

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was the strategy—primarily bus boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides, and social movements.

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in several industries. In the course of the anti-communist investigations in the early 1950s

1778: 1715: 1444: 1439: 1314: 1040: 604: 549: 527: 148: 136: 106: 8687: 8221: 8122:"American Experience | Las Vegas: An Unconventional History | People & Events" 6328:. Truman's third term hopes were dashed by a poor showing in the 1952 primaries. Republican 2467:'s standoff with the region's old colonial powers would bolster Soviet power in the region. 2299: 2184:, a top Roosevelt aide, of being a communist spy, using testimony and documents provided by 233: 11236: 11055: 11020: 10925: 10900: 10589: 10086: 10038: 9978: 9814: 9735: 9595: 9518: 9476: 9355: 9305: 9290: 9273: 9173: 9061: 9031: 7416: 6832: 6528: 6329: 6110: 6095: 6025: 5937: 5908: 5449: 4864: 4702: 4683: 4310: 3789: 3452: 3301: 3199: 3037: 2943: 2935: 2621: 2471: 2146: 2115:

on July 27, 1953. The war left 33,742 American soldiers dead, 92,134 wounded, and 80,000

2092: 1991: 1959: 1794: 1766: 1655: 1534: 1499: 1404: 1379: 1076: 1066: 373: 362: 307: 156: 114: 8844:

Yarrow, Andrew L. "The big postwar story: Abundance and the rise of economic journalism."

6225:

supported enforcement of desegregation in schools and public facilities. Attorney General

2565: 8: 11040: 10990: 10945: 10935: 10920: 10910: 10895: 10875: 10850: 10840: 10830: 10584: 10404: 10394: 9836: 9585: 9278: 9196: 9191: 9141: 9041: 8909: 8881: 8697: 8262:

Hal Brands, "Burying Theodore White: Recent Accounts of the 1960 Presidential Election,"

7718: 6261: 6087: 6083: 6079: 5385: 5163: 4952: 4942: 4695: 4557: 4449: 3993: 3943: 3939: 3915: 3607:

and loose-fitting dresses became more and more popular, and jackets took on a boxy look.

3581: 3320:

was one of the most influential painters of this movement, creating famous works such as

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to stabilize the pro-western government under attack by insurgents. Eisenhower supported

2429: 2372: 2231: 2023:

Gen. MacArthur, UN Command CiC (seated), observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the

2002: 1902:, and there was no fighting. The United States helped form a strong military alliance in 1519: 1469: 1424: 1414: 1399: 1389: 1374: 1354: 1329: 1319: 1309: 1071: 896: 886: 296: 6336:

by campaigning against Truman's failures in terms of "Communism, Korea and Corruption."

6300:

and corruption, were held between 1950 and 1951. The Kefauver Committee, officially the

3241:, a religious radio broadcaster, hosted the popular show "The Cowboy Church of the Air". 11060: 11035: 10940: 10880: 10855: 10825: 10815: 10414: 10409: 10399: 10389: 10102: 10080: 9600: 9459: 9434: 9404: 9365: 9248: 9091: 8891: 8575: 8538: 8400: 8392: 7275:

Nation's business: Volume 48, Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, 1960

7207: 7134: 6733: 6017: 5990: 5984: 5890: 5753: 5333: 4927: 4874: 4725: 4567:(1959). Decades later, the themes of these films would be revisited with films such as 4499: 4469: 4454: 4414: 4336: 4228: 4198: 3809: 3520: 3502: 3432: 3328: 3231: 3130: 3051: 2753: 2743:

manufacturing dominance would be almost unchallenged for a quarter-century after 1945.

2470:

The Cold War reached its most dangerous point during the Kennedy administration in the

2464: 2363: 2316: 2304: 2185: 1802: 1774: 1737:

helped Western Europe rebuild from wartime devastation. The main American goal was the

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Established stars appeared in films that have come to be regarded as classics such as

2558:

orchestrated the overthrow of the Guatemalan government (Operation PBSuccess) in 1952.

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John Foster Dulles directed U.S. foreign policy during the Eisenhower administration.

2209: 2116: 2056: 1951: 1843: 1711: 1651: 1474: 1429: 1369: 1344: 1299: 1242: 261: 122: 93: 8825: 8758: 8729: 8462: 8338: 7955:"Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry (1941)" 7773: 7693:

A Revolution Down on the Farm: The Transformation of American Agriculture since 1929

5920:, which outlined a ten-point agenda on civil rights reform. In 1948, as part of the 3623:

and subcultures, the most famous of which was the "greaser", a young male who drove

11025: 10905: 10870: 10768: 10683: 10678: 10169: 9607: 9570: 9496: 9454: 9350: 9310: 9111: 9106: 8567: 8384: 8089: 7199: 6863: 6725: 6274: 6118: 5873: 5599: 5579: 5569: 5487: 5468: 5430: 5345: 5265: 5247: 5225: 5205: 5088: 5083: 5014: 4970: 4832: 4665: 4575: 4464: 4444: 4419: 4390: 4262: 4233: 4222: 4193: 4179: 3959: 3741: 3733: 3486: 3437: 3367: 3313: 3069: 2872: 2603: 2394: 2177: 2158: 2060: 1932: 1916: 1504: 1384: 1349: 1247: 1170: 1165: 647: 472: 144: 2572:. He later declared himself president for life, and ruled until his death in 1971. 2124: 11093: 11030: 10985: 10885: 9891: 9824: 9720: 9681: 9565: 9508: 9380: 9283: 9181: 9101: 9096: 9046: 8832: 8765: 8736: 8717: 8637: 8556:

Hamby, Alonzo L. (1970). "The Liberals, Truman, and the FDR as Symbol and Myth".

8503: 8469: 8345: 8209: 6997: 6751: 6605: 6494: 6407: 6297: 6290: 6234: 6222: 5950: 5865: 5767: 5733: 5717: 5603: 5426: 5339: 5316: 5296: 5220: 5179: 5129: 5108: 4947: 4595: 4569: 4484: 4439: 4399: 4331: 4274: 4268: 4084: 4065: 4037: 3989: 3947: 3883: 3871: 3829: 3785: 3599:

As the 1950s progressed, so too did fashion, until, by the end of the 1950s, the

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took control of Congress after Kennedy's assassination in 1963, and launched the

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took power in Cuba, and when the USSR sent in nuclear missiles to defend it, the

1703: 1565: 1509: 1464: 1364: 439: 118: 110: 8186:

The Roads That Built America: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate System

7369:

Beyond the Liberal Consensus: A Political History of the United States Since ...

6700:

The Soviets were boycotting the UN at that time (because it would not admit the

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Remembering The 50s: Take a trip back to yesteryear and those fabulous fifties

8821:

Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan

7879: 7263:

Changing by design: organizational innovation at Hewlett-Packard by Deone Zell

6497:. Johnson's big victory brought an overwhelming liberal majority in Congress. 6309:, the committee traveled the country, investigating all levels of corruption. 6078:

physically blocked school doorways at their respective states' universities.

12921: 11247: 9983: 9760: 8412: 8094: 7203: 6478: 6411: 6403: 6214: 5895: 5824: 5809: 5763: 5671: 5651: 5464: 5377: 5351: 5284: 5280: 5253: 5104: 4974: 4913: 4893: 4823: 4808: 4618: 4535:

With television's growing popularity, there was a decline in movie revenues.

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efforts to undermine anti-American governments, which proved most successful

2433: 2425: 2406: 2355: 2274: 2239: 2154: 2044:(UN) to drive back the North Koreans and re-unite that country in terms of a 1875: 1806: 1734: 164: 57: 3737: 9972: 9908: 9449: 8375:

Billington, Monroe (1973). "Civil Rights, President Truman and the South".

7759: 6514: 6221:

later became executive secretary of SNCC. The administration of President

6218: 6063: 6051: 5885: 5830: 5799: 5695: 5609: 5381: 5064: 4992: 4903: 4889: 4540: 4504: 4494: 4424: 4404: 4366: 4356: 4341: 4292: 4244: 4183: 4061: 4057: 4025: 3997: 3927: 3859: 3801: 3793: 3769: 3765: 3701: 3681: 3629: 3608: 3589: 3534: 3529: 3490: 3482: 3448: 3391: 3218: 3138: 2972: 2888: 2668:, an American pilot, was shot down after a bombing raid on government-held 2613: 2576: 2417: 2390: 2376: 2282: 2192: 1955: 1928: 1899: 1867: 1762: 1730: 1699: 8886: 8222:"Our Documents - President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Farewell Address (1961)" 7160:

The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War

7015:

The Lavender Scare: the Cold War Persecution of Gays in Federal Government

6481:. Johnson used the full powers of the presidency to ensure passage of the 3198:

and a nervous attitude for prudish conformity, to the point that even the

1769:

of 1962 was triggered with the U.S., the most dangerous point of the era.

67: 9864: 9792: 9708: 9528: 9253: 7465: 7131:

United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years

6352: 6301: 6210: 6163: 6139: 6135: 6067: 5789: 5701: 5685: 5619: 5517: 5483: 5445: 5292: 4981: 4937: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4841: 4813: 4514: 4474: 4171: 4139: 4124: 4001: 3973: 3963: 3951: 3899: 3875: 3863: 3797: 3781: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3697: 3514: 3509: 3473: 3467: 3457: 3321: 3279: 3244: 3187: 3167: 2998: 2896: 2841:

90% of 16-year-olds and around 75% of 17-year-olds in school in 1964–66.

2819: 2731: 2617: 2452: 2410: 2371:" of communism. The most prominent of those doctrines was the policy of " 2312: 2294: 2136: 2036: 2032: 2019: 1944: 1887: 1758: 1746: 1738: 8600: 8595:

Kazin, Michael. "An Idol and Once a President: John F. Kennedy at 100."

8495: 8202: 7704:

Mark Friedberger, "The Transformation of the Rural Midwest, 1945–1985,"

12600: 9951: 9859: 9765: 9698: 9471: 8579: 8396: 8277:

The Real Making of the President: Kennedy, Nixon, and the 1960 Election

7798: 7286:

Shifts in the social contract: understanding change in American society

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was written during and exemplifies the culture of the 1950s. The novel

3383: 3257: 3094: 3062: 3002: 2880: 2811: 2748: 2460: 2243: 2181: 2014: 1975: 1912: 1851: 1847: 1754: 582: 428: 140: 9787: 8109:

Truman's Triumphs: The 1948 Election and the Making of Postwar America

7238:

The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II by William H. Chafe

2934:

regions of the country; one example of a suburb on the West Coast was

2091:, who de-escalated the fighting to allow for a peace deal to be made. 9617: 9236: 9086: 8476:

The Tumultuous Fifties: A View from the New York Times Photo Archives

6131: 5962:, litigation and lobbying were the focus of integration efforts. The 5921: 5783: 5641: 5629: 5589: 5543: 5324: 5276: 5229: 4850: 4827: 4204: 4033: 3935: 3919: 3907: 3891: 3851: 3709: 3568:

became increasingly popular during this time, often worn with flats,

3447:, an anti-materialistic literary movement whose name was invented by 3387: 3090: 2637: 2259: 2258:

to the Soviet Union, and they were convicted of conspiracy to commit

2247: 2049: 1742: 8571: 8388: 7823: 7624:

Sociology: Third Edition by Paul B. Horton and Chester L. Hunt, 1972

6729: 6189:, developed their own organizational and sustaining structures. The 6042:, an African-American high school student, is jeered while entering 6035: 4329:

During the 1950s, some important and award-winning dramas included:

2491: 2346: 2048:

strategy. While originally a civil war, it quickly escalated into a

9993: 9931: 9703: 9622: 7187: 6415: 6364: 6356: 6257: 6055: 5929: 5925: 5834: 5813: 5803: 5793: 5747: 5737: 5705: 5689: 5675: 5655: 5645: 5623: 5613: 5573: 5557: 5537: 5521: 5511: 5390: 5327:

media but the entire cultural landscape of the 20th century. Other

5312: 5240: 3847: 3842:

stars in the 1950s who came into prominence in their genres called

3528:, published in 1961, is concerned with mid-1950s life and culture. 3305: 2990: 2653: 2645: 2368: 2164: 2045: 1879: 1719: 1707: 7648:"1969 - Economic Report of the President - FRASER - St. Louis Fed" 6489:. These actions helped Johnson to win a historic landslide in the 6058:

used the Arkansas National Guard to prevent school integration at

4705:

enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films

2083:

and others who wanted a swift end to the war. As a result, Truman

1816:

witnessed the rapid growth of suburbs and a growing middle class.

