Horseshoe bat - Knowledge

1182: 1291: 1122: 762: 1359: 1857: 1319:, meaning that when individuals are calling, they are producing sound more than 30% of the time. The use of high duty, constant-frequency echolocation aids in distinguishing prey items based on size. These echolocation characteristics are typical of bats that search for moving prey items in cluttered environments full of foliage. They echolocate at particularly high frequencies for bats, though not as high as hipposiderids relative to their body sizes, and the majority concentrate most of the echolocation energy into the second harmonic. The 809: 571: 56: 854: 679: 901: 881: 31: 717: 789: 1516:. This causes the interval between fertilization and birth to vary between two and three months. Gestation takes approximately seven weeks before a single offspring is born, called a pup. Individuals reach sexual maturity by age two. While lifespans typically do not exceed six or seven years, some individuals may have extraordinarily long lives. A greater horseshoe bat individual was once banded and then rediscovered thirty years later. 1350:. This allows them to produce and receive sounds simultaneously. Within horseshoe bats, there is a negative relationship between ear length and echolocation frequency: Species with higher echolocation frequencies tend to have shorter ear lengths. During echolocation, the ears can move independently of each other in a "flickering" motion characteristic of the family, while the head simultaneously moves up and down or side to side. 1201:, earning them the common name of "horseshoe bats". The horseshoe is above the upper lip and is thin and flat. The lancet is triangular, pointed, and pocketed, and points up between the bats' eyes. The sella is a flat, ridge-like structure at the center of the nose. It rises from behind the nostrils and points out perpendicular from the head. Their ears are large and leaf-shaped, nearly as broad as they are long, and lack 274:, weighing 4–28 g (0.14–0.99 oz), with forearm lengths of 30–75 mm (1.2–3.0 in) and combined lengths of head and body of 35–110 mm (1.4–4.3 in). The fur, long and smooth in most species, can be reddish-brown, blackish, or bright orange-red. They get their common name from their large 1978:

During the period from 2003 to 2018, forty-seven SARS-related coronaviruses were detected in bats, forty-five in horseshoe bats. Thirty SARS-related coronaviruses were from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats, nine from greater horseshoe bats, two from big-eared horseshoe bats, two from the least horseshoe

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Yuan J, Hon CC, Li Y, Wang D, Xu G, Zhang H, Zhou P, Poon LL, Lam TT, Leung FC, Shi Z. Intraspecies diversity of SARS-like coronaviruses in Rhinolophus sinicus and its implications for the origin of SARS coronaviruses in humans. J Gen Virol. 2010 Apr;91(Pt 4):1058–62. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.016378-0.

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Horeshoe bats have very small eyes and their field of vision is limited by their large nose-leafs; thus, vision is unlikely to be a very important sense. Instead, they use echolocation to navigate, employing some of the most sophisticated echolocation of any bat group. To echolocate, they produce

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to conserve energy. During torpor, their body temperature drops to as low as 16 °C (61 °F) and their metabolic rates slow. Torpor is employed by horseshoe bats in temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical regions. Torpor has a short duration; when torpor is employed consistently for days,

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may catch prey in their uropatagia and transfer it to their mouths, horseshoe bats do not use their uropatagia to catch prey. At least one species, the greater horseshoe bat, has been documented catching prey in the tip of its wing by bending the phalanges around it, then transferring it to its

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while still in utero, with the teeth resorbed into the body. They are born with the four permanent canine teeth erupted, which enables them to cling to their mothers. This is atypical among bat families, as most newborns have at least some milk teeth at birth, which are quickly replaced by the

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on their chests. Adult females additionally have two teat-like projections on their abdomens, called pubic nipples or false nipples, which are not connected to mammary glands. Only a few other bat families have pubic nipples, including Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, Megadermatidae, and

2048:(MRV), including a type 1 MRV isolated from the lesser horseshoe bat and a type 2 MRV isolated from the least horseshoe bat. The specific MRVs found in horseshoe bats have not been linked to human infection, though humans can become ill through exposure to other MRVs. The 2205:. It is also used as a purported treatment for baldness and partial paralysis. In Senegal, there are anecdotal reports of horseshoe bats being used in potions to treat mental illness; in Vietnam, a pharmaceutical company reported using 50 t (50,000 kg) of horseshoe bat 1335:) are examples of outlier species that concentrate energy into the first harmonic rather than the second. Their highly furrowed nose-leafs likely assist in focusing the emission of sound, reducing the effect of environmental clutter. The nose-leaf in general acts like a 1669:, including Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. The greater horseshoe bat has the greatest geographic range of any horseshoe bat, occurring across Europe, North Africa, Japan, China, and southern Asia. Other species are much more restricted, like the 1685:, and foliage. They occur in both forested and unforested habitat, with the majority of species occurring in tropical or subtropical areas. For the species that hibernate, they select caves with an ambient temperature of approximately 11 °C (52 °F). 2018:. Research on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 indicates that bats were the natural reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2. It is yet unclear how the virus was transmitted to humans, though an intermediate host may have been involved. It was once believed to be the 286:

to detect prey in areas of high environmental clutters. They hunt insects and spiders, swooping down on prey from a perch, or gleaning from foliage. Little is known about their mating systems, but at least one species is monogamous, while another is

1149:), weighs 16.5–28 g (0.58–0.99 oz). Fur color is highly variable among species, ranging from blackish to reddish brown to bright orange-red. The underparts are paler than the back fur. The majority of species have long, soft fur, but the 522:. The species have been frequently rearranged among the groups as new groups are added, new species are described, and relationships among species are revised. Fifteen species groups were given by Csorba and colleagues in 2003. Various 4436:

Evidence from the sequence analyses clearly indicates that the reservoir host of the virus was a bat, probably a Chinese or Intermediate horseshoe bat, and it is probable that, like SARS-CoV, an intermediate host was the source of the

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and associated genera as part of Rhinolophidae as recently as the early 2000s, though they are now most often recognized as a separate family. After the split into Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae, further divisions were proposed for

1398:. The other strategy is known as perch feeding: Individuals roost on feeding perches and wait for prey to fly past, then fly out to capture it. Foraging usually occurs 5.0–5.9 m (16.5–19.5 ft) above the ground. While 242:

and many species groups. The most recent common ancestor of all horseshoe bats lived 34–40 million years ago, though it is unclear where the geographic roots of the family are, and attempts to determine its

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likely harbored the direct ancestor of SARS-CoV in humans. Though horseshoe bats appeared to be the natural reservoir of SARS-related coronaviruses, humans likely became sick through contact with infected

1536:, though the sexes remain together all year in others. Individuals hunt solitarily. Because their hind limbs are poorly developed, they cannot scuttle on flat surfaces nor climb adeptly like other bats. 609:

of horseshoe bats is poorly understood. Various studies have proposed that the family originated in Europe, Asia, or Africa. A 2010 study supported an Asian or Oriental origin of the family, with rapid

1430:. These factors give them increased agility, and they are capable of making quick, tight turns at slow speeds. Relative to all bats, horseshoe bat wingspans are typical for their body sizes, and their 1390:, and employ two main foraging strategies. The first strategy is flying slow and low over the ground, hunting among trees and bushes. Some species who use this strategy are able to hover over prey and 624:, both Eurasian species, are more closely related to African species than to other Eurasian species, suggesting that rhinolophids may have a complex biogeographical relationship with Asia and the 1382:. In comparing the two families, horseshoe bats have lower aspect ratios, lower wing loading, larger wing areas, and rounder wing tips. Molossids are adapted for fast, less maneuverable flight. 2643:

Amador, L. I.; Arévalo, R. L. M.; Almeida, F. C.; Catalano, S. A.; Giannini, N. P. (2018). "Bat systematics in the light of unconstrained analyses of a comprehensive molecular supermatrix".

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Mikula, Peter; Morelli, Federico; Lučan, Radek K.; Jones, Darryl N.; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective: Predation of bats by diurnal birds".

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Huihua, Zhao; Shuyi, Zhang; Mingxue, Zuo; Jiang, Zhou (2003). "Correlations between call frequency and ear length in bats belonging to the families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae".

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The mating systems of horseshoe bats are poorly understood. A review in 2000 noted that only about 4% of species had published information about their mating systems; along with the

1133:. Individuals have a head and body length ranging 35–110 mm (1.4–4.3 in) and have forearm lengths of 30–75 mm (1.2–3.0 in). One of the smaller species, the 2098:: only 8% of insectivorous species are hunted for food, compared to half of all megabat species in the Old World tropics. Horseshoe bats are hunted for food, particularly in 1470:(Molossidae), they had received the least attention of any bat family relative to their species diversity. At least one species, the greater horseshoe bat, appears to have a 1711: 307: 1532:, forming aggregations of thousands of individuals. The majority of species are moderately social. In some species, the sexes segregate annually when females form 1265:, all of their toes have three phalanges. This distinguishes them from hipposiderids, which have two phalanges in all toes. The tail is completely enclosed in the 3103: 4519:

Guo, Wen-Ping; Lin, Xian-Dan; Wang, Wen; Tian, Jun-Hua; Cong, Mei-Li; Zhang, Hai-Lin; Wang, Miao-Ruo; Zhou, Run-Hong; Wang, Jian-Bo; Li, Ming-Hui; Xu, Jianguo;

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Stoffberg, Samantha; Jacobs, David S.; MacKie, Iain J.; Matthee, Conrad A. (2010). "Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of Rhinolophus bats".

