1906:
1838:
again for knee flexion when the swing phase is initiated. With the help of an orthotic treatment with a stance phase control knee joint, a natural gait pattern can be achieved despite mechanical protection against unwanted knee flexion. In these cases, locked knee joints are often used, which have a good safety function, but do not allow knee flexion when walking during swing phase. With such joints, the knee joint remains mechanically blocked during the swing phase. Patients with locked knee joints must swing the leg forward with the knee extended even during the swing phase. This only works if the patient develops compensatory mechanisms, e.g. by raising the body's center of gravity in the swing phase (Duchenne limping) or by swinging the orthotic leg to the side (circumduction).
992:
1508:
2249:
1110:
670:
8914:
8894:
9141:
2217:, were identified. It was the first outbreak in Syria since 1999. Doctors and international public health agencies report more than 90 cases of polio in Syria, with fears of contagion in rebel areas from lack of sanitation and safe-water services. A vaccination campaign in Syria operated literally under fire and led to the deaths of several vaccinators, but returned vaccination coverage to pre-war levels. Syria is currently free of polio, but is considered "at risk".
1228:
2433:. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 10 to 20 million polio survivors worldwide. In 1977, there were 254,000 persons living in the United States who had been paralyzed by polio. According to doctors and local polio support groups, some 40,000 polio survivors with varying degrees of paralysis were living in Germany, 30,000 in Japan, 24,000 in France, 16,000 in Australia, 12,000 in Canada and 12,000 in the United Kingdom in 2001. Many
2302:
64:
9129:
1598:
9117:
443:(weakened) live virus. Through the use of both types of vaccine, incidence of wild polio has decreased from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to 30 confirmed cases in 2022, confined to just three countries. In rare cases, the traditional OPV was able to revert to a virulent form. An improved oral vaccine with greater genetic stability (nOPV2) was developed and granted full licensure in December 2023.
884:
9102:
9088:
2384:
one-third of the cases were reported in persons over 15 years of age. Accordingly, the rate of paralysis and death due to polio infection also increased during this time. In the United States, the 1952 polio epidemic became the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of the nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis.
1610:
permanent; cells that are not destroyed, but lose function temporarily, may recover within four to six weeks after onset. Half the patients with spinal polio recover fully; one-quarter recover with mild disability, and the remaining quarter are left with severe disability. The degree of both acute paralysis and residual paralysis is likely to be proportional to the degree of
979:, which is known as nonparalytic aseptic meningitis. Penetration of the CNS provides no known benefit to the virus, and is quite possibly an incidental deviation of a normal gastrointestinal infection. The mechanisms by which poliovirus spreads to the CNS are poorly understood, but it appears to be primarily a chance event – largely independent of the age, gender, or
1641:(CFR) varies by age: 2 to 5 percent of children and up to 15 to 30 percent of adults die. Bulbar polio often causes death if respiratory support is not provided; with support, its CFR ranges from 25 to 75 percent, depending on the age of the patient. When intermittent positive pressure ventilation is available, the fatalities can be reduced to 15 percent.
1519:), it has been the vaccine of choice for controlling poliomyelitis in many countries. On very rare occasions, the attenuated virus in the Sabin OPV can revert into a form that can paralyze. In 2017, cases caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) outnumbered wild poliovirus cases for the first time, due to wild polio cases hitting record lows. Most
958:, the presence of a virus in the bloodstream enables it to be widely distributed throughout the body. Poliovirus can survive and multiply within the blood and lymphatics for long periods of time, sometimes as long as 17 weeks. In a small percentage of cases, it can spread and replicate in other sites, such as
2269:, but this was the only attack. Local traditional and religious leaders and polio survivors worked to revive the campaign, and Nigeria was removed from the polio-endemic list in September 2015 after more than a year without any cases, only to be restored to the list in 2016 when two cases were detected.
2594:
Even if polio can be eliminated completely from the world population, vaccination programs should continue for at least ten years. The retention of live poliovirus samples in laboratories and vaccine manufacturing facilities (which carry a risk of escape of the virus) should progressively be reduced.
1850:
were unknown before the 20th century; up until that time, polio was an endemic disease worldwide. Mothers who had survived polio infection passed on temporary immunity to their babies in the womb and through breast milk. As a result, an infant who encountered a polio infection generally suffered only
2548:
In 2021, Types 2 and 3 were fully eradicated from every country, however type 1 cases still remain in
Pakistan and Afghanistan. A majority of countries have successfully eradicated polio, with Pakistan and Afghanistan being the last countries with endemic cases of poliovirus. The following countries
1994:
In 2021, there were just six confirmed cases of wild poliovirus — one in
Pakistan, four in Afghanistan, and one in Malawi. The case in Malawi, the country's first in almost three decades and the first in Africa in five years, was seen as a significant setback to the eradication effort. 23 countries
1526:
An improved oral vaccine (Novel oral polio vaccine type 2 - nOPV2) began development in 2011 and was granted emergency licencing in 2021, and subsequently full licensure in
December 2023. This has greater genetic stability than the traditional oral vaccine and is less likely to revert to a virulent
1088:
The likelihood of developing paralytic polio increases with age, as does the extent of paralysis. In children, nonparalytic meningitis is the most likely consequence of CNS involvement, and paralysis occurs in only one in 1000 cases. In adults, paralysis occurs in one in 75 cases. In children under
7684:
Ninety or so afflicted children may sound like a small number, but they are only a tiny manifestation of an enormous problem, since for each crippled child up to one thousand more are silently infected. Polio is so contagious that a single case is considered a public health emergency. Ninety cases
1837:
can be included in the therapy concept. Today, modern materials and functional elements enable the orthosis to be specifically adapted to the requirements resulting from the patient's gait. Mechanical stance phase control knee joints may secure the knee joint in the early stance phases and release
1410:
were promising; the gamma globulin was shown to be about 80 percent effective in preventing the development of paralytic poliomyelitis. It was also shown to reduce the severity of the disease in patients who developed polio. Due to the limited supply of blood plasma gamma globulin was later deemed
1890:
With prolonged transmission of this kind, the weakened virus can mutate and revert to a form that causes illness and paralysis. Cases of cVDPV now exceed wild-type cases, making it desirable to discontinue the use of the oral polio vaccine as soon as safely possible and instead use other types of
1662:
orphaned muscle fibers that have been denervated by acute polio infection, restoring the fibers' capacity to contract and improving strength. Terminal sprouting may generate a few significantly enlarged motor neurons doing work previously performed by as many as four or five units: a single motor
1654:
processes involved in recovery following acute paralytic poliomyelitis are quite effective; muscles are able to retain normal strength even if half the original motor neurons have been lost. Paralysis remaining after one year is likely to be permanent, although some recovery of muscle strength is
1503:
OPV efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus by oral–oral and fecal–oral routes, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community. The live attenuated virus may be transmitted from vaccinees to their unvaccinated contacts, resulting in wider
7484:
Snider, Cynthia J.; Boualam, Liliane; Tallis, Graham; Takashima, Yoshihiro; Abeyasinghe, Rabindra; Lo, Ying-Ru; Grabovac, Varja; Avagyan, Tigran; Aslam, Syeda Kanwal; Eltayeb, Abu Obeida; Aung, Khin Devi; Wang, Xiaojun; Shrestha, Achyut; Ante-Orozco, Carla; Silva, Maria Wilda T. (23 March 2022).
1998:
In 2022, there were 30 confirmed cases of WPV1 reported to WHO, with two cases in
Pakistan and 20 Afghanistan respectively, while eight non-endemic cases were recorded in Mozambique, the first cases in the country since 1992. The Mozambique cases derived from the strain of Pakistani origin that
1609:
Patients with abortive polio infections recover completely. In those who develop only aseptic meningitis, the symptoms can be expected to persist for two to ten days, followed by complete recovery. In cases of spinal polio, if the affected nerve cells are completely destroyed, paralysis will be
2383:
proportions in Europe, North
America, Australia, and New Zealand during the first half of the 20th century. By 1950, the peak age incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States had shifted from infants to children aged five to nine years, when the risk of paralysis is greater; about
2440:
The disease was very well publicized during the polio epidemics of the 1950s, with extensive media coverage of any scientific advancements that might lead to a cure. Thus, the scientists working on polio became some of the most famous of the century. Fifteen scientists and two laymen who made
1812:
created during the recovery phase of the paralytic disease. Contributing factors that increase the risk of PPS include aging with loss of neuron units, the presence of a permanent residual impairment after recovery from the acute illness, and both overuse and disuse of neurons. PPS is a slow,
1740:
closure, the legs are more equal in length. Alternatively, a person can be fitted with custom-made footwear which corrects the difference in leg lengths. Other surgery to re-balance muscular agonist/antagonist imbalances may also be helpful. Extended use of braces or wheelchairs may cause
1570:, was used to artificially maintain respiration during an acute polio infection until a person could breathe independently (generally about one to two weeks). The use of iron lungs is largely obsolete in modern medicine as more modern breathing therapies have been developed and due to the
2264:
was issued declaring that the polio vaccine was designed to render children sterile. Subsequently, polio reappeared in
Nigeria and spread from there to several other countries. In 2013, nine health workers administering polio vaccine were targeted and killed by gunmen on motorcycles in
1426:
1352:
Paralytic poliomyelitis may be clinically suspected in individuals experiencing acute onset of flaccid paralysis in one or more limbs with decreased or absent tendon reflexes in the affected limbs that cannot be attributed to another apparent cause, and without sensory or
1832:
Paralysis, length differences and deformations of the lower extremities can lead to a hindrance when walking with compensation mechanisms that lead to a severe impairment of the gait pattern. In order to be able to stand and walk safely and to improve the gait pattern,
391:(e.g. poor hygiene, or by ingestion of food or water contaminated by human feces), or via the oral–oral route. Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present. The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the
2561:(GPEI) has coordinated efforts both to eliminate polio and to research means of improving surveillance and prevention. The At the peak of its work, the programme directly employed 4000 people across 75 countries and managed a budget of nearly U.S. $ 1 billion.
1719:
In some cases the growth of an affected leg is slowed by polio, while the other leg continues to grow normally. The result is that one leg is shorter than the other and the person limps and leans to one side, in turn leading to deformities of the spine (such as
1803:
Between 25 percent and 50 percent of individuals who have recovered from paralytic polio in childhood can develop additional symptoms decades after recovering from the acute infection, notably new muscle weakness and extreme fatigue. This condition is known as
1405:
of polio survivors. Hammon proposed the gamma globulin, which contained antibodies to poliovirus, could be used to halt poliovirus infection, prevent disease, and reduce the severity of disease in other patients who had contracted polio. The results of a large
1983:
samples are tested for the presence of poliovirus - this is an effective method of detecting circulating virus which has not given rise to severe symptoms. Here is a summary of both wild polio (WPV) and variant polio (cVDPV) prevalence over the last 5 years:
1715:
at the back of the foot retract and the foot cannot take on a normal position. People with polio that develop equinus foot cannot walk properly because they cannot put their heels on the ground. A similar situation can develop if the arms become paralyzed.
1491:
tissue. A single dose of Sabin's trivalent OPV produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in about 50 percent of recipients. Three doses of OPV produce protective antibody to all three poliovirus types in more than 95 percent of recipients.
1101: – is more likely. Paralysis rates also vary depending on the serotype of the infecting poliovirus; the highest rates of paralysis (one in 200) are associated with poliovirus type 1, the lowest rates (one in 2,000) are associated with type 2.
4626:
Hammon WM, Coriell LL, Ludwig EH, McAllister RM, Greene AE, Sather GE, Wehrle PF (September 1954). "Evaluation of Red Cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis. 5. Reanalysis of results based on laboratory-confirmed cases".
811:, transmission is limited, and the virus dies out. In communities with low vaccine coverage, this weakened virus may continue to circulate and, over time may mutate and revert to a virulent form. Polio arising from this cause is referred to as
2328:
paintings and carvings depict otherwise healthy people with withered limbs, and young children walking with canes. The earliest known case of polio is indicated by the remains of a teenage girl discovered in a 4000-year-old burial site in the
2549:
have been considered polio-free, but not confirmed as of April 2024: Somalia, Djibouti, Sudan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, the UAE, Iraq, Kuwait, and Iran.
1085:(pins and needles), irritability, constipation, or difficulty urinating. Paralysis generally develops one to ten days after early symptoms begin, progresses for two to three days, and is usually complete by the time the fever breaks.
1019:. This leads to the development of paralytic poliomyelitis, the various forms of which (spinal, bulbar, and bulbospinal) vary only with the amount of neuronal damage and inflammation that occurs, and the region of the CNS affected.
966:
tissues, and muscle. This sustained replication causes a major viremia, and leads to the development of minor influenza-like symptoms. Rarely, this may progress and the virus may invade the central nervous system, provoking a local
4810:
Sabin AB, Ramos-Alvarez M, Alvarez-Amezquita J, et al. (August 1960). "Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses".
1862:
Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, new cases of poliomyelitis declined dramatically in many industrialized countries. Efforts to completely eradicate the disease started in 1988 and are ongoing.
1486:
temperatures. The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of wild poliovirus infection and replication, but the vaccine strain is unable to replicate efficiently within
843:
areas. Polio is most infectious between 7 and 10 days before and after the appearance of symptoms, but transmission is possible as long as the virus remains in the saliva or feces. Virus particles can be excreted in the
1956:
These efforts have hugely reduced the number of cases; from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to a low of 483 cases in 2001, after which it remained at a level of about 1,000–2000 cases per year for a number of years.
