118:
2286:
2501:
1394:
2492:
1609:
2438:
into the
European Acheulean industry independently from African counterparts, or if the Acheulean was brought up from Africa and diffused across Europe. In 2020 French anthropologist Marie-Hélène Moncel argued the appearance of typical Achuelean bifaces 700,000 years ago in Europe was too sudden to be the result of completely independent evolution from local technologies, so there must have been influence from Africa. Wearing on the TD6 stone tools is consistent with repeated abrasion against flesh, so they were probably used as butchering implements.
1885:
152:
1542:
2121:
6324:
2804:
2481:
6348:
2472:
1896:
2407:
1746:
6336:
2791:. Some specimens of the former eight species and the monkey exhibit cut marks consistent with butchery, with about 13% of all Gran Dolina remains bearing some evidence of human modification. Deer are the most commonly butchered animal, with 106 specimens. The inhabitants seem to have carried carcasses back whole when feasible, and only the limbs and skulls of larger quarries. This indicates the Gran Dolina
2619:
2305:(lower estimate) and modern humans (upper). The molars are hardly worn at all, which means the individual died soon after the tooth erupted, and that first molar eruption occurred at roughly this age. The age is within the range of variation of modern humans, and this developmental landmark can debatably be correlated with life history. If the relation is true,
2233:, ATD6-22 and ATD6-56, are subrectangular in shape as opposed to the more common subtriangular, although rather narrow like those of modern humans. They are quite small and thin, falling at the lower end for modern human females. The apex of the kneecap (the area that does not join to another bone) is not well developed, leaving little attachment for the
2645:, the climate was probably similar or a few degrees warmer compared to that of today's, with the coldest average temperature reaching 2 °C (36 °F) sometime in December and January, and the hottest in July and August 18 °C (64 °F). Freezing temperatures could have been reached from November to March, but the presence of
2237:. The medial (toward the midline) facet and lateral (toward the sides) facet for the knee joint are roughly the same size as each other in ATD6-56 and the medial is larger in ATD6-22, whereas the lateral is commonly larger in modern humans. The lateral facet encroaches onto a straight flat area as opposed to being limited to a defined
2373:. In the case of ATD6-56, improper loading was likely the causal factor. Frequent squatting and kneeling can lead to this condition, but if the right knee bone ATD6-22 (that has no such trauma) belongs to the same individual, then this is unlikely to be the reason. If so, the lesion was caused by a local trauma, such as
2956:
peeled, and percussed. The muscles on all of the clavicles were sawed off to disconnect the shoulder. One radius, ATD6-43, was cut up and peeled. The femur was shattered, probably to extract the bone marrow. The hands and feet variably exhibit percussion, cutting, or peeling, likely a result of dismemberment.
2453:
Although 41% of the section's assemblage consists of flakes, they are rather crude and large—averaging 38 mm × 30 mm × 11 mm (1.50 in × 1.18 in × 0.43 in)—either resulting from rudimentary knapping (stoneworking) skills or difficulty working such poor
2022:
is
Neanderthal-like, with thicker layers at the periphery than at the cusps. Based on two canine teeth (ATD6- 69 and ATD6-13), the thickness of the enamel and the proportion of the tooth covered by the gums vary to the same degree as for males and females of modern humans and many other apes, so this
2976:
Nonetheless, the assemblage had a lack of older individuals, and was composed entirely of young adults and juveniles. In 2010 Carbonell hypothesised that they were practising exocannibalism and hunting down neighbouring tribesmen. In 2019, Spanish palaeoanthropologist Jesús Rodríguez and colleagues
1772:
and 2, and in facies A, D1, and F. Randomly orientated scattered bones were deposited in Facies D1 of layer TD6.2.2 (TD6 subunit 2, layer 2) and Facies F of layers TD6.2.2 and TD6.2.3, but in Facies D they seem to have been conspicuously clumped into the northwest area. This might indicate they were
4924:
Moncel, M.-H.; Santagata, C.; Pereira, A.; Nomade, S.; Voinchet, P.; Bahain, J.-J.; Daujeard, C.; Curci, A.; Lemorini, C.; Hardy, B.; Eramo, G.; Berto, C.; Raynal, J.-P.; Arzarello, M.; Mecozzi, B.; Iannucci, A.; Sardella, R.; Allegretta, I.; Delluniversità, E.; Terzano, R.; Dugas, P.; Jouanic, G.;
2959:
In sum, mainly the meatier areas were prepared, and the rest discarded. This suggests they were butchering humans for nutritional purposes, but the face generally exhibits significantly more cutmarks than the faces of animals. When this is seen in prehistoric modern human specimens, it is typically
2955:
The ribs also bear cut marks along the muscle attachments consistent with defleshing, and ATD6-39 has cuts along the length of the rib, which may be related to disembowelment. The nape muscles were sliced off, and the head and neck were probably detached from the body. The vertebrae were often cut,
4406:
Toro-Moyano, I.; Martínez-Navarro, B.; Agustí, J.; Souday, C.; Bermúdez; de Castro, J.M.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Fajardo, B.; Duval, M.; Falguères, C.; Oms, O.; Parés, J.M.; Anadón, P.; Julià, R.; García-Aguilar, J.M.; Moigne, A.M.; Espigares, M.P.; Ros-Montoya, S.; Palmqvist, P. (2013). "The oldest
2095:(a forearm bone), ATD6-43, which could be male based on absolute size or female based on gracility, was estimated to have belonged to a 172.5 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall individual based on the average of equations among several modern populations relating radial length to stature. Based on
1572:
The stone tool assemblage at the Gran Dolina is broadly similar to several other contemporary ones across
Western Europe, which may represent the work of the same species, although this is unconfirmable because many of these sites have not produced human fossils. In 2014 fifty footprints dating to
1512:
was recovered from TD6, which has consequently become the most well researched unit of the site. In the first field seasons from 1994–1995, the dig team excavated a small test pit (to see if the unit warranted further investigation) in the southeast section measuring 6 m (65 sq ft).
4748:
Martín-Francés, L.; Martinón-Torres, M.; de
Pinillos, M. M.; Bayle, P.; Fernández-Colón, P.; García-Campos, C.; Modesto-Mata, M.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2020). "Ectopic maxillary third molar in Early Pleistocene Homo antecessor from Atapuerca-Gran Dolina site (Burgos,
2553:
They produced far fewer pebbles and spent more time knapping off flakes, but they were not particularly economic with their materials, and about half of the cores could have produced more flakes. They additionally modified irregular blanks into more workable shapes before flaking off pieces. This
2437:
industry, characteristic of
African and later European sites. The earliest evidence of typical Acheulean toolsets comes from Africa 1.75 million years ago, but the typical Acheulean toolset pops up in Western Europe nearly a million years later. It is debated if these early European sites evolved
380:
Despite being so ancient, the face is unexpectedly similar to that of modern humans rather than other archaic humans—namely in its overall flatness as well as the curving of the cheekbone as it merges into the upper jaw—although these elements are known only from a juvenile specimen. Brain volume
2586:
They seem to have been using the same methods as the people who manufactured the TD6.2 tools. They were only retouching larger flakes, the fourteen such tools averaging 35 mm × 26 mm × 14 mm (1.38 in × 1.02 in × 0.55 in): one marginally retouched
2392:
people whose foot bones failed under repeated, high intensity activity. Later
Neanderthals would evolve a much more robust lower skeleton possibly to withstand such taxing movement across uneven terrain. Although only one other example of the condition has been identified (at Sima de los Huesos)
2264:
walked. The long trochlea caused a short neck of the talus, which bridges the head of the talus connecting to the toes, and the body of the talus connecting to the leg. This somewhat converges with the condition exhibited in
Neanderthals, which is generally explained as a response to a heavy and
1686:
is known from roughly the same time and region; and because the type specimen was a child (the supposedly characteristic features could have disappeared with maturity.) Such restructuring of the face, they argued, can also be caused by regional climatic adaptation rather than speciation. In 2009
2951:
is the second-most common species bearing evidence of butchering. Human bodies were efficiently utilised, and may be the reason why most bones are smashed or otherwise badly damaged. There are no complete skulls, elements from the face and back of the skull are usually percussed, and the muscle
2795:
were dispatching hunting parties who killed and hauled back prey to share with the entire group rather than each individual foraging entirely for themselves, which evinces social cooperation and division of labour. Less than 5% of all the remains retain animal carnivore damage, in two instances
2599:
particles have been collected from TD6, which probably originated from a fire well outside the cave. There is no evidence of any fire use or burnt bones (cooking) in the occupation sequences of the Gran Dolina. In other parts of the world, reliable evidence of fire usage does not surface in the
2163:
had long and flattish (platycleidic) clavicles like other archaic humans. This would point to a broad chest. The proximal curvature (twisting of the bone on the side nearest the neck) in front view is on par with that of
Neanderthals, but the distal curvature (on the shoulder side) is much more
3987:
Welker, Frido; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Gutenbrunner, Petra; Mackie, Meaghan; Tiwary, Shivani; Rakownikow Jersie-Christensen, Rosa; Chiva, Cristina; Dickinson, Marc R.; Kuhlwilm, Martin; de Manuel, Marc; Gelabert, Pere; Martinón-Torres, María; Margvelashvili, Ann; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell,
2582:
TD6.1 yielded 124 stone tools, but they are badly preserved as the area was also used by hyenas as a latrine, the urine corroding the area. The layer lacks pebbles and cores, and 44 of the stone tools are indeterminate. Flakes are much smaller with an average of 28 mm × 27 mm
2108:
prints that are preserved well enough to measure are consistent with individuals ranging from 93 to 173 cm (3 ft 1 in to 5 ft 8 in) in stature, which may mean some of the trackmakers were children. By this logic, the three biggest footprints—equating to statures of
3494:
de Castro, J. M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Gómez-Robles, A.; Prado-Simón, L.; Martín-Francésa, L.; Lapresa, M.; Olejniczaka, A.; Carbonell, E. (2011). "Early
Pleistocene human mandible from Sima del Elefante (TE) cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain): A comparative morphological study".
2952:
attachments on the face and the base of the skull were cut off. The intense modification of the face was probably to access the brain. The crown of the head was probably struck, resulting in the impact scars on the teeth at the gum line. Several skull fragments exhibit peeling.
2099:(foot bone) length, a male is estimated to have stood 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) and a female 168.9 cm (5 ft 6 in). These are all rather similar values. For comparison, Western European Neanderthal estimates average 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in), and
5136:
Blasco, R.; Blain, H.-A.; Rosell, J.; Díez, J. C.; Huguet, R.; Rodríguez, J.; Arsuaga, J. L.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E. (2011). "Earliest evidence for human consumption of tortoises in the
European Early Pleistocene from Sima del Elefante, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain".
1781:
behaviour) from the main entrance to the northwest, as well as a stronger debris flow from another entrance to the south. Fluvially deposited fossils (dragged in by a stream of water) were also recovered from Facies A in layers TD6.2.2, TD6.2.1 and TD6.1.2, indicated by
2558:). There are 62 flakes measuring below 20 mm (0.79 in) in height, and 28 above 60 mm (2.4 in). There are three conspicuously higher quality flakes, thinner and longer than the others, which may have been produced by the same person. There are also
1926:
archaic humans) as opposed to West Eurasian or African Middle Pleistocene archaic humans including Neanderthals. The most notable traits are a completely flat face and a curved zygomaticoalveolar crest (the bar of bone connecting the cheek to the part of the
5044:
Rhodes, S.E.; Walker, M.J.; López-Jiménez, A.; López-Martínez, M.; Haber-Uriarte, M.; Fernández-Jalvo, Y.; Chazan, M. (2016). "Fire in the Early Palaeolithic: Evidence from burnt small mammal bones at Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar, Murcia, Spain".
2977:
argued that — considering the high youth mortality rates in modern hunter-gatherer groups – the demographic is better explained as consuming fellow tribesmen (already dead from natural causes, war, or an accident), possibly simply to avoid wasting food.