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Stoffberg, Samantha; Jacobs, David S.; MacKie, Iain J.; Matthee, Conrad A. (2010). "Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of Rhinolophus bats".

1224:, but the middle lower premolars are often missing, as well as the anterior upper premolars (premolars towards the front of the mouth). The young lose their 2197:; the oil is ready when it gives off a distinct and unpleasant smell. Traditional medicinal uses of the bat oil include removing "earbugs", reported to be 3858:

Ancillotto, L.; Venturi, G.; Russo, D. (2019). "Presence of humans and domestic cats affects bat behaviour in an urban nursery of greater horseshoe bats (

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Boni, Maciej F.; Lemey, Philippe; Jiang, Xiaowei; Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk; Perry, Blair W.; Castoe, Todd A.; Rambaut, Andrew; Robertson, David L. (2020).

2498:"Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago" 1635: 1623: 2065: 2064:

known from southern India. Kyasanur Forest disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, and has a mortality rate of 2–10%.

2867:"Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): Expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics" 1197:. The nose-leafs are important in species identification, and are composed of several parts. The front of the nose-leaf resembles and is called a 385:

is credited as the first to recognize horseshoe bats as a separate family, using Rhinolophidae in 1836. While Bell is sometimes recognized as the

5853: 4044:"Gastrointestinal digeneans (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of horseshoe and vesper bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae) in Serbia" 458:

further divided the hipposiderids from the horseshoe bats in 1907, recognizing Hipposideridae as a distinct family. Some authors have considered

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Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum, (Natural History): The orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia

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Sharifi, Mozafar; Taghinezhad, Najmeh; Mozafari, Fatema; Vaissi, Somaye (2013). "Variation in ectoparasite load in the Mehely's horseshoe bat,

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of the ears are conspicuous. Their eyes are very small. The skull always has a rostral inflation, or bony protrusion on the snout. The typical

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Rhinopomatidae; they serve as attachment points for their offspring. In a few horseshoe bat species, males have a false nipple in each armpit.

5905: 1900: 490:, doing so in 1905. Species groups are a way of clustering species to reflect evolutionary relationships. He recognized six species groups: 3378:"Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): Wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation" 3152:

Hermanson, J. W.; Woods, C. A.; Howell, K. M. (1982). "Dental ontogeny in the Old World leaf-nosed bats (Rhinolophidae, Hipposiderinae)".

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Like all cave-roosting bats, cave-roosting horseshoe bats are vulnerable to disturbance of their cave habitats. Disturbance can include

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Demos, Terrence C.; Webala, Paul W.; Goodman, Steven M.; Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C.; Bartonjo, Michael; Patterson, Bruce D. (2019).

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in the fall, while other species mate in the spring. Many horseshoe bat species have the adaptation of delayed fertilization through

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tested positive for the virus. The bats' viruses were highly similar to SARS-CoV, with 88–92% similarity. Intraspecies diversity of

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Kotti, B. K. (2018). "Distribution and Specificity of Host-Parasite Associations of Fleas (Siphonaptera) in the Central Caucasus".

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weeks, or months, it is known as hibernation. Hibernation is used by horseshoe bats in temperate regions during the winter months.

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Ancillotto, Leonardo; Serangeli, Maria Tiziana; Russo, Danilo (2013). "Curiosity killed the bat: Domestic cats as bat predators".

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Taylor, Peter J.; Stoffberg, Samantha; Monadjem, Ara; Schoeman, Martinus Corrie; Bayliss, Julian; Cotterill, Fenton P. D. (2012).

5866: 4728: 3603:"Hibernation and Torpor in Tropical and Subtropical Bats in Relation to Energetics, Extinctions, and the Evolution of Endothermy" 2819:(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from peninsular Malaysia: Description of a new species based on genetic and morphological characters" 2761:

Happold, M.; Cotterill, F. P. D. (2013). Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).

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does not implant into the uterine wall for an extended period of time. The greater horseshoe bat has the adaptation of delayed

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echolocation, horseshoe bats use constant-frequency echolocation (also known as single-frequency echolocation). They have high

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Spassky, 1994 (Eucestoda: Hymenolepididae) from China, with description of a new species in bats (Chiroptera:: Rhinolophidae)"

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is approximately seven weeks and one offspring is produced at a time. A typical lifespan is six or seven years, but one

3037:, is known from the Miocene of Europe (Heller 1936; Sigb and Legendre 1983; Hand 1984; cf. Simpson 1945 and Hall 1989) 2950: 3756: 454:, additionally proposing the subfamilies Phyllorhininae (for the hipposiderids) and Rhinolophinae. American zoologist 238:, family Hipposideridae, which have sometimes been included in Rhinolophidae. The horseshoe bats are divided into six 4460: 3653: 3539: 3514: 3200: 2770: 2480: 2427: 5957: 5806: 2068:, a kind of hantavirus, has been detected in the intermediate horseshoe bat, Chinese rufous horseshoe bat, and the 356: 158: 5910: 1009:

may be undersampled in the Afrotropical realm, with one genetic study estimating that there could be up to twelve

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are seen in horseshoe bats. Some species are solitary, with individuals roosting alone, while others are highly

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Horvat, Ž.; Čabrilo, B.; Paunović, M.; Karapandža, B.; Jovanović, J.; Budinski, I.; Bjelić Čabrilo, O. (2017).

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Webster, Frederic A.; Griffin, Donald R. (1962). "The role of the flight membranes in insect capture by bats".

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Volleth, Marianne; Loidl, Josef; Mayer, Frieder; Yong, Hoi-Sen; Müller, Stefan; Heller, Klaus-Gerhard (2015).

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species, the sperm storage timing coincides with hibernation. Other species like Lander's horseshoe bat have

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In the market in Wuhan where the SARS-CoV-2 was detected, 96% had a similarity to a virus isolated from the

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Gaisler, J. (2013). Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).

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may hunt them as well. A 2019 study near a colony of bats in central Italy found that 30% of examined cat

5879: 5749: 5736: 5556: 5275: 5148: 5047: 4947: 4850: 4721: 2159: 1892: 1154: 1052: 483: 1903:. From 2003 to 2018, forty-seven SARS-related coronaviruses were detected in horseshoe bats. In 2019, a 55: 5754: 5640: 5586: 5566: 5456: 5389: 5379: 5225: 5007: 4867: 4820: 4398:"COVID-19: A novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: What we know and what we don't" 2167: 2135: 2015: 1996: 1988: 1980: 1943: 1915:. Genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 showed that it was highly similar to viruses found in horseshoe bats. 1823: 1807: 1791: 1363: 381:

subdivided Vespertilionidae into subfamilies, including what he called Rhinolophina. English zoologist

5962: 5949: 1458:), have particularly large total wing area, though most horseshoe bat species have average wing area. 5657: 5620: 5614: 5596: 5496: 5399: 5369: 5313: 5302: 5185: 5057: 5017: 4997: 3104:"Morphology, function, and phylogenetic significance of pubic nipples in bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera)" 1451: 1443: 1328: 386: 4578:

Mildenstein, T.; Tanshi, I.; Racey, P. A. (2016). "Exploitation of Bats for Bushmeat and Medicine".

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mating system where males attempt to establish and defend territories, attracting multiple females.

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lived an estimated 34–40 million years ago, splitting from the hipposiderid lineage during the

5436: 5349: 5215: 5195: 4907: 4897: 4861: 4339:"Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic" 1963: 1404: 1371: 1068: 1060: 995:(containing all descendants of a common ancestor). As of 2019, there were 106 described species in 5727: 5466: 5410: 5255: 5235: 5027: 4810: 4800: 2966: 2289: 2127: 2061: 2057: 2044: 1927: 1873: 1759: 1028: 1013:

in the region. Additionally, some taxa recognized as full species have been found to have little

455: 382: 3782: 282:; horseshoe bats have highly sophisticated echolocation, using constant frequency calls at high- 5985: 5936: 5689: 5536: 5339: 5159: 5037: 4927: 4714: 1181: 1044: 611: 390: 302:

Horseshoe bats are relevant to humans in some regions as a source of disease, as food, and for

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for Rhinolophidae, the authority is more often given as Gray, 1825. Horseshoe bats are in the

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Overall, bats have few natural predators. Horseshoe bat predators include birds in the order

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development, meaning that growth of the embryo is conditionally delayed if the female enters

1427: 1186: 1142: 296: 175: 5923: 3757:"Bat predation by long-eared Owls in mediterranean and temperate regions of southern Europe" 1434:, which relate wingspan to wing area, are average or lower than average. Some species, like 5775: 5526: 5476: 5446: 5359: 5319: 5245: 5205: 5142: 5131: 5125: 4977: 4191: 3958:

n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), from bats (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae) in Vietnam"

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Wang, Lin-Fa; Shi, Zhengli; Zhang, Shuyi; Field, Hume; Daszak, Peter; Eaton, Bryan (2006).