1953:, declared eradicated in 2011. In April 2012, the World Health Assembly declared that the failure to completely eradicate polio would be a programmatic emergency for global public health, and that it "must not happen."
1711:). This deformity develops when the muscles that pull the toes downward are working, but those that pull it upward are not, and the foot naturally tends to drop toward the ground. If the problem is left untreated, the
739:
and produce the same disease symptoms. WPV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most closely associated with paralysis. WPV2 was certified as eradicated in 2015 and WPV3 certified as eradicated in 2019.
1323:
Approximately 19 percent of all paralytic polio cases have both bulbar and spinal symptoms; this subtype is called respiratory or bulbospinal polio. Here, the virus affects the upper part of the cervical spinal cord
534:(CNS), sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis, and a major illness involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or nonparalytic. Adults are more likely to develop symptoms, including severe symptoms, than children.
9224:
9204:
9180:
1340:) and those that drive the muscles needed for swallowing. By destroying these nerves, this form of polio affects breathing, making it difficult or impossible for the patient to breathe without the support of a
2371:
disposal and clean water supplies. These changes drastically increased the proportion of children and adults at risk of paralytic polio infection, by reducing childhood exposure and immunity to the disease.
1702:
deformities, tightening of the joints, and movement disability. Once the muscles in the limb become flaccid, they may interfere with the function of other muscles. A typical manifestation of this problem is
1649:
Many cases of poliomyelitis result in only temporary paralysis. Generally in these cases, nerve impulses return to the paralyzed muscle within a month, and recovery is complete in six to eight months. The
582:, an infection of the brain tissue itself, can occur in rare cases, and is usually restricted to infants. It is characterized by confusion, changes in mental status, headaches, fever, and, less commonly,
7803:
1909:
The decade of the last recorded case of paralytic polio. Since the creation of this image, Nigeria has been certified free of wild polio as of August 2020 and one case was recorded in the US state of
5218:
1663:
neuron that once controlled 200 muscle cells might control 800 to 1000 cells. Other mechanisms that occur during the rehabilitation phase, and contribute to muscle strength restoration, include
428:. Following the introduction of polio vaccines in the 1950s, polio incidence declined rapidly. As of October 2023, only Pakistan and Afghanistan remain endemic for wild poliovirus (WPV).
7698:
6950:
4878:
6994:
2122:. Subsequently, a further three polio cases were reported, with the last case reported in January 2020. Both outbreaks were found to be linked instances of vaccine-derived poliomyelitis.
1172:, becoming weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and finally completely paralyzed. Maximum paralysis progresses rapidly (two to four days), and usually involves fever and muscle pain. Deep
2392:
for patients unable to breathe without mechanical assistance. Respiratory centers designed to assist the most severe polio patients, first established in 1952 at the
Blegdam Hospital of
1822:
1539:
for polio, but there are treatments. The focus of modern treatment has been on providing relief of symptoms, speeding recovery and preventing complications. Supportive measures include
2047:. This destroyed trust in vaccination programs in the region. There were attacks and deaths among vaccination workers; 66 vaccinators were killed in 2013 and 2014. In Afghanistan, the
1678:
In addition to these physiological processes, the body can compensate for residual paralysis in other ways. Weaker muscles can be used at a higher than usual intensity relative to the
1515:
Because the oral polio vaccine is inexpensive, easy to administer, and produces excellent immunity in the intestine (which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where it is
735:
of poliovirus have been identified – wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), type 2 (WPV2), and type 3 (WPV3) – each with a slightly different capsid protein. All three are extremely
5004:"Poliomyelitis prevention: recommendations for use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and live oral poliovirus vaccine. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases"
3559:
1658:
One mechanism involved in recovery is nerve terminal sprouting, in which remaining brainstem and spinal cord motor neurons develop new branches, or axonal sprouts. These sprouts can
552:
In about 1 percent of infections the virus can migrate from the gastrointestinal tract into the central nervous system (CNS). Most patients with CNS involvement develop nonparalytic
10795:
7671:
6923:
747:(from exposure to the first signs and symptoms) ranges from three to six days for nonparalytic polio. If the disease progresses to cause paralysis, this occurs within 7 to 21 days.
7309:
5666:
2564:
As of 2021, the GPEI had raised 18 billion dollars in funding, with annual contributions around 800 million to 1 billion dollars. Around 30% of the funding came from the
6238:
7143:
2453:, Georgia, US. In 2008 four organizations (Rotary International, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and UNICEF) were added to the Hall of Fame.
6208:
3745:
1813:
progressive disease, and there is no specific treatment for it. Post-polio syndrome is not an infectious process, and persons experiencing the syndrome do not shed poliovirus.
7609:
6972:
6269:
5073:
2054:
In
Afghanistan, 80 cases of polio were reported from 35 districts during 2011. Incidence over the subsequent 10 years has declined to just 4 cases in 2 districts during 2021.
8425:
3822:
2224:
reported that several children have shown symptoms consistent with polio, with laboratory tests confirming that a 10-month-old child is infected with the virus. Prior to the
1879:
so that it cannot cause severe illness. The vaccine virus is excreted in the stool, and in under-immunized communities it can spread from person to person. This is known as
8487:
6351:
3021:
11181:
11176:
7271:"Guidance to US Clinicians Regarding New WHO Polio Vaccination Requirements for Travel by Residents of and Long-term Visitors to Countries with Active Polio Transmission"
1988:
2019 - 147 cases of WPV1 in
Pakistan, and 29 cases in Afghanistan. None were reported elsewhere in the world. cVDPV was detected in 19 countries with 378 confirmed cases.
1168:
by the now-dead neurons. With the destruction of nerve cells, the muscles no longer receive signals from the brain or spinal cord; without nerve stimulation, the muscles
368:. Approximately 75% of cases are asymptomatic; mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe symptoms develop such as
11274:
11193:
11171:
2359:
Before the 20th century, polio infections were rarely seen in infants before six months of age, most cases occurring in children six months to four years of age. Poorer
402:
Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art. The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by the
English
7729:
7054:
2942:
793:. Infection or vaccination with one serotype of poliovirus does not provide immunity against the other serotypes, and full immunity requires exposure to each serotype.
8562:
4306:
7945:
2568:
30% from developed governments, 27% from countries at risk of polio, and the rest was made up of donations from nonprofits, private funders, and other foundations.
10344:
9909:
8399:
4946:
Alfaro-Murillo, Jorge A.; Ávila-Agüero, María L.; Fitzpatrick, Meagan C.; Crystal, Caroline J.; Falleiros-Arlant, Luiza-Helena; Galvani, Alison P. (4 April 2020).
2051:
banned house-to-house polio vaccination between 2018 and 2021. These factors have set back efforts to eliminate polio by means of vaccination in these countries.
2272:
Africa was declared free of wild polio in August 2020, although cases of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 continue to appear in several countries.
1069:
Early symptoms of paralytic polio include high fever, headache, stiffness in the back and neck, asymmetrical weakness of various muscles, sensitivity to touch,
7462:
2367:
within the population. In developed countries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, improvements were made in community sanitation, including better
11685:
3070:
1523:
have switched to inactivated polio vaccine, which cannot revert, either as the sole vaccine against poliomyelitis or in combination with oral polio vaccine.
5208:
7244:
5857:
5411:
1851:
mild symptoms and acquired a long-term immunity to the disease. With improvements in sanitation and hygiene during the 19th century, the general level of
5158:
Corrado, A.; Ginanni, R.; Villella, G.; Gorini, M.; Augustynen, A.; Tozzi, D.; Peris, A.; Grifoni, S.; Messori, A.; Nozzoli, C.; Berni, G. (March 2004).
2446:
2240:
urged for a weeklong cease-fire in Gaza to facilitate vaccinations and prevent a potential polio outbreak, emphasizing the risk faced by many children.
11549:
2110:
declared a polio outbreak in the country after a single case in a 3-year-old girl. In December 2019, acute poliomyelitis was confirmed in an infant in
1448:
at the University of Pittsburgh, and announced to the world on 12 April 1955. The Salk vaccine is based on poliovirus grown in a type of monkey kidney
7552:
7331:
Yamazaki, S.; Toraya, H. (2001). "General News. Major Milestone reached in Global Polio Eradication: Western Pacific Region is certified Polio-Free".
11518:
9332:
8729:
Aylward, Bruce (2011). "2. Lessons from the late stages of the global polio eradication initiative". In Cochi, Stephen L.; Dowdle, Walter R. (eds.).
7706:
6946:
5704:
10540:
5298:
4882:
7401:
6517:
11267:
7999:
7959:
6986:
6149:
5726:
5439:
Sandberg A, Hansson B, Stålberg E (November 1999). "Comparison between concentric needle EMG and macro EMG in patients with a history of polio".
4384:
Nathanson N, Martin JR (December 1979). "The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity, and disappearance".
2714:
1369:
867:
during pregnancy, the fetus does not appear to be affected by either maternal infection or polio vaccination. Maternal antibodies also cross the
8947:
7487:"Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus types 1 and 2 affecting the Republic of the Philippines and Malaysia, 2019–2021"
1500:
and other researchers, by the US National Institutes of Health. Licensed in 1962, it rapidly became the only oral polio vaccine used worldwide.
10535:
1704:
8285:
7747:
5103:
9923:
7640:
6041:
5033:
4075:
3448:
6616:
Bigouette, John Paul; Wilkinson, Amanda L.; Tallis, Graham; Burns, Cara C.; Wassilak, Steven G. F.; Vertefeuille, John F. (27 August 2021).
4459:
4090:
11622:
10337:
6540:
6483:
5482:
Cashman NR, Covault J, Wollman RL, Sanes JR (May 1987). "Neural cell adhesion molecule in normal, denervated, and myopathic human muscle".
3551:
2283:
in May 2022 were both of a strain imported from Pakistan and do not affect the African region's wild poliovirus-free certification status.
8084:
7663:
7426:
6907:
5279:
3719:
2092:
reported a polio case for the first time in almost a decade in the country; this was attributed to a vaccine-derived strain of the virus.
435:, with multiple doses required for lifelong protection. There are two broad types of polio vaccine; an injected polio vaccine (IPV) using
7301:
5674:
2065:
to vaccinate more than ten million children, changes in the military situation, and arrests of some of those who attacked polio workers.
1003:
In around one percent of infections, poliovirus spreads along certain nerve fiber pathways, preferentially replicating in and destroying
6391:
6230:
2981:
2908:
807:
viruses that can replicate. On rare occasions, these may be transmitted from the vaccinated person to other people; in communities with
564:
disease, in which the muscles become weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and, finally, completely paralyzed; this condition is known as
11260:
9589:
9420:
5815:
2692:
2082:
731:. In addition to protecting the virus' genetic material, the capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three
7139:
5528:
Agre JC, Rodríquez AA, Tafel JA (October 1991). "Late effects of polio: critical review of the literature on neuromuscular function".
4853:
2437:
and often credit the prolonged immobility and residual paralysis associated with polio as a driving force in their lives and careers.
11695:
11163:
9460:
7083:
6204:
3741:
2141:
On 27 March 2014, the WHO announced the eradication of poliomyelitis in the South-East Asia Region, which includes eleven countries:
1504:
community immunity. IPV confers good immunity but is less effective at preventing spread of wild poliovirus by the fecal–oral route.
7601:
7230:
6968:
6464:
6291:
2103:
Despite eradication ten years earlier, an outbreak was confirmed in China in September 2011, involving a strain common in Pakistan.
1235:
Making up about two percent of cases of paralytic polio, bulbar polio occurs when poliovirus invades and destroys nerves within the
8770:
8625:
6841:"How Drone Strikes and a Fake Vaccination Program Have Inhibited Polio Eradication in Pakistan: An Analysis of National Level Data"
5081:
4548:
3816:
2696:
1208:
6884:
4907:"Transmissibility and persistence of oral polio vaccine viruses: implications for the global poliomyelitis eradication initiative"
3893:
2783:
11533:
11153:
10330:
8483:
6818:
6592:
6359:
3231:
3032:
2761:
643:, i.e., inflammation of the spinal cord's grey matter. The word was first used in 1874 and is attributed to the German physician
11489:
8426:"Louise Reisner-Sénélar (2009) The Danish anaesthesiologist Björn Ibsen a pioneer of long-term ventilation on the upper airways"
8054:
6179:
2413:
The polio epidemics not only altered the lives of those who survived them, but also brought profound cultural changes, spurring
11133:
10806:
3203:
2849:
2818:
2100:
In 2000, polio was declared to have been officially eliminated in 37 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia.
2002:
In 2023, twelve cases of WPV1 were reported, six each in Afghanistan and Pakistan. 32 countries reported cVDPV, with 524 cases.
576:, or bulbospinal. In those who develop paralysis, between 2 and 10 percent die as the paralysis affects the breathing muscles.
161:
6083:
2041:
1736:
on the distal femoral and proximal tibial/fibular condyles, so that limb's growth is artificially stunted, and by the time of
11690:
11158:
10790:
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9024:
9001:
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7923:
7901:
7047:
5843:
5308:
5142:
4761:
4532:
4500:
4286:
4172:
Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J (August 2005). "Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event".
