4768:
Puerto Rico. The Free
Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process
1188:
27:
165:
1374:
4963:
1808:
2562:
1935:
1792:
2576:
2352:
the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence: "allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".
2548:
652:
765:
1268:
1058:
2000:
1714:
political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party, with Coll y Cuchi as party president. The party's chief goal was to achieve independence from the United States. This party contended that by international law, the Spanish had no authority under the Treaty of Paris to cede the island, as it was no longer theirs. In 1924 Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and was named vice-president.
2311:(files) concerning individuals of all social groups and ages. Approximately 75,000 persons were listed as under political police surveillance. Historians and critics found that the massive surveillance apparatus was directed primarily against Puerto Rico's independence movement. As a result, many independence supporters moved to the Popular Democratic Party to support its opposition to statehood.
1260:. Diego was elected to the House of Delegates, the only locally elected body of government then allowed by the U.S., over which Diego presided from 1904 to 1917. The House of Delegates was subject to the U.S. President's veto power and unsuccessfully voted for the island's right to independence and self-government. It petitioned against imposition of
2406:
associated state -- a type of independence in close alliance with the United States. Some 61 percent of those who answered the second question chose statehood. That 61 percent wasn't the majority, however. Over 470,000 voters intentionally left the second question blank, meaning that only 45 percent of those casting ballots supported statehood.
2059:(EPB, in english: Boricua Popular Army), and others began engaging in subversive activities against the US government and military to bring attention to the colonial condition of Puerto Rico. In 1977, Rubén Berríos Martínez, then the President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, wrote a long and detailed article in
889:. Agüeybaná II's people, who were armed only with spears, bows, and arrows, were no match for the guns of the Spanish forces, resulting in Agüeybaná II being shot and killed in the battle. The revolt ultimately failed, and many Taíno either committed suicide or fled to the interior, mountainous regions of the island.
1100:, to be flown at the coup. The Mayor of Yauco, Francisco Lluch Barreras, learned of the planned uprising, and notified the island's Spanish governor. When Fidel Velez, one of the separatist leaders, learned that the word was out, he met with other leaders and forced them to begin the insurrection immediately.
2031:, four nationalists opened fire on US Representatives during a debate on the floor of the US Congress, wounding five men, one seriously. The Nationalists were tried and convicted in federal court and sentenced effectively to life imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979, their sentences were commuted by President
1014:(born on the island). The critical state of the economy, along with the increasing repression imposed by the Spanish, served as catalysts for the rebellion. The stronghold of the movement were towns located on the mountains of the west of the island. The rebels looted local stores and offices owned by
2381:
Sixty years later, a majority of those who voted on the second question of a 2012 referendum, to indicate what type of arrangement they preferred, voted to seek admission as a state into the United States. 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% voted for free association and 5.49% voted for independence.
2351:
Note that the UN's
Special Committee has often referred to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity. Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for
1867:
presented a legislative proposal to grant independence to Puerto Rico, but many people believed that it had unfavorable economic conditions. Barceló and the
Liberal Party favored the Bill, because it would give Puerto Rico its independence; Muñoz Marín opposed the Bill because he wanted Puerto Rico's
1713:
In 1919, Puerto Rico had two major organizations that supported independence: the
Nationalist Youth and the Independence Association. Also in 1919, José Coll y Cuchí, a member of the Union Party of Puerto Rico, left the party and formed the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico. In 1922, these three
1103:
On March 24, 1897, Velez and his men marched towards Yauco, planning to attack the barracks of the
Spanish Civil Guard, to gain control of their arms and ammunition. At arrival, they were ambushed by Spanish forces. When a firefight broke out, the rebels quickly retreated. On March 26, a group headed
1041:
revolutionaries encountered heavy resistance from the
Spanish militia and retreated to Lares. The Spanish militia rounded up the rebels and quickly brought the insurrection to an end. The government imprisoned some 475 rebels, and a military court imposed the death penalty, for treason and sedition,
2082:
reporting that "calls for Puerto Rico's independence have existed since the days of
Spanish colonial rule and continued after the United States seized control of the island in 1898 (...) although many Puerto Ricans express deep patriotism for the island, the independence impulse has never translated
2505:
At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators voted on a bill that allows the
Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the 2017 referendum and the bill, action
2038:
In the 1960s, the United States received international condemnation for holding onto the world's oldest colony. By the 1960s, a new phase of the Puerto Rican independence movement began. Several organizations began to use "clandestine armed struggle" against the US government. Underground "people's
2485:
The White House Task Force on Puerto Rico offers the following specifics: "Free
Association is a type of independence. A compact of Free Association would establish a mutual agreement that would recognize that the United States and Puerto Rico are closely linked in specific ways as detailed in the
4767:
With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of
2432:
the referendum on the island's future was, in fact, a two-part vote that actually revealed that most want an end to the status quo, but not necessarily statehood ... And the results were: 809,000 votes for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association ... So
2318:
seek to achieve independence either through peaceful political means or violent revolutionary actions. The Independence Party has elected some legislative candidates, but in recent elections has not won more than a small percentage of votes for its gubernatorial candidates (2.04% in 2008) or the
2095:
asserts that it "support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state if they freely so determine," that Congress should "define the constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico" to gain permanent non-territorial status, and said
1728:
On May 11, 1930, Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Nationalist Party. Under his leadership, in the 1930s the party became the largest independence movement in Puerto Rico. But, after disappointing electoral outcomes and strong repression by the territorial police, by the mid-1930s
2405:
the referendum consisted of two questions. First, it asked voters if they wanted to keep their current U.S. commonwealth status. Dissatisfaction emerged victorious with 52 percent of the vote. The referendum then asked if voters wanted to become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a freely
741:
sentiments and political parties exist on the island. Since the beginning of the 19th century, organizations advocating independence in Puerto Rico have attempted both peaceful political means as well as violent revolutionary actions to achieve its objectives. The declaration of independence of
2501:
was strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option . ... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media. Benefits of statehood include an
2385:
In a status referendum in 2012, which had a two-part vote, 5.5% voted for independence. Analysts noted that the results were ambiguous because of issues related to the structure of questions and supporters of the commonwealth status urging voters to abstain from voting on the second question.
2023:
on the new constitution, to determine the status of the island's relationship to the U.S. The people voted by nearly 82% in favor of the new constitution and Free Associated State, or Commonwealth. Nationalists criticized the constitution because the Commonwealth was subject to US laws and to
4396:
2481:
The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The 2017 referendum offered three options: Statehood, Commonwealth and Independence/Free Association. If the majority vote for the latter, a second vote will be held to determine the
1952:
The Puerto Rican independence movement took new measures after the Free Associate State was authorized. On October 30, 1950, with the new autonomist Commonwealth status about to go into effect, multiple Nationalist uprisings occurred, in an effort to focus world attention on the Movement's
1338:
argued in the late 20th century that, after 1898 "Puerto Rico was turned into a plantation for U.S. agribusiness, later an export platform for taxpayer-subsidized U.S. corporations, and the site of major U.S. military bases and petroleum refineries." By 1930, over 40 percent of all the
2119:, while stating that "the Communist Party of the USA continues its support for independence of Puerto Rico and the transfer of all sovereign powers to Puerto Rico." Their platform supported the people's "acquisition of their internationally recognized right to independence and
2152:
that he supported Puerto Rican independence, saying that "it's an embarrassment that Latin America and the Caribbean in the 21st century still have colonies. Let the imperial elites of the U.S. say whatever they want." Also at this summit, the president of Argentina,
1718:
1904:, signed into law a bill passed by the Puerto Rican Senate, which was controlled by elected PPD representatives. It prohibited discussion of independence, militant independence activism, and significantly curtailed other Puerto Rican independence activities. The
2502:
additional $ 10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.
4350:
939:, joined forces with the Venezuelan government, under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, to lead an insurrection against the Spanish colonial forces in Puerto Rico. The Spanish occupation forces were the object of more than thirty conspiracies. Some, like the
4887:
Wilma E. Reverón Collazo. Introducción a la historia del MPI en el 160 Aniversario del Natalicio de Eugenio María de Hostos. Capaprieto /Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano - Mayagüez. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 11 January 1999. Retrieved 4 Juna
1766:. Barceló and Muñoz Marín were both elected Senators. By 1936, differences between Muñoz Marín and Barceló began to surface, as well as between those followers who considered Muñoz Marín the true leader and those who considered Barceló as their leader.
2790:
2466:
reported in December 2013 that, since Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917, they have "been divided over their relationship with the mainland" on whether to become a US state, become independent, or a self-governing territory under US control.
4815:
1007:, or statements attacking the exploitation of the Puerto Ricans by the Spanish colonial system, and called for immediate insurrection. These statements were rapidly circulated throughout the island as local dissident groups began to organize.
2444:
reported on the island economy's "dire financial straits." Referring to the 2012 referendum, it said that "Puerto Rico is unlikely to become a state any time soon. Because the island remains a territory, the decision is ultimately out of
2090:
in the United States asserted in its 2012 platform that it "will continue to work on improving Puerto Rico's economic status by promoting job creation, education, health care, clean energy, and economic development on the Island." The
2024:
approval by the US executive and legislative branches of government, branches which Puerto Ricans did not participate in electing. As the government suppressed the Nationalist leaders, their political activities and influence waned.