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Pattnaik, Priyabrata (2006). "Kyasanur forest disease: An epidemiological view in India".

2022:, but a July 2020 publication found no evidence of transmission from pangolins to humans. 1926:) was seropositive, the greater horseshoe bat tested positive for the virus only, and the 8: 5486: 5416: 4706: 2151: 1919: 1775: 1484:(only 17 bat species are recognized as such as of 2000). Some species, particularly 1481: 1476: 1471: 1395: 1336: 1254: 288: 279: 4195: 3836: 3686: 3393: 2882: 2598: 2513: 2201:

that crawl into one's ears and gnaw at the brain, possibly a traditional explanation of

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All horseshoe bats have large, leaf-like protuberances on their noses, which are called

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Luk, Hayes K.H.; Li, Xin; Fung, Joshua; Lau, Susanna K.P.; Woo, Patrick C.Y. (2019).

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Springer, M. S.; Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O.; Stanhope, M. J.; De Jong, W. W. (2001).

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Hornok, Sándor; Görföl, Tamás; Estók, Péter; Tu, Vuong Tan; Kontschán, Jenő (2016).

3891: 3809: 3483: 2992: 2844: 1431: 1423: 1339:, aiming the produced sound while simultaneously shielding the ear from some of it. 4628: 4583: 4550: 4540: 4529:"Phylogeny and Origins of Hantaviruses Harbored by Bats, Insectivores, and Rodents" 4520: 4485: 4417: 4409: 4360: 4350: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4209: 4199: 4143: 4100: 4055: 4016: 3979: 3969: 3938: 3918: 3871: 3840: 3797: 3737: 3700: 3690: 3614: 3578: 3568: 3502: 3461: 3426: 3397: 3353: 3313: 3305: 3263: 3225: 3161: 3024: 2988: 2942: 2896: 2886: 2830: 2706: 2674: 2660: 2652: 2612: 2602: 2527: 2517: 2363: 2355: 2181:

people of Northeast India are reported to use the flesh of horseshoe bats to treat

1662: 1533: 1529: 1391: 1083:). Recognizing the former three as full species leaves Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat 804: 397: 378: 374: 139: 122: 4664:"Bats as materia medica: An ethnomedical review and implications for conservation" 2263:

had evaluated 94 species of horseshoe bat. They have the following IUCN statuses:

1415:. This is hypothesized as a response to a lack of diurnal avian (day-active bird) 5767: 4587: 4545: 4204: 4147: 3875: 3844: 3695: 3187:

Vaughan, T. (1970). "Chapter 3: The Skeletal System". In Wimsatt, W. (ed.).

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of the African and Oriental clades during the Oligocene. A 2019 study found that

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

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Hall, Leslie (1989). "Rhinolophidae". In Walton, D.W.; Richardson, B.J. (eds.).

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of Nepal "almost certainly" use horseshoe bats, among other species, to prepare

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Horseshoe bats have sophisticated senses of hearing due to their well-developed

1141:), weighs 4–10 g (0.14–0.35 oz), while one of the larger species, the 5814: 5801: 4774: 4619:

Tuladhar-Douglas, Will (2008). "The Use of Bats as Medicine Among the Newars".

4524: 3801: 3466: 3445: 3267: 3192: 2301: 2019: 1564:. Snakes may also prey on some species while they roost in caves, and domestic 1347: 1210: 1092: 876: 784: 757: 737: 439: 412: 404: 401: 393: 326: 235: 230: 4355: 4338: 4020: 3974: 3922: 3446:"Into the light: atypical diurnal foraging activity of Blyth's horseshoe bat, 3357: 2891: 2656: 1358: 808: 5979: 5712: 4640: 3475: 3099: 2031: 1658: 1594: 1504:, meaning that while fertilization occurs directly following copulation, the 1412: 1169: 575: 314:, though humans may face more exposure risk from intermediate hosts such as 4564: 4497: 4431: 4374: 4322: 4303: 4223: 4114: 4060: 4043: 3993: 3930: 3883: 3714: 3628: 3402: 3377: 3327: 3309: 3275: 3237: 2910: 2718: 2626: 2607: 2541: 2377: 2359: 2186: 1869: 1403:

mouth. While a majority of horseshoe bats are nocturnal and hunt at night,

1202: 1084: 992: 712: 644: 606: 365: 244: 167: 2193:("bat oil"). Dead bats are rolled up and placed in tightly sealed jars of 1386:

Horseshoe bats are insectivorous, though consume other arthropods such as

1219: 1216: 570: 5840: 5721: 4105: 4084: 3619: 3602: 3009: 2309: 2194: 2085: 1885: 1682: 1629: 1585: 1497: 1266: 853: 636: 3783:"Snake predation on bats in Europe: New cases and a regional assessment" 3573: 3556: 3254:

Jones, G.; Teeling, E. (2006). "The evolution of echolocation in bats".

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lived during the Lower Miocene and its fossilized remains were found in

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are used in traditional medicine in Nepal, India, Vietnam, and Senegal.

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McCracken, Gary F.; Wilkinson, Gerald S. (2000). "Bat Mating Systems".

3173: 2665: 2198: 2039: 2035: 1912: 1904: 1590: 1399: 1379: 1316: 1225: 678: 654: 283: 264: 3781:

Barti, Levente; Péter, Áron; Csősz, István; Sándor, Attila D. (2019).

3741: 5845: 5788: 4685: 4180:"Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of SARS coronavirus" 2445:"An attempt at a division of the family Vespertilionidae into groups" 2313: 1856: 1666: 1618: 1525: 1485: 1416: 1295: 1274: 1262: 1206: 1198: 1194: 900: 880: 598: 292: 275: 260: 67: 5832: 5683: 4489: 4413: 3165: 1253:—making a solid ring. This fusion is associated with the ability to 1121: 716: 5793: 5706: 4768: 4756: 2583:"Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation" 2202: 1881: 1576: 1480:, however, is among the few species of bat that are believed to be 1130: 788: 602: 523: 271: 251:

is complex, as genetic evidence shows the likely existence of many

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Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World

4268:"A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus" 4140:

Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World

3909:(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in a nursery colony in western Iran". 2864: 2185:. Ecological anthropologist Will Tuladhar-Douglas stated that the 2317: 2178: 2095: 1681:. They roost in a variety of places, including buildings, caves, 1640: 1557: 1343: 594: 255:, as well as species recognized as distinct that may have little 3904: 3292:

Vanderelst, Dieter; Jonas, Reijniers; Herbert, Peremans (2012).

1426:(meaning they lave large wings relative to body mass), and high 593:. Fossilized horseshoe bats are known from Europe (early to mid- 30: 4762: 4750: 4041: 2495: 2417: 2182: 1880:

Horseshoe bats are of particular interest to public health and

1603: 1540: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1387: 1270: 1238: 1001: 590: 559: 234:

has been recognized. Horseshoe bats are closely related to the

97: 77: 1269:(tail membrane), and the trailing edge of the uropatagium has 5944: 5780: 2580: 2206: 1908: 1569: 555: 330: 219: 3215: 2696: 2642: 1975:, which were identified as intermediate hosts of the virus. 355:

was first described as a genus in 1799 by French naturalist

3017:

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

2260: 1955: 1608: 1598: 1580: 554:. Informally, the rhinolophids can be split into two major 4736: 321:

They are hunted for food in several regions, particularly

278:, which are shaped like horseshoes. The nose-leafs aid in 4780: 1565: 1561: 1242: 211: 107: 4633:

10.2993/0278-0771(2008)28[69:TUOBAM]2.0.CO;2

3822: 2420:

Horseshoe Bats of the World: (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)

999:, making it the second-most speciose genus of bat after 475:

in 1951, though both additional genera were returned to

306:. Several species are the natural reservoirs of various 3727: 3450:(Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) on Tioman Island, Malaysia" 3343: 3010:"Phylogenetic analyses of the bat family Rhinolophidae" 1575:

Horseshoe bats have a variety of internal and external

259:

from previously recognized taxa. They are found in the

4577: 3857: 3754: 3291: 1661:

distribution, though some species are in the southern

1189:, showing the prominent rostral inflation on the snout 526:

have been proposed as well, with six listed by Csorba

45:) with blue metallic identification band on left wing 4452:

Bats and Human Health: Ebola, SARS, Rabies and Beyond

3780: 2812: 1496:. This is especially common in temperate species. In 1422:

They have especially small and rounded wingtips, low

601:), Australia (Miocene), and Africa (Miocene and late 310:, and data strongly suggests they are a reservoir of 3557:"Hibernation and daily torpor in Australian mammals" 3444:

Chua, Marcus A.H.; Aziz, Sheema Abdul (2018-12-19).

