3800:
3920:
rural populations." ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of
Internet. This also includes the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."
3894:, has expanded the reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to discuss the M-learning initiative.
5923:
3898:
by 2017. Additionally, there are gender, social, and geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year 2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school, students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management.
4154:
3871:
3263:
3830:
3418:
20:
3480:
3048:
3108:
2986:
2831:
3728:
3232:
3325:
3542:
3170:
3078:
3666:
2955:
2893:
3511:
3356:
3139:
3697:
3635:
3604:
4072:, he describes three models of access to ICTs: devices, conduits, and literacy. Devices and conduits are the most common descriptors for access to ICTs, but they are insufficient for meaningful access to ICTs without third model of access, literacy. Combined, these three models roughly incorporate all twelve of the criteria of "Real Access" to ICT use, conceptualized by a non-profit organization called Bridges.org in 2005:
3201:
2924:
3573:
3294:
3449:
3387:
3017:
2862:
4145:
fewer people are purchasing broadband connection and are instead relying on their smartphones for
Internet access, which can be found for free at public places such as libraries. Indeed, smartphones are on the rise, with 37% of Americans using smartphones as their primary medium for internet access and 96% of Americans owning a smartphone.
3883:
were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the
3960:
partner violence. According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because "access to ICTs exposes women to different ways of life and different notions about women's role in society and the household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender expectations contrast observed alternatives."
3763:
most high-income countries where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New
Zealand, Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year."
4235:
concludes that access to ICT cannot rest on devices or conduits alone; it must also engage physical, digital, human, and social resources. Each of these categories of resources have iterative relations with ICT use. If ICT is used well, it can promote these resources, but if it is used poorly, it can
4207:
found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment. The results suggested that there is "no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; rather,
3910:
The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that
Internet use continues to grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years (2009-2014), with two-thirds
3824:
takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The
Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication
4144:
poll reports, rural
Americans are 12% less likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely to own the devices. Additionally, these costs can be prohibitive to lower-income families accessing ICTs. These difficulties have led to a shift toward mobile technology;
4126:
identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries. Therefore, Warschauer argues that considering
3897:
Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone penetration only expected to reach 20%
3882:
since the 1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa
3923:
Favourably, the gap between the access to the
Internet and mobile coverage has decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show
3856:
Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions can provide support for refugees' language and literacy challenges in three main areas: literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is relevant because communicative
3919:
However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the
Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large
3762:
ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world. In 2014 ITU (International
Telecommunication Union) released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include
4226:
There is not just one type of ICT access, but many types. The meaning and value of access varies in particular social contexts. Access exists in gradations rather than in a bipolar opposition. Computer and
Internet use brings no automatic benefit outside of its particular functions. ICT use is a
2607:
that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as
3959:
support for a cause due to the internet allowing for political discourse and direct interventions with state policy as well as change the way complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate
3906:
In modern society, ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet. With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds. This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to
3837:
Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning.
4139:
A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user once the line is set up. For this
3838:
Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom.
2687:
The 2014 IT budget of the US federal government was nearly $ 82 billion. IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies' IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to "keep the lights on" in the IT
3815:), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education as part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education. The following, which was taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative.
2611:
ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots).
4264:, which states, that the development of ICT increases every year by 16-20%, so it will double in numbers every four to five years. Alongside this development and the high investments in increasing demand for ICT capable products, a high environmental impact came with it.
4222:'s research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill. Conclusions about literacy serve as the basis for a theory of the digital divide and ICT access, as detailed below:
3819:
Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and administration.
4208:
there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices." Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level.
2663:
The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$ 3.8 trillion in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimate 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%. The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies
3857:
practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in authentic contexts.
3924:
ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps." ICT continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the
3811:. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with Writing to Learn produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (
4259:
In the early 21st century a rapid development of ICT services and electronical devices took place, in which the internet servers multiplied by a factor of 1000 to 395 million and its still increasing. This increase can be explained by
4283:
is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries 1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high.
2602:
through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an
3852:
School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However, language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and attending school, especially outside camp settings.
4303:
emissions of different ICT platforms, countries and infrastructure in general. Further the establishment of international norms for reporting and compliance are promoted to foster transparency in this sector.
3790:
To help anchor and expand ICT to every habitable part of the world, "2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000."
2624:
The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s. The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by
4249:
2613:
2637:
recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations". From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word
2652:
4440:
4131:
notes that 96% of Americans own a smartphone, although most scholars in this field would contend that comprehensive access to ICT in the United States is likely much lower than that.