4664:
1877:
by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, organized to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico, resulted in the deaths of 17 unarmed citizens and 2 policemen at the hands of the territorial police, an event known as the
799:, With a voter turnout of 23%, it had the lowest turnout of any status referendum held in Puerto Rico. The independence option was linked to the Commonwealth option, obtaining 1.50%. A sixth referendum was held on November 3,
5668:
2594:
2208:
4457:
4402:
4346:
756:
proclaimed the flag of the revolt as the national flag of an independent “Republic of Puerto Rico”, making it the first flag of Puerto Rico. However, the rebels replaced the flag with a new revolutionary flag, the
2322:
In March 2023, a diaspora group petitioned the United States Congress to create an American-Puerto Rican Commission to promote the decolonization and independence of Puerto Rico from the United States of America.
4265:
New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005; pp.66, 178. ("U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731
2326:
In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act, which seeks to resolve its territorial status and relationship with the United States through a binding plebiscite at the federal level, was reintroduced in the House by
4029:
1304:." The American government supported American corporations with military force on occasion. The profits generated by this one-sided arrangement were enormous, as US corporations developed large plantations.
1283:
The newly created Puerto Rico Union Party advocated allowing voters to choose among non-colonial options, including annexation, an independent protectorate, and full autonomy. Another new party called the
4825:
2131:
does not support independence for Puerto Rico, but calls for "full representation for the U.S. territories of Guam and Puerto Rico, all Native American reservations, and the District of Columbia."
1852:
On February 23, 1936, Colonel Elisha Francis Riggs, formerly of the US Army and the highest police officer in the island, was assassinated in retaliation for the Río Piedras events by Nationalists
4458:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
4403:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
1916:, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both.
2073:
A number of social groups, political parties, and individuals worldwide have supported the concept of Puerto Rican independence. On the island itself, it is a fringe but intense movement, with
3791:
2366:
The main political parties in Puerto Rico have supported a continuing relationship with the United States and been supported by the electorate. By the 1940s, voters had elected a majority of
422:
404:
2661:
2482:
preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States.
4654:
5866:
5861:
4240:
3966:
2511:
1292:
wrote a manifesto for independence. The Independence Party was the first party in the history of the island to openly support independence from the United States as part of its platform.
4584:
4210:
4152:
2348:
and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization". In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.
1830:
in San Juan to protest the legislative proposal to approve the present Puerto Rican flag, the official flag of the insular government. Nationalists preferred the flag used during the
1703:
386:
4608:
1046:
and other prominent Puerto Ricans were successful in interceding, and the national government ordered a general amnesty and release of all the prisoners. Numerous leaders, such as
955:
943:, the riots and sedition of 1897 and the Secret Societies at the end of the 19th century, became popular rebellions. The most widespread popular revolts, however, were the one in
3089:
2689:
2382:
Hundreds of thousands of voters abstained from the question, so the proportion of voters for statehood was actually 45% of the total eligible electorate rather than a majority.
1740:. The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as that of the original Union Party, urging independence for Puerto Rico. Among those who joined him in the "new" party were
4754:
1315:
after serving as treasurer. He resigned in 1915, but stayed on the board. The company operated the largest sugar-refining operation in the world and was later renamed as the
4789:
2307:) to surveil, infiltrate, discredit, and disrupt domestic political organizations which it classified as suspect or subversive. The police documented thousands of extensive
1077:
owner, and Mateo Mercado. Later that year, the local Civil Guard discovered their plans and arrested all those involved. They were soon released and allowed to return home.
1347:
owned by Domino Sugar and U.S. banking interests. These bank syndicates also owned the insular postal system, the coastal railroad, and the San Juan international seaport.
413:
395:
2281:) reduced political opposition in the island, as they vested the U.S. Congress with authority and veto power over any legislation or referendum initiated by Puerto Rico.
3600:
2486:
compact. Compacts of this sort are based on the national sovereignty of each country, and either nation can unilaterally terminate the association." The content of the
1300:
Through the 1930s, U.S. banking interests and corporations expanded their control of lands throughout Latin America. Taking Puerto Rico was seen as a part of American "
1210:, he proposed the idea of independence for Puerto Rico. The men were disappointed when their ideas were rejected by the US government and the island was organized as a
5083:
4461:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
4406:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2177:
2048:
85:
1108:
of Yauco, but were overcome. The government arrested more than 150 rebels, charged them with various crimes against the state, and sent them to prison in the City of
3815:
4295:
4037:
3580:
5904:
5740:
2718:
1689:
2937:
1288:
emerged, founded by Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón in 1912, which promoted Puerto Rico's independence. That same year, Scott Colón, Zeno Gandía, Matienzo Cintrón, and
926:, also known as "The Liberator from Puerto Rico", fought for the independence of South America together with Bolívar; he also wanted an independent Puerto Rico.
922:
to liberate South America from Spanish rule. Bolívar sought to create a federation of Latin American nations, to include Puerto Rico and Cuba. Brigadier General
2604:
1092:
revolt of 1868. They made plans for a major coup in Puerto Rico. Lluberas returned to Puerto Rico with the new revolutionary flag of Puerto Rico adopted by the
1018:(Spanish-born residents) and took over the city hall. They took as prisoners Spanish merchants and local government officials. The revolutionaries placed their
6051:
1320:
377:
234:
4633:
2629:
1264:, but the US granted citizenship to island residents. Despite these failures, Diego became known as the "Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement."
2811:
357:
331:
244:
4061:
2857:
5633:
3723:
1940:
1415:
279:
1069:
In 1896, a group of residents of Yauco who supported independence joined forces to overthrow the Spanish government in the island. The group was led by
5794:
5056:
4724:
4694:
886:
313:
135:
2490:
might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether
1769:
Muñoz Marín and his followers, who included Felisa Rincón de Gautier and Ernesto Ramos Antonini, held an assembly in the town of Arecibo to found the
6107:
6082:
5781:
3783:
2185:
683:
212:
4848:
4606:"Puerto Rico referendum historic, but complex: 809,000 vote for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association"
4130:
3356:
5362:
2665:
2189:
2169:
2135:
4581:
4490:"Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico"
4232:
3974:
5689:
5658:
4104:
3882:
3836:
3506:
28 December 1999; p. A03. "Apology Isn't Enough for Puerto Rico Spy Victims." Retrieved July 8, 2009, hosted at Latin American Studies website.
2639:
2387:
795:, with 54% voting to change Puerto Rico's status but the federal government took no action to do so. The fifth plebiscite was held on June 11,
4202:
3000:
3914:
4149:
1771:
5897:
5824:
5733:
2956:
1682:
372:
2743:
6092:
4605:
3493:
3443:
3314:
2457:
presidential candidates and could be expected to vote for the same party for Congressional seats if statehood were approved by Congress.
2020:
249:
3265:
5814:
5653:
4568:
3097:
2693:
1435:
340:
322:
2453:
would surely use every tactic at its disposal to block a statehood bill," as the island voters have been overwhelmingly supportive of
6087:
5804:
4746:
2614:
608:
259:
50:
4172:
6097:
5046:
4952:
4536:
4278:
772:
Since the second half of the 20th century, the independence movement has trailed significantly behind the pro-Commonwealth and pro-
473:
290:
90:
4781:
4381:
6020:
5890:
5726:
5026:
2097:
1675:
861:, organized a revolt in 1511 against the spanish conquistadors in the southern and western parts of the island. He was joined by
776:
movements at the ballots. Independence also received the least support, less than 4.5% of the vote, in the status referendums in
548:
505:
368:
95:
4497:
1240:
Diego resigned from the position in order to pursue independence. On 19 February 1904, he co-founded the Unionist Party, or the
2433:
statehood did not actually receive 61% of the vote — until you ignore the nearly half a million people who cast blank ballots.
2371:
2101:
1776:
1093:
1085:
992:
753:
553:
483:
304:
239:
120:
3604:
3182:
3113:
6025:
5937:
5871:
5766:
4473:
4418:
4321:
3769:
3710:
3644:
3588:
3558:
3479:
3074:
3031:
2922:
2901:
2599:
1758:
During the 1932 elections, the Liberal Party faced the Alliance, then a coalition of the Republican Party of Puerto Rico and
676:
254:
3209:
1729:
Albizu opted against the electoral political process. He advocated violent revolution as the means to achieve independence.
3812:
3405:
2476:
2361:
567:
558:
478:
1755:, had also joined the Liberal Party. Muñoz Marín was eventually the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
1022:
on the high altar of the church to signify that the revolution had begun. The Republic of Puerto Rico was proclaimed, and
6041:
4299:
4084:
3996:
2624:
2339:
2105:
2028:
1440:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
781:
777:
286:
3246:
2981:
2876:
2714:
2096:
that, while Puerto Rico's status should be supported by a referendum sponsored by "the U.S. government." Neither of the
5819:
5164:
1104:
by Jose Nicolas Quiñones Torres and Ramon Torres fought Spanish colonial forces (mostly island men) in a barrio called
1051:
819:
811:
628:
2934:
6102:
5809:
5257:
4906:
Mireya Navarro (November 28, 2003). "New Light on Old F.B.I. Fight; Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups".