3151: 270:

Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium-sized

267:

areas, including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.

4082: 3951: 3668: 1895:, several animal species were examined as possible 3755:García, A. M.; Cervera, F.; Rodríguez, A. (2005). 3496: 3067: 2936: 2472:Classification of mammals: above the species level 1311:sound through their nostrils. While some bats use 987:Rhinolophidae is represented by one extant genus, 4366:20.500.11820/222bb9b9-2481-4086-bd22-f0b200930bef 4336: 2937:Geist, V.; Kleiman, D. G.; McDade, M. C. (2004). 2341: 1572:contained the remains of greater horseshoe bats. 1090:The second genus in Rhinolophidae is the extinct 991:. Both the family and the genus are confirmed as 228:, which has about 106 species, the extinct genus 5977: 4618: 4238:"Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report" 3534:. Vol. 4. A&C Black. pp. 327–328. 2786:Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). 2765:. Vol. 4. A&C Black. pp. 300–303. 2760: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2094:Microbats are not hunted nearly as intensely as 3007: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2587:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 359:. Initially, all extant horseshoe bats were in 4518: 4395: 3669:Nyffeler, Martin; Knörnschild, Mirjam (2013). 3416: 3371: 3369: 3367: 1958:-like coronaviruses appears to have arisen in 1519: 1461: 1165:) are unusual in their very long, woolly fur. 1129:Horseshoe bats are considered small or medium 422:into other genera. In 1816, English zoologist 4722: 3600: 3554: 3375: 3287: 3285: 2971:"A List of the Genera and Families of Mammal" 2939:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Mammals II 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 1579:. External parasites (ectoparasites) include 4396:MacKenzie, John S.; Smith, David W. (2020). 4177: 4083:Makarikova, Ò. À.; Makarikov, A. A. (2012). 3253: 3147: 3145: 3092: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 2785: 2725: 2418:Csorba, G.; Ujhelyi, P.; Thomas, P. (2003). 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 486:was the first to propose species groups for 4571: 3364: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2548: 2468: 2030:They are also associated with viruses like 1411:) is known to forage during the daytime on 1285: 558:: the mostly African clade, and the mostly 4729: 4715: 4130: 3641: 3282: 2489: 2475:. Columbia University Press. p. 305. 1876:, which is transmitted to humans by ticks. 1705:Investigations into the origin of COVID-19 1547: 1075:) all have little genetic divergence from 29: 4554: 4544: 4421: 4389: 4364: 4354: 4293: 4283: 4213: 4203: 4104: 4059: 3983: 3973: 3704: 3694: 3618: 3596: 3594: 3582: 3572: 3465: 3401: 3376:Norberg, U. M.; Rayner, J. M. V. (1987). 3339: 3337: 3317: 3142: 3042: 2900: 2890: 2834: 2664: 2616: 2606: 2531: 2521: 2464: 2462: 2384: 2367: 1688: 336: 4661: 4475: 4126: 4124: 3555:Geiser, Fritz; Körtner, Gerhard (2010). 3443: 3294:"The furrows of Rhinolophidae revisited" 3249: 3247: 2987: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2681: 2638: 2636: 1855: 1693: 1357: 1289: 1180: 1168:Like most bats, horseshoe bats have two 1120: 569: 4332: 4330: 4131:Furey, Neil M.; Racey, Paul A. (2016). 3648:. Oxford University Press. p. 99. 3529: 3186: 3180: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3098: 2574: 2102:. Species hunted in Africa include the 2079: 1911:, China, was linked to the outbreak of 1556:(hawks, eagles, and kites), as well as 1257:while stationary. Except for the first 565: 450:returned all Asiatic horseshoe bats to 5978: 4455:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 155. 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 3591: 3334: 3298:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 2965: 2459: 2337: 2335: 2333: 1710:Number of SARS-related coronaviruses ( 1298:helps focus echolocation; pictured is 1280: 5688: 5687: 4710: 4448: 4265: 4121: 4006: 3244: 3218:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3065: 3008:Bogdanowicz, W.; Owen, R. D. (1992). 2917: 2851: 2699:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2633: 639:placed the horseshoe bats within the 5950:F84F2431-FFCD-A832-AB07-FE6AFE819BA7 5820:cf0f9a72-caa4-4633-86b8-01dccdd3dbc8 4327: 4142:. Springer, Cham. pp. 463–500. 3954:"Description of a new tick species, 3645:Bats: From Evolution to Conservation 3128: 3117: 2997:. Order of the Trustees. p. 13. 2469:McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K. (1997). 2442: 2142:), the Ruwenzori horseshoe bat, the 1652: 1353: 1125:Nose-leaf diagram of a horseshoe bat 341: 4164: 4133:"Conservation Ecology of Cave Bats" 3607:Integrative and Comparative Biology 2794:(3rd ed.). Bucknell University 2330: 585:The most recent common ancestor of 218:. In addition to the single living 13: 4266:Shi, Zhengli; Hu, Zhihong (2008). 3029:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1992.tb00164.x 2223: Critically endangered (1.1%) 2174:) is consumed in the Philippines. 446:in 1867. In 1876, Irish zoologist 14: 5997: 4184:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 3256:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2815:"Surprising Genetic diversity in 2166:) is consumed in Myanmar and the 1176: 3601:Geiser, F.; Stawski, C. (2011). 3507:10.1016/B978-012195670-7/50009-6 2836:10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.1.001 2042:. They have tested positive for 2025: 1698: 1442:), Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat, 1241:are fused—the presternum, first 899: 879: 852: 807: 787: 760: 715: 677: 363:, as well as the species now in 54: 5166:Philippine forest horseshoe bat 4678: 4655: 4612: 4512: 4469: 4442: 4310: 4259: 4230: 4076: 4035: 4000: 3945: 3898: 3851: 3816: 3774: 3748: 3721: 3662: 3635: 3548: 3523: 3490: 3437: 3410: 3209: 3001: 2981: 2959: 2941:. Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 2806: 2779: 2212: 574:Upper and lower maxilla of the 438:in 1866; and German naturalist 4285:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.012 2645:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2436: 2209:each year for medicinal uses. 2056:) has tested seropositive for 2005:wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat 1899:of the causative coronavirus, 1840:Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat 1677:), which is only found on the 1589:, "bat flies" of the families 1245:, partial second rib, seventh 1111: 299:lived more than thirty years. 1: 5577:Little Nepalese horseshoe bat 5330:Formosan lesser horseshoe bat 5078:Formosan woolly horseshoe bat 4988:Little Japanese horseshoe bat 2323: 2070:little Japanese horseshoe bat 1918:After the SARS outbreak, the 1657:Horseshoe bats have a mostly 1232: 1116: 418:Attempts were made to divide 377:. In 1825, British zoologist 5547:Chinese rufous horseshoe bat 4588:10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12 4546:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003159 4205:10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.001 4148:10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_15 3876:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.04.003 3845:10.1016/j.mambio.2013.01.003 3696:10.1371/journal.pone.0058120 3642:Altringham, John D. (2011). 3499:Reproductive Biology of Bats 3431:10.1016/0003-3472(62)90056-8 2523:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744 2348:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2253: Data deficient (16.0%) 2241: Near-threatened (9.6%) 1936:Chinese rufous horseshoe bat 1728:Chinese rufous horseshoe bat 369:(roundleaf bats). At first, 247:have been indecisive. Their 7: 5487:Lesser woolly horseshoe bat 5108:Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat 5048:Mediterranean horseshoe bat 4851:Lesser woolly horseshoe bat 4478:Reviews in Medical Virology 3230:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.021 2792:Mammal Species of the World 2711:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.021 2560:Mammal Species of the World 2247: Least concern (54.3%) 1979:bat, and one each from the 1520:Behavior and social systems 1462:Reproduction and life cycle 1077:Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat 357:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 10: 6002: 5641:Yellow-faced horseshoe bat 5587:Small rufous horseshoe bat 5567:Lesser brown horseshoe bat 5507:Shortridge's horseshoe bat 5457:Large rufous horseshoe bat 4821:Intermediate horseshoe bat 3802:10.1515/mammalia-2018-0079 3764:Journal of Raptor Research 3671:"Bat Predation by Spiders" 3467:10.1515/mammalia-2017-0128 3268:10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.001 3070:Walker's Bats of the World 2168:large rufous horseshoe bat 2083: 2016:intermediate horseshoe bat 1981:intermediate horseshoe bat 1792:Intermediate horseshoe bat 1702: 617:R. xinanzhongguoensis 345: 308:SARS-related coronaviruses 176:Vespertilio ferrum-equinum 5696: 5400:Large-eared horseshoe bat 5058:Broad-eared horseshoe bat 4938:Chiewkwee's horseshoe bat 4789: 4745: 4737:Extant species of family 4582:. Springer. p. 327. 