2321:
of M, where it was blocked from erupting at all. Although impaction of M is rather common in modern humans, as high as fifty percent in some populations, impaction of M is rare, as little as 0.08 to 2.3%. Impaction can lead to secondary lesions, such as
117:
1521:
specimens were recovered. The best preserved are ATD6-15 and ATD6-69 (possibly belonging to the same individual) that most clearly elucidate facial anatomy. Subsequent field seasons have yielded about sixty more specimens. The discovered parts of the
393:
may have been broad-chested and rather heavy, much like Neanderthals, although the limbs were proportionally long, a trait more frequent in tropical populations. The kneecaps are thin and have poorly developed tendon attachments. The feet indicate
2694:
when colder glacial periods were transitioning to warmer interglacials, and warm grasslands dominated, vacating the region at any other time. They may have followed water bodies while migrating, in the case of Sierra de Atapuerca, most likely the
1793:
may not have inhabited the cave, although was at least active nearby. Only 5.6% of the fossils bear any evidence of weathering from open air, roots, and soil, which could mean they were deposited deep into the cave relatively soon after death.
2972:
sample to the strongly contrasting structure of the muscle attachments between humans and typical animal prey items (that is, defleshing the human face simply required more cuts, or the butcherers were less familiar with defleshing humans).
2926:
could wield fire and cook, and similarly the wearing on the molars indicates the more frequent consumption of grittier and more mechanically challenging foods than later European species, such as raw rather than cooked meat and underground
2103:
178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in). The ankle joint is adapted for handling high stress, which may indicate a heavy, robust body plan, much like Neanderthals. Based on the relationship between human footprint length and body size, twelve
1854:(SG TT-OSL) dated the opening of the Gran Dolina to roughly 900,000 years ago, and the sediments from TD4 to TD6 to between 890,000 to 770,000 years ago. These three units were probably deposited within a period of less than 100,000 years.
2200:
and many people from tropical populations. This could be explained as retention of the ancestral long limbed tropical form, as opposed to Neanderthals who evolved shorter limbs. This could also indicate a high brachial index (radial to
2086:
specimen ATD6-50, assumed male based on absolute size, was estimated to have stood 162.3–186.8 cm (5 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in), mean of 174.5 cm (5 ft 9 in), based on the correlation among modern
2205:
length ratio). Compared to more recent human species, the cross section of the radial shaft is rather round and gracile throughout its length. Like archaic humans, the radial neck (near the elbow) is long, giving more leverage to the
3988:
Eudald; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Penkman, Kirsty; Sabidó, Eduard; Cox, Jürgen; Olsen, Jesper V.; Lordkipanidze, David; Racimo, Fernando; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Willerslev, Eske; Cappellini, Enrico (2020).
2538:), which indicates they were moving farther out in search of better raw materials. The Sierra de Atapuerca features an abundance and diversity of mineral outcroppings suitable for stone tool manufacturing, in addition to chert and
1797:
Human occupation seems to have occurred in waves corresponding to timespans featuring a warm, humid savannah habitat (although riversides likely supported woodlands). These conditions were only present during transitions from cool
1728:
may or may not be a modern human ancestor, although if it was not then it probably split quite shortly before the modern human/Neanderthal split. In 2020 Dutch molecular palaeoanthropologist Frido Welker and colleagues concluded
424:, an industry which is characteristic of contemporary African and later European sites. Groups may have been dispatching hunting parties, which mainly targeted deer in their savannah and mixed woodland environment. Many of the
1719:
to be two different lineages rather than them having an ancestor/descendant relationship. In 2013, anthropologist Sarah Freidline and colleagues suggested the modern humanlike face evolved independently several times among
1990:(on the tongue side), and a cingulum and longitudinal grooves on the cheekward side. The upper molars feature several traits typically seen in Neanderthals. The mandibular teeth, on the other hand, are quite archaic. The P
4352:
Duval, M.; Arnold, L. J.; Demuro, M.; Parés, J. M.; Campaña, I.; Carbonell, E.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2022). "New chronological constraints for the lowermost stratigraphic unit of Atapuerca Gran Dolina (Burgos, N Spain)".
4588:
Pablos, A.; Lorenzo; Martínez, C.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2012). "New foot remains from the Gran Dolina-TD6 Early Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)".
3193:
Bermudez de Castro, J.M.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Carbonell, E.; Rosas, A.; Martinez, I.; Mosquera, M. (1997). "A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans".
2357:
due to overloading the teeth, such as by using the mouth as a third hand to carry around items. A similar condition was also reported for the later Sima de los Huesos remains also at the Sierra de Atapuerca site.
1866:, Spain, these were the oldest human fossils known from Europe, although human activity on the continent stretches back as early as 1.6 million years ago in Eastern Europe and Spain indicated by stone tools.
1517:" after her. A 13 m (140 sq ft) triangular section was excavated in the central section starting in the early 2000s. Human fossils were also found in the northern section. In sum, about 170
1561:
and evidence of butchery. In 2011, after providing a much more in depth analysis of the Sima del Elefante material, Castro and colleagues were unsure of the species classification, opting to leave it at
1488:
fragment retaining the molars and recovered with some isolated teeth. In their original description Castro and colleagues posited that the species was the first human to colonise Europe, hence the name
5275:; Cáceres, I.; Lozano, M.; Saladié, P.; Rosell, J.; Lorenzo, C.; Huguet, R.; Canals, A.; de Castro, J.-M. B. (2010). "Cultural cannibalism as a paleoeconomic system in the European Lower Pleistocene".
4897:
2600:
archaeological record until roughly 400,000 years ago. In 2016, small mammal bones burned in fires exceeding 600 °C (1,112 °F) were identified from 780- to 980-thousand-year-old deposits at
2054:(on the side of the skull) is convex, like in more derived species. The brain volume of ATD6-15, perhaps belonging to an 11-year-old, may have been 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or more based on
4846:
4295:
Duval, Mathieu; Grün, Rainer; Parés, Josep M.; Martín-Francés, Laura; Campaña, Isidoro; Rosell, Jordi; Shao, Qingfeng; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell, Eudald; Bermúdez de Castro, José María (2018).
347:. Populations of this species may have been present elsewhere in Western Europe, and were among the first to settle that region of the world, hence the name. The first fossils were found in the
1557:
by Carbonell, was recovered from the nearby Sima del Elefante ("elephant pit") in unit TE9 ("trinchera elefante"), belonging to a 20–25-year-old individual. The site additionally yielded stone
2377:
on the soft tissue around the joint due to high intensity activity, or a fracture of the left femur and/or tibia (that is unconfirmable since neither bone is associated with this individual).
2196:
The incomplete radius, ATD6-43, was estimated to have measured 257 mm (10.1 in). It is oddly long and straight for someone from so far north, reminiscent of the proportions seen in
2109:
160 cm (5 ft 3 in), 163 cm (5 ft 4 in), and 173 cm (5 ft 8 in)—ranged from 48 to 53 kg (106 to 117 lb) in weight. Stature estimates for
1661:", i. e., the Gran Dolina and Tighennif humans should be classified into the latter. In 2007 Castro and colleagues studied the fossils, and found the Tighennif remains to be much larger than
2554:
preplanning allowed them to use other techniques: the centripetal method (flaking off only the edges of the core) and the bipolar method (laying the core on an anvil and slamming it with a
2301:
In 2010 Castro and colleagues estimated that ATD6-112, represented by a permanent upper and lower first molar, died between 5.3 and 6.6 years of age based on the tooth formation rates in
4454:
Moyano, I. T.; Barsky, D. (2011). "The archaic stone tool industry from Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3, (Orce, Spain): Evidence of the earliest hominin presence in southern Europe".
2393:
among archaic humans, march fractures were probably a common injury for them given that the healed fracture leaves no visible mark, as well as their presumed high intensity lifestyle.
1935:
suggests the modern human face evolved and disappeared multiple times in the past, which is not unlikely as facial anatomy is strongly influenced by diet and thus the environment. The
2030:(each being one side of the back part of the top of the skull) are flattened, and conjoin at a peak at the midline. This "tent-like" profile is also exhibited in more archaic African
1427:
in a short field trip to the region in 1966, where he recovered a few animal fossils and stone tools. He lacked the resources and manpower to continue any further. In 1976, Spanish
2534:
Most of the stone tools resided in the lower (older) half of TD6.2, with 831 stone tools. The knappers made use of a much more diverse array of materials (although most commonly
2583:× 11 mm (1.10 in × 1.06 in × 0.43 in), with ten measuring below 20 mm (0.79 in), and only three exceeding 60 mm (2.4 in).
2915:
and oak. Trees probably grew along rivers and streams, while the rest of the hills and ridges were dominated by grasses. The TD6 individuals also seem to have been consuming
5087:
Saladié, P.; Huguet, R.; Díez, C.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.; Cáceres, I.; Vallverdú, J.; Rosell, J.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E. (2011). "Carcass transport decisions in
3320:
Fernández-Jalvo, Y.; Díez, J. C.; Cáceres, I.; Rosell, J. (1999). "Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)".
2641:
Instead of using fire, these early Europeans probably physiologically withstood the cold, such as by eating a high protein diet to support a heightened metabolism. Despite
2384:
ATD6-124 has a 25.8 mm × 8 mm (1.02 in × 0.31 in) length x width lesion on the medial (toward the midline of the bone) side consistent with a
1417:
2144:(the second neck vertebra), the angle of the spinous process (jutting out from the vertebra) is about 19°, comparable with Neanderthals and modern humans, diverging from
2964:, a form of ritual cannibalism where one eats someone from beyond their social group, such as an enemy from a neighbouring tribe. But, when overviewing the evidence of
5215:
Pérez-Pérez, A.; Lozano, M.; Romero, A.; Martínez, L. M.; Galbany, J.; Pinilla, B.; Estebaranz-Sánchez, F.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2017).
4150:
Blain, H.-L.; Cuenca-Bescós, G.; Burjachs, F.; López-García, J. M.; Lozano-Fernandéz, I.; Rosell, J. (2013). "Early Pleistocene palaeoenvironments at the time of the
4491:
García-Campos, C.; Martinén-Torres, M.; Modesto-Mata, M.; Martín-Francés, L.; de Pinillos, M. M.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2021). "Indicators of sexual dimorphism in
3537:
Ashton, N.; Lewis, S.G.; De Groote, I.; Duffy, S.M.; Bates, M.; Bates, R.; Hoare, P.; Lewis, M.; Parfitt, S. A.; Peglar, S.; Williams, W.; Stringer, C. (2014).
381:
could have been 1,000 cc (61 cu in) or more, but no intact braincase has been discovered. For comparison, present-day modern humans average 1,270
2755:
3752:
1931:
that holds the teeth). In 2013 anthropologist Sarah Freidline and colleagues statistically determined that these features would not disappear with maturity.
377:
has since been reinterpreted as an offshoot from the modern human line, although probably one branching off just before the modern human/Neanderthal split.
2840:
3090:) of ATD6-15 are respectively 95–100 mm (3.7–3.9 in) and 100 mm (3.9 in), which are substantially longer than what is measured in the
2903:
may have used as food sources, although they become more common in TD7 and TD8 as the interglacial progresses and the environment becomes wetter. In the
1597:
compared to other archaic groups, so in their original description, Castro and colleagues classified it as the last common ancestor of modern humans and
7747:
2140:) are known, which is exceptional as this bone is rarely discovered for archaic humans. They are indistinguishable from those of modern humans. For the
2968:
cannibalism in 1999, Spanish palaeontologist Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo and colleagues instead ascribed the relative abundance of facial cut marks in the
2919:, which in historical times have been used for their medicinal properties more than satiating hunger because these berries provide very little flesh.
6193:
6386:
8310:
8144:
7885:
7481:
6221:
2611:
in southern Spain, which potentially could have come from a human source as such a high temperature is usually (though not always) recorded in
2653:
suggests subfreezing was an infrequent occurrence. TE9 similarly indicates a generally warm climate. The Happisburgh footprints were lain in
2601:
2450:
pebbles with percussive damage—probably inflicted from pounding items such as bone—as opposed to manufacturing more specialised implements.
8100:
7609:
1513:
Human fossils were discovered first by Aurora Martín Nájera; the 30 cm (12 in) layer they were found in is nicknamed the "Aurora
4689:
de Castro, J.-M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Prado, L.; Gómez-Robles, A.; Rosell, J.; López-Polín, L.; Arsuaga, J. L.; Carbonell, E. (2010).