3671:
3535:
3308:
2589:
1912:) also made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the
1129:
189:
5572:
5194:
4434:
2154:
1860:. Rosado and Beauchamp were arrested, and summarily executed without a trial at the police headquarters in San Juan.
1656:
5982:
5608:
5252:
5041:
4893:
Chains of Empire, Projects of State: Political Education and U.S. Colonial Rule in Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
2523:
2454:
2450:
2199:
In March 2023, Cuba reiterated its commitment to self-determination and independence of the people of Puerto Rico.
2092:
2087:
1845:
campus, killed four Puerto Rican Nationalist Party supporters and one policeman. The event came to be known as the
1211:
749:
669:
571:
5267:
5119:
4630:
4347:"Grupo de la diáspora pide al Congreso crear una comisión estadounidense boricua para promover la descolonización"
3135:
2289:
929:
6072:
6010:
5856:
5036:
4030:"Americas Summit Sans United States: Venezuela, Argentina To Push For Puerto Rican Independence January 28, 2014"
2765:
2345:
2300:
2293:
2270:
2241:
1312:
1285:
1149:
815:
603:
596:
488:
105:
4435:"XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15"
4058:
3944:
3937:"CPUSA Program: Multiracial, Multinational Unity for Full Equality and Against Racism: Core Forces for Progress"
3748:
5913:
5377:
2854:
2285:
1815:
1363:
773:
623:
115:
3727:
6000:
5952:
5761:
5593:
5051:
1763:
836:
835:
Some Modern Puerto Rican independence movements have claimed historic connection to the 16th century and the
644:
530:
518:
493:
399:
125:
4716:
4686:
3685:
1034:
5957:
5487:
5282:
5031:
4945:
2609:
2207:
1989:
1733:
1518:
450:
335:
110:
100:
5347:
5342:
5184:
3724:"Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario en Armas (MIRA) - Case # SJ-100-12315. Retrieved on 2008-12-04"
2374:) members in the legislature. In 1952, they voted by nearly 82% in support of the new constitution of the
923:
317:
6077:
5789:
5771:
5643:
4127:
3353:
2619:
2487:
1969:
1425:
613:
194:
178:
5149:
5139:
1988:
declared Puerto Rico a free republic. Two days after the creation of the Commonwealth, two Nationalists
1842:
1741:
1226:
1023:
5927:
5522:
5159:
3066:
3019:
2528:
In recent years, primarily in online spaces, there has been a growth in support for reunification with
2418:
2257:
2228:
1646:
1027:
912:
299:
229:
5567:
5134:
5129:
5099:
1563:
1207:
1047:
1043:
983:
904:
5972:
5232:
5204:
4128:"Calle 13’s René "Residente" Pérez on Revolutionary Music, WikiLeaks & Puerto Rican Independence"
2740:""A Tremendous Jump for Progressive Forces": Puerto Rico Election Signals End of Two-Party Dominance"
1838:
1661:
1221:, sought independence from the United States via political accommodation. On June 5, 1900, President
1187:
266:
5562:
5397:
5227:
5154:
4111:
3871:
3847:
1586:
1558:
1257:
1164:
5840:
5337:
5179:
2997:
1176:
1148:
After four hundred years of colonial rule by the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico gained autonomy as an
705:
468:
443:
5467:
5262:
3906:
1973:
1957:
1508:
326:
164:
5663:
5472:
5462:
5144:
4938:
2791:"A Historical Overview of Colonial Puerto Rico: The Importance of San Juan as a Military Outpost"
2449:
hands ... the legislature is highly unlikely to prioritise a Puerto Rican statehood bill ... the
2148:
2104:
supports the current status of Puerto Rico as a self-governing unincorporated territory, and the
1601:
1596:
1070:
219:
155:
5613:
5317:
5297:
2953:
2212:
1846:
1391:
26:
6046:
5547:
5457:
5447:
5432:
5072:
3439:
3069:(Author); Pages: 307; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish;
2739:
2507:
2253:
2124:
1977:
1827:
1822:
During the 1930s and 1940s, Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros took part in violent incidents:
1745:
1706:
1651:
1611:
1498:
1483:
1401:
1261:
1196:
697:
408:
80:
5552:
5542:
5452:
5307:
3490:
3298:
1890:
1818:, gives a cadet military salute, moments before being executed at police headquarters in 1936.
1626:
1548:
1543:
1289:
858:
5623:
5502:
5427:
4892:
4465:
4410:
3548:
3262:
2008:
1909:
1752:
1528:
1478:
1406:
1373:
525:
295:
5507:
5312:
5277:
5189:
4930:
4180:
3636:
3630:
2181:
1737:
1636:
1230:
1203:
882:
563:
390:
5392:
5077:
5021:
4582:
Roque Planas, "Puerto Rico Statehood: 5 Reasons Why The Island Won't Become The 51st State"
2832:
2567:
2116:
2056:
1981:
1901:
1894:
1463:
1328:
1241:
1172:
308:
130:
75:
5517:
2299:
In the mid-century, the "Cointelpro program" was a project conducted by the United States
1641:
1253:
1233:, Manuel Camuñas, and Andrés Crosas to an Executive Cabinet under U.S.-appointed Governor
8:
6005:
5684:
5577:
5387:
5322:
5302:
5174:
4659:
3632:
American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
3502:
3471:
3204:
2413:
2128:
2112:
2074:
1913:
1721:
1568:
1458:
1202:
After Puerto Rico became an American possession during the Spanish–American War in 1898,
1122:
1097:
1019:
987:
933:
908:
878:
870:
758:
717:
224:
31:
5169:
4543:
4519:
4275:
3026:
Pages: 305-06; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish;
2498:
1897:, judge of the Federal Court in Puerto Rico. Winship tried to suppress the Nationalists.
803:, with 52.52% voting to being a state. A seventh referendum will be held on November 5,
417:
361:
6015:
5603:
5557:
5512:
5407:
5357:
5237:
4908:
4373:
2692:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from
2664:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from
2553:
2120:
1874:
1553:
1533:
1468:
1276:
1272:
1114:
1109:
1062:
1026:
was proclaimed interim president. The revolutionaries offered immediate freedom to any
979:
959:
944:
919:
199:
182:
5402:
5114:
3751:
Terrorist Organization Profile: Armed Commandos of Liberation. Retrieved on 2008-12-04
2164:
Other individuals and groups supporting Puerto Rican independence have included: poet
1857:
1811:
1591:
1311:, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico, succeeded to the presidency of the
426:
5977:
5962:
5942:
5497:
5292:
5242:
4985:
4856:
4631:"The Economist explains" blog: D.R., "Could Puerto Rico become America's 51st state?"
4562:
4489:
4469:
4414:
3765:
3762:
Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution and the Quest for Human Rights
3706:
3667:
3640:
3584:
3554:
3531:
3475:
3304:
3070:
3027:
2918:
2897:
2805:
1759:
1631:
1344:
840:
498:
5537:
5247:
3179:
2193:
2055:(OVRP, in english: Organization of Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution), The
1538:
982:
and declared the independence of the Republic of Puerto Rico on September 23, 1868.
5947:
5932:
5669:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
5104:
4980:
3110:
2595:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
2581:
2266:
2237:
1308:
1301:
1234:
1222:
5482:
5199:
5124:
4325:
3199:
2826:
2165:
1893:. Soon afterward, two Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros attempted to assassinate
1513:
1218:
381:
5882:
5718:
5648:
5638:
5422:
5412:
5332:
5109:
4820:
4637:
4612:
4588:
4459:
4404:
4282:
4156:
4134:
4088:
4065:
3819:
3689:
3497:
3427:
American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934
3409:
3378:
American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934
3360:
3269:
3250:
3186:
3139:
3117:
3004:
2985:
2960:
2941:
2880:
2861:
2634:
2462:
2173:
2061:
2016:
2004:
2003:
The National Guard, commanded by the Puerto Rico Adjutant General Major General
1993:
1965:
1961:
1886:
1864:
1503:
1430:
1420:
1249:
656:
3402:
5618:
5598:
5417:
5287:
4962:
3626:
3043:
2423:
1985:
1879:
1831:
1473:
1396:
1217:
A number of leaders, including a well-known intellectual and legislator called
1168:
974:
964:
940:
899:
744:
709:
344:
36:
4925:
Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
4081:
4004:
2510:
will be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the
2188:, a member of Organizacion Socialista Internacional; Puerto Rican nationalist
2158:
1944:
1799:
6066:
5532:
5492:
5437:
5209:
4923:
4860:
3749:
http://www.start.umd.edu/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3947
3659:
3530:; by Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178;
3243:
2976:
2873:
2491:
2440:
2328:
1621:
1523:
1488:
1245:
1133:
1081:
1000:
713:
701:
583:
4747:"Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017)"
3468:
Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barceló, 1868-1938
3391:
Beet sugar in the West; a history of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966
2319:
legislative elections (4.5-5% of the island-wide legislative vote in 2008).