4061:
3914:
3495:
3458:
3419:
3330:
3244:
3178:
2975:
2930:
2902:
2228:, 99% of Gaza's 2.2 million residents were vaccinated against polio, but that rate has since fallen to 86%, according to the
1991:
2020 - 84 WPV1 cases in Pakistan, 56 in Afghanistan. 32 countries reported cVDPV detection, and there were 1,103 cVDPV cases.
1203:
or combination of limbs may be affected – one leg, one arm, or both legs and both arms. Paralysis is often more severe
8570:
6058:
4326:
2581:
Managing risks associated with vaccine-derived polioviruses and vaccine-associated paralytic polio (including OPV cessation)
2490:. Since then, international cooperation led by GPEI has reduced polio worldwide by 99 percent, and the campaign is ongoing.
11559:
10996:
10984:
10446:
9553:
8326:"The Spatial Dynamics of Poliomyelitis in the United States: From Epidemic Emergence to Vaccine-Induced Retreat, 1910–1971"
7165:
6355:
6321:
5965:"The Spatial Dynamics of Poliomyelitis in the United States: From Epidemic Emergence to Vaccine-Induced Retreat, 1910–1971"
5879:
Irby SE, Bernhardt KA, Kaufman KR (December 2005). "Gait of stance control orthosis users: the dynamic knee brace system".
4428:
2185:. With the addition of this region, 80 per cent of the world population was considered to be living in polio-free regions.
1905:
1204:
8114:
7024:
6261:
1859:
of polio became frequent. It is estimated that epidemic polio killed or paralysed over half a million people every year.
1441:
poliovirus given by mouth. Both types induce immunity to polio and are effective in protecting individuals from disease.
11523:
9610:
8592:
8411:
7871:
7195:
4549:"Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"
3906:
2558:
2475:
2330:
1922:
1578:
1566:
may be required to support breathing. Historically, a noninvasive, negative-pressure ventilator, more commonly called an
1547:
for pain, moderate exercise and a nutritious diet. Treatment of polio often requires long-term rehabilitation, including
17:
8823:
Lopez Cavestany, Rocio; Eisenhawer, Martin; Diop, Ousmane M.; Verma, Harish; Quddus, Arshad; Mach, Ondrej (April 2024).
3512:
1637:. Overall, 5 to 10 percent of patients with paralytic polio die due to the paralysis of muscles used for breathing. The
11283:
11215:
11148:
10703:
7587:
7270:
2201:
led to a return of polio, probably in 2012, acknowledged by the WHO in 2013. 15 cases were confirmed among children in
2107:
1938:
1128:
Spinal polio, the most common form of paralytic poliomyelitis, results from viral invasion of the motor neurons of the
6747:
3947:"Antibodies against vaccine-preventable diseases in pregnant women and their offspring in the eastern part of Germany"
10918:
10721:
9929:
9455:
9412:
8268:
6027:
2471:
1918:
1749:
in the legs, due to pooling of blood in paralyzed lower limbs. Complications from prolonged immobility involving the
1054:, causing it to appear reddish and swollen. Other destructive changes associated with paralytic disease occur in the
835:, by ingesting contaminated food or water. It is occasionally transmitted via the oral–oral route. It is seasonal in
684:
Poliomyelitis does not affect any species other than humans. The disease is caused by infection with a member of the
340:
7448:
1679:
1496:
of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957, and in 1958, it was selected, in competition with the live attenuated vaccines of
11642:
9915:
9844:
9318:
8195:
A treatise on the diseases of children, with general directions for the management of infants from the birth (1789)
7770:
7721:
2682:
1972:, although it continued to cause outbreaks in other nearby countries due to hidden or re-established transmission.
674:
387:
Polio occurs naturally only in humans. It is highly infectious, and is spread from person to person either through
384:
may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to what the person had during the initial infection.
7685:
could mean some 90,000 people infected, each a carrier invisibly spreading the disease to others for weeks on end.
2085:
recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries where the disease is endemic.
895:
Poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, infecting the first cells with which it comes in contact – the
11554:
11528:
11037:
3845:"Reduced secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children"
3062:
2296:
948:
7937:
1589:, massage and passive motion exercises, and surgical treatments, such as tendon lengthening and nerve grafting.
1360:
A laboratory diagnosis is usually made based on the recovery of poliovirus from a stool sample or a swab of the
10552:
10528:
10358:
9514:
9500:
8140:. Yale studies in the history of science and medicine. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 16–18.
7248:
7113:
5833:
5417:
3617:
839:, with peak transmission occurring in summer and autumn. These seasonal differences are far less pronounced in
11382:
6566:
3097:
568:. The weakness most often involves the legs, but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck, and
530:
of poliovirus. Two basic patterns of polio infection are described: a minor illness that does not involve the
11333:
11231:
11116:
11032:
10974:
10744:
10523:
9875:
8647:
8186:
7830:
7302:"How polio came back to New York for the first time in decades, silently spread and left a patient paralyzed"
5924:"Effect of carbon-composite knee-ankle-foot orthoses on walking efficiency and gait in former polio patients"
4571:
2871:
2337:
406:
11637:
9952:
7556:
11200:
10574:
9719:
9713:
9624:
9618:
9508:
6673:
796:
A rare condition with a similar presentation, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with
702:
9145:
8756:
1156:. Virus invasion causes inflammation of the nerve cells, leading to damage or destruction of motor neuron
10710:
10082:
10008:
10002:
9675:
8795:
5314:
4948:"The case for replacing the live oral polio vaccine with the inactivated vaccine throughout the Americas"
3639:
Gorson KC, Ropper AH (September 2001). "Nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis simulating Guillain-Barré syndrome".
2058:
2033:
1478:
developed a polio vaccine that can be administered orally (oral polio vaccine - OPV), comprising a live,
1376:
to determine the serotype (i.e., 1, 2, or 3), and whether the virus is a wild or vaccine-derived strain.
1129:
1118:
11387:
9133:
8704:
5700:
3769:"Factors influencing the occurrence of illness during naturally acquired poliomyelitis virus infections"
2425:. As one of the largest disabled groups in the world, polio survivors also helped to advance the modern
1411:
impractical for widespread use and the medical community focused on the development of a polio vaccine.
11188:
10738:
10410:
7991:
7969:
7393:
6509:
6416:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 2006). "Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses".
2426:
1742:
425:
7126:
It shows that the number of annual polio cases has decreased by 97 per cent from 306 reported in 2014.
6157:
5730:
5667:"Poliomyelitis virus (picornavirus, enterovirus), after-effects of the polio, paralysis, deformations"
5249:"Polio: its impact on the people of the United States and the emerging profession of physical therapy"
2718:
556:, with symptoms of headache, neck, back, abdominal and extremity pain, fever, vomiting, stomach pain,
11700:
11617:
11467:
11138:
11106:
11080:
11058:
10907:
10486:
10139:
9746:
4492:
4486:
2685:. In Hall, Elisha; Wodi, A. Patricia; Hamborsky, Jennifer; Morelli, Valerie; Schillie, Sarah (eds.).
2479:
2229:
1926:
1900:
1694:
Residual complications of paralytic polio often occur following the initial recovery process. Muscle
924:
718:
5287:
Reproduced online with permission by Post-Polio Health International; retrieved on 10 November 2007.
5111:
5047:
4421:"A photomicrograph of the thoracic spinal cord depicting degenerative changes due to Polio Type III"
4339:
Reproduced online with permission by Lincolnshire Post-Polio Library; retrieved on 10 November 2007.
3891:
2757:
1808:(PPS) or post-polio sequelae. The symptoms of PPS are thought to involve a failure of the oversized
1344:. It can lead to paralysis of the arms and legs and may also affect swallowing and heart functions.
11649:
11569:
11424:
11205:
10979:
10393:
9848:
9760:
9665:
9495:
9468:
9440:
9373:
9244:
8296:
7743:
6676:(Press release). Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization. 17 February 2022.
6445:"Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission—worldwide, January 2007 – April 2008"
6013:
4049:
3487:
3322:
2340:
in 1789, where he refers to polio as "a debility of the lower extremities". The work of physicians
2292:
2257:
2225:
1626:
1394:
1267:(which partially controls swallowing and functions in the throat, tongue movement, and taste), the
991:
7632:
5003:
4451:
3291:
1507:
919:. Poliovirus divides within gastrointestinal cells for about a week, from where it spreads to the
11632:
11402:
11310:
11210:
11143:
10899:
10717:
10569:
10559:
10403:
9644:
9061:
Polio voices: an oral history from the American polio epidemics and worldwide eradication efforts
5727:"Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)"
4783:
Sabin AB, Boulger LR (1973). "History of Sabin attenuated poliovirus oral live vaccine strains".
4757:
4098:
2995:
2493:
In 2010, wild poliovirus was discovered through importation in 13 different countries. They were
2434:
2385:
1980:
1770:
828:
178:
10322:
9310:
6544:
6487:
1667: – enlargement of muscle fibers through exercise and activity – and transformation of
11353:
11075:
11067:
11022:
10698:
10670:
10518:
10038:
10016:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9838:
9776:
9670:
9631:
9434:
9121:
8190:
8076:
7555:(Press release). European Region of the World Health Organization. 21 June 2002. Archived from
7416:
5838:. AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 411–17.
5248:
4664:"Passive immunization against poliomyelitis: the Hammon gamma globulin field trials, 1951–1953"
3892:
Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, Salisbury A, Ramsay M, Noakes K, eds. (2006).
3711:
3411:
1961:
1615:
1516:
1264:
1161:
790:
774:
531:
35:
9284:
8936:
8917:
8897:
6750:(Press release). Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization. 18 May 2022.
2875:
1089:
five years of age, paralysis of one leg is most common; in adults, extensive paralysis of the
549:
and low fever. These symptoms are temporary and full recovery occurs within one or two weeks.
11090:
10964:
10782:
10760:
10675:
10598:
10508:
10495:
10420:
10023:
9604:
9474:
9445:
9193:
9189:
9059:
9038:
8991:
6382:
4278:
4272:
4120:
Sabin AB (June 1956). "Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis; reappraisal in the light of new data".
2965:
2892:
2487:
2450:
2388:
has its origin in the fight against polio. Most hospitals in the 1950s had limited access to
2057:
In Pakistan, cases dropped by 97 percent from 2014 to 2018; reasons include 440 million
1934:
968:
652:
542:
11419:
9197:
8509:
Frick NM, Bruno RL (1986). "Post-polio sequelae: physiological and psychological overview".
5792:
4849:
3479:
3403:
3314:
1875:, while highly effective, has the disadvantage that it contains a live virus which has been
11429:
11027:
10844:
10733:
10287:
10119:
9754:
9583:
7340:
4322:
4207:
Punsoni, Michael; Lakis, Nelli S.; Mellion, Michelle; de la Monte, Suzanne M. (June 2023).
4129:
3605:
3346:
2460:
2441:
important contributions to the knowledge and treatment of poliomyelitis are honored by the
2221:
2062:
2037:
1766:
1634:
1548:
1464:
1027:
951:, where it multiplies abundantly. The virus is subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream.
944:
832:
388:
213:
7079:
6299:
2248:
1999:
caused two confirmed cases in Malawi in 2021. 24 countries detected cVDPV, with 881 cases.
1195:. The virus may affect muscles on both sides of the body, but more often the paralysis is
376:. These symptoms usually pass within one or two weeks. A less common symptom is permanent
8:
11363:
10956:
10603:
10458:
10398:
9705:
9426:
9228:
8617:
7210:
6444:
3480:
3315:
2596:
2407:
1979:(AFP) are tested for the presence and type of poliovirus. In addition, environmental and
1942:
1805:
1798:
1482:
virus. It was produced by the repeated passage of the virus through nonhuman cells at sub
1434:
1365:
1312:
1031:
963:
436:
381:
191:
8859:
8824:
7521:
7486:
7344:
6795:
6724:
4243:
4208:
4133:
3285:
2686:
2403:
2237:
1183:
The extent of spinal paralysis depends on the region of the cord affected, which may be
11126:
11111:
11099:
10849:
10800:
10637:
10500:
10388:
10099:
10094:
9808:
9564:
8538:
The Polio Paradox: Understanding and Treating "Post-Polio Syndrome" and Chronic Fatigue
8462:
8350:
8325:
8258:
8234:
8209:
8046:
7534:
6876:
6674:"GPEI Statement on WPV1 in Malawi: Wild poliovirus type 1 detected in Lilongwe, Malawi"
6650:
6617:
6384:
Poliomyelitis: intensification of the global eradication initiative. Agenda item A65/20
5989:
5964:
5904:
5645:
5593:
5507:
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4923:
4906:
4688:
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4397:
3976:
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2595:
To support these two objectives, vaccines are under development which either utilise a
2526:
2442:
2364:
1876:
1872:
1664:
1638:
1619:
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1479:
1471:
of poliovirus, and at least 99 percent are immune to poliovirus following three doses.
1438:
1341:
1329:
1325:
1304:
1251:
to the brain stem. The destruction of these nerves weakens the muscles supplied by the
1153:
940:
804:
759:
572:. Depending on the site of paralysis, paralytic poliomyelitis is classified as spinal,
569:
553:
440:
361:
168:
8457:
8440:
6840:
6762:
6691:
5452:
4963:
4711:
World Health Organization (2016). "Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016".
4020:
3995:
3793:
3768:
3674:
World Health Organization (2016). "Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016".