1970:(the lingual, or tongue, side is distinctly concave), a feature characteristic of other Eurasian human populations, including modern. The
4751:
1847:
specimen ATD6-92 resulted in an age of 949 to 624 thousand years ago, further constrained palaeomagnetically to before 772,000 years ago.
6069:
4086:"Shedding light on the Early Pleistocene of TD6 (Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain): The technological sequence and occupational inferences"
1922:
child ATD6-69, as the few other facial specimens are fragmentary. ATD6-69 is strikingly similar to modern humans (as well as East Asian
7932:
7383:
3019:
2260:(talus) is exceptionally long and high as well as the facet where it connects with the leg (the trochlea), which may be related to how
2023:
may be due to sexual dimorphism, with females having smaller teeth, relatively thicker enamel, and smaller proportion of gum coverage.
1219:
4691:"New immature hominin fossil from European Lower Pleistocene shows the earliest evidence of a modern human dental development pattern"
3248:
Campaña, I.; Pérez-González, A.; Benito-Calvo, A.; Rosell, J.; Blasco, R.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J. L. (2016).
5457:
5417:
5312:
Rodríguez, J.; Guillermo, Z.-R.; Ana, M. (2019). "Does optimal foraging theory explain the behavior of the oldest human cannibals?".
4542:
4251:
Parés, J.M.; Arnold, L.; Duval, M.; Demuro, M.; Pérez-Gonzáleza, A.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuagac, J.L. (2013).
1089:
4540:
Allen, J. S.; Damasio, H.; Grabowski, T. J. (2002). "Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: an MRI-volumetric study".
1777:. As for Facies F, which contains the most human remains, they may have been deposited by a low energy debris flow (consistent with
8364:
8297:
6309:
6153:
5467:
1109:
478:
139:
8394:
6211:
5462:
1069:
2218:(a bony knob jutting out just below the radial neck) is anteriorly placed (toward the front side when the arm is facing out).
6216:
6094:
5472:
5374:
3867:
3840:
3765:
3731:
4199:
Falguères, C.; Bahain, J.; Yokoyama, Y.; Arsuaga, J.; Bermudez de Castro, J.; Carbonell, E.; Bischoff, J.; Dolo, J. (1999).
2159:
There is one known (and incomplete) clavicle, ATD6-50, which is thick compared to those of modern humans. This may indicate
1465:. They restarted excavation of the Gran Dolina in 1992, and found archaic human remains two years later, which in 1997 they
1454:
306:
6379:
3061:, but many authors choose to distinguish Asian and African populations on a species level, with the latter classified into
2252:
of the foot are comparable to those of later humans, but the big toe bone is rather robust, which could be related to how
1943:(lower jaw) is quite gracile unlike most other archaic humans. It exhibits several archaic features, but the shape of the
1707:
that disappeared after a failed attempt to colonize southern Europe". Similarly, in 2012, British physical anthropologist
6173:
5174:
Allué, E.; Cáceres, I.; Expósito, I.; Canals, A.; Rodríguez, A.; Rosell, J.; de Castro, J. M. B.; Carbonell, E. (2015). "
4891:
Martin-Francés, L.; Martinon-Torres, M.; Gracia-Téllez, A.; de Castro, J. M. B (2015). "Evidence of stress fracture in a
4497:
3944:
2458:, probably to compensate for the lack of preplanning, opting to knap irregularly shaped and thus poorer quality pebbles.
1952:
1688:
2429:
and the nearby Galería—distinguished by the preparation and sharpening of cores before flaking, the presence of (crude)
1806:
periods, after the climate warmed and before the forests could expand to dominate the landscape. The dating attempts of
6282:
1982:
species, but retain the cuspules (small bumps) near the tip and bordering incisor like more archaic species. The upper
1836:
In 2013 TD6 was dated to about 930 to 780 thousand years ago using palaeomagnetism, in addition to uranium–thorium and
432:, perhaps as a cultural practice. There is no evidence they were using fire, and they similarly only inhabited inland
7510:
6416:
6148:
5180:
4260:
2317:
The partial face ATD6-69 has an ectopic M (upper left third molar), where it erupted improperly, and this caused the
2309:
had a prolonged childhood, a characteristic of modern humans in which significant cognitive development takes place.
1851:
1449:
fossils, which prompted a massive exploration of the Sierra de Atapuerca, at first headed by Spanish palaeontologist
2796:
toothmarks overlapping cutmarks from an unidentified animal, which could indicate animals were sometimes scavenging
8389:
7717:
7604:
6340:
2807:
2361:
The left knee bone ATD6-56 has a 4.7 mm × 15 mm (0.19 in × 0.59 in) height x breadth
1645:") represent the same population, because fourteen of the fifteen dental features Castro and colleagues listed for
1406:
1049:
389:
cm for females. Stature estimates range from 162.3–186.8 cm (5 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in).
340:
4297:"The first direct ESR dating of a hominin tooth from Atapuerca Gran Dolina TD-6 (Spain) supports the antiquity of
8129:
7520:
6558:
6372:
6292:
6188:
1259:
8369:
6287:
5588:
2295:
2051:
1837:
1764:
than previously thought, and TD6 was divided into three subunits spanning thirteen layers and nine sedimentary
3747:
Hublin, J.-J. (2001). "Northwestern African Middle Pleistocene hominids and their bearing on the emergence of
8379:
7742:
7272:
6532:
5410:
4156:
2156:) is on the narrow side compared to modern humans. The spine as a whole otherwise aligns with modern humans.
1422:
6600:
1829:
In 2008 TE9 of the Sima del Elefante was constrained to 1.2–1.1 million years ago using palaeomagnetism and
7737:
7277:
6750:
6158:
6035:
5921:
4200:
2997:
2446:
In the lower part of TD6.3 (TD6 subunit 3), 84 stone tools were recovered, predominantly small, unmodified
2100:
699:
471:
6426:
3886:
Freidline, S. E.; Gunz, P.; Harvati, K.; Hublin, J.-J. (2013). "Evaluating developmental shape changes in
3086:
The frontal breadth (the length of the frontal bone) and the bistephanic breadth (the length between each
2369:, which can result from old age or improper loading of the joint as a consequence of bone misalignment or
6703:
6352:
6256:
6074:
5595:
5449:
2433:, and some degree of standardisation of tool types. This bears some resemblance to the much more complex
448:
8384:
8374:
8005:
7806:
6114:
6045:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5314:
5139:
5093:
4591:
4409:
4208:
3892:
3497:
3386:
3322:
1979:
1819:
1152:
886:
878:
870:
8275:
7811:
7626:
6297:
6089:
4632:
scapulae (Gran Dolina site, Atapuerca) suggests a modern-like development for Lower Pleistocene Homo"
2727:
2454:
quality materials. They made use of the unipolar longitudinal method, flaking off only one side of a
2365:(bone spur) on the inferior (lower) margin. Osteophytes normally form as a response to stress due to
1948:
990:
6079:
4927:"The origin of early Acheulean expansion in Europe 700 ka ago: new findings at Notarchirico (Italy)"
4252:
2229:
and posterior crest. These traits are highly variable among modern human populations. The two known
8000:
7092:
6637:
6328:
5631:
5403:
4456:
4305:
2828:
2043:
7164:
7159:
2680:
and grasslands; the vegetation is consistent with the cooler beginning or end of an interglacial.
8117:
8027:
7199:
6966:
6785:
6718:
6450:
6266:
6203:
6163:
6050:
5609:
2740:
2285:
1830:
960:
464:
151:
3168:
could be a side branch of this clade placed at the westernmost region of the Eurasian continent.
1951:(adjacent to the teeth) is completely vertical as in modern humans. Like many Neanderthals, the
1665:
and dentally similar to other African populations. Nonetheless, they still recommended reviving
1175:
8341:
8315:
8237:
8205:
8079:
7685:
7576:
7564:
7260:
7001:
6840:
6477:
6411:
6395:
6261:
6236:
6231:
6124:
6040:
5602:
4800:
3783:"Comparative analysis of the Gran Dolina-TD6 (Spain) and Tighennif (Algeria) hominin mandibles"
3002:
2422:
2388:. This condition is most often encountered by soldiers, long distance runners, and potentially
2125:
1967:
1574:
919:
417:
4925:
Queffelec, A.; d'Andrea, A.; Valentini, R.; Minucci, E.; Carpentiero, L.; Piperno, M. (2020).
3664:
8336:
8328:
7944:
7880:
7754:
7447:
7373:
7147:
7142:
7080:
7019:
6956:
6904:
6897:
6443:
5645:
3832:
3070:
3065:
which was named in 1975. This is somewhat problematic as several African specimens sunk into
2873:
2571:
2567:
2526:
2500:
691:
287:
7329:
3110:, which each have an estimated brain volume of less than 1,000 cc (61 cu in).
8284:
8210:
8161:
8156:
8139:
8134:
8112:
7902:
7616:
7469:
7361:
7265:
7058:
6743:
6542:
6485:
6226:
6129:
6030:
5991:
5936:
5841:
5545:
5538:
5277:
5228:
5189:
5054:
4998:
4938:
4865:
4702:
4643:
4465:
4362:
4314:
4269:
4165:
4099:
4007:
3616:
3552:
3442:
3265:
3008:
2587:
flake, one notch, three spines, seven denticulate sidescrapers, and one denticulate point.
1768:(bodies of rock distinctive from adjacent bodies). Human presence is recorded in subunits 1
1682:
1625:
1328:
1129:
976:
845:
830:
369:
356:
6713:
3781:
de Castro, J.-M. B.; María-Torres, M.; Gómez-Robles, A.; Prado, L.; Sarmiento, S. (2007).
3380:
Carretero, J. M.; Lorenzo, C.; Arsuaga, J. L. (1999). "Axial and appendicular skeleton of
2491:
8:
8200:
7865:
7670:
7503:
7036:
6909:
6790:
6765:
5638:
2630:
2270:
2197:
1628:
1558:
1466:
1393:
405:
352:
5232:
5193:
5058:
5002:
4942:
4869:
4845:
Martín-Francés, L.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Gracia-Téllez, A.; de Castro, J. M. B. (2016).
4706:
4647:
4469:
4366:
4318:
4273:
4169:
4103:
4011:
3620:
3556:
3446:
3269:
3160:... a speciation event could have occurred in Africa/Western Eurasia, originating a new
2188:
species, but was capable of efficiently launching projectiles such as stones or spears.
2172:(that extends over the shoulder joint) is small compared to those of modern humans. The
1978:(a protuberance toward the base) and the essential ridge (toward the midline) like more
1581:
group given it is the only human species identified during that time in Western Europe.
1441:
remains), but was advised by the Edelweiss Speleological Team to continue at the nearby
8151:
8054:
7956:
7769:
6951:
6681:
6647:
6183:
6025:
5901:
5339:
5294:
5249:
5216:
5118:
5021:
4986:
4959:
4926:
4827:
4776:
4725:
4690:
4666:
4627:
4567:
4522:
4388:
4233:
4181:
4122:
4085:
4049:
4036:
3989:
3969:
3692:
3642:
3575:
3538:
3476:
3347:
3288:
3249:
3221:
3024:
2884:
2834:
2767:
2712:
2550:, which could all be collected within only 3 km (1.9 mi) of the Gran Dolina.
2342:
2266:
2226:
2137:
2067:
1923:
1505:
1442:
1239:
146:
4490:
1608:
1306:
8323:
8193:
8183:
8173:
8122:
7779:
7697:
6991:
6976:
6961:
6941:
6832:
6811:
6622:
6465:
6347:
6302:
6168:
6109:
6099:
5870:
5834:
5688:
5482:
5370:
5343:
5331:
5254:
5156:
5110:
5026:
4964:
4819:
4780:
4768:
4730:
4671:
4608:
4559:
4526:
4514:
4436:
4392:
4225:
4185:
4127:
4053:
4041:
4023:
3961:
3935:
3909:
3863:
3857:
3836:
3761:
3727:
3660:
3634:
3580:
3514:
3468:
3403:
3339:
3293:
3213:
3196:
3050:
2944:
2810:
today: 1) Entrance to railway ditch, 2) Sima del Elefante, 3) Galería, 4) Gran Dolina
2559:
2522:
2381:
2346:
2215:
2149:
2047:
1649:
have also been identified in the Middle Pleistocene of North Africa; this would mean
1514:
1462:
429:
344:
30:
5122:
4831:
4571:
4237:
3973:
3351:
3225:
2872:. Some others bear evidence of percussion and defleshing. They were also butchering
2814:
The Sima del Elefante site records the fallow deer, the bush-antlered deer, rhinos,
1676:
In 2007 primatologist Esteban Sarmiento and colleagues questioned the legitimacy of
1605:
in this capacity. The facial anatomy came under close scrutiny in subsequent years.