5527:
5477:
5442:
5327:
3234:
San Juan, Puerto Rico: Litografía Real Hermanos, Inc. 1959. Tomo I. p. 114.
2139:
2032:
1956:
They catalyzed roughly a dozen skirmishes throughout Puerto Rico including
1853:
1616:
1606:
1493:
1335:
1324:
1316:
881:, killing 80 Spanish settlers. First explorer and governor of Puerto Rico,
738:
352:
2296:(PIP). It has continued to participate in the island's electoral process.
5367:
5352:
5272:
4882:
4441:
4150:"Oscar Lopez Rivera: Imprisoned for Supporting Puerto Rican Independence"
2763:
2224:
2065:
that declared that the 'only solution' was independence for Puerto Rico.
1807:
1340:
978:(Cry of Lares) took place, in which revolutionaries occupied the town of
734:
348:
140:
62:
4884:
Historia del Movimiento Pro Independencia--antecesor historico del MINH.
651:
3132:
2533:
2274:
1900:
On June 10, 1948, the United States-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico,
1195:
The United States was granted possession of Puerto Rico as part of the
1074:
818:
achieved 13.6% of the vote, a significant increase in support from the
768:
Current flag of Puerto Rico, also used by Puerto Rican independentists.
5005:
4849:"Puerto Rico movement pitches solution to economic woes: rejoin Spain"
2769:
2245:
1267:
854:
764:
4233:"Cuba repeats commitment to a just, supportive and sustainable world"
3936:
2143:
2015:
Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rican status,
1057:
885:, led the Spaniards in a series of offensives that culminated in the
862:
1702:
5706:
4593:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3297:
Dyreson, Mark; Mangan, J.A.; Park, Roberta J. (13 September 2013).
3150:
3148:
2935:"María de las Mercedes - La primera Independentista Puertorriquena"
2396:
1999:
1214:. Zeno Gandia returned to the island and continued as an activist.
730:
897:
Several revolts against the Spanish rulers by the native born, or
850:
5000:
4990:
2043:(MIRA, in english: Revolutionary Independence Movement in Arms),
903:, occurred in the 19th century. These include the conspiracy at
845:
3682:
3329:
3145:
2035:
to time served, and they were allowed to return to Puerto Rico.
1885:
On July 25, 1938, shots were fired at the US colonial governor,
954:
16:
Initiatives by inhabitants throughout the history of Puerto Rico
4995:
4782:"Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?"
3491:"19 Were killed including 2 policemen caught in the cross-fire"
3232:
Historia de los Partidos Políticos Puertorriqueños (1898-1956).
1775:(Clear, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party), later named the
2111:
Minority parties have expressed different positions: in 2005,
1248:
to advocate for independence for Puerto Rico in the form of a
1182:
704:
have initiated several movements to gain independence for the
4960:
3813:
Paul Lewis, "Recruiting For Iraq War Undercut in Puerto Rico"
2766:"History from Puerto Rico: A Guide to the Island of Boriquén"
2662:"CEE Event - CONDICIÓN POLÍTICA TERRITORIAL ACTUAL - Resumen"
2529:
1153:
948:
4816:"Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood"
2053:
Organización de Voluntarios por la Revolución Puertorriqueña
1237:. The Executive Cabinet also included six American members.
1171:. The newfound autonomy was short-lived, as Puerto Rico was
1132:
where he lived in exile. Mattei Lluberas went into exile in
1054:, Lacroix, Aurelio Méndez and others, were sent into exile.
3837:"Moving America Forward: 2012 Democratic National Platform"
1331:
over the entire Puerto Rican economy through Domino Sugar.
4105:"Research Justice: Decolonizing Knowledge, Building Power"
4059:"Venezuelan Leader to Press for Puerto Rican Independence"
2915:
Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898,
2517:
716:. Today, the movement is most commonly represented by the
4263:
The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803-1898,
2304:
2278:
2249:
2216:
2051:(FALN, in english: Armed Forces of National Liberation),
1826:
On April 6, 1932, Nationalist partisans marched into the
1717:
5862:
Chamber of Marketing, Industry, and Distribution of Food
4655:"Statehood remains an uneasy question for Puerto Ricans"
3474:; Page 292; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto (January 2008);
2344:
Since 1953, the United Nations has been considering the
4296:"Puerto Rico Votes on Status: A Primer on Independence"
2824:
2157:, pledged to vote for independence of Puerto Rico; and
4464:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
4409:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
3967:"2012 Green Party Platform: Puerto Rican Independence"
3429:, pp.221-227; University of North Carolina Press, 1999
742:
Puerto Rico occurred on September 23, 1868 during the
3380:, pp. 45-47; University of North Carolina Press, 1999
3370:
3180:
Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War
2715:"Is Statehood Next for Puerto Rico? It's Complicated"
2630:
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
1868:
immediate independence but with favorable conditions.
1350:
86:
Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña
3664:
Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I
3046:
Noticias de la XVII Brigada Juan Rius Rivera en Cuba
2605:
Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Puerto Rico)
2543:
2512:
Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution
2223:
Levinson and Sparrow in their 2005 book suggest the
1837:
On October 24, 1935, a confrontation with police at
1065:" was the last revolt against the Spanish Government
958:
Roman Catholic Church and Plaza de la Revolución in
918:
Many Puerto Ricans became inspired by the ideals of
4203:"The Future Of Puerto Rico's Independence Movement"
1941:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1920:
1416:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
5912:
5748:
5057:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2764:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (1940).
2258:
2229:
2142:in January 2014, Nicolas Maduro, the President of
2115:passed a resolution about Puerto Rico, condemning
2041:Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario en Armas
1953:dissatisfaction with the new commonwealth status.
1724:advocated armed revolution to achieve independence
1206:traveled to Washington, D.C. where, together with
843:. In this revolt, Agüeybaná II, the most powerful
825:
136:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
4173:"Who will determine Puerto Rico's future status?"
3907:"Communist Party, USA: Resolution on Puerto Rico"
3784:"Independence for Puerto Rico: The Only Solution"
3296:
2828:Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology
2690:"CEE Event - OPCIONES NO TERRITORIALES - Resumen"
853:people of Puerto Rico at the time, together with
6064:
4380:. The North American Congress on Latin America.
3701:Navarro, Sharon Ann, and Mejia, Armando Xavier.
3625:
2810:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2136:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
3874:We Believe in America: 2012 Republican Platform
1709:, founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
4905:
4520:Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century
2640:Movimento Nacional Sindicalista de Puerto Rico
2047:(CAL, in english: Armed Liberation Commands),
1143:
712:between 1493 and 1898 and since then from the
5898:
5734:
4946:
4276:"Race Space and the Puerto Rican citizenship"
4261:Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow,
3705:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO, 2004.
3142:, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
1683:
1199:, which concluded the Spanish–American War.
752:. The revolting members and followers of the
677:
4378:The North American Congress on Latin America
3703:Latino Americans and Political Participation
3546:
3540:
3342:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3156:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
2894:The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact
2029:1954 United States Capitol shooting incident
1889:during a parade; they killed Police Colonel
1307:Several years after leaving office, in 1913
791:A fourth referendum was held on November 6,
373:30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
4897:Comparative Studies in Society and History,
4626:
4624:
3635:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
2532:rather than statehood, in what is known as
1772:Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo
1183:Seeking independence from the United States
1088:, which included the exiled group from the
5905:
5891:
5741:
5727:
4953:
4939:
4288:
4237:Prensa Latina - Latin American News Agency
4024:
4022:
3579:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza; by
3383:
2818:
2793:. Archived from the original on 2009-05-31
2421:, journalist and a co-host of the TV show
2202:
2100:in Puerto Rico supports independence: the
1690:
1676:
1436:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
1378:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1163:. It was signed by Spanish Prime Minister
684:
670:
25:
4082:"Puerto Rico still deserves independence"
3583:; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
3274:
2615:Proposed political status for Puerto Rico
2470:
2355:
2161:"called for an independent Puerto Rico."
1262:U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917
6108:Anti-American sentiment in North America
6083:Political advocacy groups in Puerto Rico
5047:Hostosian National Independence Movement
4723:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017.
4693:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017.
4621:
3781:
3516:The Puerto Ricans: a documentary history
3367:, 16 June 1915, accessed 2 November 2013
3175:
3173:
3123:, Sabana Grande, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
3084:
3082:
2969:
2855:"Land Tenure Development in Puerto Rico"
2768:. The University Society. Archived from
2206:
2127:had a platform supporting independence.
1998:
1806:
1716:
1701:
1266:
1186:
1056:
997:(Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico)
986:was the leader of this revolt. Earlier,
953:
907:in 1809, and the uprisings of people in
763:
291:17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
91:Hostosian National Independence Movement
6021:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
5027:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
4809:
4807:
4019:
3463:
3461:
3393:; University of Washington Press, 1966.