3250:
1732:
may occur. An intervention to prevent or lessen length disparity can be to perform an
11581:
11343:
11252:
10889:
10855:
10827:
10818:
10750:
10726:
10593:
10441:
10272:
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9963:
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9785:
9489:
9367:
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9065:
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9020:
9013:
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8953:
8864:
8846:
8736:
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8341:
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8166:
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7838:
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7538:
7526:
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7222:
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6860:
6800:
6782:
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6125:
6121:
6033:
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5896:
5849:
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4401:
4366:
4282:
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3968:
3910:
3874:
3798:
3693:
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3609:
3491:
3454:
3415:
3404:
3326:
3295:
3240:
3174:
3140:
3136:
2971:
2898:
2260: – a country that at that time was considered provisionally polio free – a
2012:
1976:
1571:
1520:
1275:(which controls upper neck movement). Due to the effect on swallowing, secretions of
1043:
1039:
1035:
916:
900:
856:
836:
778:
744:
587:
573:
565:
377:
230:
187:
152:
9237:
9233:
8466:
6880:
5597:
5511:
5468:
5160:"Iron lung versus conventional mechanical ventilation in acute exacerbation of COPD"
4011:
3980:
3590:"Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication"
3195:
2841:
2810:
526:
The term "poliomyelitis" is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three
11587:
11484:
11012:
10883:
10878:
10663:
10658:
10247:
9957:
9637:
9569:
9450:
9381:
9295:
8854:
8836:
8452:
8345:
8337:
8229:
8221:
8030:
7915:
7893:
7516:
7498:
7458:
7348:
6987:"House-to-house polio vaccination set to recommence across Afghanistan in November"
6947:"Pakistan's fight against polio clashes with battle against Taliban – The National"
6852:
6790:
6774:
6763:"Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Worldwide, January 2022–December 2023"
6719:
6703:
6645:
6629:
6117:
5984:
5976:
5935:
5908:
5888:
5765:
5649:
5627:
5577:
5537:
5491:
5448:
5382:
5341:
5263:
5171:
5015:
4975:
4959:
4918:
4820:
4792:
4720:
4683:
4675:
4636:
4393:
4358:
4318:
4238:
4220:
4185:
4181:
4137:
4015:
4007:
3958:
3864:
3856:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3683:
3648:
3601:
3440:
3132:
2922:
2678:
2565:
2422:
2345:
2198:
2089:
1910:
1737:
1668:
1552:
1497:
1300:
1284:
875:
that protects the infant from polio infection during the first few months of life.
872:
840:
786:
782:
431:
Once infected, there is no specific treatment. The disease can be prevented by the
413:
409:
in 1789, and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1909 by the Austrian
284:
88:
10211:
8676:
7503:
6012:
Yin-Murphy M, Almond JW (1996). "Picornaviruses". In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
4749:
4141:
1672:
1279:
may build up in the airway, causing suffocation. Other signs and symptoms include
789:
antibodies against PV can prevent the spread of the virus to motor neurons of the
11397:
10934:
10625:
10171:
10076:
9996:
9985:
9856:
9820:
9740:
9526:
9387:
9249:
9093:
8730:
7157:
6329:
5213:
5209:"America's last iron lung users on their lives spent inside obsolete ventilators"
5176:
5159:
4420:
3371:
3167:
2456:
2363:
of the time resulted in constant exposure to the virus, which enhanced a natural
2044:
1778:
1762:
1712:
1651:
1602:
1308:
1280:
1272:
1248:
996:
932:
928:
714:
545:. In about 25% of cases, the infection produces minor symptoms which may include
538:
262:
183:
11414:
6692:"Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Worldwide, January 2021–March 2023"
6442:
2599:, or which derive from a modified virus which cannot reproduce in a human host.
11680:
11594:
11329:
10991:
10940:
10768:
10477:
10354:
9407:
9260:
9107:
8106:
8034:
7187:
7046:
World Health Organization, Global Polio Eradication Initiative (30 June 2022).
7016:
4456:
Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (5th Edition, 2012)
3652:
3123:
Falconer M, Bollenbach E (2000). "Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio".
2379:
began to appear in Europe and the United States around 1900. Outbreaks reached
2233:
1733:
1586:
1493:
1488:
1449:
1407:
1398:
1390:
1373:
1200:
1149:
980:
936:
912:
904:
644:
11409:
8841:
8600:
7863:
6845:
International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation
5892:
4225:
3996:"Complexes of poliovirus serotypes with their common cellular receptor, CD155"
3963:
3946:
2410:(ICU). (A year later, Ibsen would establish the world's first dedicated ICU.)
1467:), 90 percent or more of individuals develop protective antibody to all three
11674:
11017:
10969:
10839:
10608:
10564:
10415:
9402:
9397:
9345:
8850:
8225:
7842:
7804:"WHO, UNICEF call for cease fire in Gaza to allow polio vaccination | CIDRAP"
7782:
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7278:
6919:
6864:
6856:
6786:
6715:
6641:
5853:
5185:
4971:
4679:
4349:
Young GR (February 1989). "Occupational therapy and the postpolio syndrome".
4234:
3524:
3444:
3436:
2325:
2306:
1852:
1786:
1729:
1483:
1420:
1364:. Rarely, it may be possible to identify poliovirus in the blood or in the
1361:
1333:
1252:
1173:
1141:
1122:
1051:
896:
808:
755:
603:
432:
421:
251:
9298:
9217:
9213:
7208:
6415:
5769:
5632:
5615:
5346:
5329:
5267:
4945:
1144:, which are responsible for movement of the muscles, including those of the
1050:
destruction often alters the color and appearance of the gray matter in the
10513:
10383:
10366:
10263:
10113:
9791:
9652:
8868:
8359:
8243:
8042:
8023:"Africa declared free from wild polio — but vaccine-derived strains remain"
7530:
7379:
7352:
6872:
6804:
6778:
6733:
6707:
6659:
6633:
6460:
6429:
6037:
5998:
5949:
5900:
5811:
5753:
5589:
5460:
5396:
5355:
5275:
5193:
4989:
4932:
4832:
4734:
4697:
4648:
4612:
4252:
4193:
4149:
4071:
4029:
3972:
3860:
3802:
3697:
3660:
3613:
3475:
3299:
3144:
2926:
2688:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book)
2538:
2418:
2313:
1774:
1725:
1582:
1475:
1456:
1402:
1288:
1256:
1244:
1188:
1114:
1098:
1059:
1016:
1004:
860:
751:
669:
640:
579:
410:
8522:
7366:
D' Souza RM, Kennett M, Watson C (2002). "Australia declared polio free".
7226:
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Wild Poliovirus case list 2000–2010; data in WHO/HQ as of 9 November 2010
6129:
5940:
5923:
5777:
5641:
5549:
5503:
5495:
5200:
5029:
5020:
4567:
4370:
3878:
2897:(1st ed.). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 11.
1109:
11654:
11574:
10472:
10433:
10375:
10303:
10252:
10240:
10235:
10228:
10216:
10190:
10160:
10062:
9901:
9813:
9796:
9731:
9392:
9279:
8825:"The Last Mile in Polio Eradication: Program Challenges and Perseverance"
7992:"Government of Nigeria reports 2 wild polio cases, first since July 2014"
6510:"Wild poliovirus type 1 and Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus cases"
6108:
Hinman A (1984). "Landmark perspective: Mass vaccination against polio".
5330:"Noninvasive mechanical ventilation at home: building upon the tradition"
4405:
4362:
2341:
2266:
2182:
2150:
2022:
1969:
1782:
1659:
1630:
1540:
1268:
1137:
1082:
1008:
976:
797:
750:
Individuals who are exposed to the virus, either through infection or by
689:
630:
546:
373:
220:
9140:
7245:"Polio Declared Eliminated from the Americas | History of Vaccines"
5922:
Brehm MA, Beelen A, Doorenbosch CA, Harlaar J, Nollet F (October 2007).
4725:
4277:. Diseases and People. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. p.
3688:
1180:(the ability to feel) in the paralyzed limbs, however, is not affected.
819:
in order to distinguish it from the natural or "wild" poliovirus (WPV).
11463:
10583:
10453:
10153:
9937:
9694:
8732:
Disease Eradication in the 21st Century: Implications for Global Health
6618:"Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2019–June 2021"
5793:"Post-poliomyelitis syndrome: case report and review of the literature"
5416:(PhD thesis). Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht. Archived from
4527:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3264–65.
2534:
2506:
2464:
2414:
2400:
2393:
2360:
2321:
2301:
2280:
2206:
2142:
2018:
1950:
1821:
1809:
1563:
1544:
1445:
1433:
Two types of vaccine are used throughout the world to combat polio: an
1337:
1240:
1012:
766:
706:
694:
677:
664:
396:
365:
240:
209:
31:
5581:
1937:. Polio is one of only two diseases currently the subject of a global
1227:
635:
10693:
10644:
10632:
10615:
10547:
10198:
10179:
10146:
10134:
10128:
10107:
10053:
9981:
9867:
9829:
9598:
9577:
9483:
9361:
9353:
9341:
9290:
8993:
The death of a disease: a history of the eradication of poliomyelitis
7553:"Europe achieves historic milestone as Region is declared polio-free"
5568:
Trojan DA, Cashman NR (January 2005). "Post-poliomyelitis syndrome".
2467:, who led the first team to develop a vaccine against poliomyelitis.
2389:
2336:
The first clinical description was provided by the English physician
2174:
2158:
1834:
1825:
1721:
1708:
1567:
1453:
1354:
1292:
1212:
1196:
1165:
1070:
1055:
959:
852:
736:
710:
698:
618:
606:
561:
403:
157:
9172:
7771:"Gaza faces public health crisis with first confirmed case of polio"
7105:
6231:"The decade of the last recorded case of paralytic polio by country"
5719:
4491:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. pp.
3589:
3588:
Kew OM, Sutter RW, de Gourville EM, Dowdle WR, Pallansch MA (2005).
11659:
11627:
11306:
11168:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
10873:
10865:
10831:
10685:
10588:
10296:
9943:
9685:
9541:
7453:
4809:
3945:
Sauerbrei A, Groh A, Bischoff A, Prager J, Wutzler P (March 2002).
3538:
2502:
2430:
2380:
2376:
2210:
2178:
2162:
2119:
2077:
were declared polio-free in 1994. The last known case was a boy in
2074:
2026:
1965:
1946:
1945:. So far, the only diseases completely eradicated by humankind are
1856:
1847:
1699:
1683:
1468:
1460:
1296:
1271:(which sends signals to the heart, intestines, and lungs), and the
1157:
1063:
972:
868:
864:
803:
The oral polio vaccine, which has been in use since 1961, contains
557:
417:
369:
8822:
11434:
11392:
11349:
10352:
10049:
9340:
9128:
7938:"Nigeria marks polio-free year, raising global eradication hopes"
7421:
3821:, Department of Health, State Government of Victoria, Australia,
3435:
Cohen JI (2004). "Chapter 175: Enteroviruses and Reoviruses". In
2530:
2510:
2397:
2166:
2048:
1695:
1611:
1597:
1260:
1169:
1133:
1094:
1074:
971:. In most cases, this causes a self-limiting inflammation of the
955:
920:
888:
732:
583:
560:, and irritability. About one to five in 1,000 cases progress to
527:
72:
63:
8295:. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from
7140:"17 million children to be vaccinated against polio in Pakistan"
5080:. School of Public Health and Community Medicine. Archived from
4599:
Hammon WM (1955). "Passive immunization against poliomyelitis".
3233:
The late effects of Polio: Information For Health Care Providers
2935:
Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und experimentelle Therapie
2571:
The GPEI has identified six directions for continuing research:
1625:
Without respiratory support, consequences of poliomyelitis with
10912:
10653:
10620:
9658:
9208:
9184:
9157:
9116:
8925:
8905:
8800:
Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization
8624:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 19 October 2012.
7211:"Certification of poliomyelitis eradication—the Americas, 1994"
6826:
Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization
6600:
Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization
5613:
5137:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. pp. 8–10.
5052:
Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization
3287:
Manual of infantile paralysis, with modern methods of treatment
3102:
Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization
3029:
Global Polio Eradication Initiative – World Health Organization
2676:
2542:
2483:
2368:
2276:
2214:
2197:
difficulties in executing immunization programs in the ongoing
2146:
2130:
2115:
1930:
1754:
1236:
1192:
1078:
1047:
1023:
999:
tissue secondary to poliovirus infection can lead to paralysis.
770:
728:
724:
7722:"Polio immunisation rate in Syria close to pre-war level -WHO"
7417:"PH declares polio outbreak as disease returns after 19 years"
6969:"UAE polio campaign vaccinates millions of Pakistani children"
5751:
5703:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER).
4307:"Post-polio syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical management"
4206:
2459:(24 October) as an annual day of awareness was established by
883:
424:, and in the 20th century, it became one of the most worrying
10309:
10068:
8323:
7831:"The U.N. Calls for a Temporary Truce to Fight Polio in Gaza"
7209:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (October 1994).
7048:"Afghanistan Polio Eradication Initiative Annual Report 2021"
6615:
6443:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (May 2008).