8640:; seeks to debunk liberal myths that exaggerate negative elements 8530:. (2nd ed. 1996) pp 443–513, essays on HST through LBJ by experts 7522:

Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors

7304:

Promises Kept: John F. Kennedy's New Frontier by Irving Bernstein

6267: 6075: 4459: 4021: 3477:. This decade is also marked by some of the most famous works of 3309: 3287: 3249: 3100: 3006: 2954: 2931: 2657: 2641: 2383: 2254:

were charged in relation to the passing of information about the

8784:

Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore

5002:

influenced sales of T-shirts, leather jackets, and motorcycles.

4775:. The studio produced its first live-action contemporary comedy 2428:

saw the opportunity in 1969. In 1958, the U.S. sent troops into

2127:

at 1,000,000–1,400,000 dead or wounded, and 140,000 MIA or POW.

1984:

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

8896: 8811:

Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years

8670:

As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s

8160:

Reevaluating Eisenhower: American Foreign Policy in the Fifties

7587:

Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown

7039:

Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East

6455: 5972: 5757: 5665: 5583: 5259: 3569: 3565: 3422: 3362: 3291: 3073: 2677: 2456: 2320: 2064: 1987: 1753:(NATO) alliance. The U.S. fought a bloody, inconclusive war in 8882:

The 1950s Week-By-Week includes news, trends & pop culture

8004:"Harry S Truman and Civil Rights (U.S. National Park Service)" 7466:

David Keith Adams; H. B. Rodgers; S. F. Mills (January 1979).

6890:

According to Chalmers Johnson, the death toll is 14,000–30,000

6402:

The very close 1960 election pitted Republican Vice President

3356: 2907: 1978:

won control of mainland China in a civil war, established the

6701: 6032:" condemning the Supreme Court decision as unconstitutional. 5932:

ban, and the establishment of a civil rights division in the

5869: 5309: 5302:

Satire and humor during the 1950s were popular and abundant.

3855: 3843: 3585: 3379: 3195: 2947: 2803: 2725:

Real median family income in constant 2019 dollars, 1953–1972

2590: 2569: 2068: 1979: 8871: 8815:

Excellent analysis of the major political issues of the era.

8542:(1993) 816pp; overview of politics and society by journalist 7533:

Tom Dicke, "The Edsel: Forty years as a symbol of failure",

5943:

In September 1957, President Eisenhower signed into law the

5067:

putting signatures, hand and foot prints in wet concrete at

3120: 2130: 8251:

The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960

7315:

Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation

3839: 3573: 3113: 2625: 2584: 1998:

who gave atomic secrets to Russia were tried and executed.

1903: 198: 6199:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

2624:

of 1962 led to a confrontation between the United States,

180: 8872:

FiftiesWeb – History, fashion, music, classic TV and more

7509:

Studebaker: The life and death of an American corporation

6940:

Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician

6230: 6006:(1950) led to a shift in tactics, and from 1955 to 1966, 3033: 3010:

time, this would have disastrous effects on urban areas.

2437: 2331: 8418:

Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963

8052:

Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963

7328:

The impact of economic anxiety in postindustrial America

7249:

The impact of economic anxiety in postindustrial America

6557:

Timeline of the history of the United States (1950–1969)

6552:

Timeline of the history of the United States (1930–1949)

2459:) which was intended to get back their ownership of the 2238:) left the U.S.; other worked under pseudonyms (such as 2217:

did not vote for censure. Buckley went on to found the

8627:

In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Barack Obama

7091:

Ike's spies: Eisenhower and the espionage establishment

6870:

Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire

6650:

Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956

6320:. Soon the US became bogged down fighting China in the 6150:

in New York City. The most prominent clergyman in the

4236:

created two popular Broadway musicals during the 1950s

3194:

were particularly restrictive, characterized by strong

2836:

family income had risen to $ 10,953, while the average

2001:

France was hard-pressed by communist insurgents in the

1962:), but was opposed by the isolationists led by Senator 1850:, propaganda, and technological competition, e.g., the 7433:

Higher Education in the United States: An Encyclopedia

7341:

Popular culture and political change in modern America

6979:

The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents

3980:

emerged in the mid-1950s as the teen music of choice.

2055:

After a few weeks of retreat, on September 15 General

7852:"3 Easy Ways to Dress in the American 1950s Fashion" 6953:

Mccarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning

6504: 6217:

which involved many SNCC members, and CORE's leader

2965: 8801:

Politics As Usual: The Age of Truman and Eisenhower

8589:

Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush

8371:

A standard scholarly biography; covers 1945-53 only

8173:

The U. S. Economy in the 1950s: An Economic History

6610:

Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush

6181:Students and seminarians in both the South and the 3013:Major technological events of this period include: 8892:The Literature & Culture of the American 1950s 8607:A Global Power: America Since the Age of Roosevelt 6867: 6704:) and so was not present to veto Truman's actions. 6316:brought a hostile Communist regime to China under 5872:at its 38th annual conference on the steps of the 3342:in and around San Francisco during the mid-1950s. 1982:, then traveled to Moscow where he negotiated the 1749:of European satellites to oppose the American-led 8491:Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective 8474:Dreishpoon, Douglas, and Alan Trachtenberg, eds. 7874: 7872: 6966:Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective 2656:Movement aimed at overthrowing the government of 2277:(the disgraced former Undersecretary of State to 2225:define the conservative position on public issues 2141:In 1947, well before McCarthy became active, the 12919: 8931: 8774:Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 8742:Pach, Chester J. & Richardson, Elmo (1991). 7613:Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia 6811:. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 144–153. 6581:Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 4729:(Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and 8334:Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1961 7635:The Other America: Poverty in the United States 7008: 7006: 6874:(2000, rev. 2004 ed.). Owl Book. pp. 6240: 5894:(1896) accepted segregation as constitutional. 5287:, had million-selling titles that featured the 3661:Music history of the United States in the 1960s 3657:Music history of the United States in the 1950s 3137:. Poverty declined sharply in the 1960s as the 3065:, was introduced to the general public in 1955. 2071:(South Korea's capital). He then pushed north, 12943:Aftermath of World War II in the United States 11277: 8793:Social History of the United States: The 1950s 8741: 7869: 7400:"Boca Raton News - Google News Archive Search" 7365: 6752:"North Korea enters 'state of war' with South" 6268:Truman administration and early postwar period 4611:. Other popular musicals of the 1950s include 4248:. Other popular musicals of the 1950s include: 1696:history of the United States from 1945 to 1964 11263: 9202:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 8917: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7271: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7234: 7232: 6615: 6391: 6105: 4959:The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King 3097:three months later, beginning the space race. 1675: 10126:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 8548:Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman 8158:Richard A. Melanson and David Mayers, eds., 8078:Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7003: 6312:The defeat of America's wartime ally in the 8859:. American Popular Culture Through History. 8702: 8609:(2nd ed. 1980) university textbook 1945-80 7905:"1950s Inspired Fashion: Recreate the Look" 7824:"Literary Kicks : The Beat Generation" 7561:Historical Statistics of the United States 7117:The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Concise History 7078:The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961–1989 6334:landslide in the 1952 presidential election 6305:conglomerate empire that it was. Headed by 3676:in the early 1950s featured vocalists like 3223:Conservative Baptist Association of America 3093:was launched in 1957. The US then launched 2520:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2319:, in which the United Kingdom, France, and 1714:united and organized, and a triumph of the 11270: 11256: 8924: 8910: 8374: 7980:"To Secure These Rights | Harry S. Truman" 7846: 7844: 7743: 7266: 7254: 7229: 6806: 4531:Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies 1682: 1668: 35: 9650:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8887:Hollywood and The Movies During the 1950s 8808: 8781: 8771: 8331: 7600:Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened 7291: 6744: 6398:United States presidential election, 1960 6370:The US federal government authorized the 6296:The Kefauver hearings about country-wide 6195:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 6046:following its racial integration in 1957. 5398: 3121:Poverty and inequality in the postwar era 2540:Learn how and when to remove this message 2223:in 1955 as a weekly magazine that helped 2131:Anti-communism and McCarthyism: 1947–1954 44:leads civil rights protestors during the 8798: 8672:(Harvard University Press, 1996) 328 pp. 8516:Standard scholarly overview of policies. 8290:John F. Kennedy and American Catholicism 7128: 7017:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6951:William F. Buckley and L. Brent Bozell, 6914:President Reagan: the role of a lifetime 6856: 6537:History of the United States (1964–1980) 6339: 6191:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 6123:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 6109: 6034: 5859: 5849: 5413:History of baseball in the United States 5376: 4962:) a record for most Academy Awards. The 4746:Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier 3508:Though it was not published until 1960, 3355: 3352:List of years in literature § 1950s 3166: 2906: 2866: 2764:As noted by the historian Nancy Wierek: 2720: 2345: 2298: 2163: 2018: 1861: 195:History of the United States (1964–1980) 185:History of the United States (1917–1945) 46:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 9805:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 8791:Stoner, John C., and Alice L. George. 8778:Winner of the Bancroft prize in history 8643: 8452:161 pp. short survey by British scholar 8364: 8350: 7841: 7012: 6903:Spring 1986, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp 204-26 6862: 6094:, loosed his deputies during the 1965 " 4737:live-action period and historical films 3386:, with the institutionally established 3382:of mass culture were also reflected in 2405:East Germany was the weak point in the 215:This article is part of a series on the 12948:History of the United States by period 12920: 8818: 8751: 8709:The most detailed scholarly biography 8694:Financial History of the United States 8509: 8455: 8435: 8411: 7598:Rosalyn Baxandall and Elizabeth Ewen, 7185: 7157: 7104:Eisenhower and the Suez Crisis of 1956 6713: 6687:Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, 6621: 6256:Truman, a self-educated farm boy from 6022:United States House of Representatives 5907:had been established in June 1941 via 3032:, discovered the helical structure of 2332:Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations 2174:House Un-American Activities Committee 11251: 10733: 10495: 10157: 8961: 8905: 8854: 8722: 8675:Miller, Douglas T. and Marion Nowak. 8615: 8601:https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax315 8586: 8555: 8545: 8488: 8445: 7931:"What Became of Childhood Innocence?" 7313:Peter H. Schuck and James Q. Wilson, 7050:Chester J. Pach and Elmo Richardson, 6465: 6386: 6014:Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 5914:President's Committee on Civil Rights 2422:China turned against the Soviet Union 8841:(Decades of American History) (2005) 8754:Eisenhower and the American Crusades 8650:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8448:The Eisenhower Presidency, 1953–1961 8442:Short, popular biography by scholar. 8367:Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War 7928: 7548:Formula One: The business of winning 7524:(Wayne State University Press, 2009) 7431:James J.F. Forest and Kevin Kinser, 7172:William H. Young and Nacy K. Young, 6838:. Washington Headquarters Services. 6332:, the famous wartime general, won a 6245: 5501: 5331:imitators during the 1950s included 2690:Post–World War II economic expansion 2518:adding citations to reliable sources 2485: 2389:Trouble close to home appeared when 1814:Post–World War II economic expansion 8677:The Fifties: the way we really were 8528:The Presidents: A Reference History 8316:LBJ: Architect of American Ambition 7421:A companion to 20th-century America 7339:Ronald Edsforth and Larry Bennett, 6547:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 6493:over conservative champion Senator 3415:interview with David Halberstam on 3172:Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom 2883:went under; the others merged into 2597: 13: 9492:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 9482:Assassination of James A. Garfield 8744:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 8725:Historical Dictionary of the 1950s 8324: 7469:An Atlas of North American Affairs 7052:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 6795:The Encyclopedia of the Korean War 6762:from the original on 30 March 2013 6663:Cold War: An International History 6458:, Texas, on November 22, 1963, by 6452:President Kennedy was assassinated 6346:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 6003:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 5905:Fair Employment Practice Committee 5884:, many states adopted restrictive 5405:Ring Magazine fighters of the year 4772:Darby O'Gill and the Little People 2478:because of his reckless behavior. 2338:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 1751:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 625: Modern Era 14: 12959: 9524:Assassination of William McKinley 8865: 8512:The Presidency of John F. Kennedy 8357:Eisenhower: Soldier and President 8303:The Presidency of John F. Kennedy 8065:The Presidency of John F. Kennedy 7907:. Vintagedancer.com. 2019-01-01. 7065:Sputnik: the shock of the century 6809:A Short History of the Korean War 6205:(CORE), founded in 1942, and the 5269:(Batman stories) amongst others. 5040:Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend 3221:Evangelistic Association (1950), 2966:Science, technology, and futurism 2863:1950s American automobile culture 2806:along major highways, as well as 11231: 11222: 11221: 11186: 11185: 9743:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 9536:Nadir of American race relations 9415:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 8684:Encyclopedia of American History 8308: 7652:Economic Report of the President 6689:FDR and the Creation of the U.N. 6592:Alan P. Dobson and Steve Marsh, 6521: 6507: 6447:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 6440: 5476: 5457: 5438: 5419: 5409:List of The Ring world champions 5193: 5172: 5147: 5122: 5097: 5076: 5053: 5028: 5007: 4899:The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 4132: 4117: 4092: 4077: 4050:Little Anthony and the Imperials 3406: 2568:came to power in an election in 2490: 2180:playing a central role, accused 1650: 1641: 1640: 1602: 1601: 232: 197: 179: 161:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 9445:First transcontinental railroad 8616:Lacey, Michael J., ed. (1989). 8523:(1976), popular social history. 8295: 8282: 8269: 8256: 8243: 8232:from the original on 2011-09-28 8214: 8191: 8178: 8165: 8152: 8139: 8128:from the original on 2016-07-19 8114: 8101: 8083: 8070: 8057: 8044: 8020: 7996: 7972: 7947: 7922: 7911:from the original on 2012-06-08 7897: 7886:from the original on 2019-09-15 7858:from the original on 2020-08-07 7830:from the original on 2009-05-09 7816: 7805:from the original on 2011-11-05 7791: 7780:from the original on 2011-11-22 7766: 7732:from the original on 2011-08-07 7711: 7708:1992, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp 13-36 7698: 7685: 7669: 7658:from the original on 2018-09-14 7640: 7627: 7618: 7605: 7592: 7579: 7566: 7553: 7550:(WW Norton & Company, 2000) 7540: 7527: 7514: 7501: 7492: 7459: 7447: 7444:American Labor by Henry Pelling 7438: 7425: 7410: 7392: 7359: 7346: 7333: 7320: 7307: 7278: 7241: 7218:from the original on 2020-08-20 7179: 7166: 7151: 7122: 7115:Don Munton and David A. Welch, 7109: 7096: 7083: 7070: 7057: 7044: 7031: 6984: 6971: 6958: 6945: 6932: 6927:Whittaker Chambers: a biography 6919: 6906: 6893: 6845:from the original on 2006-09-27 6833:"Korean War - Casualty Summary" 6825: 6800: 6787: 6774: 6707: 6472:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 6406:against the Democratic Senator 6060:Little Rock Central High School 6044:Little Rock Central High School 4781:in 1959 with Disney teen stars 4660:Seven Brides for Seven Brothers 4362:The Teahouse of the August Moon 2113:Chinese People's Volunteer Army 8748:The standard historical survey 8629:(2009), traces FDR's influence 8332:Alexander, Charles C. (1975). 