3061:
3059:
3057:
2757:
2518:Online rise in reunification with Spain
2333:
1343:in Puerto Rico had been converted into
892:
96:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
6065:
5690:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
5634:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
5084:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
4846:
4792:from the original on February 25, 2017
4727:from the original on February 24, 2017
4697:from the original on February 24, 2017
4567:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4500:from the original on February 11, 2017
4384:from the original on February 22, 2017
3782:Martinez, Ruben Berrios (April 1977).
3347:
3065:"Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by
2848:
2684:
2682:
2656:
2654:
2049:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
875:Villa de Sotomayor (Sotomayor Village)
754:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico
554:United States House of Representatives
121:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico
6026:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861
5886:
5722:
5659:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
4934:
4371:
3917:from the original on 27 February 2014
3200:"José de Diego - Library of Congress"
3170:
3161:
3079:
2600:Latin America-United States relations
1042:on all the prisoners. But in Madrid,
822:when it received only 2.1% of votes.
4967:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
4813:
4804:
3947:from the original on 7 December 2015
3794:from the original on 23 January 2015
3518:, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008P179
3458:
3054:
3013:
2896:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995.
2477:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
2362:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
2106:New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico
2068:
1295:
1112:. These attacks became known as the
1086:Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee
993:Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico
559:Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico
20:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
6042:2012 U.S. state secession petitions
4374:"Puerto Rico at the United Nations"
4213:from the original on 6 October 2014
3446:from the original on 6 October 2014
3300:Mapping an Empire of American Sport
2928:
2679:
2651:
2625:Special Committee on Decolonization
2340:Special Committee on Decolonization
2314:In the 21st century, a majority of
1984:. During the 1950 Jayuya Uprising,
1441:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
6093:Puerto Rican independence movement
4876:
4353:from the original on 15 March 2023
4243:from the original on 26 March 2023
3653:
3521:
3432:
3237:
3192:
3090:"1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana"
2988:. Retrieved on September 26, 2007.
2288:worked for independence. In 1946,
2263:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2234:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1938:Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the
1351:Formation of the Nationalist Party
820:2016 Puerto Rican general election
812:2020 Puerto Rican general election
14:
6119:
6052:List of state partition proposals
4917:
4814:Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017).
4753:. BALLOTPEDIA. February 6, 2017.
4717:"What's a Free Associated State?"
4687:"What's a Free Associated State?"
4667:from the original on 13 July 2014
4496:. United Nations. June 20, 2016.
4322:"2008 Election Results (Spanish)"
3317:from the original on 1 April 2023
3212:from the original on 11 July 2018
2590:Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007
2021:plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952
2007:and under the orders of Governor
1751:By 1932 Luis Muñoz Rivera's son,
1121:. It was the first time that the
6088:Political history of Puerto Rico
5983:Northwest Territorial Imperative
4961:
4779:
4757:from the original on May 6, 2017
3997:"Platform - Socialist Party USA"
3024:Historia militar de Puerto Rico;
2825:Smithsonian Institution (1907).
2574:
2560:
2546:
2524:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
2211:Puerto Rican Nationalist leader
2125:Green Party of the United States
1933:
1921:Events under Commonwealth status
1790:
1372:
1334:American professor and activist
1319:company. According to historian
1175:by the United States during the
830:
650:
163:
6098:Separatism in the United States
6011:Mississippi Secession Ordinance
5037:Puerto Rican Independence Party
4840:
4773:
4739:
4709:
4679:
4647:
4599:
4575:
4512:
4482:
4451:
4427:
4365:
4339:
4314:
4269:
4255:
4225:
4195:
4165:
4143:
4121:
4097:
4075:
4052:
3989:
3959:
3929:
3899:
3888:from the original on 2014-07-30
3864:
3829:
3806:
3775:
3754:
3742:
3716:
3695:
3676:
3629:; Bainbridge, John Jr. (2005).
3619:
3593:
3573:
3550:Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule
3509:
3484:
3419:
3403:Noam Chomsky, "A Century Later"
3396:
3290:
3256:
3224:
3126:
3104:
3036:
2991:
2947:
2907:
2886:
2746:from the original on 2021-04-14
2721:from the original on 2021-04-10
2346:Political status of Puerto Rico
2301:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2294:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1313:American Sugar Refining Company
1256:, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón and
1156:on November 25, 1897 through a
1136:, joining a group known as the
826:Seeking independence from Spain
816:Puerto Rican Independence Party
489:Puerto Rican Independence Party
106:Puerto Rican Independence Party
5914:Secession in the United States
5815:Statehood Students Association
5749:Advocacy groups in Puerto Rico
5573:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
5205:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
5042:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
3344:, pp.52-83; Random House, 1972
3158:, pp.46-62; Random House, 1972
2867:
2831:. Harvard University. p.
2783:
2732:
2707:
2411:Similarly, as reported by the
2286:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2155:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
2045:Comandos Armados de Liberación
1873:On March 21, 1937, a march in
1816:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1732:In 1932, the pro-independence
1657:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1323:, Charles Allen leveraged his
1286:Puerto Rico Independence Party
1225:named De Diego, together with
1173:invaded, occupied, and annexed
1080:In 1897, Lluberas traveled to
116:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
6001:Confederate States of America
5594:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
5508:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
5268:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
5120:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
4847:Kassam, Ashifa (2015-08-30).
3287:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122-144
3167:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106-109
2742:. Democracy Now. 2020-11-20.
2645:
2290:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1637:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1150:overseas autonomous community
1090:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares)
1039:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares)
990:and Betances had founded the
930:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
645:Politics of the United States
531:Municipalities of Puerto Rico
245:Government-owned corporations
5654:Truman assassination attempt
5032:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
3547:Bosque Pérez, Ramón (2006).
2975:The Women from Puerto Rico.
2954:Meaning of "Independentista"
2874:"Puerto Rico's First People"
2610:Puerto Rico (proposed state)
2392:Latin American News Dispatch
1734:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
111:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
101:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
7:
5825:Workers' Socialist Movement
5772:Constitution of Puerto Rico
5644:San Juan Nationalist revolt
5253:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2620:Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
2539:
2488:Compact of Free Association
2368:Partido Popular Democrático
1970:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1426:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1144:Spanish Charter of Autonomy
759:current flag of Puerto Rico
10:
6124:
5022:Union Party of Puerto Rico
3683:FBI Files on Puerto Ricans
3553:. SUNY Press. p. 71.
3454:– via angelfire.com.
3094:www.proyectosalonhogar.com
2965:Spanish-English Dictionary
2521:
2474:
2359:
2337:
2215:died in a gun battle with
1863:In 1936, the U.S. Senator
1098:current flag of the island
494:Citizen's Victory Movement
300:26th Senate of Puerto Rico
240:Fiscal agent and financing
190:United States Constitution
131:Union Party of Puerto Rico
6034:
5993:
5920:
5872:Manufacturers Association
5849:
5833:
5805:Proposed political status
5780:
5754:
5698:
5677:
5586:
5376:
5348:María de Lourdes Santiago
5343:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
5218:
5185:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
5092:
5065:
5014:
4973:
3692:. Retrieved on 2008-12-04
3354:Charles H. Allen Resigns"
3340:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel;
3154:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel;
2134:During the summit of the
1972:, and other shootouts in
1932:
1927:
1839:University of Puerto Rico
1789:
1784:
1777:People's Democratic Party
1191:Political cartoon of 1898
1125:was flown on the island.
1119:(Attempted Coup of Yauco)
1003:. Betances wrote several
924:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
609:Proposed political status
318:Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez
68:
56:
51:Puerto Rican independence
45:
24:
6103:Puerto Rican nationalism
5841:Center for a New Economy
5180:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
5150:Francisco Ramírez Medina
5140:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
3009:Puerto Rico Encyclopedia
2494:would be U.S. citizens.
2394:, wrote as an editor in
2192:, and US Representative
2102:Popular Democratic Party
2057:Ejército Popular Boricua
1990:attempted to assassinate
1779:(PPD for Spanish name).
1760:Santiago Iglesias Pantin
1742:Felisa Rincón de Gautier
1227:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1035:San Sebastián del Pepino
1024:Francisco Ramírez Medina
999:from their exile in the
947:in 1868, and the one in
506:Political party strength
484:Popular Democratic Party
400:Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló
369:House of Representatives
195:Puerto Rico Constitution
5767:Civil Rights Commission
5664:Cerro Maravilla murders
5609:Levantamiento de Ciales
5568:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
5488:Tomás López de Victoria
5473:Andres Figueroa Cordero
5463:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
5283:José M. Dávila Monsanto
5145:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
5135:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
5130:Eugenio María de Hostos
5100:Ramón Emeterio Betances
5015:Political organizations
3389:Arrington, Leonard J.;
2203:20th century to present
2168:, professor and writer
2149:The Wall Street Journal
1795:Newsreel scenes of the
1602:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1597:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1564:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1519:Tomás López de Victoria
1358:Part of a series on the
1208:Eugenio María de Hostos
1197:Treaty of Paris of 1898
1138:Puerto Rican Commission
1071:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1044:Eugenio María de Hostos
984:Ramón Emeterio Betances
837:Taíno rebellion of 1511
336:Ángel Chayanne Martínez
305:President of the Senate
156:Politics of Puerto Rico
6073:Independence movements
6047:Ordinance of Secession
5563:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
5458:Isabel Freire de Matos
5448:Juan Antonio Corretjer
5398:Margot Arce de Vázquez
5228:Antonio Rafael Barceló
5155:José Gualberto Padilla
5093:19th century activists
5073:Cadets of the Republic
5066:Militant organizations
4525:(78, 2.003(54)). 2011
4372:López, Ana M. (2014).