5962:
5921:
4625:
2776:"This page allows you to request a table with AFP/polio data"
2522:
2518:
2309:
2261:
2202:
2194:
2170:
2154:
2111:
1758:
1750:
1444:
The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was developed in 1952 by
1425:
1276:
1177:
1145:
1090:
908:
845:
685:
624:
612:
392:
380:, and possible death in extreme cases. Years after recovery,
236:
9101:
7580:"Polio in Syria: An outbreak that threatens the Middle East"
7483:
5157:
4750:"Tireless polio research effort bears fruit and indignation"
3239:. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health.
1263:, speaking and swallowing. Critical nerves affected are the
891:
due to Polio Type III surrounding the anterior spinal artery
420:
started to occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the
11359:
5756:(October 1992). "Epidemiology of the post-polio syndrome".
3944:
3587:
2880:. Vol. 2. London, England: J. Mathews. pp. 53–57.
2514:
2494:
2078:
1866:
1746:
1536:
1184:
1176:
are also affected, and are typically absent or diminished;
1164:
takes place, leading to weakness of those muscles formerly
323:
314:
311:
302:
299:
293:
127:
118:
115:
106:
103:
97:
8484:"After Effects of Polio Can Harm Survivors 40 Years Later"
5481:
4488:
Professional Guide to Diseases (Professional Guide Series)
4270:
3125:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
2933:[Transmission of Poliomyelitis acuta to monkeys].
1295:, gums, and muscles of the face, among other structures),
851:
Factors that increase the risk of polio infection include
9535:
8107:"First polio outbreak in 30 years declared in Mozambique"
7964:
7365:
7045:
4710:
3673:
3453:(16th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1144.
3019:
2498:
2429:
through campaigns for the social and civil rights of the
1855:
in the population declined providing circumstances where
1231:
The location and anatomy of the bulbar region (in orange)
1216:
887:
A photomicrograph of the lumbar spinal cord depicting an
763:
721:
329:
133:
2967:
Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine
2417:
fund-raising campaigns that would revolutionize medical
2017:
The last remaining region with wild polio cases are the
1975:
Global surveillance for polio takes two forms. Cases of
8949:
Splendid Solution: Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio
7602:"Syria polio cases spread to Damascus and Aleppo – WHO"
5438:
4311:
Critical Review in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
3994:
He Y, Mueller S, Chipman PR, et al. (April 2003).
3473:
2333:, exhibiting characteristic symptoms of the condition.
439:
poliovirus and an oral polio vaccine (OPV) containing
57:
Poliomyelitis, infantile paralysis, Heine–Medin disease
11282:
8324:
Trevelyan B, Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff AD (June 2005).
6908:"C.I.A. Vaccine Ruse May Have Harmed the War on Polio"
6322:"The Smallpox Eradication Programme – SEP (1966–1980)"
5614:
Grimby G, Einarsson G, Hedberg M, Aniansson A (1989).
5256:
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
8375:
Poliomyelitis. In: Tropical and Geographical Medicine
6380:
4754:
The Salk vaccine: 50 years later/ second of two parts
3552:"Two out of three wild poliovirus strains eradicated"
647:. The first recorded use of the abbreviated version
341:
332:
305:
287:
136:
109:
91:
9162:
9083:
7916:"Nigeria marks one year without recorded polio case"
7699:"Fighting Polio Amid the Chaos of Syria's Civil War"
5878:
5074:"Eradication of polio – Is Syria being left behind?"
326:
320:
296:
290:
130:
124:
100:
94:
7368:
Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report
7188:"Polio in Pakistan: Drop of 70% recorded this year"
4097:. University of Wisconsin – Madison. Archived from
2447:
Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation
911:, on the cell membrane. The virus then hijacks the
827:Poliomyelitis is highly contagious. The disease is
317:
308:
121:
112:
30:"Poliomyelitis" redirects here. For the virus, see
9012:
8968:
8563:"Four added to Polio Hall of Fame at Warm Springs"
8214:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
8197:. Vol. 2. London: J. Mathews. pp. 88–91.
8165:(6th ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 447.
7449:"Malaysia Reports First Case of Polio in 27 Years"
7137:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6390:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
5527:
4171:
3321:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p.
3166:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3122:
3057:
3055:
3053:
2963:
2815:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
11519:London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases
9040:Living with polio: the epidemic and its survivors
9015:Polio and its aftermath: the paralysis of culture
8618:"Announcement: World Polio Day – 24 October 2012"
8330:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
7829:Fassihi, Farnaz; Livni, Ephrat (16 August 2024).
7359:
6484:"WHO South-East Asia Region certified polio-free"
6059:"Polio: a 20th century epidemic | Science Museum"
5698:
5300:Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review
4844:
4842:
4050:"Picornaviruses: The Enteroviruses: Polioviruses"
3283:
3063:"Polio Vaccine: Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus | CDC"
2921:
2275:A single case of wild polio that was detected in
11672:
7864:"Polio Eradication Efforts in Nigeria and India"
7545:
6502:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6015:Picornaviruses: The Enteroviruses: Polioviruses
6011:
5963:Trevelyan B, Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff A (2005).
5616:"Muscle adaptive changes in post-polio subjects"
5530:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
4047:
3993:
3164:
1368:. Poliovirus samples are further analysed using
8996:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
8945:
8293:The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series
8277:
8179:
7158:"Pakistan could beat polio in months, says WHO"
6957:
5661:
5659:
5620:Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
4522:
4383:
3402:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). "Enteroviruses".
3312:
3169:The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
3151:
3050:
2931:"Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen"
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2578:Developing affordable inactivated polio vaccine
1555:, braces, corrective shoes and, in some cases,
1370:reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
629:"marrow"), referring to the grey matter of the
8989:
8377:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 558–76.
7664:"Syria's Polio Epidemic: The Suppressed Truth"
7330:
6022:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
5956:
5831:
5752:Ramlow J, Alexander M, LaPorte R, Kaufmann C,
5609:
5607:
4839:
4594:
4592:
4458:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
4449:
4427:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
4271:Silverstein A, Silverstein V, Nunn LS (2001).
4266:
4264:
4262:
4056:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
2964:Wheeler DS, Wong HR, Shanley TP, eds. (2009).
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2356:, based on its propensity to affect children.
1745:, as well as a loss of proper function of the
907:receptor, known as the poliovirus receptor or
11268:
10338:
9326:
8366:
8319:
8317:
7960:"WHO Removes Nigeria from Polio-Endemic List"
7894:"Nigeria polio vaccinators shot dead in Kano"
6748:"GPEI statement on Mozambique WPV1 detection"
6666:
6471:
5567:
5132:
4525:Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology
4304:
4300:
4298:
3899:Immunisation Against Infectious Disease, 2006
2890:
2709:
2707:
1332:occurs. The critical nerves affected are the
201:Wild PV types 1,2 & 3; vaccine-derived PV
11686:Infectious diseases with eradication efforts
9057:
8735:. Cambridge: The MIT Press. pp. 13–24.
8722:
8478:
8476:
8201:
8163:Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice
7984:
7930:
7828:
7441:
7408:
6409:
6284:
5835:Orthoses for persons with postpolio syndrome
5800:Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
5694:
5692:
5656:
4904:
4782:
4351:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
3638:
3513:"Polio: Will We Soon Vanquish an Old Enemy?"
3510:
3306:
3020:World Health Organization (3 January 2023).
1682:, little-used muscles can be developed, and
453:Outcomes of poliovirus infection in children
11057:
8934:
8540:. New York: Warner Books. pp. 105–06.
8400:"A New Challenge for Former Polio Patients"
8283:
8185:
8160:
7655:
7215:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
6767:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
6696:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
6541:"Emergency appeal for Congo polio outbreak"
6449:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
6418:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
6150:"Polio Vaccine Celebrates 60th Anniversary"
5745:
5604:
5409:
4850:"A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries"
4629:Journal of the American Medical Association
4601:Monograph Series. World Health Organization
4589:
4259:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3173:. Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 1859–70.
3013:
2760:. World Health Organisation. 22 July 2019.
2609:
2320:The effects of polio have been known since
2209:. Later, two more cases, one each in rural
2036:ran a fake hepatitis vaccination clinic in
2006:
1543:to prevent infections in weakened muscles,
1336:(which drives the diaphragm to inflate the
1022:The destruction of neuronal cells produces
11275:
11261:
10345:
10331:
9590:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
9333:
9319:
8757:"GPEI-Historical Contributions, 1988-2020"
8508:
8372:
8314:
8129:
7202:
7017:"Seven shot dead in Pakistan polio attack"
6436:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5368:
5296:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
4776:
4295:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
3760:
3450:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3397:
3395:
3393:
3200:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2846:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2704:
2693:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2312:thought to represent a person with polio,
2083:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1655:possible up to 18 months after infection.
62:
9461:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
8858:
8840:
8473:
8456:
8349:
8233:
8020:
7520:
7502:
7394:"New polio outbreak hits China - CNN.com"
6905:
6794:
6723:
6649:
5988:
5939:
5689:
5631:
5386:
5345:
5175:
5019:
4979:
4922:
4873:
4871:
4724:
4687:
4377:
4242:
4224:
4019:
3962:
3868:
3792:
3687:
3482:Krugman's infectious diseases of children
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
2870:
2768:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2421:, and giving rise to the modern field of
272:30 (wild) + 856 (vaccine-derived) in 2022
9043:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8966:
8938:A Summer Plague: Polio and Its Survivors
8749:
8397:
8260:A Summer Plague: Polio and its Survivors
7324:
7150:
7106:"Nationwide polio campaign starts today"
6107:
5832:Hsu JD, Michael J, Fisk J, eds. (2008).
5327:
5321:
5206:
4704:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4450:Wallace GS, Oberste SM (13 April 2013).
4043:
4041:
4039:
3574:
3434:
3428:
2300:
2247:
1904:
1867:Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses
1820:
1596:
1506:
1459:), which is chemically inactivated with
1424:
1226:
1108:
990:
882:
668:
11534:Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance
9019:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
8728:
8560:
8438:
8391:
8256:
8135:
7768:
7732:from the original on 24 September 2015.
7719:
7696:
7661:
7630:
7577:
7299:
7146:from the original on 10 September 2015.
6975:from the original on 10 September 2015.
6953:from the original on 28 September 2015.
6838:
6685:
6683:
6611:
6609:
5881:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
5556:
5523:
5521:
5403:
5285:from the original on 10 September 2008.
5246:
5233:
5036:from the original on 30 September 2007.
4661:
4655:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4156:
4088:
3842:
3667:
3401:
3390:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3221:
2811:"Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis"
2435:notable individuals have survived polio
2108:Department of Health of the Philippines
1635:pneumonia from aspiration of secretions
1429:A child receiving an oral polio vaccine
1384:
1303:, depth, and rhythm (which may lead to
975:, the layers of tissue surrounding the
27:Infectious disease caused by poliovirus
14:
11673:
11134:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
10807:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
9036:
8818:
8816:
8699:
8697:
8648:"Every Last Child, Annual Report 2010"
8612:
8610:
8593:"CDC Inducted into Polio Hall of Fame"
8207:
7948:from the original on 19 November 2015.
7904:from the original on 28 December 2014.
7429:from the original on 22 September 2019
7138:The National staff (24 January 2015).
6760:
6147:
6101:
6005:
5790:
5784:
5126:
4905:Fine PE, Carneiro IA (November 1999).
4868:
4598:
4323:10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v7.i2.40
3606:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625
3410:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.
3268:
3165:Chamberlin SL, Narins B, eds. (2005).
2877:A Treatise on the Diseases of Children
2805:
2803:
2801:
2733:
2575:Optimizing oral polio vaccine efficacy
1960:By 2015, polio was believed to remain
1881:circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus
1792:
1698:and paralysis can sometimes result in
1299:, difficulty in chewing, and abnormal
813:circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus
769:against poliovirus are present in the
717:is quite simple, composed of a single
11256:
10326:
9314:
9010:
8628:from the original on 12 December 2013
8535:
8490:from the original on 25 December 2014
8210:"Poliomyelitis (Heine–Medin disease)"
8021:Guglielmi, Giorgia (28 August 2020).
7874:from the original on 25 December 2013
7633:"WHO: Polio cases confirmed in Syria"
7612:from the original on 28 November 2013
7414:
7312:from the original on 15 November 2022
6622:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
6520:from the original on 24 December 2015
6272:from the original on 18 November 2015
6143:
6141:
6139:
6053:
6051:
6044:from the original on 7 December 2008.
5371:"Tracheotomy in bulbar poliomyelitis"
5207:Buncombe, Andrew (22 November 2017).
4898:
4785:Journal of Biological Standardization
4764:from the original on 5 September 2008
4747:
4741:
4474:
4348:
4342:
4119:
4078:from the original on 7 December 2008.
4036:
3766:
3313:Wood LD, Hall JB, Schmidt GD (2005).
3206:from the original on 14 November 2020
3092:
3090:
3088:
2945:from the original on 9 September 2021
2852:from the original on 14 November 2020
2445:, which was dedicated in 1957 at the
2205:between October and November 2013 in
1511:Wild polio vs cVDPV cases (2000–2019)
1437:poliovirus given by injection, and a
1328:C3 through C5), and paralysis of the
1207:(where the limb joins the body) than
1097:also affecting all four limbs –
727:enclosed in a protein shell called a
446:
11560:National Malaria Eradication Program
10985:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
10374:
8705:"Progress towards polio eradication"
7674:from the original on 25 January 2014
7643:from the original on 3 February 2014
7404:from the original on 1 January 2012.