8264:Presidential Studies Quarterly 6694: 6681: 6668: 6655: 6642: 6599: 6586: 6573: 6353:policy of containing Communism 6209:. The NAACP and its director, 6201:(NAACP), founded in 1909, the 5938:Executive orders 9980 and 9981 4192:musical shows were popular on 4176:New York Drama Critics' Circle 3360:Cover of the first edition of 2288: 2035:plan to invade U.S.-supported 1974:In 1949, the communist leader 1938: 1757:and was escalating the war in 1: 7774:"This Is The Beat Generation" 7366:Iwan W. Morgan (1997-01-01). 6628:. Penguin Press. p. 54. 6567: 6428:Presidency of John F. Kennedy 6421: 6252:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 6084:Birmingham Children's Crusade 5491: 5362: 5279:received her own title also. 4735:. The studio began producing 4430:Long Day's Journey Into Night 4155: 3345: 3207:The Day the Earth Stood Still 3162: 3148: 2978:The Air-Conditioned Nightmare 2916: 2342:Presidency of John F. Kennedy 2153:of the autoworkers union and 2125:Korean and Chinese casualties 2103:was finally agreed to by the 2087:, replacing him with general 2085:relieved MacArthur of command 2008: 175: 10613:Hispanic and Latino American 9467:Second Industrial Revolution 9301:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 9007:Exploration of North America 8933:History of the United States 8809:Sundquist, James L. (1968). 8782:Patterson, James T. (2005). 8772:Patterson, James T. (1988). 8705:John F. Kennedy: A Biography 8478:(2001); 200 news photographs 8361:Standard scholarly biography 8351:Ambrose, Stephen E. (2003). 8147:Harry S. Truman Encyclopedia 7776:. Litkicks.com. 1952-11-16. 7354:The mass consumption society 6807:Stokesbury, James L (1990). 6594:US foreign policy since 1945 6241:Presidential administrations 4950:), a film which holds (with 4909:The Bridge on the River Kwai 3296:Bay Area Figurative Movement 3265: 3133:emphasized, there was still 2771:As argued by the historians 2631: 1969: 1950:Republicans (led by Senator 1100:Hispanic and Latino American 21:The United States of America 7: 10137:Indictments of Donald Trump 9328:First Industrial Revolution 9162:Declaration of Independence 9152:Second Continental Congress 8752:Parmet, Herbert S. (1972). 8597:Journal of American History 8559:Journal of American History 8458:Eisenhower and the Cold War 8365:Beisner, Robert L. (2006). 7801:. Trussel.com. 1950-03-28. 7559:U.S. Bureau of the Census, 7192:Journal of Consumer Culture 6717:Journal of American History 6676:The Cold War: A New History 6625:The Cold War: A New History 6622:Gaddis, John Lewis (2005). 6500: 6381:military–industrial complex 6203:Congress of Racial Equality 5969:Brown v. Board of Education 5952:Brown v. Board of Education 5283:, the 1940s predecessor of 4984:. Brando's performances in 4480:Witness for the Prosecution 4105:Bill Haley & His Comets 3553:women's liberation movement 3481:by science fiction writers 2902: 2694:Culture during the Cold War 2640:in February 1958 rebels on 2556:Central Intelligence Agency 2481: 1915:. The communists took over 1911:, and the communists under 1834:Culture during the Cold War 1819: 76:Third Industrial Revolution 10: 12964: 12938:1960s in the United States 12933:1950s in the United States 12928:1940s in the United States 11279:Years in the United States 10734: 10496: 10158: 10029:Killing of Osama bin Laden 9117:First Continental Congress 8962: 8855:Young, William H. (2004). 8819:Walker, J. Samuel (1997). 8799:Reichard, Gary W. (2004). 8686:(1965 and later editions) 8489:Fried, Richard M. (1990). 8456:Divine, Robert A. (1981). 8446:Damms, Richard V. (2002). 8266:2010. Vol. 40#2 pp 364+. 7929:Winn, Marie (1981-01-25). 7535:Journal of Popular Culture 7013:Johnson, David K. (2006). 6702:People's Republic of China 6562:United States in the 1950s 6491:1964 presidential election 6469: 6444: 6425: 6395: 6392:1960 presidential election 6343: 6326:1952 presidential campaign 6286:1948 presidential election 6284:Truman's prospects in the 6277:was passed along with the 6249: 6187:Nashville Student Movement 6106:Civil rights organizations 5853: 5402: 5366: 5218: 4524: 4490:The Waltz of the Toreadors 4365:adapted from the novel by 4169: 4165: 3654: 3558: 3349: 3269: 3157: 2860: 2716: 2687: 2683: 2664:. This support ended when 2601: 2360:1952 presidential election 2335: 2292: 2252:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg 2134: 2012: 1980:People's Republic of China 1942: 1857: 1823: 153:Postwar economic expansion 12873: 12857: 12599: 12592: 12449: 11936: 11423: 11285: 11207: 11173: 11117: 11081: 11069: 10808: 10782: 10744: 10740: 10729: 10502: 10491: 10164: 10153: 10019: 9922: 9850: 9751: 9662: 9613:Wall Street Crash of 1929 9544: 9425: 9410:Emancipation Proclamation 9341: 9264: 9212: 9179:Articles of Confederation 9132: 9017:Native American epidemics 8997: 8972: 8968: 8957: 8939: 8788:Survey by leading scholar 8703:O'Brien, Michael (2005). 8625:Leuchtenburg, William E. 8546:Hamby, Alonzo L. (1995). 8521:The Best Years, 1945–1950 8353:Eisenhower: The President 7799:"Howard Fast: Big Finger" 7574:The Best Years, 1945–1950 7186:Hollow, M. (1970-01-01). 7129:Roadnigh, Andrew (2002). 7102:Cole Christian Kingseed, 6612:(2nd ed. 1992) pp 52-139 6487:Voting Rights Act of 1965 6100:Selma to Montgomery march 5958:In the early days of the 5916:drafted a report titled, 5214: 5069:Grauman's Chinese Theater 4520: 4389:adapted from the book by 3436:by journalist and author 3405: 3400: 3327:Color Field painting and 3227:Campus Crusade for Christ 2176:, with young Congressman 1958:of New York, and general 193: 178: 170: 128: 102: 63: 53: 34: 29: 20: 12893:Northern Mariana Islands 11099:Northern Mariana Islands 9672:Strike wave of 1945–1946 8723:Olson, James S. (2000). 8644:Marwick, Arthur (1998). 8622:Major essays by scholars 8377:Journal of Negro History 7537:(2010) 43#3 pp: 486-502. 7472:. Methuen. p. 140. 7204:10.1177/1469540514521083 7162:. New York: Times Books. 7158:Kinzer, Stephen (2013). 6483:Civil Rights Act of 1964 6008:nonviolent direct action 5954:and "massive resistance" 5945:Civil Rights Act of 1957 5369:Golden Age of Television 5315:, was founded by editor 5045:Gentlemen Prefer Blondes 4999:A Streetcar Named Desire 3984:was especially popular. 3858:, at this time included 3808:, and vocal groups like 3650: 3215:evangelical Christianity 2891:chugged into the 1960s. 2814:, which opened in 1955. 2628:, and the Soviet Union. 2579:overthrew the regime of 1793:(1963–1969). Republican 603: 581: 559: 548: 526: 515: 493: 482: 471: 460: 438: 427: 416: 394: 372: 361: 339: 328: 306: 295: 133:Strike wave of 1945–1946 12593:By U.S. state/territory 10634:Middle Eastern American 10451:Technology and industry 9321:Seneca Falls Convention 9122:Continental Association 9022:Settlement of Jamestown 8826:online complete edition 8711:excerpt and text search 8638:excerpt and text search 8605:Kirkendall, Richard S. 8496:online complete edition 8436:Dallek, Robert (2008). 8145:Richard S. Kirkendall, 7677:Principles of Economics 7000:Retrieved July 17, 2009 5816:manager, former player) 4703:The Walt Disney Studios 4585:Rodgers and Hammerstein 4552:There's Always Tomorrow 4386:The Diary of Anne Frank 4190:Rodgers and Hammerstein 4054:Danny & the Juniors 3176:Allentown, Pennsylvania 3081:artificial intelligence 3042:University of Cambridge 2913:Levittown, Pennsylvania 2856: 2198:William F. Buckley, Jr. 2145:in Congress passed the 2123:(POW). Estimates place 1121:Middle Eastern American 943:Technology and industry 42:Martin Luther King, Jr. 10754:Admission to the Union 10120:Afghanistan withdrawal 10115:January 6 insurrection 10034:Rise in mass shootings 10006:Virginia Tech shooting 9559:Paris Peace Conference 9333:Second Great Awakening 9072:American Enlightenment 8587:Hamby, Alonzo (1992). 8510:Giglio, James (1991). 8483:America in the fifties 8201:44.1 (2010): 127-142. 7882:. Mollysemporium.com. 6596:(2006) pp 18-29, 76-90 6542:Post–World War II boom 6372:Interstate Highway Act 6355:rather than trying to 6156:Martin Luther King Jr. 6126: 6115:Martin Luther King Jr. 6092:Dallas County, Alabama 6047: 6030:The Southern Manifesto 5918:To Secure These Rights 5877: 5399:Notable sports figures 5395: 4741:The Sword and the Rose 4546:All That Heaven Allows 4196:in Manhattan, notably 3375: 3272:Abstract expressionism 3179: 3083:was coined in 1956 by 3019:Miller–Urey experiment 2922: 2875: 2829: 2782: 2726: 2714: 2706:John Kenneth Galbraith 2351: 2308: 2169: 2143:Conservative Coalition 2105:United Nations Command 2028: 1954:of Michigan, Governor 1871: 1799:Conservative Coalition 1724:Southern United States 1233:Admission to the Union 84:Second Great Migration 10746:Territorial evolution 10110:George Floyd Protests 10093:Unite the Right rally 9962:Oklahoma City bombing 9957:Republican Revolution 9904:Space Shuttle program 9726:Civil Rights Movement 9694:North Atlantic Treaty 9502:Sherman Antitrust Act 9487:Chinese Exclusion Act 9077:French and Indian War 9067:Prelude to Revolution 9052:First Great Awakening 9012:European colonization 8877:WWW-VL: 1950s History 8768:, scholarly biography 8634:The Myth of the 1950s 8618:The Truman Presidency 8526:Graff, Henry F., ed. 7984:www.trumanlibrary.gov 7507:Donald T. Critchlow, 6652:(2012) p. xxii - xxv. 6340:Eisenhower: 1953–1961 6207:National Urban League 6152:Civil Rights Movement 6113: 6038: 5960:Civil Rights Movement 5934:Department of Justice 5880:Following the end of 5863: 5856:Civil rights movement 5850:Civil rights movement 5380: 5359:editor Al Feldstein. 5355:, produced by future 5272:World's Finest Comics 4583:of those include the 4510:Sunrise at Campobello 4410:Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 4110:Rock Around the Clock 4070:Dion and the Belmonts 3640:Rebel Without a Cause 3572:-inspired shoes, and 3548:The Feminine Mystique 3471:, and Jack Kerouac's 3359: 3170: 2944:fast-food restaurants 2910: 2870: 2824: 2777: 2724: 2710: 2688:Further information: 2400:Alliance for Progress 2349: 2302: 2279:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2167: 2061:an amphibious landing 2022: 1865: 1779:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1761:as the period ended. 1716:civil rights movement 1224:Territorial evolution 517:Post-World War II Era 149:Civil Rights movement 107:Franklin D. Roosevelt 94:Appalachian migration 25:Post–World War II Era 10660:Palestinian American 10087:Obergefell v. Hodges 9979:September 11 attacks 9815:Second-wave feminism 9736:Cuban Missile Crisis 9596:Bath School disaster 9514:Spanish–American War 9477:The Gospel of Wealth 9356:California Gold Rush 9316:Mexican–American War 9306:Nullification crisis 9274:Era of Good Feelings 9174:Confederation period 9082:Proclamation of 1763 9032:Atlantic slave trade 8839:America in the 1950s 8682:Morris, Richard B. 8668:Marling, Karal Ann. 7633:Michael Harrington, 7417:Stephen J. Whitfield 7089:Stephen E. Ambrose, 6793:Spencer Tucker, ed. 6579:James T. Patterson, 6529:United States portal 6330:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6146:such as Congressman 5257:(Superman stories), 5251:(Superboy stories), 5185:The Ten Commandments 4630:An American in Paris 4311:The Most Happy Fella 3790:Tennessee Ernie Ford 3453:William S. Burroughs 3302:German expressionism 3200:softcore pornography 3129:As Socialist leader 3038:Cavendish Laboratory 2983:Sunday After The War 2936:Lakewood, California 2622:Cuban Missile Crisis 2514:improve this section 2472:Cuban Missile Crisis 2358:died, and after the 2109:Korean People's Army 2093:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2027:, 15 September 1950. 1960:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1830:Cold War (1953–1962) 1826:Cold War (1947–1953) 1795:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1767:Cuban Missile Crisis 1147:Palestinian American 363:Era of Good Feelings 308:Confederation period 245:Timeline and periods 157:Cuban Missile Crisis 115:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12903:U.S. Virgin Islands 11109:U.S. Virgin Islands 10595:Lithuanian American 10551:Vietnamese American 9897:End of the Cold War 9887:Invasion of Grenada 9837:Iran hostage crisis 9586:Tulsa race massacre 9393:Election of Lincoln 9388:Dred Scott decision 9376:Kansas–Nebraska Act 9279:Missouri Compromise 9197:Northwest Ordinance 9187:Pennsylvania Mutiny 9182:and Perpetual Union 9142:American Revolution 9057:War of Jenkins' Ear 8805:213pp; short survey 8696:(1970). pp 365–510 8692:Myers, Margaret G. 8552:Scholarly biography 8288:Lawrence H. Fuchs, 7675:N. Gregory Mankiw, 7589:(SUNY Press, 1993). 