4285:, University of Dayton
4001:SocialistParty-USA.net
2717:. Medium. 2021-04-08.
2508:United States Congress
2471:2017 status referendum
2435:
2408:
2376:Estado Libre Associado
2356:2012 status referendum
2220:
2012:
1819:
1746:Ernesto Ramos Antonini
1725:
1710:
1612:Isabel Freire de Matos
1587:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1559:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1499:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1402:Cadets of the Republic
1327:of Puerto Rico into a
1280:
1192:
1165:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
1066:
969:
769:
698:history of Puerto Rico
549:Federal representation
255:Office of the Governor
81:Cadets of the Republic
5800:Independence movement
5523:Helen Rodríguez Trías
5503:Francisco Matos Paoli
5468:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
5428:Rafael Cancel Miranda
5363:Carlos Alberto Torres
5263:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
5219:20th and 21st century
5160:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
4974:Indigenous resistance
3760:Bosque Pérez, Ramón.
3189:, Library of Congress
3067:Héctor Andrés Negroni
3020:Héctor Andrés Negroni
2864:, University of Maine
2430:
2403:
2284:Founded in 1922, the
2210:
2190:Carlos Alberto Torres
2002:
1810:
1720:
1705:
1647:Helen Rodríguez Trías
1529:Francisco Matos Paoli
1509:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1479:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1270:
1190:
1161:(Charter of Autonomy)
1060:
1030:who would join them.
1010:Most dissidents were
957:
767:
526:Mayors in Puerto Rico
479:New Progressive Party
327:Carmelo Ríos Santiago
314:President pro tempore
235:Executive departments
5614:Río Piedras massacre
5318:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
5298:Víctor Manuel Gerena
5233:Félix Benítez Rexach
5078:Boricua Popular Army
4824:. DC. Archived from
4183:on 21 September 2020
3764:. SUNY Press, 2006.
3581:Pedro Aponte Vázquez
3528:Strategy as Politics
2883:, Extra News website
2568:United States portal
2390:, co-founder of the
2334:United Nations' view
2213:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2117:American imperialism
2108:supports statehood.
1847:Río Piedras massacre
1662:Félix Benítez Rexach
1581:Notable nationalists
1392:Río Piedras massacre
1329:controlling interest
1321:Federico Ribes Tovar
1242:Union of Puerto Rico
1177:Spanish-American War
1167:and ratified by the
893:Puerto Rican revolts
309:Thomas Rivera Schatz
76:Boricua Popular Army
6006:Louisiana secession
5857:Chamber of Commerce
5820:Status quo movement
5685:Grito de Lares flag
5578:Olga Viscal Garriga
5553:Clemente Soto Vélez
5543:Vidal Santiago Díaz
5453:José Ferrer Canales
5388:Pedro Albizu Campos
5338:Ángel Rivero Méndez
5323:Antonio S. Pedreira
5308:Luis Lloréns Torres
5303:Edwin Irizarry Mora
5175:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
4828:on February 4, 2017
4660:The Washington Post
4617:New York Daily News
4070:Wall Street Journal
4007:on 4 September 2012
3601:"NY Latino Journal"
3503:The Washington Post
3472:Delma S. Arrigoitia
3263:Luis Llorens Torres
3205:Library of Congress
2414:New York Daily News
2129:Socialist Party USA
2113:Communist Party USA
1996:in Washington, DC.
1914:Flag of Puerto Rico
1722:Pedro Albizu Campos
1627:José Ferrer Canales
1569:Olga Viscal Garriga
1549:Clemente Soto Vélez
1544:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1459:Pedro Albizu Campos
1453:Nationalist leaders
1290:Luis Lloréns Torres
1123:flag of Puerto Rico
1073:, a wealthy coffee
988:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
932:, the first female
873:, who attacked the
657:Politics portal
387:Speaker pro tempore
21:
6078:COINTELPRO targets
6016:Missouri secession
5948:Confederate States
5850:Trade associations
5810:Statehood movement
5604:Intentona de Yauco
5558:Griselio Torresola
5513:Ruth Mary Reynolds
5408:Casimiro Berenguer
5358:Alejandrina Torres
5313:Oscar López Rivera
5278:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
5195:Fernando Fernandez
5190:Manuel Zeno Gandía
4909:The New York Times
4721:Puerto Rico Report
4691:Puerto Rico Report
4636:2013-12-24 at the
4611:2014-02-26 at the
4587:2017-10-07 at the
4281:2011-09-27 at the
4155:2014-02-27 at the
4133:2014-02-21 at the
4087:2014-02-25 at the
4072:, 26 January 2014.
4064:2016-03-11 at the
3818:2017-05-23 at the
3788:foreignaffairs.com
3688:2005-03-07 at the
3496:2012-11-22 at the
3408:2014-02-22 at the
3365:The New York Times
3359:2020-02-01 at the
3268:2011-09-27 at the
3249:2007-02-03 at the
3185:2018-01-04 at the
3138:2017-07-04 at the
3116:2000-12-08 at the
3003:2015-09-24 at the
2984:2011-06-11 at the
2959:2012-03-26 at the
2940:2011-04-21 at the
2879:2007-12-31 at the
2860:2006-09-13 at the
2554:Puerto Rico portal
2378:or Commonwealth.
2254:Jones–Shafroth Act
2221:
2182:Oscar López Rivera
2123:..." In 2012, the
2121:self-determination
2013:
1820:
1738:Antonio R. Barceló
1726:
1711:
1554:Griselio Torresola
1534:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1469:Casimiro Berenguer
1386:Events and revolts
1281:
1273:Theodore Roosevelt
1258:Antonio R. Barceló
1231:José Celso Barbosa
1204:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1193:
1158:Carta de Autonomía
1115:Intentona de Yauco
1067:
1063:Intentona de Yauco
1033:In the next town,
1020:revolutionary flag
970:
968:took place in 1868
887:Battle of Yagüecas
883:Juan Ponce de León
770:
729:A spectrum of pro-
564:Jenniffer González
391:José Torres Zamora
260:Transition process
250:Line of succession
19:
6060:
6059:
5880:
5879:
5716:
5715:
5628:Ley de la Mordaza
5518:Germán Rieckehoff
5433:José Coll y Cuchí
5380:Nationalist Party
5293:Leopoldo Figueroa
5243:Americo Boschetti
4475:978-92-1-810211-9
4420:978-92-1-810211-9
4349:. 15 March 2023.
4239:. 25 March 2023.
3977:on 6 October 2014
3770:978-0-7914-6417-5
3711:978-1-85109-523-0
3646:978-0-7432-6068-8
3607:on 26 August 2009
3589:978-1-931702-01-0
3560:978-0-7914-6417-5
3480:978-1-934461-69-3
3440:"Antonio Barcelo"
3100:on March 4, 2016.
3075:978-84-7844-138-9
3032:978-84-7844-138-9
2923:978-0-8078-3113-7
2917:UNC Press, 2007.
2902:978-0-313-29339-9
2438:In October 2013,
2098:two major parties
2069:Political support
1950:
1949:
1906:Ley de la Mordaza
1805:
1804:
1707:José Coll y Cuchí
1700:
1699:
1642:Germán Rieckehoff
1484:José Coll y Cuchí
1409:Ley de la Mordaza
1366:Nationalist Party
1345:sugar plantations
1296:American business
1254:Luis Muñoz Rivera
911:, San Germán and
708:, first from the
694:
693:
543:Federal relations
474:Political Parties
409:Urayoán Hernández
149:
148:
6115:
5921:Active movements
5907:
5900:
5893:
5884:
5883:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5170:Juan Ríus Rivera
5105:Mariana Bracetti
4965:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4913:
4891:Go, J. (2000). "
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
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4802:
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4628:
4619:
4603:
4597:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4542:. Archived from
4541:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4440:. Archived from
4439:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4324:. Archived from
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4298:. Archived from
4292:
4286:
4273:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4209:. 29 July 2010.
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4179:. Archived from
4169:
4163:
4147:
4141:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4110:. Archived from
4109:
4101:
4095:
4079:
4073:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4036:. Archived from
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4003:. Archived from
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3973:. Archived from
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3913:. 20 July 2005.
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3846:. Archived from
3841:
3833:
3827:
3826:, 18 August 2007
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3779:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3726:. Archived from
3720:
3714:
3699:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3603:. Archived from
3597:
3591:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3544:
3538:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3488:
3482:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3416:, September 1998
3400:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3294:
3288:
3285:
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3260:
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3241:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3196:
3190:
3177:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3096:. Archived from
3086:
3077:
3063:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3017:
3011:
2998:"Grito de Lares"
2995:
2989:
2978:Mariana Bracetti
2973:
2967:
2951:
2945:
2932:
2926:
2913:Ayala, César J.