6967:The National staff (18 April 2015).
6944:
6887:from the original on 20 October 2021
6680:
6606:
6585:
6486:. WHO. 27 March 2014. Archived from
6397:from the original on 9 November 2013
6356:World Organisation for Animal Health
6259:
5518:
4996:
4509:
4462:from the original on 28 January 2014
4431:from the original on 2 February 2014
4418:
3562:from the original on 30 October 2019
3504:
3218:
3073:from the original on 27 October 2021
3022:"Global Wild Poliovirus 2016 - 2022"
2970:. London: Springer. pp. 10–11.
2891:Daniel TM, Robbins FC, eds. (1999).
2717:. NIH. 16 April 2014. Archived from
1828:with stance phase control knee joint
1318:
1315:are also possible and may be fatal.
11524:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
9611:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
8975:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8813:
8694:
8669:
8607:
8191:"Debility of the lower extremities"
8161:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2012).
8002:from the original on 15 August 2016
7968:. 26 September 2015. Archived from
7465:from the original on 8 January 2020
7300:Kimball, Spencer (4 October 2022).
7027:from the original on 4 October 2019
6811:
6689:
6571:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
6514:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
6211:from the original on 28 August 2022
6205:"GPEI-Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses"
6184:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
5369:Miller AH, Buck LS (January 1950).
4523:Hoyt WG, Miller N, Walsh F (2005).
3951:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
3818:Polio and the late effects of polio
3748:from the original on 28 August 2022
3742:"GPEI-Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses"
3722:from the original on 28 August 2022
3193:
2839:
2798:
2764:from the original on 18 April 2017.
2699:from the original on 17 March 2022.
2559:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
2478:(GPEI) – began in 1988, led by the
2476:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
1949:, declared eradicated in 1980, and
1923:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
1686:can enable stability and mobility.
1463:. After two doses of IPV (given by
863:. Although the virus can cross the
855:, the very old and the very young,
24:
11284:Eradication of infectious diseases
11216:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
8898:Presentation by David Oshinsky on
8879:
8439:Pincock S (2007). Elsevier (ed.).
7926:from the original on 24 July 2015.
6819:"Global Wild Poliovirus 2018–2024"
6593:"Global Wild Poliovirus 2018–2024"
6467:from the original on 19 June 2017.
6136:
6048:
5928:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
5821:from the original on 7 March 2007.
5048:"GPEI-Variant Polio (cVDPV) Cases"
4924:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009924
4879:"Polio Vaccine | IPV Vaccine"
4425:Public Health Image Library (PHIL)
4398:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112848
4052:. In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
3987:
3885:
3825:from the original on 12 April 2023
3284:Frauenthal HW, Manning JV (1914).
3085:
2984:from the original on 17 June 2016.
2911:from the original on 17 June 2016.
2821:from the original on 12 April 2023
2095:
986:
903:. It gains entry by binding to an
878:
25:
11712:
11623:Mathematical modelling of disease
10919:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
10722:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
9930:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
9456:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
9079:
8952:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
8599:. 23 January 2009. Archived from
8087:from the original on 16 June 2022
7769:Pietsch, Bryan (17 August 2024).
7590:from the original on 3 July 2015.
7233:from the original on 21 May 2017.
7198:from the original on 4 June 2015.
7086:from the original on 30 June 2022
6997:from the original on 30 June 2022
6926:from the original on 10 July 2012
6180:"GPEI-Variant Poliovirus (cVDPV)"
5860:from the original on 13 June 2021
5707:from the original on 23 June 2008
5699:Mayo Clinic Staff (19 May 2005).
4856:from the original on 26 July 2008
4668:American Journal of Public Health
4556:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
2786:from the original on 2 April 2015
2348:in 1890 led to it being known as
2279:in February 2022, and another in
2136:
2133:was declared polio-free in 2002.
11696:Central nervous system disorders
11490:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
10939:For more detailed coverage, see
10917:For more detailed coverage, see
10888:For more detailed coverage, see
10854:For more detailed coverage, see
10805:For more detailed coverage, see
9916:Middle East respiratory syndrome
9139:
9127:
9115:
9100:
9086:
8941:. London: Yale University Press.
8912:
8892:
8788:
8763:
8640:
8585:
8554:
8529:
8502:
8432:
8418:
8342:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00460.x
8250:
8154:
8117:from the original on 1 July 2022
8099:
8081:WHO | Regional Office for Africa
8077:"Malawi declares polio outbreak"
8069:
8057:from the original on 1 July 2022
8014:
7952:
7908:
7886:
7856:
7822:
7796:
7762:
7750:from the original on 1 July 2022
7736:
7713:
7690:
7624:
7594:
7571:
7477:
7386:
7293:
7263:
7237:
7180:
7168:from the original on 16 May 2016
7131:
7116:from the original on 6 July 2020
7098:
7072:
7060:from the original on 5 June 2022
7039:
7009:
6979:
6938:
6899:
6832:
6754:
6740:
6559:
6532:
6374:
6352:"No more deaths from rinderpest"
6344:
6314:
6241:from the original on 13 May 2020
6122:10.1001/jama.1984.03340460072029
5981:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00460.x
5758:American Journal of Epidemiology
5673:. Sanofi Pasteur. Archived from
5221:from the original on 25 May 2022
5164:The European Respiratory Journal
4911:American Journal of Epidemiology
4825:10.1001/jama.1960.03020320001001
4641:10.1001/jama.1954.02950010023009
4386:American Journal of Epidemiology
4048:Yin-Murphy M, Almond JW (1996).
3712:"What is vaccine-derived polio?"
3620:from the original on 9 July 2020
3137:10.1097/00002060-200001000-00006
2715:"Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet"
2406:, were the precursors of modern
2375:Small localized paralytic polio
1689:
1622:. Spinal polio is rarely fatal.
675:transmission electron microscope
283:
87:
11555:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
11529:Global Certification Commission
8771:"Vaccination funding landscape"
8486:. March of Dimes. 1 June 2001.
8257:Gould T (1995). "Chapter One".
7697:Motlagh, Jason (5 March 2015).
6253:
6223:
6197:
6172:
6076:
5915:
5872:
5825:
5475:
5432:
5362:
5290:
5151:
5108:International travel and health
5104:"WHO: Vaccines for routine use"
5096:
5066:
5040:
4939:
4803:
4619:
4541:
4443:
4412:
4209:"Post-Polio Syndrome Revisited"
4200:
4113:
4082:
4012:10.1128/JVI.77.8.4827-4835.2003
3938:
3836:
3809:
3734:
3704:
3632:
3544:
3467:
3372:"Polio, n. meanings, etymology"
3364:
3339:
3290:. Philadelphia Davis. pp.
3187:
3116:
2988:
2957:
2352:. The disease was later called
2297:List of poliomyelitis survivors
1995:detected cVDPV, with 698 cases.
1841:
1579:historical treatments for polio
1222:
1104:
1077:, loss of superficial and deep
1046:. Inflammation associated with
822:
9515:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
9501:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
8990:Shaffer MM, Bernard S (2005).
8561:Skinner W (15 November 2008).
7662:Sparrow A (20 February 2014).
6381:World Health Assembly (2012).
6084:"History of polio vaccination"
5791:Lin KH, Lim YW (August 2005).
5133:Daniel TM, Robbins FC (1997).
4305:Gawne AC, Halstead LS (1995).
4186:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008
3785:10.1128/MMBR.24.4.341-352.1960
2915:
2884:
2864:
2833:
2188:
2088:In July 2022, the US state of
1894:
1291:, which innervate the cheeks,
1283:(caused by destruction of the
1030:; these may also occur in the
75:right leg due to poliomyelitis
13:
1:
11334:Eradication of dracunculiasis
11232:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
11117:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
10975:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
9144:The dictionary definition of
8567:The Times-Herald (Newnan, GA)
8458:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61650-X
7720:Westall S (28 January 2015).
7631:Watkins T (29 October 2013).
7504:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.022
7415:Paris J (19 September 2019).
7277:. 2 June 2014. Archived from
6358:. 25 May 2011. Archived from
5453:10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00150-9
5328:Goldberg AI (February 2002).
4964:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30213-0
4713:Weekly Epidemiological Record
4142:10.1126/science.123.3209.1151
3676:Weekly Epidemiological Record
3594:Annual Review of Microbiology
3511:Ohri LK, Marquess JG (1999).
3486:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp.
3347:"Definition of POLIOMYELITIS"
3098:"GPEI-OPV Oral polio vaccine"
2602:
1605:of her right leg due to polio
1379:
927:residing within the tonsilar
915:own machinery, and begins to
11691:Vaccine-preventable diseases
11201:Progressive muscular atrophy
9720:Tropical spastic paraparesis
9625:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
9058:Wilson DJ, Silver J (2007).
8918:Presentation by Oshinsky on
8796:"GPEI-Research + Innovation"
6906:McNeil Jr DG (9 July 2012).
6019:Baron's Medical Microbiology
5542:10.1016/0003-9993(91)90013-9
5303:. Demos Medical Publishing.
5177:10.1183/09031936.04.00029304
5110:. p. 12. Archived from
5014:(2): 300–05. February 1997.
4797:10.1016/0092-1157(73)90048-6
4054:Baron's Medical Microbiology
3406:Sherris Medical Microbiology
2499:Democratic Republic of Congo
2463:to commemorate the birth of
1925:– began in 1988, led by the
1816:
1728:and increased likelihood of
1592:
1530:
1347:
983:position of the individual.
619:
607:
593:
541:, a poliovirus infection is
7:
10711:Primary progressive aphasia
10083:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
10003:Human parainfluenza viruses
9676:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
7744:"GPEI-Syrian Arab Republic"
7578:Whewell T (26 March 2014).
4452:"Chapter 12: Poliomyelitis"
4095:Ken Todar's Microbial World
3317:Principles of Critical Care
2683:"Chapter 18: Poliomyelitis"
2681:; Shimabukuro, Tom (2021).
2552:
2068:
1644:
1160:. When spinal neurons die,
10:
11717:
11033:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
10739:Posterior cortical atrophy
10560:Striatonigral degeneration
10411:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
8410:(5): 21–25. Archived from
8208:Pearce JM (January 2005).
8138:A History of Poliomyelitis
8035:10.1038/d41586-020-02501-3
6945:Khan T (20 January 2015).
6839:Kennedy J (October 2017).
6148:Vaught M (10 April 2015).
5247:Neumann DA (August 2004).
4895:Accessed 16 December 2009.
3895:Chapter 26:Poliomyelitis.
3767:Evans CA (December 1960).
3653:10.1001/archneur.58.9.1460
3523:(6): 41–54. Archived from
2758:"Poliomyelitis: Key facts"
2677:Estivariz, Concepcion F.;
2427:disability rights movement
2290:
2286:
2252:Polio vaccination in Egypt
2010:
1898:
1883:(cVDPV) or more simply as
1796:
1418:
1414:
1247:pathway that connects the
925:follicular dendritic cells
662:
625:
613:
29:
11618:Globalization and disease
11610:
11542:
11511:
11502:
11477:
11468:Eradication of rinderpest
11456:
11447:
11373:
11320:
11299:
11290:
11139:Spinal muscular atrophies
11107:Primary lateral sclerosis
11089:
11066:
11050:
11005:
10965:Intracranial hypertension
10955:
10927:
10898:
10864:
10826:
10815:
10781:
10759:
10745:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
10684:
10494:
10485:
10471:
10431:
10365:
10286:
10262:
10170:
10093:
10048:
10037:
9866:
9828:
9807:
9775:
9747:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
9730:
9684:
9563:
9552:
9525:
9352:
9270:
9166:
8911:
8891:
8886:
8842:10.3390/pathogens13040323
8511:Rehabilitation Literature
8286:"Module 6: Poliomyelitis"
8263:. Yale University Press.
7333:Health Education Research
6690:Lee, Scarlett E. (2023).
6567:"Surveillance Indicators"
6088:World health Organization
5893:10.1080/03093640500238915
4562:(RR-10): 1–55. May 1997.
4226:10.3390/neurolint15020035
3964:10.1007/s00430-001-0100-3
3541:; registration required.)
3376:Oxford English Dictionary
2480:World Health Organization
2243:
2125:
1927:World Health Organization
1901:Poliomyelitis eradication
1738:epiphyseal (growth) plate
1680:muscle's maximal capacity
1243:. The bulbar region is a
1058:region, specifically the
762:. In immune individuals,
705: – specifically the
399:against it in the blood.
356:), commonly shortened to
268:
257:
247:
235:Finding the virus in the
229:
219:
205:
197:
177:
167:
151:
79:
70:
61:
53:
48:
11650:Tuberculosis elimination
11570:India National PolioPlus
11206:Progressive bulbar palsy
10997:Intracranial hypotension
10980:Choroid plexus papilloma
10394:Herpesviral encephalitis
9849:Infectious mononucleosis
9666:Chandipura vesiculovirus
9496:Hepatocellular carcinoma
9441:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
9374:Hepatocellular carcinoma
8971:Polio: An American story
8946:Kluger Jefferey (2004).
8226:10.1136/jnnp.2003.028548
6857:10.1177/0020731417722888
6063:www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
5441:Clinical Neurophysiology
4748:Spice B (4 April 2005).
4680:10.2105/AJPH.2004.040790
4419:Karp H (18 March 2005).
3843:Chandra RK (June 1975).