7585:Barbara Mae Kelly, 7563:(1976) series H-156 7372:Hurst. p. 37. 6866:(23 January 2001). 6674:John Lewis Gaddis, 6262:The buck stops here 6148:Adam Clayton Powell 6052:Orval Eugene Faubus 5471:centerfielder, 1953 5452:centerfielder, 1954 5433:third baseman, 1954 5111:in the trailer for 5020:Father of the Bride 4919:Singin' in the Rain 4763:Light in the Forest 4714:Alice in Wonderland 4699:, and many others. 4636:Singin' in the Rain 4558:Written on the Wind 4450:A Raisin in the Sun 4376:The Desperate Hours 3994:The Everly Brothers 3944:Modern Jazz Quartet 3940:Miles Davis Quintet 3916:Cannonball Adderley 3603:look was in style. 3545:published her book 3284:Lyrical Abstraction 3261:opens in July 1955. 3239:Carl Stuart Hamblen 2775:and Larry Bennett: 2754:blue-collar workers 2666:Allen Lawrence Pope 2373:massive retaliation 2232:Hollywood blacklist 2101:armistice agreement 2073:capturing Pyongyang 2003:First Indochina War 1781:(1933–1945), 1722:segregation in the 1082:Lithuanian American 1033:Vietnamese American 297:American Revolution 89:Great Plains Exodus 10759:Historical regions 10715:Transgender people 10273:Capital punishment 10132:Support of Ukraine 10081:Black Lives Matter 9989:War in Afghanistan 9914:Invasion of Panama 9870:Iran–Contra affair 9731:Early–mid Cold War 9601:Harlem Renaissance 9460:Compromise of 1877 9435:Reconstruction era 9371:Fugitive Slave Act 9366:Compromise of 1850 9311:Westward expansion 9249:Louisiana Purchase 9092:Stamp Act Congress 9037:King William's War 8846:Journalism History 8831:2011-06-23 at the 8764:2011-11-23 at the 8735:2011-06-23 at the 8716:2022-03-21 at the 8502:2011-06-23 at the 8468:2011-06-23 at the 8344:2011-06-23 at the 8275:W. J. Rorabaugh, 8208:2021-04-15 at the 8171:Harold G. Vatter, 7935:The New York Times 7681:p 419 graph online 7135:Palgrave Macmillan 7076:Frederick Taylor, 6996:2011-08-21 at the 6964:Richard M. Fried, 6466:Johnson, 1963–1969 6387:Kennedy: 1961-1963 6127: 6048: 6018:separate but equal 5991:Shelley v. Kraemer 5985:Smith v. Allwright 5964:U.S. Supreme Court 5891:Plessy v. Ferguson 5878: 5754:Sugar Ray Robinson 5396: 5232:published include 4875:North by Northwest 4726:Lady and the Tramp 4500:Look Back in Anger 4470:The Cocktail Party 4455:Lorraine Hansberry 4415:Tennessee Williams 4337:Tennessee Williams 4229:The Sound of Music 3810:The Mills Brothers 3521:Revolutionary Road 3503:Robert A. Heinlein 3378:The strong sexual 3376: 3329:Hard-edge painting 3232:Christianity Today 3180: 3131:Michael Harrington 3076:and Paris in 1954. 3052:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2923: 2876: 2727: 2465:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2420:split in half, as 2364:John Foster Dulles 2352: 2317:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2309: 2305:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2186:Whittaker Chambers 2170: 2031:Stalin approved a 2029: 1872: 1775:New Deal Coalition 1202:Transgender people 765:Capital punishment 418:Reconstruction Era 12915: 12914: 12911: 12910: 11245: 11244: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11198: 10764:American frontier 10725: 10724: 10655:Lebanese American 10640:Egyptian American 10575:Estonian American 10565:Albanian American 10559:European American 10536:Japanese American 10526:Filipino American 10487: 10486: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10098:COVID-19 pandemic 10001:Hurricane Katrina 9942:Los Angeles riots 9832:Watergate scandal 9677:Start of Cold War 9645:Manhattan Project 9232:Whiskey Rebellion 9062:King George's War 9027:Thirteen Colonies 8988:Pre-Columbian Era 8848:32.2 (2006): 58+ 8661:978-0-19-210022-1 8534:Halberstam, David 8519:Goulden, Joseph. 8481:Dunar, Andrew J. 8107:Andrew E. Busch, 8076:Alonzo L. Hamby, 8032:history.house.gov 7959:National Archives 7576:(1976) pp 135-39. 7520:Charles K. Hyde, 7406:on 11 April 2013. 6977:Ellen Schrecker, 6864:Johnson, Chalmers 6758:. 30 March 2013. 6691:(2000) pp 205-22 6635:978-1-59420-062-5 6460:Lee Harvey Oswald 6314:Chinese Civil War 6246:Truman: 1945–1953 6227:Robert F. Kennedy 6176:Nobel Peace Prize 6170:magazine's 1963 " 6134:—advocated 6040:Elizabeth Eckford 5997:Sweatt v. Painter 5979:Powell v. Alabama 5846: 5845: 5636:Ingemar Johansson 5139:The African Queen 5134:Katharine Hepburn 5114:On the Waterfront 4987:On the Waterfront 4783:Annette Funicello 4564:Imitation of Life 4299:Bells Are Ringing 3834:The Ames Brothers 3746:Maurice Chevalier 3495:Theodore Sturgeon 3443:Beatniks and the 3428: 3427: 3333:second generation 3253:magazine in 1953. 3135:The Other America 3070:organ transplants 2701:consumer spending 2610:Fulgencio Batista 2608:The overthrow of 2581:Fulgencio Batista 2566:François Duvalier 2550: 2549: 2542: 2476:Nikita Khrushchev 2453:invasion of Egypt 2307:in New York, 1960 2210:Robert F. Kennedy 2117:missing in action 2057:Douglas MacArthur 1952:Arthur Vandenberg 1844:nuclear arms race 1803:Liberal coalition 1712:African Americans 1692: 1691: 1614: 1613: 1243:American frontier 1142:Lebanese American 1127:Egyptian American 1057:Estonian American 1047:Albanian American 1041:European American 1018:Japanese American 1008:Filipino American 632: 631: 605:Post-Cold War Era 262:Pre-Columbian Era 224: 209: 208: 205: 204: 137:Formation of NATO 123:Lyndon B. Johnson 12955: 12865:Washington, D.C. 12597: 12596: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11249: 11248: 11235: 11225: 11224: 11189: 11188: 11118:Outlying islands 11075:Washington, D.C. 11070:Federal District 10769:Manifest destiny 10742: 10741: 10731: 10730: 10673:Native Americans 10645:Iranian American 10619:Mexican American 10605:Serbian American 10590:Italian American 10580:Finnish American 10570:English American 10521:Chinese American 10508:African American 10493: 10492: 10298:Direct democracy 10288:The Constitution 10247:Higher education 10170:American Century 10155: 10154: 9608:Great Depression 9581:Women's suffrage 9571:Roaring Twenties 9497:Haymarket affair 9455:Enforcement Acts 9244:Jeffersonian era 9192:Shays' Rebellion 9112:Intolerable Acts 9107:Boston Tea Party 9042:Queen Anne's War 8970: 8969: 8959: 8958: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8860: 8837:Wills, Charles. 8824: 8814: 8804: 8787: 8777: 8757: 8747: 8728: 8708: 8665: 8632:Levine, Alan J. 8621: 8592: 8583: 8551: 8515: 8494: 8461: 8451: 8441: 8432: 8408: 8370: 8360: 8337: 8319: 8312: 8306: 8299: 8293: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8267: 8260: 8254: 8249:Shaun A. Casey, 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8226:Ourdocuments.gov 8218: 8212: 8195: 8189: 8182: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8156: 8150: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8118: 8112: 8105: 8099: 8090:David McCullough 8087: 8081: 8074: 8068: 8061: 8055: 8050:Taylor Branch, 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7848: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7826:. 25 July 1994. 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7770: 7764: 7752: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7726:www.tvhistory.tv 7723: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7696: 7691:Paul K. Conkin, 7689: 7683: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7616: 7611:Robert Fishman, 7609: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7583: 7577: 7572:Joseph Goulden, 7570: 7564: 7557: 7551: 7546:Russell Hotten, 7544: 7538: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7512: 7505: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7463: 7457: 7454:Social Democracy 7451: 7445: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7423: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7402:. Archived from 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7363: 7357: 7350: 7344: 7337: 7331: 7324: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7289: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7264: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7126: 7120: 7113: 7107: 7100: 7094: 7087: 7081: 7074: 7068: 7061: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7010: 7001: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6936: 6930: 6923: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6897: 6891: 6889: 6873: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6804: 6798: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6711: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6685: 6679: 6672: 6666: 6665:(2013) pp 53-79. 6661:Carole K. Fink, 6659: 6653: 6648:Anne Applebaum, 6646: 6640: 6639: 6619: 6613: 6603: 6597: 6590: 6584: 6583:(1988) pp 771-90 6577: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6275:Taft-Hartley Act 6119:Washington, D.C. 5876:, June 29, 1947. 5874:Lincoln Memorial 5600:Harrison Dillard 5580:Maureen Connolly 5570:Roberto Clemente 5502: 5496: 5493: 5488:Brooklyn Dodgers 5480: 5469:New York Yankees 5461: 5442: 5431:Brooklyn Dodgers 5423: 5266:Detective Comics 5248:Adventure Comics 5226:Superhero comics 5206:Some Like It Hot 5197: 5176: 5151: 5126: 5101: 5084:Montgomery Clift 5080: 5057: 5032: 5015:Elizabeth Taylor 5011: 4971:Montgomery Clift 4833:Some Like It Hot 4795:Sunset Boulevard 4517:, among others. 4465:Jean-Paul Sartre 4445:Terence Rattigan 4420:The Chalk Garden 4391:Frances Goodrich 4239:Paint Your Wagon 4234:Lerner and Loewe 4223:Flower Drum Song 4180:Broadway theater 4160: 4157: 4136: 4121: 4096: 4081: 3960:Dinah Washington 3742:Charles Aznavour 3734:Rosemary Clooney 3643:(1955) starring 3633:(1953) starring 3487:Arthur C. Clarke 3438:David Halberstam 3410: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3368:Vladimir Nabokov 3314:Synthetic Cubism 2921: 2918: 2873:Ford Thunderbird 2604:Cuban Revolution 2598:Cuban Revolution 2545: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2494: 2486: 2393:took control of 2267:State Department 2178:Richard M. Nixon 2159:Henry A. Wallace 2147:Taft–Hartley Act 2025:USS Mt. McKinley 1996:Two of the spies 1933:Atlantic Charter 1840:satellite states 1789:(1961–1963) and 1704:communist states 1684: 1677: 1670: 1654: 1644: 1643: 1605: 1604: 1248:Manifest destiny 1238:Historic regions 1220: 1219: 1160:Native Americans 1132:Iranian American 1106:Mexican American 1092:Serbian American 1077:Italian American 1062:Finnish American 1052:English American 1003:Chinese American 990:African American 790:Direct democracy 780:The Constitution 739:Higher education 648:American Century 550:Civil Rights Era 528:Civil Rights Era 484:Great Depression 473:Roaring Twenties 341:Jeffersonian Era 251: 250: 246: 236: 222: 211: 210: 201: 183: 176: 145:Second Red Scare 39: 18: 17: 12963: 12962: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12918: 12917: 12916: 12907: 12869: 12858:Washington D.C. 12853: 12588: 12445: 11932: 11419: 11281: 11276: 11246: 11241: 11195: 11169: 11113: 11077: 11065: 10804: 10778: 10736: 10721: 10627:Jewish American 10600:Polish American 10541:Korean American 10531:Indian American 10498: 10483: 10338:Merchant Marine 10308:Law enforcement 10160: 10141: 10015: 10011:Great Recession 9918: 9892:Reagan Doctrine 9846: 9825:Stonewall riots 9747: 9721:Project Mercury 9682:Truman Doctrine 9658: 9566:First Red Scare 9540: 9509:Progressive Era 9421: 9381:Bleeding Kansas 9337: 9284:Monroe Doctrine 9260: 9208: 9167:Treaty of Paris 9128: 9102:Boston Massacre 9097:Sons of Liberty 8993: 8964: 8953: 8935: 8930: 8868: 8863: 8833:Wayback Machine 8803:(2nd ed.). 8766:Wayback Machine 8737:Wayback Machine 8718:Wayback Machine 8662: 8572:10.2307/1917522 8504:Wayback Machine 8470:Wayback Machine 8429: 8389:10.2307/2716825 8346:Wayback Machine 8327: 8325:Further reading 8322: 8314:Randall Woods, 8313: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8283: 8274: 8270: 8261: 8257: 8248: 8244: 8235: 8233: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8210:Wayback Machine 8199:History Teacher 8196: 8192: 8183: 8179: 8170: 8166: 8157: 8153: 8144: 8140: 8131: 8129: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8106: 8102: 8088: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8063:James Giglio, 8062: 8058: 8049: 8045: 8036: 8034: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8012: 8010: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7988: 7986: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7964: 7962: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7939: 7937: 7927: 7923: 7914: 7912: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7889: 7887: 7878: 7877: 7870: 7861: 7859: 7854:. 