5408:
Cardoso LG, Sorenson SB. Violence against women and household ownership of radios, computers, and phones in 20 countries. American Journal of Public Health. 2017; 107(7):1175–1181.
3936:. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter itself in the ever-changing globe.
3984:
3974:
A review found that in general, outcomes of such ICT-use – which were envisioned as early as 1925 – are or can be as good as in-person care with health care use staying similar.
2792:
in 2014. The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007.
4227:
social practice, involving access to physical artifacts, content, skills, and social support. And acquisition of ICT access is a matter not only of education but also of power.
3955:
to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling social movement leaders and empowering dictators" in effect promoting societal change. ICTs can be used to garner
4716:
3787:. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments.
5758:"The impacts of information and communication technology, energy consumption, financial development, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 Asian countries"
5135:
Blackwell, C.K., Lauricella, A.R. and Wartella, E., 2014. Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77, pp.82-90.
4852:
5445:
4567:, 1986. Roger Silverstone et al., "Listening to a long conversation: an ethnographic approach to the study of information and communication technologies in the home",
1510:
2630:
3779:(WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society. According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the
4323:
countries. With these measures, ICT can reduce environmental damage from economic growth and energy consumption by facilitating communication and infrastructure.
5962:
5870:
4189:
were able to test more than 1,000 subjects to measure the mental capabilities of literates over non-literates. This research, which they laid out in their book
4557:
Information and Communication Technologies: Social Sciences Research and Training: A Report by the ESRC Programme on Information and Communication Technologies
2801:
4275:
There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the
6074:
5444:
Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (7 December 2021).
4419:
5329:
Hussain, Muzammil M.; Howard, Philip N. (2013-03-01). "What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICTs and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring".
5012:
4311:-emissions in general, and to implement a more effective coordination of ICT, energy and growth policies. Consequently, applying the principle of the
6000:
Feridun, Mete; Karagiannis, Stelios (2009). "Growth Effects of Information and Communication Technologies: Empirical Evidence from the Enlarged EU".
4701:
3907:
become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional.
765:
2626:
4928:
5587:
4448:
4621:
4384:
3803:
Today's society shows the ever-growing computer-centric lifestyle, which includes the rapid influx of computers in the modern classroom.
3799:
4502:
4409:
4315:
makes sense. It recommends to make investments there, where the marginal avoidance costs of emissions are the lowest, therefore in the
1090:
4607:
6035:
4848:"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014"
152:
6023:
5890:
5731:
4581:
1182:
4720:
4590:
3776:
1437:
1380:
6013:
5955:
4287:
Currently the scientific forecasts are showing an increase up to 30700 TWh in 2030 which is 20 times more than it was in 2010.
5159:
4122:'s theory is devices. In this model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or computer.
3979:
3780:
5089:"Critical analysis of integration of ICT and data analytics into the accounting curriculum: A multidimensional perspective"
1419:
4471:"Life-long Learning Competence Perceptions of the Teachers and Abilities in Using Information-Communication .Technologies"
5286:
Bimber, Bruce (1998-01-01). "The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism".
1550:
1492:
1141:
954:
653:
596:
240:
6019:
Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London, UK: Routledge, 1988), in particular Chapter 4
1473:
5862:
5643:
5548:
5532:
4564:
4279:
countries a reduction of 0.235% energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%. On the other side the more
4245:
5886:"ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022"
5609:
4307:
Moreover it is suggested by scientists to make more ICT investments to exploit the potentials of ICT to alleviate CO
3887:(OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly two million students and teachers.
5419:
5238:
4803:
4349:
3994:
2591:
3772:
615:
4638:
2587:, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.
992:
5262:
5214:
4013:
3933:
916:
804:
502:
4359:
4332:
4068:
defines a "models of access" framework for analyzing ICT accessibility. In the second chapter of his book,
4048:
3847:
3784:
2285:
897:
860:
297:
4929:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country ranking - librarylearningspace.com"
2616:
is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.
4219:
4204:
4186:
4166:
4007:
376:
4399:
5685:
4900:
4336:
3874:
Representatives meet for a policy forum on M-Learning at UNESCO's Mobile Learning Week in March 2017.