8188:
8095:
7838:
7621:
7421:
7341:
7297:
7097:
6919:
6770:
6730:
6178:
5931:
5748:
5710:
5557:
5323:
5298:
5286:
5272:
5244:
5236:
5197:
5148:
5102:
5062:
5016:
5006:
4954:
4946:
4906:
4890:
4873:
4844:
4809:
4760:
4720:
4710:
4661:
4651:
4600:
4551:
4506:
4473:
4426:
4418:
4378:
4370:
4332:
4322:
4277:
4217:
4173:
4117:
4107:
4031:
4015:
3998:
3953:
3901:
3794:
3719:
3684:
3646:
3624:
3607:
3570:
3560:
3506:
3480:
3458:
3450:
3433:
3428:
3395:
3331:
3283:
3273:
3205:
3151:
2992:
2761:
2563:
2353:(the sensitive interior) of the canines are exposed. The trauma is consistent with
2335:
2096:
1975:
1956:
1944:
1765:
1458:
1450:
911:
860:
7680:
7636:
3723:
3209:
1859:
8069:
8039:
7801:
7729:
7707:
7665:
7560:
7530:
7395:
7390:
7041:
6924:
6495:
5958:
5856:
5426:
5327:
5152:
5106:
5066:
4626:
García-Martínez, Daniel; Green, David J.; Bermúdez de Castro, José María (2021).
4604:
4477:
4422:
4374:
4327:
4296:
4112:
3905:
3565:
3510:
3155:
2374:
2370:
2327:
2318:
2234:
2133:
1884:
1734:
1553:
In 2007 a mandibular fragment with some teeth, ATE9-1, provisionally assigned to
1428:
713:
669:
343:, a productive archaeological site, from 1.2 to 0.8 million years ago during the
8178:
8105:
7927:
7892:
7823:
7712:
7584:
7292:
6877:
6867:
6688:
6669:
5805:
5509:
5495:
5434:
5178:
remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain)".
4950:
4877:
4656:
3820:
3493:
2961:
2749:
2606:
2385:
2366:
2238:
2207:
2141:
1987:
1971:
1823:
1799:
1708:
1654:
1613:
1566:
1445:("bone pit"). Here, in addition to a wealth of bear fossils, he also recovered
1437:
765:
752:
682:
656:
5201:
4281:
4019:
3856:
Klein, R. (2009). "Hominin dispersals in the Old World". In Scarre, C. (ed.).
2943:
specimens from the Gran Dolina exhibit cut marks and fracturing indicative of
1959:(a large gap between the last molar and the end of the body of the mandible).
8358:
8260:
8064:
8049:
7995:
7973:
7870:
7858:
7774:
7643:
7525:
7486:
7474:
7462:
7174:
7085:
7014:
6755:
6698:
6676:
6585:
6517:
6512:
6490:
5973:
5826:
5516:
4747:
4027:
2928:
2876:, an easily obtainable source of meat considering how slowly tortoises move.
2772:
2707:
The fossils of sixteen animal species were recovered randomly mixed with the
2687:
2642:
2092:
2088:
2027:
1637:
1541:
1446:
1414:
1284:
952:
336:
68:
6605:
5011:
4814:
4795:
4715:
2120:
1858:
Until 2013 with the discovery of the 1.4 million-year-old infant tooth from
1409:
in northern Spain had long been known to be abundant in fossil remains. The
7983:
7939:
7920:
7875:
7675:
7599:
7356:
7351:
7307:
6934:
6816:
6780:
6760:
6612:
6590:
6502:
5979:
5967:
5909:
5783:
5731:
5696:
5621:
5528:
5335:
5258:
5160:
5114:
5030:
4968:
4823:
4772:
4734:
4675:
4612:
4563:
4518:
4440:
4229:
4221:
4131:
4045:
3965:
3913:
3688:
3638:
3584:
3518:
3472:
3407:
3399:
3343:
3335:
3297:
3029:
2634:
2510:
2245:
2055:
2019:
1803:
1761:
1749:
1360:
934:
901:
815:
739:
726:
128:
8032:
3217:
3049:
The Tighennif remains were classified by French vertebrate paleontologist
2574:. These small retouched tools are rare in the European Early Pleistocene.
1986:
crowns are rather derived, being nearly symmetrical and bearing a lingual
1895:
8269:
8022:
8012:
7968:
7963:
7915:
7853:
7816:
7789:
7690:
7660:
7535:
7457:
7378:
7366:
7127:
7112:
7102:
7073:
7031:
6946:
6914:
6862:
6795:
6632:
6507:
6364:
5863:
5790:
5762:
5755:
5703:
4793:
4688:
4253:"Reassessing the age of Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain): new paleomagnetic results"
4201:"Earliest humans in Europe: the age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain"
3463:
3099:
3095:
3014:
2987:
2869:
2716:
2555:
2518:
2514:
2455:
2354:
2349:
of the tooth crowns and bone resorption at the root, so much so that the
2323:
2153:
2105:
1994:(the first lower premolar) has a strongly asymmetrical crown and complex
1774:
1753:
1598:
1501:
1410:
1398:
1263:
1006:
630:
364:
348:
43:
4383:
4337:
4084:
Mosquera, M.; Ollé, A.; Rodríguez-Álvarez, X. P.; Carbonell, E. (2018).
3933:
3696:
3454:
1904:
Reconstructed skull of the Boy of the Gran Dolina (above) and the adult
1569:(making no opinion on species designation) pending further discoveries.
8302:
8166:
8059:
8017:
7833:
7796:
7759:
7655:
7242:
7154:
6981:
6882:
6855:
6775:
6573:
6527:
6438:
6406:
5848:
5769:
5043:
4764:
4555:
4510:
4431:
4405:
3957:
3799:
3782:
3539:"Hominin footprints from Early Pleistocene deposits at Happisburgh, UK"
3247:
3192:
3103:
3087:
2803:
2626:
2362:
2350:
2331:
2302:
2257:
2249:
1995:
1936:
1778:
329:
213:
88:
53:
5390:
5240:
4625:
4149:
4083:
3986:
3780:
3278:
2018:
and the cusps of the molar crowns make a Y shape. The distribution of
8074:
7843:
7828:
7426:
7411:
7336:
7319:
7237:
7122:
7063:
7053:
7048:
6971:
6850:
6738:
6664:
6431:
6421:
5915:
5820:
4177:
2865:
2776:
2547:
2543:
2480:
2447:
2434:
2426:
2411:
2058:
measurements. For comparison, present-day modern humans average 1,270
1783:
1632:
1344:
1021:
421:
243:
233:
163:
93:
37:
8231:
4910:
3819:
Sarmiento, E. E.; Mowbray, K.; Sawyer, G. J.; Milner, R.; Deak, V.;
3629:
3602:
2471:
1680:
as a separate species because much of the skull anatomy is unknown;
8254:
7848:
7784:
7631:
7589:
7324:
7232:
7107:
6929:
6892:
6872:
5776:
5741:
5718:
5439:
5290:
4090:
3543:
3107:
2896:
2892:
2845:
2723:
2612:
2596:
2389:
2169:
2083:
1983:
1940:
1905:
1815:
1546:
1531:
1527:
1485:
1481:
1195:
643:
617:
436:
during warm periods, presumably retreating to the coast otherwise.
253:
183:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
5395:
5086:
4794:
López-Valverde, A.; López-Cristiá, M.; Gómez de Diego, R. (2012).
1745:
7910:
7702:
7648:
7594:
7416:
7222:
7132:
6986:
6887:
6845:
6708:
6627:
6580:
6568:
5926:
5502:
3069:
were already given unique species designations which should take
2912:
2880:
2857:
2780:
2657:
2654:
2406:
2274:
2230:
2202:
2173:
2165:
1963:
1928:
1470:
800:
792:
778:
602:
332:
203:
134:
98:
73:
8289:
3319:
1631:
postulated that the Gran Dolina remains and the contemporaneous
7978:
7515:
7493:
7346:
7282:
7227:
6617:
6595:
6563:
6537:
5214:
3829:
The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-two Species of Extinct Humans
2916:
2908:
2861:
2853:
2784:
2691:
2665:
2539:
2430:
1786:
433:
409:
223:
193:
173:
4587:
4198:
2618:
2410:
Map of Gran Dolina and Western European sites with similar or
8044:
7764:
7498:
7452:
7314:
7169:
7117:
6693:
6659:
6001:
5892:
5882:
5271:
4987:"On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe"
2888:
2849:
2745:
2732:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2646:
2535:
2222:
1594:
1573:
between 1.2 million and 800,000 years ago were discovered in
1494:
413:
360:
325:
4923:
4294:
3818:
3787:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
2868:, a few of which are cracked open, presumably to access the
2509:
Stone tools from TD6.2, from the top left clockwise: simple
1760:
The 2003 to 2007 excavations revealed a much more intricate
7990:
7951:
7431:
7287:
7217:
7137:
7009:
6522:
5660:
4847:"Evidence of trauma in a ca. 1-million-year-old patella of
3760:. Western Academic and Specialist Press. pp. 116–118.
2788:
2696:
2661:
2273:
in the ankle joint. This would also have permitted greater
2117:, and Neanderthals are roughly consistent with each other.
1863:
1669:
to house all Early Pleistocene North African specimens as "
1475:
1432:
263:
5173:
3885:
1822:
to 794 to 668 thousand years ago, and further constrained
7302:
7068:
7026:
3536:
2650:
2425:
is found elsewhere in Early Pleistocene Spain—notably in
2214:, but unlike Neanderthals and more archaic hominins, the
2050:. The brow ridges are prominent. The upper margin of the
1535:
1508:, TD1 to TD11 ("trinchera dolina" or "sinkhole trench").
1377:
4154:
settlement in the Gran Dolina cave (Atapuerca, Spain)".
2241:
notch, an infrequent condition among any human species.
3379:
1577:, England, which could potentially be attributed to an
4895:
metatarsal from Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca, Spain)".
4351:
4250:
3754:
Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene
2421:
was producing simple stone tools at Gran Dolina. This
2184:
was not as skilled a climber as non-human apes or pre-
5311:
5135:
4539:
2864:. The large mammals are most commonly represented by
2414:
stone tools dating from 1.4 to 0.59 million years ago
1504:
sediments at the Gran Dolina are divided into eleven
1413:("great sinkhole") was first explored for fossils by
3250:"New interpretation of the Gran Dolina-TD6 bearing
2711:material at the Gran Dolina, including the extinct
2006:like in more derived species, but like other early
1850:In 2022 ESR and single grain thermally transferred
443:
5905:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
3938:; Carbonell, E. (2017). "Twentieth anniversary of
2265:robust body, to alleviate the consequently higher
416:, although they used a variety of materials. This
404:was predominantly manufacturing simple pebble and
4796:"Europe's oldest jaw: evidence of oral pathology"
1918:is predominantly known from the 10–11.5-year-old
1431:Trinidad Torres investigated the Gran Dolina for
8356:
5217:"The diet of the first Europeans from Atapuerca"
4980:
4978:
3881:
3879:
3862:(2nd ed.). Thames and Hudson. p. 108.
3814:
3812:
3810:
1955:is large. Unlike most Neanderthals, there is no
1497:for "explorer", "pioneer", or "early settler").
4991:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4695:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
4984:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3709:
3677:Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française
3596:
3594:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3142:: The state of the art eighteen years later".
2091:between clavicle length and stature. An adult
1724:. In 2017 Castro and colleagues conceded that
398:walked differently compared to modern humans.