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Truman 5858: 5852: 5847: 5768:Track and field 5734:Jackie Robinson 5718:Floyd Patterson 5604:track and field 5497: 5494: 5490:centerfielder, 5481: 5472: 5462: 5453: 5450:New York Giants 5443: 5434: 5427:Jackie Robinson 5424: 5415: 5401: 5371: 5365: 5317:Harvey Kurtzman 5308:, the American 5297:Captain America 5223: 5221:1950s in comics 5217: 5210: 5198: 5189: 5180:Charlton Heston 5177: 5168: 5152: 5143: 5130:Humphrey Bogart 5127: 5118: 5109:Eva Marie Saint 5102: 5093: 5081: 5072: 5058: 5049: 5033: 5024: 5012: 4948:Charlton Heston 4933:White Christmas 4928:Donald O'Connor 4732:Sleeping Beauty 4672:Daddy Long Legs 4570:Far from Heaven 4533: 4523: 4485:Agatha Christie 4440:Separate Tables 4332:The Rose Tattoo 4323:West Side Story 4269:The Pajama Game 4186: 4168: 4161: 4158: 4137: 4128: 4122: 4113: 4097: 4088: 4085:Harry Belafonte 4082: 4066:The Del-Vikings 4038:The Silhouettes 3990:Jerry Lee Lewis 3948:Ella Fitzgerald 3884:Thelonious Monk 3872:Dizzy Gillespie 3830:The Jordanaires 3786:Sammy Davis Jr. 3667: 3653: 3613:steel stilettos 3584:. 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11089:American Samoa 11085: 11083: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11011:South Carolina 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10976:North Carolina 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10802: 10800:The West Coast 10797: 10792: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10774:Indian removal 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10750: 10748: 10738: 10737: 10727: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10695: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10665:Saudi American 10662: 10657: 10652: 10650:Iraqi American 10647: 10642: 10630: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10585:Irish American 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 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9383: 9373: 9368: 9361:Prelude to War 9358: 9353: 9351:Antebellum Era 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9296:Trail of Tears 9291:Jacksonian era 9288: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9270: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9227:Federalist Era 9224: 9222:Bill of Rights 9218: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9157:Lee Resolution 9154: 9149: 9138: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9003: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8984: 8976: 8974: 8966: 8965: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8867: 8866:External links 8864: 8862: 8861: 8852: 8842: 8835: 8816: 8806: 8796: 8789: 8779: 8769: 8759:online edition 8749: 8739: 8730:online edition 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6938:Roger Morris, 6931: 6918: 6905: 6901:Labor History, 6892: 6884: 6855: 6824: 6818:978-0688095130 6817: 6799: 6786: 6773: 6743: 6724:(2): 314–333. 6706: 6693: 6680: 6667: 6654: 6641: 6634: 6614: 6598: 6585: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6518: 6502: 6499: 6470:Main article: 6467: 6464: 6445:Main article: 6442: 6439: 6426:Main article: 6423: 6420: 6396:Main article: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6344:Main article: 6341: 6338: 6307:Estes Kefauver 6279:22nd Amendment 6269: 6266: 6250:Main article: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6107: 6104: 6072:George Wallace 6054:(Democrat) of 5955: 5949: 5882:Reconstruction 5868:addresses the 5854:Main article: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5822: 5817: 5807: 5797: 5787: 5781: 5771: 5761: 5751: 5744:Frank Robinson 5741: 5731: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5662:Rocky Marciano 5659: 5649: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5617: 5607: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5564:Ezzard Charles 5561: 5554:Roy Campanella 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The team of 4217:The King and I 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4144:Blueberry Hill 4138: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4083: 4076: 3978:Electric blues 3968:Billie Holiday 3912:Gerry Mulligan 3904:Oscar Peterson 3888:Charles Mingus 3868:Charlie Parker 3826:The Chordettes 3665:1950s in music 3652: 3649: 3601:Jackie Kennedy 3594:Audrey Hepburn 3560: 3557: 3499:A. E. van Vogt 3463:Allen Ginsberg 3426: 3425: 3403: 3402: 3347: 3344: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3242: 3236: 3213:Resurgence of 3211: 3203: 3184: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3108:Kinsey Reports 3104: 3098: 3088: 3077: 3066: 3063:Dr. Jonas Salk 3055: 3045: 3023: 2967: 2964: 2940:shopping malls 2904: 2901: 2861:Main article: 2858: 2855: 2795: 2794: 2718: 2715: 2685: 2682: 2633: 2630: 2602:Main article: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2573: 2562: 2559: 2548: 2547: 2498: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2333: 2330: 2326:British Empire 2293:Main article: 2290: 2287: 2271:Lavender Scare 2206:Joseph Kennedy 2202:Kennedy Family 2151:Walter Reuther 2135:Main article: 2132: 2129: 2042:United Nations 2013:Main article: 2010: 2007: 1971: 1968: 1964:Robert A. Taft 1943:Main article: 1940: 1937: 1925:United Nations 1859: 1856: 1821: 1818: 1791:Lyndon Johnson 1690: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1648: 1637: 1636: 1634:Historiography 1631: 1626: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1599: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1279:The West Coast 1276: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1253:Indian removal 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1182: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1152:Saudi American 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137:Iraqi American 1134: 1129: 1117: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1072:Irish American 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 997:Asian American 993: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 939: 938: 937: 935:Sexual slavery 925: 918: 911: 910: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 872: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 833: 826: 819: 818: 817: 812: 807: 805:Postal service 802: 797: 795:Foreign policy 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 750: 743: 742: 741: 729: 728: 727: 715: 714: 713: 701: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 672: 671: 670: 658: 651: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 629: 626: 622: 621: 619: 611: 610: 607: 600: 599: 597: 589: 588: 585: 578: 577: 575: 567: 566: 563: 556: 555: 552: 545: 544: 542: 534: 533: 530: 523: 522: 519: 512: 511: 509: 501: 500: 497: 490: 489: 486: 479: 478: 475: 468: 467: 464: 457: 456: 454: 446: 445: 442: 435: 434: 431: 424: 423: 420: 413: 412: 410: 402: 401: 398: 391: 390: 388: 380: 379: 376: 374:Jacksonian Era 369: 368: 365: 358: 357: 355: 347: 346: 343: 336: 335: 332: 330:Federalist Era 325: 324: 322: 314: 313: 310: 303: 302: 299: 292: 291: 289: 281: 280: 277: 269: 268: 265: 249: 242: 241: 238: 237: 229: 228: 218: 217: 207: 206: 203: 202: 192: 168: 167: 130: 126: 125: 104: 100: 99: 97: 96: 91: 86: 80: 72:Early Cold War 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 40: 32: 31: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12960: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12872: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12839:West Virginia 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12744:New Hampshire 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12704:Massachusetts 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12591: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11273: 11268: 11266: 11261: 11259: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11228: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11212:List of years 11210: 11209: 11206: 11192: 11184: 11182: 11181:Urban history 11179: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11160:Palmyra Atoll 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11135:Jarvis Island 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11082:Insular areas 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11051:West Virginia 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10956:New Hampshire 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10916:Massachusetts 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10807: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10728: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10546:Thai American 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10494: 10490: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10384:Party Systems 10381: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10323:Voting rights 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10156: 10152: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10018: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9984:War on terror 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9882:Late Cold War 9880: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9761:Great Society 9759: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9716:Post-war boom 9714: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8922: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8858: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8706: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8428:0-671-46097-8 8424: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8329: 8317: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8291: 8285: 8278: 8272: 8265: 8259: 8252: 8246: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8217: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8187: 8181: 8174: 8168: 8161: 8155: 8148: 8142: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7885: 7881: 7880:"Is For Sale" 7875: 7873: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7636: 7630: 7621: 7614: 7608: 7601: 7595: 7588: 7582: 7575: 7569: 7562: 7556: 7549: 7543: 7536: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7510: 7504: 7495: 7481: 7479:9780416856408 7475: 7471: 7470: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7441: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7381: 7379:9781850652045 7375: 7371: 7370: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7343:(1991) p. 125 7342: 7336: 7329: 7323: 7316: 7310: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7287: 7281: 7272: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7235: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7144:0-333-79315-3 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7105: 7099: 7092: 7086: 7079: 7073: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7040: 7037:Donald Neff, 7034: 7026: 7024:9780226401904 7020: 7016: 7009: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6987: 6981:(2d ed. 2002) 6980: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6954: 6948: 6941: 6935: 6928: 6922: 6916:(2000) p. 245 6915: 6909: 6902: 6896: 6887: 6885:0-8050-6239-4 6881: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6783: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6664: 6658: 6651: 6645: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6618: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6519: 6516: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6479:Great Society 6473: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6441:Assassination 6438: 6436: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412:Massachusetts 6409: 6405: 6404:Richard Nixon 6399: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6215:Freedom Rides 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096:Bloody Sunday 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5966:decisions in 5965: 5961: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5896:Voting rights 