2293:History of poliomyelitis
2007:Afghanistan and Pakistan
1771:urinary tract infections
1521:industrialized countries
1395:University of Pittsburgh
1255:, producing symptoms of
658:
493:Paralytic poliomyelitis
261:No treatment other than
11311:Eradication of smallpox
10718:Frontotemporal dementia
10404:Encephalitis lethargica
9645:Encephalitis lethargica
9346:viral systemic diseases
8677:"Poliomyelitis (polio)"
7425:. Manila, Philippines.
5633:10.2340/165019779891926
5413:Constructivist Medicine
5347:10.1378/chest.121.2.321
5268:10.2519/jospt.2004.0301
4758:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
4662:Rinaldo CR (May 2005).
4213:Neurology International
3849:British Medical Journal
3773:Bacteriological Reviews
3351:www.merriam-webster.com
2386:Intensive care medicine
2106:In September 2019, the
1977:acute flaccid paralysis
1964:in only two countries,
800:other than poliovirus.
566:acute flaccid paralysis
512:19% of paralytic cases
504:79% of paralytic cases
389:fecal–oral transmission
11354:Eradication of malaria
11023:Hepatic encephalopathy
10017:Human orthopneumovirus
9671:Herpesviral meningitis
9632:Arbovirus encephalitis
9132:Quotations related to
6779:10.15585/mmwr.mm7319a4
6708:10.15585/mmwr.mm7219a3
6634:10.15585/mmwr.mm7034a1
6262:"Driven to Extinction"
6260:Akst J (1 July 2015).
5701:"Polio: Complications"
5297:Cuccurullo SJ (2004).
3861:10.1136/bmj.2.5971.583
3447:, et al. (eds.).
2423:rehabilitation therapy
2317:
2253:
1914:
1829:
1743:compression neuropathy
1616:inversely proportional
1606:
1574:in most of the world.
1512:
1430:
1265:glossopharyngeal nerve
1232:
1162:Wallerian degeneration
1125:
1000:
949:mesenteric lymph nodes
892:
865:maternal-fetal barrier
791:central nervous system
775:gastrointestinal tract
703:gastrointestinal tract
681:
537:In most people with a
532:central nervous system
520:2% of paralytic cases
372:, neck stiffness, and
36:Polio (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
11450:agricultural diseases
11081:Ataxia–telangiectasia
11038:Static encephalopathy
10761:Mitochondrial disease
10599:Spasmodic torticollis
10509:Basal ganglia disease
9475:Merkel-cell carcinoma
9064:. New York: Praeger.
8603:on 24 September 2015.
7400:. 21 September 2011.
6761:Geiger, Keri (2024).
5941:10.2340/16501977-0110
5770:10.1093/aje/136.7.769
5496:10.1002/ana.410210512
5078:sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au
5021:10.1542/peds.99.2.300
3641:Archives of Neurology
3474:Katz SL, Gershon AA,
3194:CDC (29 March 2022).
2840:CDC (29 March 2022).
2590:Surveillance research
2488:The Rotary Foundation
2304:
2251:
2226:Israel-Hamas conflict
1935:The Rotary Foundation
1908:
1824:
1669:type II muscle fibers
1600:
1510:
1428:
1230:
1112:
1071:difficulty swallowing
994:
969:inflammatory response
886:
848:for up to six weeks.
809:good vaccine coverage
672:
11388:Lymphatic filariasis
11028:Toxic encephalopathy
10734:Lewy bodies dementia
10120:Adenovirus infection
9584:Human polyomavirus 2
9413:Oropharyngeal cancer
9124:at Wikimedia Commons
8967:Oshinsky DM (2005).
8935:Gould, Tony (1995).
8655:polioeradication.org
8414:on 20 February 2014.
8284:Robertson S (1993).
7608:. 26 November 2013.
7559:on 16 September 2008
7497:(Suppl 1): A58–A69.
7353:10.1093/her/16.1.109
7112:. 10 December 2018.
6516:. 23 December 2015.
6362:on 24 September 2015
6302:on 21 September 2007
6154:Rotary International
5410:Wackers, G. (1994).
4958:(10230): 1163–1166.
4363:10.5014/ajot.43.2.97
2461:Rotary International
2408:intensive care units
2331:United Arab Emirates
2222:Gaza Health Ministry
2063:United Arab Emirates
2042:an attempt to locate
2038:Abbottabad, Pakistan
1767:aspiration pneumonia
1673:type I muscle fibers
1665:myofiber hypertrophy
1629:involvement include
1572:eradication of polio
1549:occupational therapy
1385:Passive immunization
1261:difficulty breathing
697:(PV). This group of
539:normal immune system
509:— Bulbospinal polio
483:Nonparalytic aseptic
462:Proportion of cases
11364:Eradication of yaws
11076:Friedreich's ataxia
10459:Meningoencephalitis
10399:Limbic encephalitis
9706:Post-polio syndrome
9342:Infectious diseases
8373:Melnick JL (1990).
7900:. 8 February 2013.
7703:National Geographic
7461:. 9 December 2019.
7345:2001PDiff..16..110Y
6547:on 22 December 2010
6160:on 17 November 2015
5484:Annals of Neurology
5420:on 23 December 2007
5375:California Medicine
5317:on 12 October 2007.
4134:1956Sci...123.1151S
4000:Journal of Virology
3909:. pp. 313–29.
3537:(Available free on
3517:Drug Benefit Trends
3478:, Hotez PJ (2004).
2597:virus-like particle
2470:A global effort to
2354:infantile paralysis
2350:Heine–Medin disease
1962:naturally spreading
1943:Guinea worm disease
1939:eradication program
1917:A global effort to
1806:post-polio syndrome
1799:Post-polio syndrome
1793:Post-polio syndrome
1366:cerebrospinal fluid
1154:intercostal muscles
1130:anterior horn cells
1119:anterior horn cells
1032:reticular formation
964:reticuloendothelial
905:immunoglobulin-like
617:), meaning "grey",
455:
382:post-polio syndrome
192:Post-polio syndrome
18:Infantile paralysis
11112:Pseudobulbar palsy
10850:Status epilepticus
10801:Multiple sclerosis
10638:Myoclonic epilepsy
10501:movement disorders
10447:Acute disseminated
10389:Viral encephalitis
9839:Epstein–Barr virus
9809:Respiratory system
9446:Burkitt's lymphoma
9271:External resources
9037:Wilson DJ (2005).
8657:. 2010. p. 13
8441:"Bjørn Aage Ibsen"
8302:on 2 February 2014
7998:. 11 August 2016.
7972:on 19 January 2016
7835:The New York Times
7808:www.cidrap.umn.edu
7709:on 5 January 2016.
7080:"GPEI-Afghanistan"
6912:The New York Times
6332:on 9 November 2015
5969:Ann Assoc Am Geogr
5570:Muscle & Nerve
3527:on 4 February 2004
3230:Leboeuf C (1992).
2872:Underwood, Michael
2527:Russian Federation
2443:Polio Hall of Fame
2318:
2254:
2236:Secretary-General
1941:, the other being
1915:
1885:variant poliovirus
1873:oral polio vaccine
1830:
1652:neurophysiological
1639:case fatality rate
1607:
1557:orthopedic surgery
1513:
1431:
1374:genomic sequencing
1326:cervical vertebrae
1305:respiratory arrest
1233:
1126:
1001:
931:), the intestinal
923:(specifically the
893:
837:temperate climates
831:primarily via the
817:variant poliovirus
777:and able to block
682:
554:aseptic meningitis
451:
447:Signs and symptoms
426:childhood diseases
362:infectious disease
173:Fever, sore throat
162:infectious disease
11668:
11667:
11606:
11605:
11582:Polio in Pakistan
11498:
11497:
11443:
11442:
11344:Polio eradication
11250:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11046:
11045:
10951:
10950:
10890:Template:Headache
10856:Template:Epilepsy
10777:
10776:
10751:Vascular dementia
10594:Status dystonicus
10467:
10466:
10442:Encephalomyelitis
10320:
10319:
10282:
10281:
10033:
10032:
9964:Influenza virus A
9881:Human coronavirus
9771:
9770:
9761:Herpes of the eye
9308:
9307:
9120:Media related to
9071:978-0-275-99492-1
9050:978-0-226-90103-9
9026:978-0-674-01315-5
9003:978-0-8135-3677-4
8982:978-0-19-515294-4
8959:978-0-399-15216-0
8931:
8930:
8922:, October 8, 2006
8742:978-0-262-01673-5
8709:Our World in Data
8547:978-0-446-69069-0
8536:Bruno RL (2002).
8398:Zamula E (1991).
8384:978-0-07-068328-0
8172:978-0-500-28976-1
8147:978-0-300-01324-5
7023:. 20 April 2016.
6628:(34): 1129–1135.
6354:(Press release).
6235:Our World in Data
5845:978-0-323-03931-4
5677:on 7 October 2007
5671:Polio Eradication
5582:10.1002/mus.20259
5310:978-1-888799-45-3
5144:978-1-58046-066-8
5084:on 6 October 2018
4885:on 7 October 2007
4534:978-0-7817-4814-8
4502:978-1-58255-370-2
4288:978-0-7660-1592-0
4128:(3209): 1151–57.
4063:978-0-9631172-1-2
3916:978-0-11-322528-6
3907:Stationery Office
3497:978-0-323-01756-5
3460:978-0-07-140235-4
3421:978-0-8385-8529-0
3332:978-0-07-141640-5
3246:978-1-875412-05-1
3180:978-0-7876-9150-9
3038:on 8 January 2023
2977:978-1-84800-921-9
2923:Landsteiner, Karl
2904:978-1-58046-066-8
2817:. 26 March 2013.
2691:(14th ed.).
2679:Link-Gelles, Ruth
2587:Polio diagnostics
2503:Republic of Congo
2338:Michael Underwood
2061:support from the
2032:During 2011, the
2013:Polio in Pakistan
1618:to the degree of
1401:component of the
1319:Bulbospinal polio
1044:cerebellar nuclei
1040:cerebellar vermis
1036:vestibular nuclei
901:intestinal mucosa
857:immune deficiency
779:virus replication
745:incubation period
653:Indianapolis Star
633:, and the suffix
602:derives from the
588:spastic paralysis
524:
523:
407:Michael Underwood
276:
275:
231:Diagnostic method
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
11708:
11701:Myelin disorders
11588:Every Last Child
11509:
11508:
11485:Ovine rinderpest
11454:
11453:
11297:
11296:
11277:
11270:
11263:
11254:
11253:
11064:
11063:
11055:
11054:
11013:Brain herniation
10824:
10823:
10664:Intention tremor
10659:Essential tremor
10524:Postencephalitic
10492:
10491:
10483:
10482:
10372:
10371:
10353:Diseases of the
10347:
10340:
10333:
10324:
10323:
10046:
10045:
10041:digestive system
9958:Orthomyxoviridae
9924:SARS coronavirus
9910:MERS coronavirus
9826:
9825:
9638:Orthomyxoviridae
9561:
9560:
9527:Immune disorders
9451:Hodgkin lymphoma
9427:Kaposi's sarcoma
9335:
9328:
9321:
9312:
9311:
9164:
9163:
9143:
9131:
9119:
9110:
9105:
9104:
9096:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9075:
9054:
9033:
9018:
9011:Shell M (2005).
9007:
8986:
8974:
8963:
8942:
8916:
8915:
8896:
8895:
8884:
8883:
8873:
8872:
8862:
8844:
8820:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8701:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8652:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8614:
8605:
8604:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8573:on 28 March 2010
8569:. Archived from
8558:
8552:
8551:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8480:
8471:
8470:
8460:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8353:
8321:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8301:
8290:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8237:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8136:Paul JR (1971).
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7944:. 23 July 2015.
7934:
7928:
7927:
7922:. 24 July 2015.
7912:
7906:
7905:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7810:. 16 August 2024
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7705:. Archived from
7694:
7688:
7687:
7681:
7679:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7524:
7506:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7459:Associated Press
7445:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7247:. Archived from
7241:
7235:
7234:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7121:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7059:
7052:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6964:
6955:
6954:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6823:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6727:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6597:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6573:. 14 August 2024
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6543:. Archived from
6536:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6490:on 27 March 2014
6480:
6469:
6468:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6389:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6328:. Archived from
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6298:. Archived from
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6156:. Archived from
6145:
6134:
6133:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5992:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5943:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5797:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5729:. Archived from
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5663:
5654:
5653:
5635:
5611:
5602:
5601:
5565:
5554:
5553:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5313:. Archived from
5294:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5253:
5244:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5179:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5023:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4881:. Archived from
4875:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4691:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4570:. Archived from
4553:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4520:
4507:
4506:
4483:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4325:. Archived from
4302:
4293:
4292:
4268:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4228:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4169:
4154:
4153:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4101:on 27 April 2010
4089:Todar K (2006).
4086:
4080:
4079:
4045:
4034:
4033:
4023:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3966:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3926:on 26 March 2009
3925:
3919:. Archived from
3904:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3485:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3409:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3281:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3249:. Archived from
3238:
3227:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3196:"What is Polio?"
3191:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3059:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3031:. Archived from
3026:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:"What is Polio?"
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2674:
2566:Gates Foundation
2401:anesthesiologist
2346:Karl Oskar Medin
2258:northern Nigeria
2238:António Guterres
2081:in 1991. The US
1891:polio vaccines.