16:Archaic human species from 1 million years ago
6380:
5411:
5265:
4975:
4583:
4581:
3876:
3807:
472:
4453:
4407:human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain)".
4145:
4143:
4141:
4060:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3414:
3358:
3304:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
2883:environment encouraged the growth of olive,
1789:within the size range of the remains. Thus,
1733:is not a modern human ancestor by analysing
1635:remains from Algeria (usually classified as
420:has some similarities with the more complex
5890:
5073:
4752:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
3920:
3751:". In Barham, L.; Robson-Brown, K. (eds.).
3591:
3254:deposits through sedimentological analysis"
3173:
2341:The mandible ATE9-1 exhibits severe dental
2180:with a typical human body plan, indicating
6394:
6387:
6373:
5418:
5404:
5047:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
5037:
4578:
3934:de Castro, J. M. B.; Martinón-Torres, M.;
3020:Early expansions of hominins out of Africa
1593:is unexpectedly similar to that of modern
479:
465:
116:
5248:
5020:
5010:
4958:
4898:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
4813:
4724:
4714:
4665:
4655:
4543:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4430:
4382:
4336:
4326:
4244:
4138:
4121:
4111:
4035:
3798:
3659:
3628:
3574:
3564:
3525:
3462:
3427:
3287:
3277:
3232:
3137:
3124:
2590:
2014:(the first lower molar) is smaller than M
6310:Human evolutionary developmental biology
3710:Antón, S. C.; Middleton, E. R. (2014). "
3600:
3057:in 1955. This name is usually sunk into
2802:
2617:
2405:
2284:
2221:Like those of other archaic humans, the
2119:
1744:
1607:
1540:
1392:
5391:UNESCO Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
3431:(2008). "The first hominin of Europe".
1620:as an offshoot of the modern human line
8357:
3746:
1373:
8236:
8235:
7558:
7197:
6463:
6368:
6095:Evolutionary models of human drug use
5399:
3855:
1939:are like those of modern humans. The
457:
7559:
6335:
1740:
1530:, forearm, digits, knees, and a few
1526:skeleton are: elements of the face,
1316:
1294:
1272:
1248:
1228:
1208:
1184:
1164:
1141:
1118:
1098:
1078:
1058:
1038:
446:
367:, supplanting the more conventional
5425:
4498:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
3671:[The deposits of Ternifine and
2046:just below the ear is fused to the
1388:
140:Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid
13:
5354:
3716:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
2148:with a low angle of about 8°. The
1737:collected from the tooth ATD6-92.
351:cave in 1994, and the species was
14:
8406:
7511:Megalithic architectural elements
5384:
5181:Journal of Archaeological Science
4985:Roebroeks, W.; Villa, P. (2011).
4628:"Evolutionary development of the
4261:Journal of Archaeological Science
2615:as opposed to natural bushfires.
1852:optically stimulated luminescence
1584:
7198:
6346:
6334:
6323:
6322:
4851:, Gran Dolina-Atapuerca (Spain)"
2499:
2490:
2479:
2470:
2128:with a camera lens cap for scale
1894:
1883:
1818:teeth from TD6 were dated using
150:
125:The "Boy of Gran Dolina" fossils
41:
8365:1994 archaeological discoveries
8130:Evolutionary origin of religion
5305:
5208:
5167:
5129:
4917:
4884:
4838:
4787:
4741:
4682:
4619:
4533:
4484:
4447:
4399:
4345:
4288:
4192:
3980:
3849:
3774:
3740:
3703:
3665:"Le gisement de Ternifine et l'
3653:
3080:
3043:
2660:with open forests dominated by
2052:squamous part of temporal bones
1612:Human family tree according to
3487:
2934:
2856:, and undetermined species of
2779:, and undetermined species of
2296:Natural History Museum, London
2280:
1838:electron spin resonance dating
1687:American palaeoanthropologist
1500:The 25 m (82 ft) of
1037:
1:
8395:Fossil taxa described in 1997
7743:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
7273:British megalith architecture
5369:] (in Spanish). Crítica.
4157:Journal of Quaternary Science
3890:subadult facial morphology".
3724:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_688
3210:10.1126/science.276.5317.1392
3138:de Castro, J.-M. B. (2015). "
3117:
2939:Eighty young adult and child
2401:
1947:is modern humanlike, and the
1691:stated he was skeptical that
1455:José María Bermúdez de Castro
7738:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
7278:Nordic megalith architecture
5361:de Castro, J.-M. B. (2002).
5328:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.010
5153:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.06.002
5107:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.012
5067:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.006
4605:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.06.008
4478:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.011
4423:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012
4375:10.1016/j.quageo.2022.101292
4328:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.05.001
4113:10.1371/journal.pone.0190889
3906:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.012
3566:10.1371/journal.pone.0088329
3511:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.005
3156:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.049
3055:Atlantanthropus mauritanicus
2998:Early European modern humans
2722:, the extinct subspecies of
2312:
2101:early European modern humans
1773:dragged into the cave via a
1643:Atlantanthropus mauritanicus
1484:is specimen ATD6-5, a right
7:
6353:Evolutionary biology Portal
3603:"What makes a modern human"
2980:
2960:interpreted as evidence of
2911:predominantly derives from
2686:probably migrated from the
2256:pushed off the ground. The
1374:
596:
439:
10:
8411:
7886:British Isles and Brittany
7807:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
5363:El chico de la Gran Dolina
5315:Journal of Human Evolution
5140:Journal of Human Evolution
5094:Journal of Human Evolution
4951:10.1038/s41598-020-68617-8
4878:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.04.014
4657:10.1038/s41598-021-83039-w
4592:Journal of Human Evolution
4410:Journal of Human Evolution
4209:Journal of Human Evolution
3893:Journal of Human Evolution
3718:. Springer. p. 3462.
3498:Journal of Human Evolution
3387:Journal of Human Evolution
3323:Journal of Human Evolution
2396:
1869:
1843:In 2018 ESR dating of the
1826:to over 780,000 years ago.
1453:but quickly taken over by
8244:
8088:
7901:
7728:
7575:
7571:
7554:
7440:
7404:
7253:
7210:
7206:
7193:
7000:
6831:
6804:
6729:
6655:
6646:
6551:
6476:
6472:
6464:
6459:
6402:
6318:
6298:Evolutionary anthropology
6275:
6249:
6202:
6140:
6059:
6018:
6011:
5957:
5881:
5804:
5729:
5683:
5676:
5659:
5619:
5555:
5526:
5490:
5481:
5448:
5433:
5202:10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016
5091:subsistence strategies".
4282:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.013
4020:10.1038/s41586-020-2153-8
3945:Evolutionary Anthropology
2728:Cervus elaphus acoronatus
2715:, the extinct species of
2625:may have moved along the
2210:. Like modern humans and
1953:medial pterygoid tubercle
293:
286:
147:Scientific classification
145:
124:
115:
23:
4457:Quaternary International
4355:Quaternary Geochronology
4306:Quaternary Geochronology
3990:"The dental proteome of
3942:(1997–2017): a review".
3144:Quaternary International
3036:
2829:Panthera gombaszoegensis
2577:
2562:tools: notches, spines,
2461:
2441:
2191:
2082:The notably large adult
2077:
2044:temporal styloid process
1874:
1671:H. ergaster mauritanicus
489:
339:recorded in the Spanish
8390:Prehistoric cannibalism
8118:Evolutionary musicology
7521:Oldest extant buildings
7448:Archaeological features
6967:Prepared-core technique
6204:Origin of modern humans
5012:10.1073/pnas.1018116108
4815:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.176
4716:10.1073/pnas.1006772107
2741:Stephanorhinus etruscus
2702:
2629:highlighted above (the
2066:cm for females, with a
1361:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1220:Dispersal beyond Africa
8080:Unchambered long cairn
7928:Mound Builders culture
7261:Neolithic architecture
6396:Prehistoric technology
4858:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4801:British Dental Journal
4222:10.1006/jhev.1999.0326
3689:10.3406/bspf.1955.3159
3400:10.1006/jhev.1999.0342
3336:10.1006/jhev.1999.0324
3003:Happisburgh footprints
2826:, the extinct big cat
2811:
2672:, and in wetter areas
2638:
2591:Fire and palaeoclimate
2415:
2298:
2129:
2126:Happisburgh footprints
2070:of roughly 115 and 100
2062:cm for males and 1,130
1914:The facial anatomy of
1820:uranium–thorium dating
1757:
1621:
1550:
1435:fossils (he recovered
1402:
492:−10 —
385:cm for males and 1,130
8370:Early species of Homo
8337:Paleobiology Database
7755:List of Stone Age art
6957:Microblade technology
6905:Langdale axe industry
6503:Ard / plough
6212:Recent African origin
5450:Last common ancestors
3833:Yale University Press
3601:Stringer, C. (2012).
2922:There is no evidence
2806:
2621:
2409:
2288:
2225:features a developed
2123:
1748:
1611:
1544:
1418:Francisco Jordá Cerdá
1396:
582:−1 —
572:−2 —
562:−3 —
552:−4 —
542:−5 —
532:−6 —
522:−7 —
512:−8 —
502:−9 —
328:"pioneer man") is an
8380:Pleistocene primates
8162:Prehistoric medicine
8157:Prehistoric counting
8140:Prehistoric religion
8135:Paleolithic religion
8113:Behavioral modernity
7470:Causewayed enclosure
7362:Abri de la Madeleine
6486:Neolithic Revolution
6227:Behavioral modernity
6217:Multiregional origin
5997:archaic Homo sapiens
5992:Homo heidelbergensis
5937:Red Deer Cave people
5278:Current Anthropology
4495:permanent canines".
3835:. pp. 190–191.
3009:Homo heidelbergensis
2756:Vulpes praeglacialis
2738:, the extinct rhino
2525:flakes as well as a
2427:Barranc de la Boella
1840:(ESR) on more teeth.
1626:palaeoanthropologist
1176:Earliest stone tools
357:last common ancestor
8201:Prehistoric warfare
6947:Magdalenian culture
6910:Levallois technique
6841:Earliest toolmaking
5864:H. neanderthalensis
5784:H. e. tautavelensis
5367:The Gran Dolina boy
5233:2017NatSR...743319P
5194:2015JArSc..53..570A
5059:2016JArSR...9..427R
5003:2011PNAS..108.5209R
4943:2020NatSR..1013802M
4870:2016CRPal..15.1011M
4707:2010PNAS..10711739B
4701:(26): 11739–11744.
4648:2021NatSR..11.4102G
4470:2011QuInt.243...80M
4367:2022QuGeo..7101292D
4319:2018QuGeo..47..120D
4274:2013JArSc..40.4586P
4170:2013JQS....28..311B
4104:2018PLoSO..1390889M
4012:2020Natur.580..235W
3621:2012Natur.485...33S
3557:2014PLoSO...988329A
3455:10.1038/nature06815
3447:2008Natur.452..465C
3270:2016NatSR...634799C
3204:(5317): 1392–1395.
2879:The cool and humid
2860:, boar, bison, and
2832:, the extinct lynx
2808:Sierra de Atapuerca
2765:, the extinct wolf
2759:, the extinct bear
2736:Bison voigstedtensi
2631:Sierra de Atapuerca
2271:articular cartilage
2198:early modern humans
1703:as "an offshoot of
1629:Jean-Jacques Hublin
1407:Sierra de Atapuerca
408:stone tools out of
341:Sierra de Atapuerca
8152:Origin of language
8145:Spiritual drug use
8055:Rectangular dolmen
7957:Dartmoor kistvaens
7770:Carved stone balls
7482:Circular enclosure
7441:Other architecture
7384:Alp pile dwellings
6972:Solutrean industry
6883:Gravettian culture
6533:Secondary products
6051:Self-domestication
5842:H. heidelbergensis
5791:H. e. yuanmouensis
5756:H. e. lantianensis
5483:Australopithecines
5221:Scientific Reports
4931:Scientific Reports
4765:10.1002/ajpa.24010
4636:Scientific Reports
4556:10.1002/ajpa.10092
4511:10.4436/JASS.99001
3958:10.1002/evan.21540
3800:10.4000/bmsap.4623
3258:Scientific Reports
3025:Paleolithic Europe
2874:Hermann's tortoise
2841:Vulpes alopecoides
2838:, the extinct fox
2835:Lynx issiodorensis
2812:
2768:Canis mosbachensis
2753:, the extinct fox
2713:bush-antlered deer
2690:shore into inland
2676:, with patches of
2639:
2542:namely quartzite,
2416:
2299:
2227:trochanteric fossa
2212:H. heidelbergensis
2176:is similar to all
2130:
2115:H. heidelbergensis
2068:standard deviation
1924:Middle Pleistocene
1824:palaeomagnetically
1758:
1756:with detail on TD6
1717:H. heidelbergensis
1697:H. heidelbergensis
1683:H. heidelbergensis
1622:
1603:H. heidelbergensis
1551:
1467:formally described
1443:Sima de los Huesos
1403:
1397:Excavation of the
977:H. heidelbergensis
373:in this position.