2346:
1455:
1119:
747:
5983:
1335:
578:
1353:
6049:
4974:
4037:
2681:
2407:
1164:
769:
709:
691:
483:
6054:
5922:
5978:
5549:"The Real Access / Real Impact framework for improving the way that ICT is used in development"
5524:
5518:
2568:
2564:
842:
5933:
A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees
6014:
The Role of ICT in Higher Education for the 21st Century: ICT as a Change Agent for Education
4379:
4042:
4003:
3952:
3940:
3759:
2716:
The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed)
1937:
1528:
278:
4510:
4268:
and Hardware development as well as production causing already in 2008 the same amount of CO
3807:
There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into the
5769:
5668:
The 11th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC 2008)
5183:
3944:
3884:
2645:
2323:
1767:
1123:
8:
5813:"Mobile Technology: A Tool to Increase Global Competency Among Higher Education Students"
4742:
4678:
4654:
4414:
4296:
4153:
4141:
4128:
2898:
2580:
1400:
339:
5773:
5842:
5793:
5713:
5484:
5391:
5311:
5303:
5118:
4828:
4587:
4389:
4316:
4017:
3879:
2665:
2572:
2244:
521:
5151:
A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees
4780:
4772:
3951:
is "accelerating the process of issue group formation and action" and coined the term
5931:
5847:
5834:
5797:
5785:
5717:
5705:
5663:
5639:
5528:
5488:
5476:
5468:
5356:
5315:
5155:
5149:
5122:
5110:
5031:"Closing the gaps – Improving literacy and mathematics by ict-enhanced collaboration"
4998:
4820:
4776:
4560:
4374:
4032:
2769:
2673:
2595:
2544:
2477:
2455:
2387:, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
879:
5395:
4197:
applied their literacy research to ICT literacy as part of his model of ICT access.
4193:, allowed them to study whether the literacy divide exists at the individual level.
3829:
5988:
5899:
5824:
5777:
5701:
5697:
5460:
5383:
5346:
5338:
5295:
5100:
5062:
5042:
4883:
4861:
4832:
4812:
4773:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"
4531:
4482:
2748:
in 2014. The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way
2599:
2429:
1635:
973:
5047:
5030:
2651:
Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has created a "
5568:
5387:
4865:
4642:
4594:
4532:"IEEE-CS Adopts Skills Framework for the Information Age • IEEE Computer Society"
4487:
4470:
4394:
4354:
4232:
4215:
4211:
4200:
4194:
4182:
4162:
4140:
reason, conduits usually divide people based on their geographic locations. As a
4123:
4119:
4065:
4028:
Applications of ICTs in science, research and development, and academia include:
3929:
2704:
17% costs of external service providers (external/services), 14% after correction
2677:
1823:
1279:
19:
5263:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings"
5215:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings"
2768:
in 2007. The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way
2688:
department, and 25% are the cost of new initiatives for technology development.
5948:
5904:
5885:
5829:
5812:
4816:
4798:
4583:
Information and Communications Technology in UK Schools: An Independent Inquiry
4369:
4300:
4261:
4127:
only devices understates the magnitude of digital inequality. For example, the
3113:
3053:
2365:
2069:
1918:
1316:
935:
5781:
4784:
4053:
2720:
in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed)
1101:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
6068:
5838:
5789:
5709:
5472:
5360:
5114:
4312:
4181:. Since about half of those literate in Vai have never had formal schooling,
4178:
3998:
2991:
2725:
2634:
2604:
2540:
2499:
2451:
2262:
1749:
1072:
823:
114:
5992:
5757:
5927:
5480:
4949:
4847:
4824:
4280:
4250:
Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability
3948:
2187:
2073:
2032:
1786:
186:
5087:
Birt, Jacqueline; Safari, Maryam; de Castro, Vincent Bicudo (2023-03-20).
3870:
2756:
of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed)
1493:
ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
5863:"Digitalisation for a circular economy: A driver for European Green Deal"
5446:"Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment"
5351:
4887:
4719:. OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH. Archived from
3925:
3268:
2836:
2655:" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology".
2403:
2384:
1711:
1357:
1256:
1053:
672:
95:
5963:
Good Practice in Information and Communication Technology for Education
5686:"Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?"
5342:
5307:
5105:
5088:
4444:
4404:
4174:
3969:
3956:
3891:
3733:
3237:
2765:
2761:
2708:
The estimate of money to be spent in 2022 is just over US$ 6 trillion.
2701:
33% hardware costs (external/purchasing category), 26% after correction
2698:
16% software costs (external/purchasing category), 29% after correction
2633:
for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, in 2012, the
2584:
1673:
2740:
in 2007, and the equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the
2326:, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
5969:
Grossman, G.; Helpman, E. (2005). "Outsourcing in a global economy".