5893: 5892: 5887: 5886:Jim Crow laws 5883: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5825:Johnny Unitas 5823: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810:Casey Stengel 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5764:Wilma Rudolph 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5672:Eddie Mathews 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5652:Mickey Mantle 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5465:Mickey Mantle 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5285:Marvel Comics 5282: 5281:Timely Comics 5278: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5254:Action Comics 5250: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5105:Marlon Brando 5100: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4975:Marlon Brando 4972: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4914:Alec Guinness 4911: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4894:Anthony Quinn 4891: 4887: 4886: 4885:Lust for Life 4881: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4865:The Searchers 4861: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4824:James Stewart 4821: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4809:All About Eve 4805: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684:Calamity Jane 4680: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4619:Elvis Presley 4616: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4608:South Pacific 4604: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527:1950s in film 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4347:Arthur Miller 4344: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4317:The Music Man 4313: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4211:South Pacific 4207: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046:The Teenagers 4043: 4042:Frankie Lymon 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030:The Flamingos 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014:Marty Robbins 4011: 4010:Johnny Horton 4007: 4006:Conway Twitty 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982:Elvis Presley 3979: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956:Sarah Vaughan 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3880:John Coltrane 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:The Four Aces 3819: 3818:The Four Lads 3815: 3814:The Ink Spots 3811: 3807: 3806:Nat King Cole 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3778:Teresa Brewer 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762:Georgia Gibbs 3759: 3758:Jimmy Durante 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694:Hank Williams 3691: 3687: 3686:Frankie Laine 3683: 3679: 3678:Frank Sinatra 3675: 3674:Country music 3671: 3670:Popular music 3666: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3635:Marlon Brando 3632: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3543:Betty Friedan 3539: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3526:Richard Yates 3523: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3372:Olympia Press 3369: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3143:Great Society 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3116:is organized. 3115: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085:John McCarthy 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072:were done in 3071: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3059:polio vaccine 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026:Francis Crick 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2787:George Katona 2781: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2723: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648:declared the 2647: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564:In 1957, Dr. 2563: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2533: 2530:February 2017 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2499:This section 2497: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:South Vietnam 2431: 2427: 2426:Richard Nixon 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2407:Soviet Empire 2403: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:Joseph Stalin 2348: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:Dalton Trumbo 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2155:Ronald Reagan 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1992:hydrogen bomb 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:Marshall Tito 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Marshall Plan 1869: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1846:, espionage, 1845: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1807:Great Society 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785:(1945–1953), 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Marshall Plan 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:List of years 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1597:Urban history 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1028:Thai American 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 994: 992: 991: 987: 986: 980: 979: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 945: 944: 940: 936: 933: 932: 931: 930: 926: 924: 923: 919: 917: 916: 912: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 877: 876:Party Systems 873: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 839: 838: 834: 832: 831: 827: 825: 824: 820: 816: 815:Voting rights 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 756: 755: 751: 749: 748: 744: 740: 737: 736: 735: 734: 730: 726: 723: 722: 721: 720: 716: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 702: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 678: 677: 673: 669: 666: 665: 664: 663: 659: 657: 656: 652: 650: 649: 645: 644: 638: 637: 627: 624: 623: 620: 618: 617: 613: 612: 608: 606: 602: 601: 598: 596: 595: 591: 590: 586: 584: 580: 579: 576: 574: 573: 569: 568: 564: 562: 558: 557: 553: 551: 547: 546: 543: 541: 540: 536: 535: 531: 529: 525: 524: 520: 518: 514: 513: 510: 508: 507: 503: 502: 498: 496: 492: 491: 487: 485: 481: 480: 476: 474: 470: 469: 465: 463: 459: 458: 455: 453: 452: 448: 447: 443: 441: 437: 436: 432: 430: 426: 425: 421: 419: 415: 414: 411: 409: 408: 404: 403: 399: 397: 396:Civil War Era 393: 392: 389: 387: 386: 382: 381: 377: 375: 371: 370: 366: 364: 360: 359: 356: 354: 353: 349: 348: 344: 342: 338: 337: 333: 331: 327: 326: 323: 321: 320: 316: 315: 311: 309: 305: 304: 300: 298: 294: 293: 290: 288: 287: 283: 282: 278: 276: 275: 271: 270: 266: 264: 263: 258: 257: 253: 252: 247: 240: 239: 235: 231: 230: 227: 226:United States 220: 219: 216: 213: 212: 200: 196: 191: 186: 182: 177: 173: 169: 166: 165:Great Society 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: 58:United States 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 28: 19: 16: 12804:South Dakota 12794:Rhode Island 12789:Pennsylvania 12769:North Dakota 12451:21st century 11938:20th century 11425:19th century 11287:18th century 11150:Midway Atoll 11145:Kingman Reef 11125:Baker Island 11104:Puerto Rico 11016:South Dakota 11006:Rhode Island 11001:Pennsylvania 10981:North Dakota 10697: 10690: 10671: 10632: 10625: 10611: 10557: 10513: 10506: 10449: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10382: 10356:Marine Corps 10343: 10336: 10329: 10293:Debt ceiling 10278:Civil Rights 10260: 10253: 10239: 10225: 10211: 10182: 10177:Antisemitism 10175: 10168: 10124: 10085: 10021:2008–present 9973:Bush v. Gore 9971: 9909:War on drugs 9783:Mid Cold War 9663: 9635:Pearl Harbor 9630:World War II 9450:Ku Klux Klan 9047:Dummer's War 8986: 8979: 8973:Pre-Colonial 8856: 8845: 8838: 8820: 8810: 8800: 8792: 8783: 8773: 8753: 8743: 8724: 8704: 8693: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8646: 8633: 8626: 8617: 8606: 8596: 8588: 8563: 8557: 8547: 8537: 8527: 8520: 8511: 8490: 8482: 8475: 8457: 8447: 8438:Harry Truman 8437: 8417: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8356: 8352: 8333: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8289: 8284: 8276: 8271: 8263: 8258: 8250: 8245: 8234:. Retrieved 8225: 8216: 8198: 8193: 8185: 8180: 8172: 8167: 8159: 8154: 8146: 8141: 8130:. Retrieved 8116: 8108: 8103: 8098:(1992) p 717 8093: 8085: 8077: 8072: 8064: 8059: 8051: 8046: 8035:. Retrieved 8031: 8022: 8011:. Retrieved 8007: 7998: 7987:. Retrieved 7983: 7974: 7963:. Retrieved 7961:. 2021-09-22 7958: 7949: 7938:. Retrieved 7934: 7924: 7913:. Retrieved 7899: 7888:. Retrieved 7860:. Retrieved 7832:. Retrieved 7818: 7807:. Retrieved 7793: 7782:. Retrieved 7768: 7760:Slow Learner 7758: 7734:. Retrieved 7725: 7713: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7687: 7676: 7671: 7660:. Retrieved 7651: 7642: 7634: 7629: 7620: 7612: 7607: 7599: 7594: 7586: 7581: 7573: 7568: 7560: 7555: 7547: 7542: 7534: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7508: 7503: 7494: 7483:. Retrieved 7468: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7440: 7432: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7404:the original 7394: 7383:. Retrieved 7368: 7361: 7353: 7348: 7340: 7335: 7327: 7322: 7317:(2009) p 160 7314: 7309: 7285: 7280: 7251:(2003), p. 3 7248: 7243: 7220:. Retrieved 7195: 7191: 7181: 7173: 7168: 7159: 7153: 7133:. New York: 7130: 7124: 7116: 7111: 7103: 7098: 7090: 7085: 7077: 7072: 7064: 7059: 7051: 7046: 7038: 7033: 7014: 6986: 6978: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6952: 6947: 6939: 6934: 6926: 6921: 6913: 6912:Lou Cannon, 6908: 6900: 6895: 6869: 6858: 6847:. Retrieved 6827: 6808: 6802: 6797:(3 vol 2010) 6794: 6789: 6781: 6780:Bill Sloan, 6776: 6764:. Retrieved 6755: 6746: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6696: 6688: 6683: 6675: 6670: 6662: 6657: 6649: 6644: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6588: 6580: 6575: 6515:1950s portal 6475: 6450: 6435:civic virtue 6431: 6401: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6357:roll it back 6349: 6311: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6255: 6219:James Farmer 6180: 6167: 6158:and the top 6144: 6128: 6117:speaking in 6080:Birmingham's 6064:Ross Barnett 6049: 6013: 6012: 6001: 6000:(1950); and 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5967: 5957: 5951: 5942: 5928:, a federal 5917: 5901: 5889: 5879: 5840: 5831:Ted Williams 5820:Chuck Taylor 5800:Warren Spahn 5774:Bill Russell 5696:Archie Moore 5610:Joe DiMaggio 5389: 5382:James Arness 5372: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5303: 5301: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5224: 5204: 5183: 5164:East of Eden 5162: 5158: 5137: 5112: 5087: 5065:Jane Russell 5043: 5038:performing " 5018: 4997: 4993:The Wild One 4991: 4985: 4964:Stanislavski 4957: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4917: 4907: 4904:Gregory Peck 4897: 4890:Kirk Douglas 4883: 4873: 4863: 4849: 4831: 4817: 4807: 4793: 4791: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4701: 4696:Carmen Jones 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4624:High Society 4622: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4541:Douglas Sirk 4537: 4534: 4508: 4505:John Osborne 4498: 4495:Jean Anouilh 4488: 4478: 4468: 4458: 4448: 4438: 4428: 4425:Enid Bagnold 4418: 4408: 4405:William Inge 4398: 4384: 4381:Joseph Hayes 4374: 4371:John Patrick 4367:Vern Sneider 4360: 4357:William Inge 4350: 4342:The Crucible 4340: 4330: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4293:Damn Yankees 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4245:My Fair Lady 4243: 4237: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4187: 4184:Off Broadway 4147: 4103: 4062:The Drifters 4058:The Coasters 4026:The Platters 3998:Carl Perkins 3972: 3928:Dave Brubeck 3860:Lester Young 3838: 3802:Guy Mitchell 3794:Loretta Lynn 3770:Pearl Bailey 3766:Eddie Fisher 3702:Judy Garland 3682:Tony Bennett 3668: 3638: 3630:The Wild One 3628: 3621: 3609:Kitten heels 3598: 3590:poodle skirt 3562: 3546: 3540: 3535:The Bell Jar 3533: 3530:Sylvia Plath 3519: 3513: 3507: 3491:Ray Bradbury 3483:Isaac Asimov 3472: 3466: 3456: 3449:Jack Kerouac 3442: 3431: 3429: 3416: 3412: 3392:Beat fiction 3377: 3361: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3299: 3256: 3248: 3230: 3225:(1947); and 3219:Billy Graham 3205: 3188:social mores 3152: 3139:New Frontier 3128: 3124: 3012: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2973:Henry Miller 2969: 2952: 