370:H. heidelbergensis
353:formally described
307:Bermúdez de Castro
279:H. antecessor
8385:Prehistoric Spain
8375:Lower Paleolithic
8352:
8351:
8324:Open Tree of Life
8238:Taxon identifiers
8229:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8174:Prehistoric music
8123:music archaeology
7780:Cup and ring mark
7605:Clothing/textiles
7550:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7184:
6992:Yubetsu technique
6977:Striking platform
6942:Lithic technology
6827:
6826:
6812:Game drive system
6731:Projectile points
6623:Mortar and pestle
6362:
6361:
6303:Paleoanthropology
6245:
6244:
6222:Archaic admixture
6100:Stoned ape theory
6036:Endurance running
5953:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5800:
5799:
5763:H. e. nankinensis
5719:H. tsaichangensis
5655:
5654:
5376:978-84-8432-317-4
5241:10.1038/srep43319
4997:(13): 5209–5214.
4268:(12): 4586–4595.
4006:(7802): 235–238.
3869:978-0-500-29063-7
3842:978-0-300-10047-1
3767:978-0-9535418-4-3
3733:978-1-4419-0426-3
3441:(7186): 465–469.
3279:10.1038/srep34799
3051:Camille Arambourg
2720:Dama vallonetensi
2382:fourth metatarsal
2336:dentigerous cysts
2216:radial tuberosity
2152:(that houses the
2150:vertebral foramen
2048:base of the skull
2002:is smaller than P
1831:cosmogenic dating
1741:Age and taphonomy
1695:was ancestral to
1659:Homo mauritanicus
1463:Juan Luis Arsuaga
1386:
1385:
1378:million years ago
1337:
1336:
1315:
1314:
1293:
1292:
1285:Earliest rock art
1271:
1270:
1247:
1246:
1240:Earliest language
1227:
1226:
1207:
1206:
1183:
1182:
1163:
1162:
1153:Earliest sign of
1140:
1139:
1130:Earliest sign of
1117:
1116:
1097:
1096:
1077:
1076:
1057:
1056:
700:Ou. macedoniensis
345:Early Pleistocene
317:
316:
31:Early Pleistocene
8402:
8345:
8344:
8332:
8331:
8319:
8318:
8306:
8305:
8293:
8292:
8280:
8279:
8278:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8233:
8232:
8189:Divje Babe flute
8096:Archaeoastronomy
7839:Petrosomatoglyph
7573:
7572:
7556:
7555:
7405:Water management
7208:
7207:
7195:
7194:
7098:Denticulate tool
6920:Lithic reduction
6653:
6652:
6474:
6473:
6461:
6460:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6366:
6365:
6350:
6338:
6337:
6326:
6325:
6262:Human prehistory
6237:Recent evolution
6232:Early migrations
6174:Thermoregulation
6075:Expensive tissue
6046:Sexual selection
6016:
6015:
5888:
5887:
5770:H. e. pekinensis
5681:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5589:A. bahrelghazali
5558:Australopithecus
5488:
5487:
5458:Chimpanzee–human
5446:
5445:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5397:
5396:
5380:
5348:
5347:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5084:
5071:
5070:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5024:
5014:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4864:(8): 1011–1016.
4855:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4817:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4659:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4330:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4257:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4216:(3–4): 343–352.
4205:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4178:10.1002/jqs.2622
4147:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4115:
4081:
4058:
4057:
4039:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3931:
3918:
3917:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3816:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3793:(3–4): 149–167.
3778:
3772:
3771:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3632:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3466:
3425:
3412:
3411:
3394:(3–4): 459–499.
3377:
3356:
3355:
3317:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3264:(34799): 34799.
3245:
3230:
3229:
3190:
3171:
3170:
3135:
3111:
3084:
3078:
3047:
2993:Dmanisi hominins
2762:Ursus dolinensis
2610:
2503:
2494:
2483:
2474:
2164:pronounced. The
2073:
2065:
2061:
1957:retromolar space
1945:mandibular notch
1898:
1887:
1771:
1735:ancient proteins
1616:, 2012, showing
1459:Eudald Carbonell
1451:Emiliano Aguirre
1426:
1389:Research history
1366:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1307:Earliest clothes
1300:
1295:
1287:
1278:
1273:
1254:
1249:
1234:
1229:
1214:
1209:
1196:Earliest sign of
1190:
1185:
1170:
1165:
1155:Australopithecus
1147:
1142:
1124:
1119:
1110:Earliest bipedal
1104:
1099:
1090:Chimpanzee split
1084:
1079:
1064:
1059:
1044:
1039:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1009:
993:
979:
965:
937:
924:
904:
891:
863:
861:Australopithecus
850:
835:
818:
805:
781:
768:
755:
742:
729:
716:
704:
685:
672:
659:
647:
633:
620:
607:
605:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
481:
474:
467:
461:
451:
450:Hominin timeline
444:
388:
384:
302:
298:
155:
154:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
8410:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8340:
8335:
8327:
8322:
8314:
8309:
8301:
8296:
8288:
8283:
8276:Homo antecessor
8274:
8273:
8268:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8246:Homo antecessor
8240:
8230:
8217:
8084:
8070:Stone box grave
8040:Megalithic tomb
7945:Cotswold-Severn
7897:
7802:Guardian stones
7730:Prehistoric art
7724:
7567:
7542:
7531:Timber trackway
7436:
7400:
7396:Wattle and daub
7249:
7228:Standing stones
7202:
7181:
6996:
6823:
6800:
6725:
6642:
6552:Food processing
6547:
6496:New World crops
6468:
6455:
6398:
6393:
6363:
6358:
6314:
6271:
6257:Human evolution
6241:
6198:
6142:
6136:
6115:Cooperative eye
6060:Specific models
6055:
6007:
5986:Homo antecessor
5941:
5877:
5871:H. rhodesiensis
5835:H. floresiensis
5796:
5777:H. e. soloensis
5749:H. e. georgicus
5725:
5689:H. gautengensis
5664:
5662:
5651:
5615:
5551:
5522:
5477:
5468:Orangutan–human
5437:
5429:
5427:Human evolution
5424:
5387:
5377:
5360:
5357:
5355:Further reading
5352:
5351:
5310:
5306:
5270:
5266:
5213:
5209:
5172:
5168:
5134:
5130:
5089:Homo antecessor
5085:
5074:
5042:
5038:
4983:
4976:
4922:
4918:
4911:10.1002/oa.2310
4893:Homo antecessor
4889:
4885:
4853:
4849:Homo antecessor
4843:
4839:
4792:
4788:
4746:
4742:
4687:
4683:
4630:Homo antecessor
4624:
4620:
4586:
4579:
4538:
4534:
4493:Homo antecessor
4489:
4485:
4452:
4448:
4404:
4400:
4350:
4346:
4299:Homo antecessor
4293:
4289:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4152:Homo antecessor
4148:
4139:
4082:
4061:
3992:Homo antecessor
3985:
3981:
3940:Homo antecessor
3932:
3921:
3888:Homo antecessor
3884:
3877:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3825:Homo antecessor
3817:
3808:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3757:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3708:
3704:
3673:Atlantanthropus
3658:
3654:
3630:10.1038/485033a
3615:(7396): 33–35.
3599:
3592:
3535:
3526:
3492:
3488:
3426:
3415:
3382:Homo antecessor
3378:
3359:
3330:(34): 591–622.
3318:
3305:
3252:Homo antecessor
3246:
3233:
3191:
3174:
3166:Homo antecessor
3140:Homo antecessor
3136:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3085:
3081:
3075:H. mauritanicus
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
2983:
2937:
2820:C. mosbachensis
2705:
2604:
2593:
2580:
2570:, and a single
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2444:
2404:
2399:
2371:ligament laxity
2328:root resorption
2324:dental cavities
2315:
2294:
2283:
2235:patellar tendon
2194:
2168:is narrow. The
2080:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:ATD6-96 (below)
1901:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1872:
1769:
1743:
1699:, interpreting
1624:In 2001 French
1587:
1429:palaeontologist
1420:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:H o m i n i d s
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
996:
989:
983:
982:
981:
975:
970:
968:
967:
966:
957:
949:
941:
940:
933:
927:
926:
925:
916:
908:
907:
900:
894:
893:
892:
883:
875:
867:
866:
859:
853:
852:
851:
842:
838:
837:
836:
827:
823:
822:
821:
814:
808:
807:
806:
797:
789:
785:
784:
783:
777:
772:
771:
770:
764:
759:
758:
757:
751:
746:
745:
744:
738:
733:
732:
731:
725:
720:
719:
718:
714:Chororapithecus
712:
707:
706:
705:
696:
688:
687:
681:
676:
675:
674:
670:Samburupithecus
668:
663:
662:
661:
655:
650:
649:
648:
641:
637:
636:
635:
629:
624:
623:
622:
616:
611:
610:
609:
603:
601:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
485:
459:
453:
449:
442:
428:specimens were
386:
382:
355:in 1997 as the
321:Homo antecessor
313:
304:
300:Homo antecessor
296:
295:
282:
149:
138:
132:
126:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
25:Homo antecessor
17:
12:
11:
5:
8408:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8333:
8320:
8307:
8294:
8281:
8266:
8250:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8203:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8179:Alligator drum
8171:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8106:lunar calendar
8103:
8092:
8090:
8089:Other cultural
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7907:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7893:Venus figurine
7890:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7856:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7824:Megalithic art
7821:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7782:
7777:
7775:Cave paintings
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7577:Material goods
7569:
7568:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7496:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7376:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7300:
7295:
7293:Cliff dwelling
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7204:
7203:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7012:
7006:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6878:Fire hardening
6875:
6870:
6868:Clovis culture
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6837:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6791:Manis Mastodon
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6735:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6691:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6670:throwing stick
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6482:
6480:
6470:
6469:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6392:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6369:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6267:Human timeline
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6090:Drunken monkey
6084:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6019:General models
6013:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
5963:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5907:
5898:
5896:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5823:
5818:
5810:
5808:
5806:Archaic humans
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5737:
5735:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5715:
5711:H. rudolfensis
5707:
5700:
5693:
5684:
5678:
5671:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5632:P. aethiopicus
5627:
5625:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5563:
5561:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5534:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5513:
5510:Sahelanthropus
5506:
5499:
5496:Nakalipithecus
5491:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5443:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5385:External links
5383:
5382:
5381:
5375:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5304:
5291:10.1086/653807
5285:(4): 539–549.
5264:
5207:
5166:
5147:(4): 503–509.
5128:
5101:(4): 425–446.
5072:
5036:
4974:
4916:
4905:(4): 564–573.
4883:
4837:
4808:(5): 243–245.
4786:
4759:(4): 733–741.
4740:
4681:
4642:(4102): 4102.
4618:
4599:(4): 610–623.
4577:
4532:
4483:
4446:
4398:
4344:
4287:
4243:
4191:
4164:(3): 311–319.
4137:
4098:(1): 0190889.
4059:
3979:
3952:(4): 157–171.
3936:Arsuaga, J. L.
3919:
3900:(4): 404–423.
3875:
3868:
3859:The Human Past
3848:
3841:
3821:Tattersall, I.