5817:
The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning
5464:
4635:
4320:
2777:
2773:
2749:
2639:
2576:
2447:
2225:
1956:
1692:
1275:
559:
5299:
4717:"IT Costs – The Costs, Growth And Financial Risk Of Software Assets"
4634:
United Nations Office of Information and Communications Technology,
3901:
2653:
United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force
5239:"Survey: 1 In 6 Internet Users Own A Smartwatch Or Fitness Tracker"
4375:
Example of information and communication technologies for education
4265:
3939:
Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating
3808:
3547:
3330:
3175:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2757:
2753:
2721:
2717:
2669:
2517:
2495:
2473:
2266:
2092:
1975:
1842:
1581:
dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser
1011:
417:
259:
4441:"Cloud network architecture and ICT - Modern Network Architecture"
5181:
5013:"Evidence for How Writing Can Improve Reading, Carnegie.Org 2010"
4608:
Shut down or restart? The way forward for computing in UK schools
4319:
with comparatively lower technological standards and policies as
4170:
3989:
3671:
3516:
3485:
3361:
3206:
3144:
3083:
2960:
2425:
2342:
2304:
2206:
2149:
2111:
1994:
1880:
357:
316:
133:
3985:
Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation
2728:
in 2014. This is the informational equivalent to 1.25 stacks of
2608:
paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.
2579:
lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary
1553:
oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st
5930:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
5684:
Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (2020-10-01).
4622:"National curriculum in England: computing programmes of study"
3821:
3812:
3702:
3640:
3609:
3578:
3423:
3299:
2929:
2804:
countries by share of ICT sector in total value added in 2013.
2729:
2536:
2168:
2130:
1861:
1804:
1034:
728:
540:
436:
395:
205:
4797:
Gillings, Michael R; Hilbert, Martin; Kemp, Darrell J (2016).
4070:
Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide
4799:"Information in the Biosphere: Biological and Digital Worlds"
4364:
3454:
3392:
3022:
2867:
2741:
2733:
2050:
2013:
1899:
1730:
1616:
1546:
1361:
1238:
1160:
634:
464:
76:
6025:
Measuring the Information Society: The ICT Development Index
3890:
The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as
6031:. International Telecommunication Union. 2013. p. 254.
4923:
4921:
4276:
2737:
1654:
1597:
1297:
1239:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
1200:
399:
335:
57:
3911:
of all people online now living in the developing world."
3775:
approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the
1511:
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
5588:"Digital gap between rural and nonrural America persists"
4880:
Figure 1.9 Share of ICT sector in total value added, 2013
4236:
contribute to a cycle of underdevelopment and exclusion.
3766:
2745:
1578:
1381:
UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I
1219:
1030:
5443:
4952:. International Telecommunication Union. 17 January 2006
4918:
3878:
ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in
6059:
5762:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
1474:
First internationalized country code top-level domains
5029:
Genlott, Annika Agélii; Grönlund, Åke (August 2016).
1529:
NetMundial international Internet governance proposal
170:
NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets
5523:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp.
4339:, in various ways, including ways beyond education.
4118:
The most straightforward model of access for ICT in
4088:
Locally relevant content, applications, and services
2695:
34% personnel costs (internal), 31% after correction
5947:Cantoni, L., & Danowski, J. A. (Eds.). (2015).
5182:Agence Française de Développement (February 2015).
5086:
4796:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4747:
IDC: The premier global market intelligence company
4683:
IDC: The premier global market intelligence company
4659:
IDC: The premier global market intelligence company
2776:of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471
2691:The average IT budget has the following breakdown:
224:
Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
5999:
5683:
4743:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022"
4679:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022"
4420:World Innovation, Technology and Services Alliance
5661:
5633:
4839:
4790:
3902:Growth in modern society and developing countries
6066:
5883:
5664:"ITC Energy Consumption - Trends and Challenges"
4759:
3104:
3044:
5968:
5662:Gerhard, Fettweis; Zimmermann, Ernesto (2008).
5028:
4495:
4295:To tackle the environmental issues of ICT, the
3841:
2982:
1183:very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
447:Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
6036:Measuring the Information Society Report: 2014
6016:." University, Perth, Western Australia, 2002.
5956:ICT in Education: Possibilities and Challenges
5634:Scribner and Cole, Sylvia and Michael (1981).
4254:
4082:Affordability of technology and technology use
1456:First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
1420:UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
5884:Charfeddine, Lanouar; Umlai, Mohamed (2023).
5328:
5209:
5207:
4999:"What is Writing to Learn, WAC Clearinghouse"
4906:. International Telecommunication Union. 2011
4438:
4299:plans proper monitoring and reporting of the
3259:
2827:
5926: This article incorporates text from a
5374:Kirsh, David (2001). "The Context of Work".