4356:10.1038/s41564-020-0771-4 4245:World Health Organization 4021:10.1134/S0013873818090129 3975:10.1186/s13071-016-1608-0 3923:10.2478/s11686-013-0122-1 3860:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 3358:10.1017/S0952836902003199 3111:American Museum Novitates 3066:Nowak, Ronald M. (1994). 2892:10.1186/s12862-019-1485-1 2657:10.1007/s10914-016-9363-8 2344:"Review of Bats and SARS" 1950:) were both seropositive 1838: 1822: 1806: 1790: 1774: 1758: 1742: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1346:, and are able to detect 1329:large-eared horseshoe bat 894: 874: 867: 847: 840: 802: 782: 775: 755: 748: 741: 731: 710: 703: 693: 672: 665: 658: 236:Old World leaf-nosed bats 194: 189: 173: 166: 51:Scientific classification 49: 37: 28: 23: 5557:Smithers's horseshoe bat 5437:Peninsular horseshoe bat 5350:Mozambican horseshoe bat 5276:Marshall's horseshoe bat 5216:Mount Mabu horseshoe bat 5149:Imaizumi's horseshoe bat 4948:Geoffroy's horseshoe bat 4686:"Taxonomy=Rhinolophidae" 3033:The sole fossil genus, 2871:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2229: Endangered (13.8%) 2160:Marshall's horseshoe bat 2060:, which is a tick-borne 1964:homologous recombination 1665:. They are found in the 1488:species, have an annual 1372:European free-tailed bat 1370:) (top) compared to the 1286:Echolocation and hearing 1096:, with the type species 1069:Mount Mabu horseshoe bat 1053:Smithers's horseshoe bat 426:proposed the genus name 329:. Some species or their 263:, mostly in tropical or 43:Rhinolophus hipposideros 5467:Ruwenzori horseshoe bat 5390:Pearson's horseshoe bat 5380:Bourret's horseshoe bat 5256:Maendeleo horseshoe bat 5236:Big-eared horseshoe bat 5226:Maclaud's horseshoe bat 5088:Rüppell's horseshoe bat 5008:Darling's horseshoe bat 4868:Blasius's horseshoe bat 4801:Acuminate horseshoe bat 4621:Journal of Ethnobiology 4449:Beltz, Lisa A. (2017). 3962:Parasites & Vectors 2788:"Family Hipposideridae" 2235: Vulnerable (5.3%) 2136:Maclaud's horseshoe bat 2062:viral hemorrhagic fever 2058:Kyasanur Forest disease 2045:Mammalian orthoreovirus 2001:Aselliscus stoliczkanus 1997:Stoliczka's trident bat 1989:Blasius's horseshoe bat 1944:Pearson's horseshoe bat 1928:big-eared horseshoe bat 1893:2002–2004 SARS outbreak 1874:Kyasanur Forest disease 1824:Stoliczka's trident bat 1808:Blasius's horseshoe bat 1760:Big-eared horseshoe bat 1548:Predators and parasites 1436:Rüppell's horseshoe bat 1364:Pearson's horseshoe bat 1300:Rüppell's horseshoe bat 1102:Palaeonycteris robustus 1098:Palaeonycteris robustus 1043:may be synonyms of the 1029:Ruwenzori horseshoe bat 612:evolutionary radiations 580:Palaeonycteris robustus 456:Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. 5658:Dobson's horseshoe bat 5621:Thomas's horseshoe bat 5597:Swinny's horseshoe bat 5537:Bushveld horseshoe bat 5497:Shamel's horseshoe bat 5370:Osgood's horseshoe bat 5340:Timorese horseshoe bat 5303:Mehely's horseshoe bat 5186:Lander's horseshoe bat 5038:Eloquent horseshoe bat 5018:Decken's horseshoe bat 4998:Creagh's horseshoe bat 4928:Sulawesi horseshoe bat 4402:Microbiology Australia 4061:10.1515/helm-2017-0009 3403:10.1098/rstb.1987.0030 3310:10.1098/rsif.2011.0812 3074:. JHU Press. pp. 2608:10.1073/pnas.111551998 2556:"Family Rhinolophidae" 2449:The Zoological Journal 2360:10.3201/eid1212.060401 2158:). In Southeast Asia, 1877: 1689:Relationship to humans 1452:Swinny's horseshoe bat 1444:Lander's horseshoe bat 1383: 1348:Doppler-shifted echoes 1307: 1213:of a horseshoe bat is 1190: 1126: 1045:Bushveld horseshoe bat 687:(Most microbats) 582: 578:fossil horseshoe bat, 512:R. philippinensis 373:was within the family 337:Taxonomy and evolution 5932:Paleobiology Database 5652:R. xinanzhongguoensis 5631:Trefoil horseshoe bat 5293:Smaller horseshoe bat 5266:Malayan horseshoe bat 5196:Blyth's horseshoe bat 5176:Insular horseshoe bat 5098:Guinean horseshoe bat 5068:Greater horseshoe bat 4968:Andaman horseshoe bat 4958:Croslet horseshoe bat 4908:Cohen's horseshoe bat 4898:Canut's horseshoe bat 4888:Bornean horseshoe bat 4878:Bokhara horseshoe bat 4841:Arcuate horseshoe bat 4831:Halcyon horseshoe bat 4662:Riccucci, M. (2012). 3864:Behavioural Processes 2823:Acta Chiropterologica 2562:. Bucknell University 2268:Critically endangered 2112:Guinean horseshoe bat 2104:halcyon horseshoe bat 1859: 1744:Greater horseshoe bat 1694:As disease reservoirs 1671:Andaman horseshoe bat 1539:Horseshoe bats enter 1405:Blyth's horseshoe bat 1361: 1293: 1237:Several bones in its 1187:greater horseshoe bat 1184: 1147:R. ferrumequinum 1143:greater horseshoe bat 1124: 1081:R. hildebrandtii 1061:Cohen's horseshoe bat 573: 346:Further information: 297:greater horseshoe bat 5815:Fauna Europaea (new) 5527:Forest horseshoe bat 5477:Sakeji horseshoe bat 5447:Rufous horseshoe bat 5360:Neriad horseshoe bat 5320:Mitred horseshoe bat 5246:Madura horseshoe bat 5206:Woolly horseshoe bat 5132:Lesser horseshoe bat 5028:Dent's horseshoe bat 4978:Convex horseshoe bat 4811:Adam's horseshoe bat 4106:10.14411/fp.2012.038 4093:Folia Parasitologica 4009:Entomological Review 3561:Australian Zoologist 3501:. pp. 321–362. 3195:. pp. 103–136. 3154:Journal of Mammalogy 2975:North American Fauna 2945:. pp. 387–393. 2443:Gray, J. E. (1825). 2272:Hill's horseshoe bat 2144:forest horseshoe bat 2128:Hills' horseshoe bat 2120:Hill's horseshoe bat 2080:As food and medicine 2050:rufous horseshoe bat 1862:rufous horseshoe bat 1494:female sperm storage 1333:R. philippensis 1139:R. hipposideros 1135:lesser horseshoe bat 566:Evolutionary history 508:R. hipposideros 448:George Edward Dobson 424:William Elford Leach 348:List of rhinolophids 304:traditional medicine 198:List of rhinolophids 39:Lesser horseshoe bat 5668:Ziama horseshoe bat 5417:Least horseshoe bat 4343:Nature Microbiology 4196:2019InfGE..71...21L 3911:Acta Parasitologica 3907:Rhinolophus mehelyi 3837:2013MamBi..78..369A 3687:2013PLoSO...858120N 3574:10.7882/AZ.2010.009 3448:Rhinolophus lepidus 3394:1987RSPTB.316..335N 2883:2019BMCEE..19..166D 2599:2001PNAS...98.6241S 2514:2012PLoSO...741744T 2152:Ziama horseshoe bat 1960:Rhinolophus sinicus 1920:least horseshoe bat 1776:Least horseshoe bat 1715: 1477:Rhinolophus sedulus 1337:parabolic reflector 1313:frequency-modulated 1281:Biology and ecology 1106:Saint-Gérand-le-Puy 647:to Hipposideridae. 631:A 2016 study using 496:R. megaphyllus 482:Danish mammalogist 5517:Thai horseshoe bat 5427:King horseshoe bat 4918:Cape horseshoe bat 4317:Epub 2009 Dec 16. 4247:. 11 February 2020 3620:10.1093/icb/icr042 3346:Journal of Zoology 3132:Fauna of Australia 2817:Rhinolophus luctus 2270:: 1 species ( 2148:R. silvestris 2116:R. guineensis 2100:sub-Saharan Africa 2090:Human uses of bats 2009:Chaerephon plicata 1973:masked palm civets 1897:natural reservoirs 1878: 1709: 1534:maternity colonies 1524:Various levels of 1502:embryonic diapause 1384: 1321:king horseshoe bat 1308: 1191: 1127: 1037:R. gorongosae 1033:R. ruwenzorii 1020:Rhinolophus kahuzi 1015:genetic divergence 700:Yinpterochiroptera 641:Yinpterochiroptera 583: 323:sub-Saharan Africa 316:masked palm civets 257:genetic divergence 5973: 5972: 5919:Open Tree of Life 5690:Taxon identifiers 5681: 5680: 5404:R. philippinensis 5384:R. paradoxolophus 4597:978-3-319-25218-6 4521:Holmes, Edward C. 4349:(11): 1408–1417. 4157:978-3-319-25218-6 4085:"First report of 3825:Mammalian Biology 3742:10.1111/mam.12060 3532:Mammals of Africa 3388:(1179): 335–427. 3304:(70): 1100–1103. 3085:978-0-8018-4986-2 2989:Lydekker, Richard 2763:Mammals of Africa 2593:(11): 6241–6246. 2354:(12): 1834–1840. 