2911:
2905:
2892:Schwab, Gail M.
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2822:
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2809:
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2752:
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2727:
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2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2658:
2584:
2582:Caribbean portal
2579:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2499:Ricardo Rosselló
2497:Former Governor
2455:Democratic Party
2451:Republican Party
2316:Independentistas
2280:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2093:Republican Party
2088:Democratic Party
2039:armies" such as
2009:Luis Muñoz Marín
1937:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1828:Capitol building
1814:, member of the
1794:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1753:Luis Muñoz Marín
1692:
1685:
1678:
1376:
1355:
1354:
1309:Charles H. Allen
1302:Manifest destiny
1279:in the Caribbean
1250:sovereign nation
1235:Charles H. Allen
1223:William McKinley
1084:and visited the
726:revolt of 1868.
686:
679:
672:
655:
654:
597:Political status
418:Tatito Hernández
362:José Luis Dalmau
167:
151:
150:
32:Medium blue flag
29:
22:
18:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6030:
5989:
5916:
5911:
5881:
5876:
5845:
5829:
5776:
5755:Civil liberties
5750:
5747:
5717:
5712:
5694:
5673:
5649:Utuado Uprising
5639:Jayuya Uprising
5582:
5423:Nemesio Canales
5413:Julia de Burgos
5403:Elías Beauchamp
5393:José S. Alegría
5379:
5372:
5333:Miguel Poventud
5220:
5214:
5115:Roberto Cofresí
5110:Mathias Brugman
5088:
5061:
5052:Socialist Front
5010:
4969:
4959:
4920:
4879:
4877:Further reading
4874:
4865:
4863:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4821:Washington Post
4812:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4774:
4760:
4758:
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4668:
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4652:
4648:
4638:Wayback Machine
4629:
4622:
4613:Wayback Machine
4604:
4600:
4589:Wayback Machine
4580:
4576:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4550:
4549:on May 21, 2014
4546:
4539:
4537:"Archived copy"
4535:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
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4488:
4487:
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4289:
4283:Wayback Machine
4274:
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4231:
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4214:
4201:
4200:
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4184:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4161:Dissident Voice
4157:Wayback Machine
4148:
4144:
4135:Wayback Machine
4126:
4122:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4089:Wayback Machine
4080:
4076:
4066:Wayback Machine
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4034:Fox News Latino
4028:
4027:
4020:
4010:
4008:
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3994:
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3978:
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3964:
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3878:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3824:Washington Post
3820:Wayback Machine
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3776:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3700:
3696:
3690:Wayback Machine
3681:
3677:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3627:Hunter, Stephen
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3545:
3541:
3526:
3522:
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3510:
3498:Wayback Machine
3489:
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3433:
3424:
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3410:Wayback Machine
3401:
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3361:Wayback Machine
3352:
3348:
3339:
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3320:
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3311:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3275:
3270:Wayback Machine
3261:
3257:
3251:Wayback Machine
3242:
3238:
3230:Bolivar Pagan.
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3187:Wayback Machine
3178:
3171:
3166:
3162:
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3146:
3140:Wayback Machine
3131:
3127:
3120:
3118:Wayback Machine
3109:
3105:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3064:
3055:
3042:
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3037:
3018:
3014:
3005:Wayback Machine
2996:
2992:
2986:Wayback Machine
2974:
2970:
2961:Wayback Machine
2952:
2948:
2942:Wayback Machine
2933:
2929:
2912:
2908:
2891:
2887:
2881:Wayback Machine
2872:
2868:
2862:Wayback Machine
2853:
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2708:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2635:Falange Boricua
2580:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2526:
2520:
2479:
2473:
2463:Washington Post
2436:
2409:
2364:
2358:
2342:
2336:
2262:
2233:
2205:
2186:Roberto Barreto
2083:in the polls."
2079:Washington Post
2071:
2062:Foreign Affairs
2011:, occupy Jayuya
2005:Luis R. Esteves
1994:Harry S. Truman
1966:Utuado Uprising
1962:Jayuya Uprising
1934:
1928:External videos
1923:
1902:Jesús T. Piñero
1887:Blanton Winship
1865:Millard Tydings
1858:Elías Beauchamp
1812:Elías Beauchamp
1791:
1785:External videos
1764:Socialist Party
1736:was founded by
1696:
1667:
1666:
1592:Elías Beauchamp
1582:
1574:
1573:
1504:Julia de Burgos
1464:José S. Alegría
1454:
1446:
1445:
1431:Utuado uprising
1421:Jayuya Uprising
1387:
1379:
1365:
1353:
1298:
1185:
1146:
937:Independentista
895:
877:in present-day
833:
828:
748:revolt against
702:its inhabitants
696:Throughout the
690:
661:
649:
636:
635:
599:
589:
588:
544:
536:
535:
521:
511:
510:
499:Proyect Dignity
464:
456:
455:
446:
436:
435:
427:Ramón Luis Cruz
414:Minority Leader
396:Majority Leader
341:Minority Leader
323:Majority Leader
282:
272:
271:
215:
205:
204:
200:Puerto Rico law
185:
158:
145:
126:Socialist Front
59:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6121:
6111:
6110:
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5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5778:
5777:
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5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Bill of Rights
5758:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5731:
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5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5619:Ponce massacre
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Grito de Lares
5596:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5538:Isolina Rondón
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5418:Blanca Canales
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
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5355:
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5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5288:Elizam Escobar
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5248:Juan Mari Brás
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
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5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
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5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4919:
4918:External links
4916:
4915:
4914:
4903:
4889:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4839:
4803:
4772:
4738:
4708:
4678:
4646:
4644:, October 2013
4620:
4598:
4574:
4511:
4494:United Nations
4481:
4474:
4450:
4447:on 2009-07-31.
4426:
4419:
4395:
4364:
4338:
4313:
4287:
4268:
4254:
4224:
4207:citylimits.org
4194:
4164:
4142:
4139:Democracy Now!
4120:
4117:on 2014-02-26.
4096:
4074:
4051:
4018:
3988:
3958:
3928:
3898:
3863:
3828:
3805:
3774:
3753:
3741:
3715:
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3645:
3618:
3592:
3572:
3559:
3539:
3520:
3508:
3483:
3457:
3431:
3425:Ayala, Cesar;
3418:
3395:
3382:
3376:Ayala, Cesar;
3369:
3346:
3328:
3309:
3289:
3273:
3255:
3236:
3223:
3191:
3169:
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3144:
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2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
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2585:
2571:
2557:
2541:
2538:
2519:
2516:
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2429:
2424:Democracy Now!
2402:
2360:Main article:
2357:
2354:
2338:Main article:
2335:
2332:
2250:April 12, 1900
2219:agents in 2005
2204:
2201:
2194:Luis Gutiérrez
2170:Jason Ferreira
2070:
2067:
1986:Blanca Canales
1948:
1947:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1898:
1883:
1880:Ponce massacre
1870:
1869:
1861:
1850:
1835:
1832:Grito de Lares
1803:
1802:
1797:Ponce Massacre
1787:
1786:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
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1680:
1672:
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1566:
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1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Isolina Rondón
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Blanca Canales
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1397:Ponce massacre
1394:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1297:
1294:
1184:
1181:
1169:Spanish Cortes
1145:
1142:
1128:Velez fled to
975:Grito de Lares
965:Grito de Lares
941:Lares uprising
894:
891:
849:of the native
832:
829:
827:
824:
745:Grito de Lares
724:(Cry of Lares)
720:Grito de Lares
710:Spanish Empire
692:
691:
689:
688:
681:
674:
666:
663:
662:
660:
659:
647:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
606:
604:Current status
600:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
522:
519:Municipalities
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
471:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
366:
365:
364:
355:
345:Eduardo Bhatia
338:
329:
320:
311:
283:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
230:Chief of Staff
227:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
192:
186:
177:
176:
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172:
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133:
128:
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118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
72:
70:
66:
65:
60:
58:Region served
57:
54:
53:
47:
43:
42:
37:Grito de Lares
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6120:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
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6084:
6081:
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6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:Miscellaneous
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
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5848:
5842:
5839:
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5836:
5832:
5826:
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5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:Sovereigntism
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:Daniel Santos
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:Isabel Rosado
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Hugo Margenat
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Lolita Lebrón
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Oscar Collazo
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
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5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5238:Rubén Berríos
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5210:Marcos Xiorro
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:Agustín Stahl
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
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5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
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5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:José de Diego
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
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5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
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5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4902:(2), 333-362.
4901:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4808:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4643:
4642:The Economist
4639:
4635:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4564:
4545:
4538:
4521:
4515:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4454:
4443:
4436:
4430:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4328:on 2009-10-11
4327:
4323:
4317:
4302:on 2014-10-06
4301:
4297:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4242:
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4228:
4212:
4208:
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4198:
4182:
4178:
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4168:
4162:
4158:
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4151:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4040:on 2014-10-06
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3853:on 2014-03-15
3849:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3730:on 2014-10-06
3729:
3725:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3672:9780199283576
3669:
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3556:
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3551:
3543:
3537:
3536:0-8477-0160-3
3533:
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3512:
3505:
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3499:
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3492:
3487:
3481:
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3411:
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3404:
3399:
3392:
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3379:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3316:
3312:
3310:9781317980360
3306:
3303:. Routledge.