2948:coffee shops 2924: 2893: 2877: 2851:OPEC embargo 2847: 2843: 2830: 2827:institutions 2825: 2816: 2800: 2796: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2711: 2697: 2635: 2614:Fidel Castro 2607: 2577:Fidel Castro 2536: 2527: 2512:Please help 2500: 2469: 2450: 2446:in Guatemala 2415: 2404: 2395:Cuba in 1959 2391:Fidel Castro 2388: 2381: 2377:brinkmanship 2353: 2310: 2283:Soviet Union 2275:Sumner Wells 2264: 2229: 2218: 2193:Joe McCarthy 2190: 2171: 2140: 2098: 2078: 2054: 2033:North Korean 2030: 2024: 2000: 1973: 1956:Thomas Dewey 1948: 1922: 1900:Iron Curtain 1892: 1873: 1868:Iron Curtain 1837: 1811: 1771: 1763:Fidel Castro 1731:World War II 1728: 1700:Soviet Union 1695: 1693: 1184: 1177: 1158: 1119: 1112: 1098: 1039: 995: 988: 941: 927: 922:Social class 920: 913: 874: 848:Marine Corps 835: 828: 821: 785:Debt ceiling 770:Civil rights 752: 745: 731: 717: 703: 674: 662:Civil unrest 660: 655:Antisemitism 653: 646: 628:2008–present 616:2008–present 614: 592: 570: 537: 505: 504: 495:World War II 449: 405: 383: 350: 317: 284: 274:Colonial Era 272: 260: 254: 214: 190:World War II 171: 103:President(s) 68:New Deal Era 15: 12898:Puerto Rico 12875:Territories 12719:Mississippi 12639:Connecticut 11165:Wake Island 10931:Mississippi 10846:Connecticut 10790:New England 10457:Agriculture 10376:Coast Guard 10371:Space Force 10219:Immigration 9947:WTC bombing 9865:Reaganomics 9793:Vietnam War 9709:McCarthyism 9591:Second Klan 9576:Prohibition 9554:World War I 9529:Square Deal 9519:Imperialism 9254:War of 1812 8981:Prehistoric 8539:The Fifties 8008:www.nps.gov 7435:(2002) p 98 7330:(2003) p. 3 7288:(1996) p 36 7176:(2004) p 76 6211:Roy Wilkins 6164:James Bevel 6140:nonviolence 6136:Black Power 6068:Mississippi 5790:Duke Snider 5702:Stan Musial 5686:Willie Mays 5620:Whitey Ford 5518:Ernie Banks 5508:Henry Aaron 5495: 1953 5484:Duke Snider 5446:Willie Mays 5386:Matt Dillon 5293:Sub-Mariner 5289:Human Torch 4982:Paul Newman 4938:Bing Crosby 4860:Grace Kelly 4856:Gary Cooper 4846:Jack Lemmon 4842:Tony Curtis 4814:Bette Davis 4573:(2002) and 4561:(1956) and 4515:Dore Schary 4475:T. S. Eliot 4172:Tony awards 4159: 1956 4140:Fats Domino 4125:Chuck Berry 4020:musicians. 4002:Johnny Cash 3974:Rock-n-Roll 3964:Nina Simone 3952:Ray Charles 3900:Ahmad Jamal 3876:Miles Davis 3864:Ben Webster 3798:Chet Atkins 3782:Dinah Shore 3730:Dean Martin 3726:Bing Crosby 3718:Eddy Arnold 3714:Bill Monroe 3706:Johnnie Ray 3698:Patsy Cline 3625:motorcycles 3619:, were in. 3515:Rabbit, Run 3510:John Updike 3474:On the Road 3458:Naked Lunch 3433:The Fifties 3417:The Fifties 3322:No. 5, 1948 3280:Color Field 3245:Hugh Hefner 2920: 1959 2897:Formula One 2820:John Vaizey 2732:Walt Rostow 2618:Che Guevara 2411:Berlin Wall 2313:Suez Crisis 2295:Suez Crisis 2289:Suez Crisis 2269:during the 2256:atomic bomb 2246:" produced 2137:McCarthyism 2037:South Korea 1945:Containment 1939:Containment 1888:containment 1747:Warsaw Pact 1739:Containment 1710:had begun. 1548:Territories 1269:New England 949:Agriculture 868:Coast Guard 863:Space Force 711:Immigration 561:Vietnam War 462:World War I 256:Prehistoric 79:Migrations: 12922:Categories 12834:Washington 12754:New Mexico 12749:New Jersey 12629:California 11046:Washington 10966:New Mexico 10961:New Jersey 10836:California 10331:Journalism 10283:Corruption 10262:Government 10213:Demography 10200:Newspapers 10049:Sandy Hook 9952:Waco siege 9860:Reagan era 9766:Space Race 9699:Korean War 9640:home front 9472:Gilded Age 9440:Amendments 8236:2016-02-24 8132:2011-11-05 8037:2023-10-06 8013:2023-10-06 7989:2023-10-06 7965:2023-10-20 7940:2011-11-05 7915:2019-10-10 7890:2019-10-10 7862:2019-10-10 7834:2009-04-20 7809:2011-11-05 7784:2011-11-05 7736:2019-10-10 7662:2018-09-13 7485:2016-02-24 7385:2016-02-24 7356:(1964) p 5 7222:2016-02-24 7198:(1): 279. 6849:2006-09-27 6568:References 6422:Presidency 6367:programs. 6322:Korean War 6318:Mao Zedong 6160:strategist 6086:. Sheriff 5864:President 5827:(football) 5778:basketball 5728:basketball 5724:Bob Pettit 5712:Bobo Olson 5594:basketball 5534:Yogi Berra 5403:See also: 5367:See also: 5363:Television 5329:Mad comics 5219:See also: 5155:James Dean 4978:James Dean 4924:Gene Kelly 4880:Cary Grant 4870:John Wayne 4787:Tommy Kirk 4758:Old Yeller 4708:Cinderella 4678:Funny Face 4525:See also: 4170:See also: 4150:Alan Freed 4100:Bill Haley 4018:Rockabilly 3986:Bill Haley 3932:Art Blakey 3924:Chet Baker 3896:Bill Evans 3774:Jim Reeves 3754:Tex Ritter 3750:Gene Autry 3738:Édith Piaf 3722:Perry Como 3690:Patti Page 3655:See also: 3645:James Dean 3617:Liz Taylor 3611:and metal/ 3384:literature 3350:See also: 3346:Literature 3340:West Coast 3258:Disneyland 3163:Key events 3149:Rural life 3095:Explorer 1 3068:The first 3057:The first 3003:Studebaker 2881:Studebaker 2812:Disneyland 2749:Frank Levy 2461:Suez Canal 2248:blacklists 2244:witch-hunt 2182:Alger Hiss 2111:, and the 2059:conducted 2015:Korean War 2009:Korean War 1976:Mao Zedong 1913:Mao Zedong 1852:Space Race 1848:proxy wars 1702:and other 823:Journalism 775:Corruption 754:Government 705:Demography 692:Newspapers 583:Reagan Era 429:Gilded Age 267:until 1607 172:Chronology 141:Korean War 129:Key events 12844:Wisconsin 12809:Tennessee 12714:Minnesota 12689:Louisiana 11056:Wisconsin 11021:Tennessee 10926:Minnesota 10901:Louisiana 10795:The South 10366:Air Force 10241:Education 10103:recession 10059:Las Vegas 9967:Columbine 9924:1991–2008 9852:1980–1991 9753:1964–1980 9664:1945–1964 9618:Dust Bowl 9546:1917–1945 9427:1865–1917 9405:Civil War 9398:Secession 9343:1849–1865 9266:1815–1849 9237:Quasi-War 9214:1789–1815 9134:1776–1789 9087:Sugar Act 8857:The 1950s 8405:149737120 7212:147269870 7174:The 1950s 6233:director 6132:Malcolm X 6088:Jim Clark 6050:Governor 5922:Fair Deal 5784:Sam Snead 5642:Al Kaline 5630:Ben Hogan 5590:Bob Cousy 5544:Jim Brown 5325:satirical 5277:Lois Lane 5230:DC Comics 5089:I Confess 4851:High Noon 4828:Kim Novak 4720:Peter Pan 4654:Show Boat 4590:Oklahoma! 4576:The Hours 4281:Peter Pan 4205:Oklahoma! 4142:singing " 4108:singing " 4034:The Dells 3936:Max Roach 3920:Stan Getz 3908:Gil Evans 3892:Art Tatum 3852:Cool jazz 3710:Kay Starr 3541:In 1963, 3413:Booknotes 3388:modernist 3266:Fine Arts 3247:launched 3091:Sputnik 1 3079:The term 2975:'s books 2960:baby boom 2928:Levittown 2899:started. 2853:in 1973. 2708:in 1958: 2638:Indonesia 2632:Indonesia 2575:In 1959, 2501:does not 2354:In 1953, 2260:espionage 2119:(MIA) or 2050:proxy war 1970:1949–1953 1966:of Ohio. 1929:Wilsonian 1743:communism 1274:The South 858:Air Force 733:Education 609:1991–2008 594:1991–2008 587:1981–1991 572:1980–1991 565:1964–1975 554:1954–1968 539:1964–1980 532:1954–1968 521:1945–1964 506:1945–1964 499:1941–1945 488:1929–1941 477:1918–1929 466:1917–1918 451:1917–1945 444:1896–1917 433:1877–1896 422:1865–1877 407:1865–1917 400:1849–1865 385:1849–1865 378:1825–1849 367:1817–1825 352:1815–1849 345:1801–1817 334:1788–1801 319:1789–1815 312:1783–1788 301:1765–1783 286:1776–1789 279:1607–1765 64:Including 30:1945–1964 12829:Virginia 12779:Oklahoma 12759:New York 12734:Nebraska 12724:Missouri 12709:Michigan 12699:Maryland 12684:Kentucky 12664:Illinois 12644:Delaware 12634:Colorado 12624:Arkansas 11227:Category 11041:Virginia 10991:Oklahoma 10971:New York 10946:Nebraska 10936:Missouri 10921:Michigan 10911:Maryland 10896:Kentucky 10876:Illinois 10851:Delaware 10841:Colorado 10831:Arkansas 10710:Lesbians 10684:Comanche 10679:Cherokee 10472:Medicine 10430:Genocide 10423:Religion 10345:Military 10318:Taxation 10268:Abortion 10184:Cultural 10064:Parkland 9994:Iraq War 9932:Gulf War 9704:Ivy Mike 9623:New Deal 8999:Colonial 8944:Timeline 8829:Archived 8762:Archived 8733:Archived 8714:Archived 8500:Archived 8466:Archived 8415:(1988). 8342:Archived 8230:Archived 8206:Archived 8126:Archived 7909:Archived 7884:Archived 7856:Archived 7828:Archived 7803:Archived 7778:Archived 7763:, pp.6-7 7730:Archived 7656:Archived 7216:Archived 6994:Archived 6840:Archived 6766:30 March 6760:Archived 6756:BBC News 6501:See also 6416:Al Smith 6365:New Deal 6258:Missouri 6056:Arkansas 6028:signed " 6026:Senators 5994:(1948); 5988:(1944); 5982:(1932); 5976:(1954); 5930:lynching 5926:poll tax 5835:baseball 5814:baseball 5804:baseball 5794:baseball 5748:baseball 5738:baseball 5720:(boxing) 5714:(boxing) 5706:baseball 5698:(boxing) 5690:baseball 5676:baseball 5656:baseball 5646:baseball 5638:(boxing) 5624:baseball 5614:baseball 5606:athlete) 5574:baseball 5566:(boxing) 5558:baseball 5548:football 5538:baseball 5530:(boxing) 5522:baseball 5512:baseball 5391:Gunsmoke 5313:magazine 5241:Superboy 5235:Superman 4802:), and ( 4739:such as 4596:Carousel 4579:(2002). 4555:(1956), 4549:(1955), 4400:Bus Stop 4199:Carousel 4194:Broadway 3854:and the 3848:Hard bop 3582:sneakers 3578:Converse 3306:Futurism 3229:(1951). 3044:in 1953. 2991:Cadillac 2903:Suburbia 2887:, whose 2810:such as 2654:Permesta 2646:Sulawesi 2482:Americas 2369:rollback 2200:and the 2046:rollback 1880:Red Army 1820:Cold War 1720:Jim Crow 1708:Cold War 1646:Category 1197:Lesbians 1171:Comanche 1166:Cherokee 964:Medicine 915:Religion 837:Military 810:Taxation 760:Abortion 676:Cultural 54:Location 12849:Wyoming 12824:Vermont 12729:Montana 12669:Indiana 12649:Georgia 12619:Arizona 12609:Alabama 11061:Wyoming 11036:Vermont 10941:Montana 10881:Indiana 10861:Georgia 10856:Florida 10826:Arizona 10816:Alabama 10783:Regions 10705:Gay men 10477:Railway 10437:Slavery 10233:Banking 10227:Economy 10069:El Paso 10054:Orlando 9788:Détente 8949:Outline 8652:247–248 8636:(2008) 8580:1917522 8397:2716825 8355:; also 8318:(2006). 8124:. PBS. 8067:(1991), 7757:(1984) 7719:"Photo" 7679:(2011) 7511:(1996). 7041:(1981). 6738:1900879 6125:in 1963 6121:at the 6076:Alabama 6024:and 19 5837:player) 5806:player) 5796:player) 5780:player) 5750:player) 5740:player) 5730:player) 5708:player) 5692:player) 5678:player) 5658:player) 5648:player) 5626:player) 5616:player) 5596:player) 5586:player) 5576:player) 5560:player) 5550:player) 5540:player) 5524:player) 5514:player) 5334:Cracked 4953:Titanic 4943:Ben-Hur 4940:), and 4892:) and ( 4826:) and ( 4819:Vertigo 4587:shows: 4460:No Exit 4443:by Sir 4305:Candide 4166:Theater 4112:", 1955 4022:Doo-wop 3605:A-lines 3559:Fashion 3374:in 1955 3310:Bauhaus 3288:Pop Art 3250:Playboy 3158:Culture 3101:Fortran 3040:at the 3036:at the 3007:Packard 2955:Detroit 2932:Sunbelt 2889:Rambler 2717:Economy 2684:Society 2658:Sukarno 2642:Sumatra 2522:removed 2507:sources 2442:in Iran 2430:Lebanon 2384:Sputnik 1858:Origins 1759:Vietnam 1624:Outline 1261:Regions 1192:Gay men 969:Railway 929:Slavery 725:Banking 719:Economy 12784:Oregon 12739:Nevada 12679:Kansas 12654:Hawaii 12614:Alaska 12601:States 11237:Portal 11191:Cities 11174:Cities 10996:Oregon 10951:Nevada 10891:Kansas 10866:Hawaii 10821:Alaska 10809:States 10735:Places 10497:Groups 10467:Lumber 10405:Fourth 10395:Second 10205:Sports 10190:Cinema 10159:Topics 10074:Uvalde 10044:Aurora 10039:Tucson 8963:Events 8850:online 8795:(2008) 8698:online 8688:online 8679:(1977) 8658: 8611:online 8578: 8485:(2006) 8425: 8403: 8395: 8305:(1991) 8292:(1967) 8279:(2009) 8253:(2009) 8203:online 8188:(2005) 8175:(1984) 8162:(1988) 8149:(1990) 8111:(2012) 8095:Truman 8080:(1995) 8054:(1988) 7695:(2009) 7637:(1962) 7615:(1989) 7602:(2000) 7476: 7376: 7210: 7141: 7119:(2006) 7106:(1995) 7093:(1999) 7080:(2008) 7067:(2003) 7054:(1991) 7021: 6968:(1990) 6955:(1954) 6942:(1991) 6929:(1988) 6882: 6876:99–101 6815: 6784:(2009) 6736: 6632: 6456:Dallas 6302:Senate 5973:Topeka 5841: 5786:(golf) 5632:(golf) 5584:tennis 5411:, and 5394:, 1956 5349:, and 5295:, and 5291:, the 5260:Batman 5243:Comics 5215:Comics 5209:, 1959 5188:, 1956 5167:, 1955 5142:, 1951 5117:, 1954 5092:, 1953 5071:, 1953 5048:, 1953 5023:, 1950 4996:, and 4980:, and 4967:system 4844:, and 4769:, and 4605:, and 4521:Cinema 4352:Picnic 4320:, and 4263:Kismet 4226:, and 4182:, and 4127:, 1957 4087:, 1954 4012:, and 3966:, and 3942:, the 3938:, the 3832:, and 3663:, and 3570:ballet 3566:capris 3501:, and 3423:C-SPAN 3380:taboos 3363:Lolita 3294:, and 3292:Op Art 3196:taboos 3190:about 3178:, 1950 3074:Boston 3028:, and 3005:, and 2804:motels 2678:Manado 2674:Padang 2457:Israel 2455:(with 2321:Israel 2107:, the 2065:Inchon 1988:NSC 68 1832:, and 1801:. The 1733:. 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History of the United States (1945–1964)

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