4775:, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011),
4468:
3724:
3228:
1222:changes pricing model from hourly to monthly
5732:"Rolling Plan for ICT standardization 2021"
5610:"Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2019"
4975:"ICT Facts and Figures – The world in 2015"
4655:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - 2018 - $ 3.8T"
4580:The Independent ICT in Schools Commission,
4385:Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative
1549:contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends,
748:Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)
16:Extensional term for information technology
5516:
5204:
5184:"Digital services for education in Africa"
4969:
4967:
4469:Ozdamli, Fezile; Ozdal, Hasan (May 2015).
4410:Picture archiving and communication system
3538:
3321:
3166:
1118:New Internet architecture with commercial
6075:Information and communications technology
6002:Transformations in Business and Economics
5982:
5958:." Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2005.
5903:
5846:
5828:
5350:
5104:
5046:
4711:
4709:
4486:
4475:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
3825:& Information, Education and Science.
3662:
3507:
3476:
3352:
3197:
3135:
2951:
2889:
2711:
2557:Information and communications technology
153:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
6038:. International Telecommunication Union.
5891:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
5607:
4152:
3869:
3828:
3798:
3753:
3693:
3631:
3600:
3569:
3414:
3290:
2920:
2614:Skills Framework for the Information Age
18:
4964:
4845:
4432:
4239:
3860:
3783:'s goal of implementing ICT to achieve
3777:World Summit on the Information Society
3445:
3383:
3013:
2858:
1091:North American Network Operators' Group
6067:
5285:
5147:
4942:
4706:
4157:Youth and adults with ICT skills, 2017
3767:The WSIS process and development goals
5679:
5677:
5657:
5655:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5603:
5601:
5563:
5561:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5373:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5143:
5141:
4326:
3980:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
3781:United Nations Millennium Declaration
2795:
4950:"Basic information : about was"
4447:=ITKnowledgeExchange. Archived from
4045:and communication between scientists
2780:in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed)
2760:in 1993, 1.2 (optimally compressed)
2228:anonymous news and information leaks
1787:Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)
1336:New top-level domain names activated
5810:
4901:"Measuring the Information Society"
4586:, 1997. Impact noted in Jim Kelly,
4331:ICTs could also be used to address
4059:
2784:in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed)
241:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
13:
5940:
5755:
5674:
5652:
5620:
5598:
5585:
5558:
5495:
5322:
5279:
5168:
5138:
4272:-emissions as global air travels.
731:founded, allows commercial traffic
338:protocol approved and deployed on
319:commercial packet-switched network
14:
6086:
6043:
5936:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
5873:from the original on Oct 8, 2023.
5608:Anderson, Monica (13 June 2019).
5417:
4804:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4588:What the Web is Doing for Schools
4246:Category:Environmental technology
4109:Political will and public support
3995:Clinical decision support systems
3963:
3947:today. The internet according to
2629:in 1997, and then in the revised
2590:ICT is also used to refer to the
579:First .COM domain name registered
5965:." Asian Development Bank, 2009.
5921:
5420:"Telemedicine Predicted in 1925"
4350:Behavioral change support system
3833:OLPC Laptops at school in Rwanda
3726:
3695:
3664:
3633:
3602:
3571:
3540:
3509:
3478:
3447:
3416:
3385:
3354:
3323:
3292:
3261:
3230:
3199:
3168:
3137:
3106:
3076:
3046:
3015:
2984:
2953:
2922:
2891:
2860:
2829:
26:
5877:
5855:
5804:
5749:
5724:
5579:
5541:
5520:Technology and Social Inclusion
5437:
5411:
5402:
5367:
5255:
5231:
5129:
5080:
5055:
5022:
5005:
4991:
4893:
4872:
4735:
4695:
4671:
4647:
4091:Integration into daily routines
3928:, smart wristbands such as the
3794:
3773:United Nations General Assembly
2658:
2644:which reflects the addition of
2567:(IT) that stresses the role of
616:Internet Engineering Task Force
40:Early research and development:
5702:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760
4628:
4613:
4600:
4574:
4549:
4524:
4462:
4290:
4106:Legal and regulatory framework
3914:
1561:Examples of Internet services:
993:Classless Inter-Domain Routing
1:
5048:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.04.004
4779:, 332(6025), 60-65; see also
4426:
4079:Appropriateness of technology
4076:Physical access to technology
4023:
4014:health information technology
2563:) is an extensional term for
2520:, massive open online courses
805:Advanced Network and Services
503:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
60:networking concepts developed
5951:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
5949:Communication and Technology
5756:Lu, Wen-Cheng (2018-12-01).