2304:: 15 species 2298:: 51 species 2280:: 13 species 2164:R. marshalli 1854: 1853: 1714:) by bat species 1653:Range and habitat 1440:R. fumigatus 1376:Tadarida teniotis 1368:R. pearsonii 1354:Diet and foraging 1304:R. fumigatus 1251:thoracic vertebra 1247:cervical vertebra 1073:R. mabuensis 1057:R. smithersi 1051:). Additionally, 1049:R. simulator 1041:R. rhodesiae 984: 983: 975: 974: 966: 965: 957: 956: 948: 947: 939: 938: 930: 929: 921: 920: 912: 911: 829: 828: 820: 819: 342:Taxonomic history 205: 204: 162: 143: 126: 16:Family of mammals 5993: 5966: 5965: 5953: 5952: 5940: 5939: 5927: 5926: 5914: 5913: 5901: 5900: 5898:NHMSYS0000376161 5888: 5887: 5875: 5874: 5862: 5861: 5849: 5848: 5836: 5835: 5823: 5822: 5810: 5809: 5797: 5796: 5784: 5783: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5744: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5685: 5684: 5615:R. thailandensis 5314:R. microglobosus 5072:R. ferrumequinum 4731: 4724: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4548: 4525:Zhang, Yong-Zhen 4516: 4510: 4509: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4425: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4368: 4358: 4334: 4325: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4297: 4287: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4242: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4207: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4015:(9): 1342–1350. 4004: 3998: 3997: 3987: 3977: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3698: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3622: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3576: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3469: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3425:(3–4): 332–340. 3419:Animal Behaviour 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3373: 3362: 3361: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3138:. AGPS Canberra. 3137: 3126: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3073: 3063: 3040: 3039: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2934: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2894: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2838: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2758: 2723: 2722: 2694: 2679: 2678: 2668: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2620: 2610: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2525: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2415: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2339: 2310:mining bat guano 2292:: 9 species 2286:: 5 species 2259:As of 2023, the 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2140:R. maclaudi 2132:R. hillorum 2074:R. cornutus 1948:R. pearsoni 1932:R. macrotis 1924:R. pusillus 1849: 1848: 1833: 1832: 1817: 1816: 1801: 1800: 1785: 1784: 1769: 1768: 1753: 1752: 1737: 1736: 1716: 1708: 1675:R. cognatus 1663:Palearctic realm 1614:Rhinolophopsylla 1468:free-tailed bats 1261:, which has two 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1163:R. beddomei 1157:horseshoe bats ( 903: 883: 870: 869: 856: 843: 842: 811: 805:Craseonycteridae 791: 778: 777: 764: 751: 750: 744: 743: 734: 733: 719: 706: 705: 696: 695: 681: 668: 667: 661: 660: 651: 650: 520:R. arcuatus 516:R. macrotis 430:; Gray proposed 398:Craseonycteridae 379:John Edward Gray 375:Vespertilionidae 157: 138: 121: 59: 58: 33: 21: 20: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5961: 5956: 5948: 5943: 5935: 5930: 5922: 5917: 5909: 5904: 5896: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5870: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5839: 5831: 5826: 5818: 5813: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5766: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5740: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5136:R. hipposideros 5112:R. hildebrandti 4962:R. coelophyllus 4862:R. belligerator 4785: 4741: 4735: 4705: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4660: 4656: 4617: 4613: 4598: 4576: 4572: 4539:(2): e1003159. 4517: 4513: 4490:10.1002/rmv.495 4474: 4470: 4463: 4447: 4443: 4414:10.1071/MA20013 4394: 4390: 4335: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4176: 4165: 4158: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4081: 4077: 4040: 4036: 4005: 4001: 3956:Ixodes collaris 3950: 3946: 3903: 3899: 3856: 3852: 3821: 3817: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3726: 3722: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3599: 3592: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3495: 3491: 3442: 3438: 3415: 3411: 3374: 3365: 3342: 3335: 3290: 3283: 3252: 3245: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3189:Biology of Bats 3185: 3181: 3166:10.2307/1380461 3150: 3143: 3135: 3127: 3118: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3064: 3043: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2935: 2918: 2863: 2852: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2759: 2726: 2695: 2682: 2641: 2634: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2467: 2460: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2422:. Alana Books. 2416: 2385: 2340: 2331: 2326: 2290:Near threatened 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2108:R. alcyone 2092: 2084:Main articles: 2082: 2032:orthoreoviruses 2028: 1985:R. affinis 1940:R. sinicus 1884:as a source of 1850: 1846: 1845: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1722:No. SARSr-CoVs 1707: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1679:Andaman Islands 1655: 1636:Prosthodendrium 1624:Lecithodendrium 1554:Accipitriformes 1550: 1522: 1490:breeding season 1464: 1456:R. swinnyi 1448:R. landeri 1419:on the island. 1409:R. lepidus 1356: 1288: 1283: 1235: 1229:permanent set. 1215: 1214: 1179: 1119: 1114: 1065:R. cohenae 1011:cryptic species 985: 976: 967: 958: 949: 940: 931: 922: 913: 850:Rhinonycteridae 830: 821: 675:Yangochiroptera 568: 544:Indorhinolophus 500:R. lepidus 492:R. simplex 473:Rhinomegalophus 469:Rhinolphyllotis 409:Rhinonycteridae 350: 344: 339: 253:cryptic species 185: 179: 156: 137: 120: 53: 24:Horseshoe bats 17: 12: 11: 5: 5999: 5989: 5988: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5954: 5941: 5928: 5915: 5902: 5889: 5876: 5863: 5850: 5837: 5824: 5811: 5802:Fauna Europaea 5798: 5785: 5772: 5759: 5746: 5733: 5718: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5665: 5655: 5648: 5638: 5635:R. trifoliatus 5628: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5594: 5584: 5574: 5564: 5554: 5544: 5534: 5524: 5514: 5511:R. shortridgei 5504: 5494: 5484: 5481:R. sakejiensis 5474: 5464: 5454: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5414: 5411:R. proconsulis 5407: 5397: 5387: 5377: 5367: 5357: 5354:R. mossambicus 5347: 5337: 5327: 5317: 5310: 5300: 5297:R. megaphyllus 5290: 5283: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5243: 5233: 5223: 5213: 5203: 5193: 5183: 5173: 5163: 5156: 5146: 5139: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5105: 5095: 5085: 5075: 5065: 5055: 5045: 5035: 5025: 5015: 5005: 4995: 4985: 4975: 4965: 4955: 4945: 4942:R. chiewkweeae 4935: 4925: 4915: 4905: 4895: 4885: 4875: 4865: 4858: 4848: 4838: 4828: 4818: 4808: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4775:Laurasiatheria 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4677: 4674:(16): 249–270. 4654: 4611: 4596: 4570: 4533:PLOS Pathogens 4511: 4484:(3): 151–165. 4468: 4461: 4441: 4388: 4326: 4309: 4272:Virus Research 4258: 4229: 4163: 4156: 4120: 4099:(4): 272–278. 4075: 4048:Helminthologia 4034: 3999: 3944: 3917:(2): 180–184. 3897: 3850: 3831:(5): 369–373. 3815: 3796:(6): 581–585. 3773: 3747: 3736:(3): 160–174. 3720: 3661: 3654: 3634: 3613:(3): 337–348. 3590: 3567:(2): 204–215. 3547: 3540: 3522: 3515: 3489: 3436: 3409: 3363: 3352:(2): 189–195. 3333: 3281: 3262:(3): 149–156. 3243: 3208: 3201: 3193:Academic Press 3179: 3160:(3): 527–529. 