3806:
3773:
3766:
3739:
3732:
3702:
3652:
3590:
3524:
3486:
3413:
3357:
3303:
3231:
3172:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3079:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2962:exocannibalism
2936:
2933:
2929:storage organs
2750:Equus stenonis
2744:, the extinct
2731:, the extinct
2704:
2701:
2643:glacial cycles
2633:lies near the
2592:
2589:
2579:
2576:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2443:
2440:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2386:march fracture
2367:osteoarthritis
2314:
2311:
2282:
2279:
2208:biceps brachii
2193:
2190:
2174:shoulder blade
2079:
2076:
2028:parietal bones
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1742:
1739:
1709:Chris Stringer
1655:junior synonym
1641:, originally "
1614:Chris Stringer
1601:, supplanting
1586:
1585:Classification
1583:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
986:
985:
984:
973:
972:
971:
969:
930:
929:
928:
912:H. rudolfensis
897:
896:
895:
856:
855:
854:
841:
840:
839:
826:
825:
824:
811:
810:
809:
788:
787:
786:
775:
774:
773:
766:Graecopithecus
762:
761:
760:
753:Sahelanthropus
749:
748:
747:
736:
735:
734:
723:
722:
721:
710:
709:
708:
683:Ouranopithecus
679:
678:
677:
666:
665:
664:
657:Nakalipithecus
653:
652:
651:
640:
639:
638:
627:
626:
625:
614:
613:
612:
599:
598:
597:
595:
592:0 —
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
487:
486:
484:
483:
476:
469:
458:
455:
454:
447:
441:
438:
315:
314:
305:
291:
290:
284:
283:
275:
273:
269:
268:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:1.2–0.77
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8407:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8343:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8262:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8234:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8065:Simple dolmen
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8050:Passage grave
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7996:Gallery grave
7994:
7992:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7911:Burial mounds
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7871:Statue menhir
7869:
7867:
7864:
7860:
7859:Stone carving
7857:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7698:Sewing needle
7696:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7557:
7553:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7526:Timber circle
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7475:Tor enclosure
7473:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7463:fulacht fiadh
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7192:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6699:spear-thrower
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6677:Bow and arrow
6675:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:Grinding slab
6584:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6518:Domestication
6516:
6514:
6513:Digging stick
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6491:Founder crops
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6432:New Stone Age
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6383:
6378:
6376:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6139:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:Life history
6120:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5975:
5974:Homo ergaster
5970:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5903:H. s. sapiens
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Modern humans
5880:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5857:H. luzonensis
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5815:H. antecessor
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5742:H. e. erectus
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5658:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5596:A. deyiremeda
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5517:Kenyanthropus
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:Gorilla–human
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5273:Carbonell, E.
5268:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4850:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:Homo ergaster
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:(52): 94–95.
3682:
3679:(in French).
3678:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:Arambourg, C.
3656:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:(2): e88329.
3550:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3464:2027.42/62855
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:Carbonell, E.
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:H. antecessor
2967:
2966:H. antecessor
2963:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:H. antecessor
2946:
2942:
2941:H. antecessor
2932:
2930:
2925:
2924:H. antecessor
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:H. antecessor
2902:
2901:H. antecessor
2899:trees, which
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:U. dolinensis
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:H. antecessor
2794:
2793:H. antecessor
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:spotted hyena
2770:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:H. antecessor
2700:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2688:Mediterranean
2685:
2684:H. antecessor
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:H. antecessor
2620:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2493:
2482:
2473:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:H. antecessor
2413:
2408:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2307:H. antecessor
2304:
2297:
2292:
2291:H. antecessor
2287:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2262:H. antecessor
2259:
2255:
2254:H. antecessor
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:H. antecessor
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:H. antecessor
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:neck vertebra
2135:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:H. antecessor
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:Indian people
2085:
2075:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:shovel-shaped
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:alveolar part
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:H. antecessor
1930:
1925:
1921:
1920:H. antecessor
1917:
1916:H. antecessor
1907:
1897:
1886:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:Barranco León
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:H. antecessor
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:remains are:
1809:
1808:H. antecessor
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1791:H. antecessor
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:H. antecessor
1727:
1726:H. antecessor
1723:
1718:
1714:
1713:H. antecessor
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:H. antecessor
1698:
1694:
1693:H. antecessor
1690:
1689:Richard Klein
1685:
1684:
1679:
1678:H. antecessor
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:H. antecessor
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:H. antecessor
1648:
1647:H. antecessor
1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:Homo ergaster
1634:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1618:H. antecessor
1615:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:H. antecessor
1582:
1580:
1579:H. antecessor
1576:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:H. antecessor
1548:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:H. antecessor
1520:
1519:H. antecessor
1516:
1511:
1510:H. antecessor
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:archaic human
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1415:archaeologist
1412:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1348:
1346:
1330:
1329:Modern humans
1324:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1260:Earliest fire
1256:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1070:Gorilla split
1066:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1023:
1008:
995:
994:
992:
980:
978:
964:
962:
956:
954:
948:
946:
945:H. antecessor
939:
938:
936:
923:
921:
915:
913:
906:
905:
903:
890:
888:
887:Au. anamensis
882:
880:
879:Au. afarensis
874:
872:
871:Au. africanus
865:
864:
862:
849:
847:
834:
832:
820:
819:
817:
804:
802:
801:O. tugenensis
796:
794:
782:
780:
769:
767:
756:
754:
743:
741:
730:
728:
717:
715:
703:
701:
695:
693:
686:
684:
673:
671:
660:
658:
646:
645:
634:
632:
621:
619:
608:
606:
488:
482:
477:
475:
470:
468:
463:
462:
456:
452:
445:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:H. antecessor
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:H. antecessor
399:
397:
396:H. antecessor
392:
391:H. antecessor
378:
376:
375:H. antecessor
372:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:archaic human
334:
331:
327:
323:
322:
311:
308:
303:
301:
292:
289:
288:Binomial name
285:
281:
280:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
141:
136:
130:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
8245:
8006:wedge-shaped
7991:Funeral pyre
7984:Great dolmen
7940:Chamber tomb
7921:Round barrow
7876:Stone circle
7748:Blombos Cave
7676:Grooved ware
7600:Chalcolithic
7504:Thornborough
7422:Flush toilet
7357:Blombos Cave
7352:Rock shelter
7308:Quiggly hole
7200:Architecture
7175:illustration
6817:Buffalo jump
6638:Storage pits
6601:Aşıklı Höyük
6591:Ground stone
6427:Subdivisions
6351:
6339:
6327:
6194:Gender roles
6189:Intelligence
6002:Homo sapiens
6000:
5996:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5980:Homo erectus
5978:
5972:
5968:Homo habilis
5966:
5927:Manot people
5916:H. s. idaltu
5914:
5910:Jebel Irhoud
5902:
5893:Homo sapiens
5891:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5814:
5813:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5732:Homo erectus
5730:
5717:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5677:Proto-humans
5666:
5663:proto-humans
5644:
5637:
5630:
5622:Paranthropus
5620:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5582:A. anamensis
5580:
5575:A. africanus
5573:
5568:A. afarensis
5566:
5556:
5544:
5537:
5529:Ardipithecus
5527:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5473:Gibbon–human
5366:
5362:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5282:
5276:
5267:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5144:
5138:
5131:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5050:
5046:
5039:
4994:
4990:
4937:(1): 13802.
4934:
4930:
4919:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4861:
4857:
4848:
4840:
4805:
4799:
4789:
4756:
4750:
4743:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4621:
4596:
4590:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4505:(99): 1–18.
4502:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4464:(1): 80–91.
4461:
4455:
4449:
4414:
4408:
4401:
4384:10072/415775
4358:
4354:
4347:
4338:10072/381342
4310:
4304:
4298:
4290:
4265:
4259:
4246:
4213:
4207:
4194:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4095:
4089:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3982:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3858:
3851:
3828:
3824:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3753:
3749:Homo sapiens
3748:
3742:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:Atlanthropus
3666:
3655:
3612:
3606:
3548:
3542:
3505:(1): 12–25.
3502:
3496:
3489:
3438:
3432:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3327:
3321:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3201:
3195:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3091:
3082:
3074:
3073:, including
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3030:Tautavel Man
3007:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2921:
2904:
2900:
2878:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2797:
2792:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2719:
2708:
2706:
2683:
2682:
2640:
2622:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2564:denticulates
2552:
2533:
2452:
2445:
2418:
2417:
2379:
2360:
2340:
2316:
2306:
2300:
2290:
2261:
2253:
2243:
2220:
2211:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2160:
2158:
2145:
2131:
2114:
2110:
2081:
2056:frontal bone
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2007:
1961:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1857:
1844:
1814:In 1999 two
1807:
1804:interglacial
1796:
1790:
1762:stratigraphy
1759:
1750:Stratigraphy
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1667:mauritanicus
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1599:Neanderthals
1590:
1589:The face of
1588:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1523:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1490:
1474:
1436:
1404:
1357:
1342:
1198:
1154:
1132:Ardipithecus
1131:
1050:Earlier apes
1007:Neanderthals
991:Homo sapiens
988:
987:
974:
958:
950:
944:
942:
932:
931:
917:
909:
899:
898:
884:
876:
868:
858:
857:
843:
828:
816:Ardipithecus
813:
812:
798:
790:
776:
763:
750:
740:Sivapithecus
737:
727:Oreopithecus
724:
711:
697:
689:
680:
667:
654:
642:
628:
615:
600:
430:cannibalised
425:
401:
400:
395:
390:
379:
374:
368:
365:Neanderthals
320:
319:
318:
309:
299:
294:
278:
277:
264:
220:Infraorder:
129:frontal bone
24:
18:
8270:Wikispecies
8028:unchambered
8023:Long barrow
8013:Grave goods
7969:Court cairn
7964:Clava cairn
7916:Bowl barrow
7854:Rock cupule
7797:Golden hats
7790:Hill figure
7691:Unstan ware
7671:Cord-marked
7536:Sweet Track
7458:Burnt mound
7379:Stilt house
7367:Sibudu Cave
7160:Tally stick
7128:Quern-stone
7113:Hammerstone
7103:Fire plough
7074:Pesse canoe
7032:Bannerstone
7002:Other tools
6915:Lithic core
6863:Aurignacian
6751:Bare Island
6633:Quern-stone
6125:Grandmother
6080:Shore-based
6041:Aquatic ape
5932:Tam Pa Ling
5827:H. ergaster
5646:P. robustus
5322:: 228–239.
5188:: 570–577.
5053:: 427–436.
4432:10261/84112
4313:: 120–137.
3100:KNM ER 3883
3096:KNM ER 3733
3067:H. ergaster
3063:H. ergaster
3015:Neanderthal
2988:Ceprano Man
2945:cannibalism
2935:Cannibalism
2917:hackberries
2870:bone marrow
2816:E. stenonis
2800:leftovers.
2717:fallow deer
2605: [
2602:Cueva Negra
2595:Only a few
2556:hammerstone
2355:gum disease
2351:root canals
2332:keratocysts
2303:chimpanzees
2289:Bust of an
2281:Growth rate
2250:metatarsals
2154:spinal cord
2146:H. ergaster
2136:(the first
2106:Happisburgh
2040:H. ergaster
2032:H. ergaster
1937:nasal bones
1775:debris flow
1754:Gran Dolina
1711:considered
1705:H. ergaster
1575:Happisburgh
1502:Pleistocene
1421: [
1411:Gran Dolina
1399:Gran Dolina
953:H. ergaster
846:Ar. ramidus
831:Ar. kadabba
793:O. praegens
631:Pleistocene
460:This box:
349:Gran Dolina
240:Subfamily:
224:Simiiformes
8359:Categories
8167:trepanning
8060:Ring cairn
8018:Jar burial
8001:transepted
7933:U.S. sites
7834:Petroglyph
7760:Bird stone
7718:wine press
7391:Stone roof
7374:Roundhouse
7266:long house
7243:Stonehenge
7211:Ceremonial
7155:Stone tool
6982:Tool stone
6952:Metallurgy
6856:Mousterian
6833:Toolmaking
6771:Cumberland
6744:Transverse
6714:Schöningen
6606:Qesem cave
6574:Earth oven
6528:Irrigation
6439:Technology
6407:Prehistory
6164:Skin color
6149:Bipedalism
6110:Killer ape
5922:Cro-Magnon
5821:Denisovans
5697:H. habilis
5661:Humans and
5546:A. ramidus
5539:A. kadabba
4550:(4): 351.