5388:10.1207/S15327051HCI16234_12
5331:International Studies Review
4866:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006
4571:, 5(2), pages 204–227, 1991.
4488:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.819
4439:Murray, James (2011-12-18).
4360:Cognitive infocommunications
4008:hospital information systems
3848:Mobile learning for refugees
3842:Mobile learning for refugees
3785:Millennium Development Goals
2619:
2286:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
1073:Full text web search engines
898:Commercial Internet eXchange
861:Wide area information server
298:Transmission Control Program
7:
5738:. European Commission. 2021
5453:Annals of Internal Medicine
4342:
4255:Progress during the century
4148:
4134:
4085:Human capacity and training
2800:The following is a list of
1657:online auction and shopping
656:upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
10:
6091:
5971:Review of Economic Studies
5915:
5905:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113482
5830:10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.3961
5811:Fox, Evan Michael (2019).
5636:The Psychology of Literacy
5376:Human Computer Interaction
4817:10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.013
4781:"free access to the study"
4619:Department for Education,
4400:Market information systems
4243:
4191:The Psychology of Literacy
4113:
4103:Macro-economic environment
4100:Local economic environment
3845:
3741:
3710:
3679:
3648:
3617:
3586:
3555:
3524:
3493:
3462:
3431:
3400:
3369:
3338:
3307:
3276:
3245:
3214:
3183:
3152:
3121:
3090:
3061:
3030:
2999:
2968:
2937:
2906:
2875:
2844:
1712:Outlook (formerly Hotmail)
957:upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
187:Network Information Center
5782:10.1007/s11027-018-9787-y
5670:– via ResearchGate.
5517:Warschauer, Mark (2004).
5035:Computers & Education
4853:Telecommunications Policy
3865:
3771:On 21 December 2001, the
1940:peer-to-peer file sharing
1883:peer-to-peer file sharing
1676:classified advertisements
919:allows commercial traffic
826:allows commercial traffic
486:protocol suite formalized
377:Internet Activities Board
31:Internet history timeline
5093:Accounting & Finance
4846:Hilbert, Martin (2016).
4597:, Financial Times, 2000.
3932:, and smart TVs such as
2307:cloud-based file hosting
465:Computer Science Network
208:switched-circuit network
6055:ICT Industry Statistics
5993:10.1111/0034-6527.00327
4555:William Melody et al.,
4038:Online research methods
2571:and the integration of
2408:threshold pledge system
2349:music streaming service
1864:mobile internet service
1807:Internet payment system
1600:Internet movie database
710:Border Gateway Protocol
692:Internet protocol suite
300:specification published
4229:
4179:their own local script
4158:
4094:Socio-cultural factors
3875:
3834:
3827:
3804:
2788:in 2007, and some 100
2712:Technological capacity
2569:unified communications
2565:information technology
2095:social networking site
1997:social networking site
788:ARPANET decommissioned
543:split off from ARPANET
24:
6050:ICT Facts and Figures
4380:Gender digital divide
4224:
4156:
4043:Science communication
4004:Health administration
3953:accelerated pluralism
3941:accelerated pluralism
3873:
3832:
3817:
3802:
3760:ICT Development Index
3754:ICT Development Index
2648:into the curriculum.
1770:automatic translation
1714:free web-based e-mail
1300:allows broader access
279:PARC Universal Packet
22:
5690:Ecological Economics
5424:Smithsonian Magazine
4888:10.1787/888933224163
4333:environmental issues
4317:developing countries
4240:Environmental impact
3945:new social movements
3885:One Laptop Per Child
3861:Developing countries
2816:ICT sector in %
2724:in 2007, and some 5
2646:computer programming
2594:of audiovisuals and
2324:Encyclopedia of Life
2269:and virtual bookshop
2053:Anonymous imageboard
2016:Internet voice calls
1921:Anonymous imageboard
843:Archie search engine
599:with 56 kbit/s links
340:public data networks
262:network demonstrated
5774:2018MASGC..23.1351L
5614:Pew Research Center
5592:Pew Research Center
5573:Pew Research Center
5569:"Mobile Fact Sheet"
5554:. 26 December 2005.
4503:"ICT - What is it?"