3141: 3116: 3100:Simmons, N. B. 3091: 3084: 3041: 3035:Palaeonycteris 3000: 2980: 2958: 2952:978-0787657895 2951: 2916: 2850: 2805: 2778: 2771: 2724: 2680: 2632: 2573: 2547: 2488: 2481: 2458: 2435: 2428: 2383: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2306: 2305: 2302:Data deficient 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2191:Cikā Lāpa Wasa 2081: 2078: 2066:Longquan virus 2054:R. rouxii 2027: 2024: 2020:Sunda pangolin 1993:R. blasii 1891:Following the 1866:R. rouxii 1852: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1654: 1651: 1621:of the genera 1549: 1546: 1521: 1518: 1463: 1460: 1394:them from the 1378:), which is a 1355: 1352: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1234: 1231: 1211:dental formula 1178: 1177:Head and teeth 1175: 1170:mammary glands 1159:R. luctus 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1093:Palaeonycteris 982: 981: 978: 977: 973: 972: 969: 968: 964: 963: 960: 959: 955: 954: 951: 950: 946: 945: 942: 941: 937: 936: 933: 932: 928: 927: 924: 923: 919: 918: 915: 914: 910: 909: 906: 905: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 877:Hipposideridae 873: 868: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 846: 841: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 827: 826: 823: 822: 818: 817: 814: 813: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 785:Megadermatidae 781: 776: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 758:Rhinopomatidae 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 738:Rhinolophoidea 732: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 709: 704: 702: 694: 692: 689: 688: 684: 683: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 649: 622:R. nippon 567: 564: 552:Rhinophyllotis 440:Wilhelm Peters 413:Rhinopomatidae 405:Megadermatidae 402:Hipposideridae 394:Rhinolophoidea 343: 340: 338: 335: 327:Southeast Asia 231:Palaeonycteris 214:in the family 208:Horseshoe bats 203: 202: 201: 200: 192: 191: 187: 186: 180: 171: 170: 164: 163: 149: 145: 144: 132: 128: 127: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5998: 5987: 5986:Rhinolophidae 5984: 5983: 5981: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742:Rhinolophidae 5738: 5734: 5729: 5728:Rhinolophidae 5723: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5698:Rhinolophidae 5695: 5691: 5686: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5662:R. yunanensis 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5531:R. silvestris 5528: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5471:R. ruwenzorii 5468: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5250:R. madurensis 5247: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5160:R. indorouxii 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5102:R. guineensis 5099: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4932:R. celebensis 4929: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4892:R. borneensis 4889: 4886: 4883: 4882:R. bocharicus 4879: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4805:R. acuminatus 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4739:Rhinolophidae 4732: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4462:9781119150046 4458: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3770:(4): 445–453. 3769: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730:Mammal Review 3724: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3681:(3): e58120. 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3655:9780191548727 3651: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3595: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3541:9781408189962 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3516:9780121956707 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3202:9780323151191 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:Palmer, T. S. 2962: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2772:9781408189962 2768: 2764: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508:(9): e41744. 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2482:9780231528535 2478: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2429:9780953604913 2425: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296:Least concern 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2172:R. rufus 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:R. ziama 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:R. hilli 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2026:Other viruses 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1886:coronaviruses 1883: 1875: 1871: 1868:) has tested 1867: 1863: 1858: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1699:Coronaviruses 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Paleotropical 1650: 1648: 1647: 1643:of the genus 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1611:of the genus 1610: 1606: 1605: 1601:of the genus 1600: 1596: 1595:Nycteribiidae 1592: 1588: 1587: 1583:in the genus 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:aspect ratios 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1413:Tioman Island 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1278: 1276: 1275:cartilaginous 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1227: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1185:Skull of the 1183: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:lesser woolly 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 980: 979: 971: 970: 962: 961: 953: 952: 944: 943: 935: 934: 926: 925: 917: 916: 908: 907: 904: 902: 898: 897:Rhinolophidae 892: 891: 888: 887: 884: 882: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 855: 851: 845: 844: 838: 837: 834: 833: 825: 824: 816: 815: 812: 810: 806: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 790: 786: 780: 779: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 763: 759: 753: 752: 746: 745: 739: 736: 735: 729: 728: 724: 723: 720: 718: 714: 708: 707: 701: 698: 697: 691: 690: 686: 685: 682: 680: 676: 670: 669: 663: 662: 656: 653: 652: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:mitochondrial 629: 627: 623: 619: 618: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 581: 577: 576:Lower Miocene 572: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:R. midas 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:Knud Andersen 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 403: 399: 396:, along with 395: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 354: 349: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 237: 233: 232: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216:Rhinolophidae 213: 209: 199: 196: 195: 193: 188: 183: 178: 177: 172: 169: 165: 160: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 135:Rhinolophinae 133: 130: 129: 124: 119: 118:Rhinolophidae 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 73: 72: 69: 66: 63: 62: 57: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5697: 5671: 5661: 5650: 5644: 5634: 5624: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5590: 5581:R. subbadius 5580: 5570: 5561:R. smithersi 5560: 5550: 5541:R. simulator 5540: 5530: 5521:R. siamensis 5520: 5510: 5500: 5490: 5480: 5470: 5460: 5450: 5441:R. robinsoni 5440: 5430: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5394:R. pearsonii 5393: 5383: 5373: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5334:R. monoceros 5333: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5296: 5287:R. mcintyrei 5285: 5280:R. marshalli 5279: 5270:R. malayanus 5269: 5260:R. maendeleo 5259: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5220:R. mabuensis 5219: 5209: 5199: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5158: 5153:R. imaizumii 5152: 5141: 5135: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5101: 5092:R. fumigatus 5091: 5081: 5071: 5061: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5021: 5011: 5001: 4991: 4981: 4971: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4921: 4911: 4901: 4891: 4881: 4871: 4860: 4854: 4844: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4804: 4791: 4790: 4773:Superorder: 4767:Infraclass: 4738: 4693:. Retrieved 4689: 4680: 4671: 4668:Vespertillio 4667: 4657: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4579: 4573: 4536: 4532: 4514: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4451: 4444: 4435: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4346: 4342: 4312: 4278:(1): 74–87. 4275: 4271: 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4244: 4232: 4187: 4183: 4139: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3793: 3789: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3750: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3644: 3637: 3610: 3606: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3531: 3525: 3498: 3492: 3460:(1): 78–83. 