4417:(1): 1–9.
4361:: 101292.
3118:References
3104:Sangiran 2
3094:specimens
3092:H. erectus
3088:stephanion
3059:H. erectus
2907:unit TD6,
2866:long bones
2844:, several
2697:Ebro River
2627:Ebro river
2566:, points,
2402:Technology
2390:flatfooted
2380:The right
2363:osteophyte
2258:ankle bone
2097:metatarsal
2036:H. erectus
2034:and Asian
1996:tooth root
1962:The upper
1779:floodplain
1491:antecessor
1486:mandibular
1478:antecessor
1022:Denisovans
961:Au. sediba
935:H. erectus
902:H. habilis
692:Ou. turkae
359:of modern
214:Haplorhini
210:Suborder:
8211:symbolism
8075:Tor cairn
8033:Grønsalen
7974:Cremation
7866:Sculpture
7844:Pictogram
7829:Petroform
7649:amber use
7617:Cosmetics
7427:Reservoir
7412:Check dam
7342:Pueblitos
7337:Pit-house
7320:Longhouse
7254:Dwellings
7123:Microlith
7054:Bow drill
7049:Bone tool
7042:prismatic
6851:Acheulean
6766:Cresswell
6739:Arrowhead
6665:Boomerang
6581:Granaries
6543:Terracing
6422:Stone Age
6283:Theorists
6250:Timelines
6130:Patriarch
6106:Behavior
6031:Gathering
5959:Ancestors
5704:H. naledi
5639:P. boisei
5610:A. sediba
5344:149855232
5227:: 43319.
4781:210333472
4749:Spain)".
4527:232206781
4393:248162093
4186:129402115
4054:214736611
4028:1476-4687
3823:(2007). "
3150:: 22–31.
2777:wild boar
2655:estuarine
2613:campfires
2560:retouched
2548:limestone
2544:sandstone
2523:retouched
2448:quartzite
2435:Acheulean
2412:Acheulean
2343:attrition
2319:impaction
2313:Pathology
2246:phalanges
1998:system. P
1974:bear the
1784:limestone
1633:Tighennif
1532:vertebrae
1469:as a new
920:Au. garhi
422:Acheulean
272:Species:
244:Homininae
234:Hominidae
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
133:ATD6-69 (
127:ATD6-15 (
8316:10002185
8255:Wikidata
7849:Rock art
7812:painting
7785:Geoglyph
7610:timeline
7590:Beadwork
7330:Mehrgarh
7325:Mudbrick
7233:megalith
7108:Fire-saw
6930:debitage
6925:analysis
6893:Hand axe
6873:Cupstone
6451:Glossary
6412:Timeline
6329:Category
6184:Language
6154:Skeleton
5849:H. longi
5603:A. garhi
5440:Hominins
5435:Taxonomy
5336:31182203
5259:28240290
5161:21807397
5123:36583909
5115:21802117
5031:21402905
4969:32796860
4832:22346193
4824:22402544
4773:31943140
4735:20547843
4676:33602966
4613:22921478
4572:21705705
4564:12124914
4519:33707343
4441:23481345
4238:41094440
4230:10496991
4132:29370188
4091:PLoS One
4046:32269345
3974:11442202
3966:28815959
3914:23998458
3697:27914994
3663:(1955).
3639:22552077
3585:24516637
3544:PLoS One
3519:21531443
3473:18368116
3408:10496997
3352:25096156
3344:10497001
3298:27713562
3226:31088294
3108:Trinil 2
3071:priority
2981:See also
2897:chestnut
2893:hazelnut
2858:macaques
2724:red deer
2658:mudflats
2597:charcoal
2568:scrapers
2423:industry
2347:abrasion
2231:kneecaps
2170:acromion
2084:clavicle
1984:premolar
1976:cingulum
1964:incisors
1941:mandible
1906:mandible
1816:ungulate
1802:to warm
1547:mandible
1528:clavicle
1482:holotype
644:Hominini
618:Pliocene
440:Taxonomy
418:industry
254:Hominini
230:Family:
204:Primates
194:Mammalia
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
8329:3607681
8303:4827548
8290:4454113
8261:Q310846
8206:Symbols
7817:pigment
7703:Weaving
7666:Cardium
7661:Pottery
7656:Mirrors
7644:Jewelry
7585:Baskets
7565:culture
7417:Cistern
7223:Pyramid
7165:Weapons
7143:Scraper
7133:Racloir
7093:Cleaver
7081:Chopper
6987:Uniface
6898:Grooves
6888:Hafting
6846:Oldowan
6805:Systems
6756:Cascade
6719:woomera
6709:harpoon
6682:history
6648:Hunting
6628:Pottery
6569:Cooking
6478:Farming
6444:history
6417:Outline
6341:Commons
6293:Fossils
6159:Muscles
6070:Cooking
6026:Hunting
5503:Orrorin
5299:1311044
5250:5327419
5229:Bibcode
5190:Bibcode
5055:Bibcode
5022:3069174
4999:Bibcode
4960:7429832
4939:Bibcode
4866:Bibcode
4726:2900696
4703:Bibcode
4667:7892855
4644:Bibcode
4466:Bibcode
4363:Bibcode
4315:Bibcode
4270:Bibcode
4166:Bibcode
4123:5784927
4100:Bibcode
4037:7582224
4008:Bibcode
3675:].
3647:4420496
3617:Bibcode
3576:3917592
3553:Bibcode
3481:4401629
3443:Bibcode
3289:5054435
3266:Bibcode
3218:9162001
3197:Science
3164:clade
2913:juniper
2881:montane
2854:rabbits
2781:mammoth
2572:chopper
2527:chopper
2519:hammers
2431:bifaces
2397:Culture
2275:flexion
2269:to the
2203:humeral
2186:erectus
2166:sternum
2134:atlases
2038:. Like
1980:derived
1972:canines
1929:maxilla
1870:Anatomy
1800:glacial
1752:of the
1515:Stratum
1471:species
1401:in 2012
1321:←
1299:←
1277:←
1264:cooking
1253:←
1233:←
1213:←
1189:←
1169:←
1146:←
1123:←
1103:←
1083:←
1063:←
1043:←
779:Orrorin
604:Miocene
587:–
577:–
567:–
557:–
547:–
537:–
527:–
517:–
507:–
497:–
333:species
330:extinct
297:†
276:†
260:Genus:
250:Tribe:
200:Order:
190:Class:
135:maxilla
105:↓
8184:flutes
7979:Dolmen
7903:Burial
7713:winery
7686:Linear
7516:Midden
7494:Cursus
7487:Goseck
7347:Pueblo
7298:Dugout
7283:Burdei
6962:Mining
6786:Lamoka
6781:Folsom
6761:Clovis
6618:Metate
6596:Hearth
6564:Basket
6538:Sickle
6276:Others
6179:Speech
6141:Topics
6086:Drugs
6012:Models
5373:
5342:
5334:
5297:
5257:
5247:
5176:Celtis
5159:
5121:
5113:
5029:
5019:
4967:
4957:
4830:
4822:
4779:
4771:
4733:
4723:
4674:
4664:
4611:
4570:
4562:
4525:
4517:
4439:
4391:
4236:
4228:
4184:
4130:
4120:
4052:
4044:
4034:
4026:
3999:Nature
3972:
3964:
3912:
3866:
3839:
3764:
3730:
3695:
3645:
3637:
3608:Nature
3583:
3573:
3517:
3479:
3471:
3434:Nature
3406:
3350:
3342:
3296:
3286:
3224:
3216:
2947:, and
2909:pollen
2895:, and
2885:mastic
2862:beaver
2852:, and
2850:shrews
2787:, and
2785:monkey
2775:, the
2771:, the
2692:Iberia
2666:spruce
2635:source
2546:, and
2540:quartz
2521:, and
2511:flakes
2375:strain
2267:stress
2239:vastus
2093:radius
2072:
2064:
2060:
2042:, the
2020:enamel
1787:gravel
1770:
1766:facies
1595:humans
1559:flakes
1549:ATE9-1
1480:. The
1461:, and
1032:
434:Iberia
410:quartz
387:
383:
361:humans
312:, 1997
310:et al.
8342:83085
8311:IRMNG
8101:sites
8045:Mummy
7765:Cairn
7681:Jōmon
7632:shoes
7627:Hides
7499:Henge
7453:Broch
7315:Jacal
7170:Wheel
7118:Knife
7064:Canoe
7059:Burin
7037:Blade
6935:flake
6796:Plano
6704:baton
6694:Spear
6660:Arrow
6613:Manos
6466:Tools
6288:Books
6066:Diet
5365:[
5340:S2CID
5295:S2CID
5119:S2CID
4854:(PDF)
4828:S2CID
4777:S2CID
4568:S2CID
4523:S2CID
4389:S2CID
4256:(PDF)
4234:S2CID
4204:(PDF)
4182:S2CID
4050:S2CID
3970:S2CID
3758:(PDF)
3693:JSTOR
3643:S2CID
3477:S2CID
3348:S2CID
3222:S2CID
3106:, or
3037:Notes
2889:beech
2746:horse
2733:bison
2678:heath
2674:alder
2670:birch
2647:olive
2609:]
2578:TD6.1
2536:chert
2515:cores
2462:TD6.2
2442:TD6.3
2293:child
2223:femur
2192:Limbs
2078:Torso
1875:Skull
1653:is a
1506:units
1495:Latin
1438:Ursus
1425:]
414:chert
406:flake
326:Latin
8298:GBIF
8194:gudi
7952:Cist
7881:list
7708:Wine
7637:Ötzi
7622:Glue
7595:Beds
7563:and
7561:Arts
7432:Well
7288:Cave
7218:Kiva
7148:side
7138:Rope
7086:tool
7020:bone
7010:Adze
6776:Eden
6689:Nets
6559:Fire
6523:Goad
6508:Celt
6169:Hair
5989:) →
5667:Homo
5371:ISBN
5332:PMID
5255:PMID
5157:PMID
5111:PMID
5027:PMID
4965:PMID
4820:PMID
4769:PMID
4731:PMID
4672:PMID
4609:PMID
4560:PMID
4515:PMID
4437:PMID
4226:PMID
4128:PMID
4042:PMID
4024:ISSN
3962:PMID
3910:PMID
3864:ISBN
3837:ISBN
3762:ISBN
3728:ISBN
3635:PMID
3581:PMID
3515:PMID
3469:PMID
3404:PMID
3340:PMID
3294:PMID
3214:PMID
3162:Homo
2846:rats
2789:lynx
2703:Food
2662:pine
2649:and
2456:core
2345:and
2334:and
2248:and
2244:The
2178:Homo
2142:axis
2132:Two
2124:The
2074:cm.
2026:The
2008:Homo
1988:cusp
1966:are
1864:Orce
1722:Homo
1715:and
1657:of "
1564:Homo
1545:The
1536:ribs
1534:and
1476:Homo
1433:bear
1405:The
1199:Homo
480:edit
473:talk
466:view
412:and
363:and
265:Homo
44:PreꞒ
8285:EoL
7303:Hut
7238:row
7069:Oar
7027:Axe
7015:Awl
5983:(→
5874:(?)
5852:(?)
5830:(?)
5722:(?)
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5692:(?)
5324:doi
5320:131
5287:doi
5245:PMC
5237:doi
5198:doi
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5103:doi
5063:doi
5017:PMC
5007:doi
4995:108
4955:PMC
4947:doi
4907:doi
4874:doi
4810:doi
4806:212
4761:doi
4757:171
4721:PMC
4711:doi
4699:107
4662:PMC
4652:doi
4601:doi
4552:doi
4548:118
4507:doi
4474:doi
4462:243
4427:hdl
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4379:hdl
4371:doi
4333:hdl
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4278:doi
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4118:PMC
4108:doi
4032:PMC
4016:doi
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3954:doi
3902:doi
3827:".
3795:doi
3720:doi
3714:".
3685:doi
3625:doi
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3571:PMC
3561:doi
3507:doi
3459:hdl
3451:doi
3439:452
3396:doi
3384:".
3332:doi
3284:PMC
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3206:doi
3202:276
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3148:433
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74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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