4415:21st century skills
4169:studied a tribe in
4142:Pew Research Center
4129:Pew Research Center
4097:Trust in technology
4054:Applied metascience
4049:Scholarly databases
2631:National Curriculum
2581:enterprise software
1978:business networking
1845:Anonymous textboard
1401:National LambdaRail
1259:wireless networking
1093:(NANOG) established
560:OSI Reference Model
420:standard introduced
5343:10.1111/misr.12020
5106:10.1111/acfi.13084
5063:"ICT in Education"
4702:www.whitehouse.gov
4641:2018-02-04 at the
4593:2011-07-11 at the
4390:Infocommunications
4327:In problem-solving
4159:
4018:health informatics
3880:Sub-Saharan Africa
3876:
3835:
3805:
2796:Sector in the OECD
2596:telephone networks
2573:telecommunications
2245:Google Street View
1054:Mosaic web browser
976:(ISOC) established
522:Domain Name System
281:development begins
243:(IANA) established
98:concepts conceived
25:
5954:Carnoy, Martin. "
5161:978-92-3-100262-5
4785:"video animation"
4723:on 12 August 2013
4033:Internet research
3751:
3750:
2772:networks was 281
2770:telecommunication
2764:in 2000, and 1.9
2752:networks was 432
2600:computer networks
2554:
2553:
2545:social networking
2478:social networking
2456:social networking
2114:media file series
1826:review aggregator
1163:updated to allow
23:A mindmap of ICTs
6082:
6032:
6030:
6009:
5996:
5986:
5925:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5832:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5768:(8): 1351–1365.
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5659:
5650:
5649:
5631:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5586:Perrin, Andrew.
5583:
5577:
5576:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5514:
5493:
5492:
5465:10.7326/m21-3511
5450:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5382:(2–4): 305–322.
5371:
5365:
5364:
5354:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5179:
5166:
5165:
5145:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5108:
5099:(4): 4037–4063.
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4925:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4794:
4788:
4770:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4651:
4645:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4611:
4610:, 2012, page 18.
4604:
4598:
4578:
4572:
4569:Cultural Studies
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4536:www.computer.org
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4509:. Archived from
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4436:
4060:Models of access
3744:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3093:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2807:
2806:
2627:Dennis Stevenson
2548:
2547:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2430:digital currency
2422:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
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79:networking ideas
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5943:
5941:Further reading
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5300:10.2307/3235370
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5148:UNESCO (2018).
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4643:Wayback Machine
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4606:Royal Society,
4605:
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4595:Wayback Machine
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4507:www.tutor2u.net
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4395:Information Age
4355:Cloud computing
4345:
4329:
4310:
4293:
4271:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4163:Sylvia Scribner
4151:
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4066:Mark Warschauer
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1824:Rotten Tomatoes
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1280:Abilene Network
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136:planning begins
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6044:External links
6042:
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6033:
6020:
6017:
6012:Oliver, Ron. "
6010:
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5619:
5597:
5578:
5557:
5540:
5533:
5494:
5459:(2): 256–266.
5436:
5410:
5401:
5366:
5321:
5294:(1): 133–160.
5278:
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5128:
5079:
5054:
5021:
5004:
4990:
4963:
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4860:(6): 567–581.
4838:
4811:(3): 180–189.
4789:
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4370:Digital divide
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4337:climate change
4328:
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4001:
3999:expert systems
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3964:In health care
3962:
3930:Nike+ FuelBand
3916:
3913:
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3900:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3846:Main article:
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3114:United Kingdom
3102:
3098:
3097:
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3069:
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3054:Czech Republic
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2819:Relative size
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2079:
2070:The Pirate Bay
2056:
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2019:
2000:
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1317:Dot-com bubble
1303:
1284:
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1225:
1206:
1187:
1169:
1147:
1144:decommissioned
1128:
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936:World Wide Web
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824:UUNET/Alternet
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4513:on 2015-11-02
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2500:photo sharing
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2452:photo sharing
2449:
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115:Merit Network
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5928:free content
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5761:
5751:
5740:. Retrieved
5735:
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5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5423:
5413:
5404:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5337:(1): 48–66.