3302:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3248:
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3240:
3233:
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3211:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3184:
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3176:
3174:
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3157:
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3149:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3099:
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3091:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
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2943:
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2920:
2916:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2772:on 2007-11-05
2771:
2767:
2760:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2696:on 2012-11-09
2695:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2668:on 2012-11-09
2667:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2638:
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2572:
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2555:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:Puerto Ricans
2489:
2483:
2478:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:The Economist
2434:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2419:Juan Gonzalez
2417:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2383:
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2377:
2373:
2369:
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2341:
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2329:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:March 2, 1917
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:Martín Espada
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:US President
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:Robert Cooper
1892:
1891:Luis Irizarry
1888:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Daniel Santos
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Isabel Rosado
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Hugo Margenat
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Lolita Lebrón
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Oscar Collazo
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1275:wielding his
1274:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:, along with
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:José de Diego
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:New York City
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1096:in 1895, the
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:New York City
1078:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:
972:In 1868, the
967:
966:
961:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
925:
921:
920:Simón Bolívar
916:
914:
913:Sabana Grande
910:
906:
902:
901:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:, cacique of
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
831:Taíno revolts
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
766:
762:
760:
755:
751:
747:
746:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
722:
721:
715:
714:United States
711:
707:
703:
699:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
668:
667:
665:
664:
658:
653:
648:
646:
643:
642:
640:
639:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
614:Sovereigntism
612:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
593:
592:
585:
584:Insular Cases
582:
573:
569:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
546:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
520:
515:
514:
507:
504:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
460:
459:
452:
451:Supreme Court
449:
448:
445:
440:
439:
428:
424:
423:Minority Whip
421:
419:
415:
412:
410:
406:
405:Majority Whip
403:
401:
397:
394:
392:
388:
385:
383:
382:Johnny Méndez
379:
376:
375:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
358:Minority Whip
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
337:
333:
332:Majority Whip
330:
328:
324:
321:
319:
315:
312:
310:
306:
303:
302:
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
281:
276:
275:
268:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
209:
208:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
184:
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
55:
52:
49:Advocacy for
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
28:
23:
5967:
5799:
5705:
5627:
5528:Hiram Rosado
5498:René Marqués
5478:Irvin Flores
5443:Rosa Collazo
5378:Puerto Rican
5328:Pedro Pietri
5165:Manuel Rojas
5080:(Macheteros)
4986:Agüeybaná II
4966:
4924:
4907:
4899:
4896:
4883:
4864:. Retrieved
4853:The Guardian
4852:
4842:
4832:February 17,
4830:. Retrieved
4826:the original
4819:
4796:February 24,
4794:. Retrieved
4786:Miami Herald
4785:
4775:
4766:
4761:February 24,
4759:. Retrieved
4750:
4741:
4731:February 23,
4729:. Retrieved
4720:
4711:
4701:February 23,
4699:. Retrieved
4690:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4658:
4649:
4641:
4616:
4601:
4592:
4577:
4551:. Retrieved
4544:the original
4527:. Retrieved
4514:
4504:February 21,
4502:. Retrieved
4493:
4484:
4460:
4453:
4442:the original
4429:
4405:
4398:
4388:February 21,
4386:. Retrieved
4377:
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4341:
4330:. Retrieved
4326:the original
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4300:the original
4290:
4271:
4262:
4257:
4245:. Retrieved
4236:
4227:
4215:. Retrieved
4206:
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4181:the original
4177:isreview.org
4176:
4167:
4160:
4145:
4138:
4123:
4112:the original
4099:
4092:
4077:
4069:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4038:the original
4033:
4009:. Retrieved
4005:the original
4000:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3975:the original
3970:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3940:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3910:
3901:
3890:. Retrieved
3873:
3866:
3855:. Retrieved
3848:the original
3843:
3831:
3823:
3808:
3796:. Retrieved
3787:
3777:
3761:
3756:
3744:
3732:. Retrieved
3728:the original
3718:
3702:
3697:
3678:
3663:
3655:
3631:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3595:
3575:
3564:. Retrieved
3549:
3542:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3486:
3467:
3448:. Retrieved
3434:
3426:
3421:
3414:Peace Review
3413:
3398:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3349:
3341:
3319:. Retrieved
3299:
3292:
3258:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3203:
3194:
3163:
3155:
3128:
3121:(in Spanish)
3111:Sabia Usted?
3106:
3098:the original
3093:
3045:
3038:
3023:
3015:
3008:
2993:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2949:
2930:
2914:
2909:
2893:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2842:
2836:. Retrieved
2827:
2820:
2795:. Retrieved
2785:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2527:
2504:
2496:
2484:
2480:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2388:Roque Planas
2384:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2343:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2292:founded the
2283:
2222:
2198:
2172:, the group
2163:
2147:
2140:Havana, Cuba
2133:
2110:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:Jimmy Carter
2026:
2019:supported a
2014:
1955:
1951:
1939:
1905:
1854:Hiram Rosado
1821:
1796:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1750:
1731:
1727:
1712:
1632:René Marqués
1617:Hiram Rosado
1607:Irvin Flores
1494:Rosa Collazo
1408:
1364:Puerto Rican
1336:Noam Chomsky
1333:
1325:governorship
1317:Domino Sugar
1306:
1299:
1282:
1244:, the first
1239:
1216:
1212:US territory
1201:
1194:
1160:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1089:
1079:
1068:
1038:
1032:
1016:peninsulares
1015:
1011:
1009:
1004:
996:
991:
973:
971:
963:
962:, where the
936:
934:Puerto Rican
928:
917:
898:
896:
874:
866:
844:
841:Agüeybaná II
834:
809:
790:
771:
761:, in 1895.
750:Spanish rule
743:
739:independence
728:
723:
719:
718:flag of the
695:
619:Independence
618:
353:Vargas Vidot
179:Constitution
69:Affiliations
35:
5968:Puerto Rico
5834:Think tanks
5368:Iris Zavala
5353:Piri Thomas
5273:Juan Dalmau
4981:Agüeybaná I
4780:Wyss, Jim.
4751:Ballotpedia
4093:Progressive
3844:dstatic.org
2944:, 80 Grados
2386:Journalist
2252:), and the
2225:Foraker Act
2159:Raúl Castro
1843:Río Piedras
1341:arable land
735:nationalism
349:Juan Dalmau
287:Legislature
280:Legislative
141:Young Lords
63:Puerto Rico
6067:Categories
5938:California
4866:2024-07-19
4553:January 9,
4529:August 10,
4332:2009-10-06
3892:2014-02-22
3857:2014-02-24
3566:2009-03-17
3470:; by: Dr.
2838:2009-03-12
2797:2009-03-12
2776:2009-03-12
2750:2021-04-11
2725:2021-04-11
2700:2012-11-08
2672:2012-11-08
2646:References
2522:See also:
2327:Democrats.
2277:, enacted
2269:, 39
2248:, enacted
2240:, 31
1271:President
1246:mass party
1179:in 1898.
1130:St. Thomas
1075:plantation
1061:The 1897 "
905:San Germán
737:, and pro-
629:Status quo
267:First Lady
5782:Political
5258:Roy Brown
5221:activists
4861:0261-3077
4788:. Miami.
4671:1 October
4306:1 October
4266:(1987))")
4217:1 October
4187:1 October
4044:1 October
4011:1 October
3981:1 October
3951:1 October
3941:cpusa.org
3921:1 October
3911:cpusa.org
3798:1 October
3734:1 October
3713:. p. 106.
3666:, p. 556
3660:Nohlen, D
3611:1 October
3450:1 October
3253:(Spanish)
3244:Articulos
3216:1 October
2534:Hispanism
2447:boricuas'
2144:Venezuela
1978:Naranjito
1407:Gag Law (
1277:big stick
1106:Quebradas
1094:committee
1005:Proclamas
951:in 1897.
915:in 1898.
863:Guarionex
784:(4.47%),
780:(0.60%),
774:statehood
624:Statehood
469:Elections
463:Elections
213:Executive
5963:Sequoyah
5943:Cascadia
5707:Claridad
4790:Archived
4755:Archived
4725:Archived
4695:Archived
4665:Archived
4634:Archived
4609:Archived
4594:HuffPost
4585:Archived
4563:cite web
4498:Archived
4382:Archived
4357:15 March
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3133:The Flag
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2877:Archived
2858:Archived
2843:Urayoán.
2806:cite web
2744:Archived
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2397:HuffPost
2309:carpetas
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1958:Peñuelas
1048:Betances
1012:Criollos
1001:New York
900:Criollos
788:(2.6%).
731:autonomy
444:Judicial
220:Governor
5994:History
5958:Lakotah
5678:Symbols
5624:Gag Law
5006:Urayoán
5001:Jumacao
4991:Arasibo
3662:(2005)
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2259:Pub. L.
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