3457: 3453: 3447: 3439: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3385: 3381: 3349: 3345: 3301: 3297: 3259: 3255: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3188: 3182: 3157: 3153: 3131: 3110: 3094: 3069: 3034: 3032: 3020: 3016: 3003: 2993: 2983: 2974: 2961: 2938: 2874: 2870: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2796:. Retrieved 2791: 2781: 2762: 2702: 2698: 2648: 2644: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2564:. Retrieved 2559: 2550: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2471: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2419: 2351: 2347: 2312:, quarrying 2307: 2258: 2213:Conservation 2190: 2187:Newar people 2176: 2171: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2139: 2131: 2123: 2115: 2107: 2093: 2073: 2053: 2043: 2040:hantaviruses 2036:flaviviruses 2029: 2013: 2008: 2000: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1967: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1890: 1879: 1870:seropositive 1865: 1719:Bat species 1683:tree hollows 1674: 1656: 1646:Potorolepsis 1644: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1584: 1574: 1551: 1538: 1523: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1424:wing loading 1421: 1408: 1385: 1375: 1367: 1341: 1332: 1324: 1309: 1303: 1236: 1192: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1146: 1138: 1128: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085:paraphyletic 1080: 1072: 1064: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1018: 1006: 1000: 996: 993:monophyletic 988: 986: 896: 895: 875: 848: 803: 783: 756: 713:Pteropodidae 711: 673: 630: 621: 615: 607:biogeography 586: 584: 579: 551: 548:Coelophyllus 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 476: 472: 471:in 1934 and 468: 464: 460:Hipposideros 459: 451: 444:Coelophyllus 443: 435: 434:in 1847 and 431: 427: 419: 417: 370: 366:Hipposideros 364: 360: 352: 351: 320: 301: 280:echolocation 269: 245:biogeography 229: 224: 223: 215: 207: 206: 174: 168:Type species 152: 151: 134: 117: 42: 18: 5841:iNaturalist 5722:Wikispecies 5591:R. subrufus 5421:R. pusillus 5344:R. montanus 5324:R. mitratus 5240:R. macrotis 5230:R. maclaudi 5180:R. keyensis 5143:R. huananus 5126:R. hillorum 5082:R. formosae 5062:R. euryotis 5042:R. eloquens 5022:R. deckenii 5012:R. darlingi 4992:R. cornutus 4982:R. convexus 4972:R. cognatus 4952:R. clivosus 4922:R. capensis 4855:R. beddomei 4845:R. arcuatus 4792:Rhinolophus 4695:28 December 4251:15 February 4087:Potorolepis 3584:10072/37379 2666:11336/55671 2316:, and cave 2195:mustard oil 2150:), and the 2086:Bat as food 2003:), and the 1630:Plagiorchis 1586:Eyndhovenia 1498:hibernating 1400:vesper bats 1362:Outline of 1325:R. rex 1317:duty cycles 1267:uropatagium 1112:Description 1067:), and the 1007:Rhinolophus 997:Rhinolophus 989:Rhinolophus 725:(Megabats) 637:nuclear DNA 626:Afrotropics 587:Rhinolophus 540:Rhinolophus 536:Phyllorhina 530:. in 2003: 488:Rhinolophus 477:Rhinolophus 465:Rhinolophus 452:Rhinolophus 428:Phyllorhina 420:Rhinolophus 391:superfamily 383:Thomas Bell 371:Rhinolophus 361:Rhinolophus 353:Rhinolophus 325:, but also 284:duty cycles 265:subtropical 225:Rhinolophus 153:Rhinolophus 131:Subfamily: 5625:R. thomasi 5601:R. swinnyi 5551:R. sinicus 5501:R. shameli 5491:R. sedulus 5374:R. osgoodi 5307:R. mehelyi 5200:R. lepidus 5190:R. landeri 5052:R. euryale 5002:R. creaghi 4912:R. cohenae 4835:R. alcyone 4825:R. affinis 4781:Chiroptera 3968:(1): 332. 3224:(1): 1–9. 3023:(2): 152. 2977:(23): 503. 2877:(1): 166. 2705:(1): 1–9. 2324:References 2284:Vulnerable 2278:Endangered 2199:millipedes 1968:R. sinicus 1913:SARS-CoV-2 1905:wet market 1712:SARSr-CoVs 1703:See also: 1619:trematodes 1591:Streblidae 1482:monogamous 1472:polygynous 1327:) and the 1255:echolocate 1233:Postcrania 1226:milk teeth 1195:nose-leafs 1117:Appearance 1108:, France. 655:Chiroptera 289:polygynous 276:nose-leafs 108:Chiroptera 5571:R. stheno 5451:R. rouxii 5364:R. nereis 5210:R. luctus 4902:R. canuti 4872:R. blasii 4749:Kingdom: 4649:146308445 4641:0278-0771 4627:: 69–91. 4606:130038936 4437:outbreak. 4383:220809302 4190:: 21–30. 4054:: 17–25. 3476:1864-1547 2651:: 37–70. 2314:limestone 2203:migraines 1667:Old World 1577:parasites 1526:sociality 1510:embryonic 1486:temperate 1417:predators 1396:substrate 1296:nose-leaf 1263:phalanges 1207:antitragi 1199:horseshoe 1131:microbats 1023:may be a 599:Oligocene 524:subgenera 442:proposed 436:Phyllotis 387:authority 293:Gestation 272:microbats 261:Old World 240:subgenera 74:Kingdom: 68:Eukaryota 5980:Category 5885:13800444 5707:Wikidata 5672:R. ziama 5645:R. virgo 5608:R. tatar 5461:R. rufus 5170:R. inops 5119:R. hilli 5032:R. denti 4815:R. adami 4769:Eutheria 4763:Mammalia 4757:Chordata 4755:Phylum: 4751:Animalia 4565:23408889 4527:(2013). 4506:32814428 4498:16710839 4432:32226946 4375:32724171 4323:20016037 4304:17451830 4224:30844511 4115:23327008 4070:90530235 4029:85527706 3994:27286701 3931:23666653 3892:92844287 3884:30951813 3810:92282216 3790:Mammalia 3715:23516436 3675:PLOS ONE 3629:21700575 3484:90531252 3454:Mammalia 3328:22279156 3276:16701491 3238:19766726 3102:(1993). 2991:(1885). 2969:(1904). 2911:31434566 2845:86009452 2829:: 1–20. 2719:19766726 2627:11353869 2542:22984399 2502:PLOS ONE 2378:17326933 2096:megabats 1901:SARS-CoV 1882:zoonosis 1641:cestodes 1530:colonial 1380:molossid 1277:spurs). 1249:, first 1027:for the 603:Pliocene 597:, early 560:Oriental 312:SARS-CoV 249:taxonomy 190:Species 182:Schreber 159:Lacépède 114:Family: 98:Mammalia 88:Chordata 84:Phylum: 78:Animalia 64:Domain: 5963:1049405 5713:Q830900 4779:Order: 4761:Class: 4556:3567184 4423:7086482 4295:7114516 4215:7106202 4192:Bibcode 3985:4902904 3939:7173658 3870:: 4–9. 3833:Bibcode 3706:3596325 3683:Bibcode 3390:Bibcode 3319:3306658 3174:1380461 3113:(3077). 2902:6704657 2879:Bibcode 2798:23 July 2675:3318167 2595:Bibcode 2566:23 July 2533:3440430 2510:Bibcode 2369:3291347 2318:tourism 2179:Ao Naga 1942:), and 1558:falcons 1450:), and 1388:spiders 1344:cochlea 1271:calcars 1220:2.1.3.3 1217:1.1.2.3 1035:), and 1025:synonym 605:). The 595:Miocene 562:clade. 467:, with 148:Genus: 104:Order: 94:Class: 5924:635025 5872:631242 5859:105016 5794:1RHLPF 5431:R. rex 4647: 4639: 4604: 4594: 4563: 4553: 4504: 4496: 4459: 4430: 4420: 4408:: 45. 4381: 4373: 4321: 4302: 4292: 4222: 4212: 4154: 4113: 4068: 4027: 3992: 3982: 3937: 3929: 3890: 3882: 3808: 3713: 3703: 3652: 3627: 3538: 3513: 3482: 3474: 3326: 3316: 3274: 3236: 3199: 3172: 3082: 3078:–110. 2949: 2909: 2899: 2843: 2769: 2717: 2673: 2625: 2615: 2540: 2530: 2479: 2455:: 242. 2426: 2376: 2366: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2183:asthma 2038:, and 1639:, and 1607:, and 1604:Ixodes 1541:torpor 1514:torpor 1506:zygote 1428:camber 1239:thorax 1205:. The 1151:woolly 1002:Myotis 645:sister 591:Eocene 556:clades 550:, and 532:Aquias 518:, and 432:Aquias 411:, and 184:, 1774 161:, 1799 142:, 1825 125:, 1825 5958:WoRMS 5945:Plazi 5937:40644 5911:58055 5854:IRMNG 5846:40641 5807:12627 4645:S2CID 4602:S2CID 4502:S2CID 4379:S2CID 4241:(PDF) 4136:(PDF) 4066:S2CID 4025:S2CID 3935:S2CID 3888:S2CID 3806:S2CID 3786:(PDF) 3760:(PDF) 3480:S2CID 3170:JSTOR 3136:(PDF) 3107:(PDF) 3013:(PDF) 2841:S2CID 2671:S2CID 2618:33452 2207:guano 1909:Wuhan 1609:fleas 1599:ticks 1581:mites 1570:feces 1392:glean 1259:digit 1203:tragi 528:et al 506:(now 494:(now 331:guano 220:genus 5906:NCBI 5867:ITIS 5833:5449 5828:GBIF 5789:EPPO 5781:7635 5755:1041 5750:BOLD 4697:2023 4690:IUCN 4637:ISSN 4592:ISBN 4561:PMID 4494:PMID 4457:ISBN 4428:PMID 4371:PMID 4319:PMID 4300:PMID 4253:2020 4220:PMID 4152:ISBN 4111:PMID 3990:PMID 3927:PMID 3880:PMID 3862:)". 3711:PMID 3650:ISBN 3625:PMID 3536:ISBN 3511:ISBN 3472:ISSN 3324:PMID 3272:PMID 3234:PMID 3197:ISBN 3080:ISBN 2947:ISBN 2943:Gale 2907:PMID 2800:2020 2767:ISBN 2715:PMID 2623:PMID 2568:2020 2538:PMID 2477:ISBN 2424:ISBN 2374:PMID 2261:IUCN 2177:The 2088:and 1956:SARS 1872:for 1860:The 1593:and 1566:cats 1562:owls 1560:and 1294:The 1161:and 1153:and 635:and 620:and 212:bats 210:are 140:Gray 123:Gray 5893:NBN 5880:MSW 5776:EoL 5768:FP2 5763:CoL 5737:AFD 4629:doi 4584:doi 4551:PMC 4541:doi 4486:doi 4418:PMC 4410:doi 4361:hdl 4351:doi 4290:PMC 4280:doi 4276:133 4210:PMC 4200:doi 4144:doi 4101:doi 4056:doi 4017:doi 3980:PMC 3970:doi 3919:doi 3872:doi 3868:164 3841:doi 3798:doi 3738:doi 3701:PMC 3691:doi 3615:doi 3579:hdl 3569:doi 3503:doi 3462:doi 3427:doi 3398:doi 3386:316 3354:doi 3350:259 3314:PMC 3306:doi 3264:doi 3226:doi 3162:doi 3076:108 3025:doi 2897:PMC 2887:doi 2831:doi 2707:doi 2661:hdl 2653:doi 2613:PMC 2603:doi 2528:PMC 2518:doi 2364:PMC 2356:doi 2134:), 2126:), 2118:), 2110:), 2076:). 2011:). 1995:), 1987:), 1962:by 1952:and 1934:), 1907:in 1243:rib 1059:), 1039:or 643:as 510:), 498:), 5982:: 5960:: 5947:: 5934:: 5921:: 5908:: 5895:: 5882:: 5869:: 5856:: 5843:: 5830:: 5817:: 5804:: 5791:: 5778:: 5765:: 5752:: 5739:: 5724:: 5709:: 4688:. 4672:16 4670:. 4666:. 4643:. 4635:. 4625:28 4623:. 4600:. 4590:. 4559:. 4549:. 4535:. 4531:. 4523:; 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