5334:
5330:
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5291:
5287:
5281:
5270:. Retrieved
5266:
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5246:. Retrieved
5242:
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5222:. Retrieved
5218:
5194:. Retrieved
5190:
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5070:. Retrieved
5066:
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4982:. Retrieved
4978:
4954:. Retrieved
4944:
4933:. Retrieved
4931:. 2014-11-30
4908:. Retrieved
4895:
4879:
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4857:
4851:
4841:
4808:
4802:
4792:
4750:. Retrieved
4746:
4737:
4725:. Retrieved
4721:the original
4697:
4686:. Retrieved
4682:
4673:
4662:. Retrieved
4658:
4649:
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4615:
4602:
4582:
4576:
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4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4535:
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4511:the original
4506:
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4474:
4464:
4453:. Retrieved
4449:the original
4434:
4335:, including
4330:
4306:
4294:
4286:
4281:digitization
4274:
4258:
4230:
4225:
4210:
4199:
4190:
4167:Michael Cole
4160:
4138:
4117:
4069:
4063:
4027:
3949:Bruce Bimber
3938:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3877:
3855:
3851:
3836:
3818:
3806:
3795:In education
3789:
3770:
3757:
3266:
2799:
2715:
2707:
2690:
2686:
2662:
2659:Monetization
2650:
2638:
2623:
2610:
2589:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2188:Google Earth
2074:torrent file
2033:iTunes Store
1560:
1559:
1558:
1257:IEEE 802.11b
1100:
1099:
1098:
446:
445:
444:
39:
38:
37:
30:
6008:(2): 86–99.
5977:: 135–159.
5267:www.itu.int
5219:www.itu.int
4481:: 718–725.
4291:Implication
4231:Therefore,
4177:, who have
3926:Apple Watch
3915:Limitations
3269:Switzerland
2837:South Korea
2726:zetta bytes
2592:convergence
2404:Kickstarter
2385:Google Docs
2171:link voting
1358:Code Red II
1014:established
673:Morris worm
439:established
398:news using
96:NPL network
6060:Teciza.net
5898:: 113482.
5742:2022-01-08
5696:: 106760.
5429:27 January
5272:2015-09-01
5248:2015-09-01
5224:2015-09-01
5191:unesco.org
5154:. UNESCO.
4984:2015-09-01
4935:2015-09-01
4752:2018-09-24
4688:2018-09-24
4664:2018-09-24
4541:14 March
4517:2015-09-01
4455:2013-08-18
4445:TechTarget
4427:References
4405:Mobile web
4262:moores law
4244:See also:
4233:Warschauer
4212:Warschauer
4195:Warschauer
4175:Vai people
4124:Warschauer
4120:Warschauer
4024:In science
3970:Telehealth
3957:grassroots
3892:M-Learning
3734:Bangladesh
3238:Luxembourg
2766:zettabytes
2762:zettabytes
2585:middleware
1938:BitTorrent
1768:Babel Fish
1674:Craigslist
1476:registered
1354:Code Red I
360:introduced
5979:CiteSeerX
5848:242492985
5839:1492-3831
5798:158412820
5790:1573-1596
5718:224947774
5710:0921-8009
5489:244923066
5473:0003-4819
5361:1521-9488
5316:145159285
5123:257675501
5115:0810-5391
5041:: 68–80.
4321:high-tech
4214:draws on
4161:In 1981,
3934:Google TV
2778:petabytes
2774:petabytes
2750:broadcast
2732:from the
2640:computing
2620:Etymology
2577:telephone
2448:Instagram
2347:DRM-based
2226:WikiLeaks
1957:Knowledge
1693:AltaVista
1276:Internet2
917:ANS CO+RE
768:(without
690:Complete
6069:Category
5871:Archived
5481:34871056
5396:28915179
5072:10 March
4825:26777788
4639:Archived
4591:Archived
4343:See also
4266:Software
4216:Scribner
4201:Scribner
4183:Scribner
4149:Literacy
4135:Conduits
4064:Scholar
3809:pedagogy
3548:Portugal
3331:Slovenia
3176:Slovakia
2790:exabytes
2786:exabytes
2782:exabytes
2758:exabytes
2754:exabytes
2722:exabytes
2718:exabytes
2670:Robotics
2518:Coursera
2496:Snapchat
2267:e-reader
2093:Facebook
1976:LinkedIn
1959:, the 💕
1203:proposed
1056:released
1012:InterNIC
562:released
418:Ethernet
260:CYCLADES
5916:Sources
5770:Bibcode
5308:3235370
4910:25 July
4833:3561873
4777:Science
4727:26 June
4171:Liberia
4114:Devices
3990:mHealth
3672:Iceland
3517:Austria
3486:Belgium
3362:Denmark
3207:Germany
3145:Estonia
3084:Finland
2961:Hungary
2899:Ireland
2813:Country
2744:to the
2736:to the
2528: (
2509: (
2487: (
2474:Google+
2465: (
2439: (
2426:Bitcoin
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2343:Spotify
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2305:Dropbox
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2254: (
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2217: (
2207:Twitter
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2150:YouTube
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1995:Myspace
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4956:26 May
4831:
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5823:(2).
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5714:S2CID
5552:(PDF)
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