1713:Achilles tendons
1553:physical therapy
1301:respiratory rate
1285:trigeminal nerve
1113:The location of
929:germinal centers
873:passive immunity
833:fecal–oral route
639:, which denotes
628:
627:
622:
616:
615:
610:
456:
450:
414:Karl Landsteiner
352:
348:
344:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
214:fecal–oral route
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
66:
46:
45:
21:
11716:
11715:
11711:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11705:
11671:
11670:
11669:
11664:
11602:
11538:
11504:
11494:
11473:
11449:
11439:
11375:
11369:
11322:
11316:
11292:
11286:
11281:
11251:
11238:
11164:Congenital DSMA
11085:
11042:
11001:
10947:
10935:Sleep disorders
10923:
10900:Cerebrovascular
10894:
10860:
10817:
10811:
10773:
10755:
10680:
10626:Choreoathetosis
10499:
10476:
10463:
10427:
10361:
10351:
10321:
10316:
10278:
10258:
10166:
10140:Gastroenteritis
10098:
10095:Gastroenteritis
10089:
10077:Cytomegalovirus
10040:
10029:
9997:Paramyxoviridae
9986:Avian influenza
9862:
9857:Cytomegalovirus
9821:viral pneumonia
9819:
9816:nasopharyngitis
9815:
9812:
9803:
9767:
9741:Cytomegalovirus
9726:
9680:
9568:
9555:
9548:
9521:
9388:Cervical cancer
9348:
9339:
9309:
9304:
9303:
9266:
9265:
9175:
9106:
9099:
9094:Medicine portal
9092:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9072:
9051:
9027:
9004:
8983:
8960:
8913:
8902:, June 21, 2006
8893:
8887:External videos
8882:
8880:Further reading
8877:
8876:
8821:
8814:
8804:
8802:
8794:
8793:
8789:
8779:
8777:
8769:
8768:
8764:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8743:
8727:
8723:
8713:
8711:
8703:
8702:
8695:
8685:
8683:
8675:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8658:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8641:
8631:
8629:
8616:
8615:
8608:
8597:CDC in the News
8591:
8590:
8586:
8576:
8574:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8534:
8530:
8517:(5–6): 106–11.
8507:
8503:
8493:
8491:
8482:
8481:
8474:
8437:
8433:
8424:
8423:
8419:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8371:
8367:
8322:
8315:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8255:
8251:
8206:
8202:
8184:
8180:
8173:
8159:
8155:
8148:
8134:
8130:
8120:
8118:
8113:. 18 May 2022.
8105:
8104:
8100:
8090:
8088:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8060:
8058:
8019:
8015:
8005:
8003:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7975:
7973:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7892:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7875:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7847:
7845:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7811:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7775:Washington Post
7767:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7718:
7714:
7695:
7691:
7677:
7675:
7668:New York Review
7660:
7656:
7646:
7644:
7629:
7625:
7615:
7613:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7576:
7572:
7562:
7560:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7482:
7478:
7468:
7466:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7432:
7430:
7413:
7409:
7392:
7391:
7387:
7364:
7360:
7329:
7325:
7315:
7313:
7298:
7294:
7284:
7282:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7254:
7252:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7207:
7203:
7194:. 3 June 2015.
7186:
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7164:. 16 May 2016.
7156:
7155:
7151:
7136:
7132:
7119:
7117:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7050:
7044:
7040:
7030:
7028:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6965:
6958:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6904:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6837:
6833:
6828:. 9 April 2024.
6821:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6773:(19): 441–446.
6759:
6755:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6702:(19): 517–522.
6688:
6681:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6614:
6607:
6602:. 9 April 2024.
6595:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6521:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6472:
6441:
6437:
6414:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6303:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6273:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6146:
6137:
6106:
6102:
6092:
6090:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6030:
6010:
6006:
5961:
5957:
5920:
5916:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5846:
5830:
5826:
5818:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5733:on 29 July 2011
5725:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5708:
5697:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5612:
5605:
5566:
5557:
5526:
5519:
5480:
5476:
5447:(11): 1900–08.
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5408:
5404:
5367:
5363:
5326:
5322:
5311:
5295:
5291:
5282:
5251:
5245:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5214:The Independent
5205:
5201:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4944:
4940:
4917:(10): 1001–21.
4903:
4899:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4840:
4819:(14): 1521–26.
4808:
4804:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4746:
4742:
4709:
4705:
4660:
4656:
4624:
4620:
4597:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4521:
4510:
4503:
4485:
4484:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4417:
4413:
4382:
4378:
4347:
4343:
4332:
4330:
4329:on 30 June 2016
4303:
4296:
4289:
4269:
4260:
4205:
4201:
4170:
4157:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4087:
4083:
4064:
4046:
4037:
3992:
3988:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3902:
3890:
3886:
3855:(5971): 583–5.
3841:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3672:
3668:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3586:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3530:
3528:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3400:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3311:
3307:
3282:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3256:on 25 June 2008
3253:
3247:
3236:
3228:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3163:
3152:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3104:. 12 April 2024
3096:
3095:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3061:
3060:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2996:"Poliomyelitis"
2994:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2920:
2916:
2905:
2889:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2721:on 29 July 2011
2713:
2712:
2705:
2675:
2610:
2605:
2555:
2457:World Polio Day
2299:
2289:
2246:
2191:
2139:
2128:
2098:
2096:Western Pacific
2071:
2045:Osama bin Laden
2015:
2009:
1903:
1897:
1869:
1844:
1819:
1801:
1795:
1779:paralytic ileus
1763:pulmonary edema
1692:
1647:
1603:genu recurvatum
1595:
1533:
1423:
1417:
1387:
1382:
1350:
1321:
1309:Pulmonary edema
1281:facial weakness
1273:accessory nerve
1249:cerebral cortex
1225:
1174:tendon reflexes
1140:section in the
1107:
997:skeletal muscle
995:Denervation of
989:
987:Paralytic polio
943:, and the deep
941:Peyer's patches
933:lymphoid tissue
881:
879:Pathophysiology
825:
667:
661:
596:
517:— Bulbar polio
501:— Spinal polio
484:
449:
350:
346:
342:
286:
282:
263:supportive care
184:Muscle weakness
147:
90:
86:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11714:
11704:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11666:
11665:
11663:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11646:
11645:
11640:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11614:
11612:
11611:Related topics
11608:
11607:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11595:The Final Inch
11591:
11579:
11578:
11577:
11572:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11557:
11546:
11544:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11515:
11513:
11506:
11500:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11492:
11487:
11481:
11479:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11460:
11458:
11451:
11448:Eradication of
11445:
11444:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11420:Onchocerciasis
11417:
11412:
11407:
11406:
11405:
11400:
11390:
11385:
11379:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11367:
11357:
11347:
11337:
11330:Dracunculiasis
11326:
11324:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11314:
11303:
11301:
11294:
11293:human diseases
11291:Eradication of
11288:
11287:
11280:
11279:
11272:
11265:
11257:
11248:
11247:
11244:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11235:
11234:
11223:
11222:
11221:
11220:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11203:
11198:
11197:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11136:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11095:
11093:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11083:
11078:
11072:
11070:
11061:
11052:
11048:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11009:
11007:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10999:
10994:
10992:Cerebral edema
10989:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10961:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10941:Template:Sleep
10931:
10929:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10915:
10910:
10904:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10892:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10870:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10858:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10836:
10834:
10821:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10779:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10769:Leigh syndrome
10765:
10763:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10753:
10742:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10730:
10729:
10715:
10714:
10713:
10708:
10707:
10706:
10690:
10688:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10650:
10649:
10648:
10647:
10642:
10641:
10640:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10618:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10580:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10533:
10532:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10505:
10503:
10496:Extrapyramidal
10489:
10480:
10478:encephalopathy
10469:
10468:
10465:
10464:
10462:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10438:
10436:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10413:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10380:
10378:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10355:nervous system
10350:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10327:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10314:
10313:
10312:
10300:
10292:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10280:
10279:
10277:
10276:
10268:
10266:
10260:
10259:
10257:
10256:
10244:
10232:
10220:
10208:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10182:
10176:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10110:
10104:
10102:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10087:
10086:
10085:
10073:
10072:
10071:
10058:
10056:
10043:
10035:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10020:
10013:
10012:
10011:
9991:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9946:
9934:
9933:
9932:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9872:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9860:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9834:
9832:
9823:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9794:
9781:
9779:
9777:Cardiovascular
9773:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9763:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9736:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9690:
9688:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9634:
9629:
9628:
9627:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9580:
9574:
9572:
9558:
9556:nervous system
9550:
9549:
9547:
9546:
9545:
9544:
9531:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9518:
9517:
9505:
9504:
9503:
9498:
9486:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9477:
9465:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9410:
9408:Vaginal cancer
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9364:
9358:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9338:
9337:
9330:
9323:
9315:
9306:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9287:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9252:
9241:
9221:
9201:
9176:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:Classification
9161:
9160:
9151:
9137:
9125:
9112:
9111:
9108:Viruses portal
9097:
9081:
9080:External links
9078:
9077:
9076:
9070:
9055:
9049:
9034:
9025:
9008:
9002:
8987:
8981:
8964:
8958:
8943:
8929:
8928:
8909:
8908:
8889:
8888:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8812:
8787:
8762:
8748:
8741:
8721:
8693:
8668:
8639:
8606:
8584:
8553:
8546:
8528:
8501:
8472:
8451:(9598): 1538.
8431:
8417:
8390:
8383:
8365:
8313:
8276:
8269:
8249:
8200:
8178:
8171:
8153:
8146:
8128:
8098:
8068:
8013:
7983:
7951:
7929:
7907:
7885:
7855:
7821:
7795:
7761:
7735:
7712:
7689:
7654:
7623:
7593:
7570:
7544:
7476:
7440:
7407:
7385:
7358:
7339:(1): 109–114.
7323:
7292:
7281:on 4 June 2014
7262:
7251:on 9 July 2020
7236:
7201:
7179:
7149:
7130:
7097:
7071:
7038:
7008:
6991:www.unicef.org
6978:
6956:
6937:
6898:
6831:
6810:
6753:
6739:
6679:
6665:
6605:
6584:
6558:
6531:
6501:
6470:
6455:(18): 489–94.
6435:
6424:(40): 1093–7.
6408:
6373:
6343:
6313:
6283:
6252:
6222:
6196:
6171:
6135:
6116:(22): 2994–6.
6100:
6075:
6047:
6028:
6004:
5975:(2): 269–293.
5955:
5914:
5871:
5844:
5824:
5783:
5744:
5718:
5688:
5655:
5603:
5555:
5536:(11): 923–31.
5517:
5474:
5431:
5402:
5361:
5320:
5309:
5289:
5232:
5199:
5150:
5143:
5125:
5114:on 6 June 2008
5095:
5065:
5054:. 9 April 2024
5039:
4995:
4938:
4897:
4867:
4838:
4802:
4775:
4740:
4719:(12): 145–68.
4703:
4654:
4618:
4588:
4577:on 5 July 2017
4540:
4533:
4508:
4501:
4473:
4442:
4411:
4376:
4341:
4294:
4287:
4258:
4219:(2): 569–579.
4199:
4174:Virus Research
4155:
4112:
4081:
4062:
4035:
4006:(8): 4827–35.
3986:
3937:
3915:
3884:
3835:
3808:
3759:
3733:
3703:
3682:(12): 145–68.
3666:
3647:(9): 1460–64.
3631:
3573:
3543:
3503:
3496:
3466:
3459:
3427:
3420:
3389:
3378:. 9 April 2024
3363:
3338:
3331:
3305:
3267:
3245:
3217:
3186:
3179:
3150:
3115:
3084:
3069:. 6 May 2022.
3049:
3012:
2987:
2976:
2956:
2941:(4): 377–390.
2914:
2903:
2883:
2863:
2832:
2797:
2767:
2732:
2703:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2554:
2551:
2316:(1403–1365 BC)
2288:
2285:
2245:
2242:
2234:United Nations
2190:
2187:
2138:
2137:Southeast Asia
2135:
2127:
2124:
2097:
2094:
2070:
2067:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1896:
1893:
1868:
1865:
1843:
1840:
1818:
1815:
1797:Main article:
1794:
1791:
1734:epiphysiodesis
1730:bone fractures
1691:
1688:
1646:
1643:
1594:
1591:
1587:electrotherapy
1532:
1529:
1489:nervous system
1474:Subsequently,
1450:tissue culture
1419:Main article:
1416:
1413:
1408:clinical trial
1399:gamma globulin
1391:William Hammon
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1349:
1346:
1320:
1317:
1253:cranial nerves
1239:region of the
1224:
1221:
1106:
1103:
1028:spinal ganglia
988:
985:
935:including the
880:
877:
824:
821:
663:Main article:
660:
657:
645:Adolf Kussmaul
595:
592:
522:
521:
518:
514:
513:
510:
506:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
475:Minor illness
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
448:
445:
364:caused by the
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
233:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
181:
175:
174:
171:
165:
164:
155:
149:
148:
146:
145:
83:
81:
77:
76:
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11713:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11678:
11676:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11615:
11613:
11609:
11597:
11596:
11592:
11590:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11580:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11551:
11550:United States
11548:
11547:
11545:
11541:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11510:
11507:
11501:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11455:
11452:
11446:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11372:
11365:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11351:
11348:
11345:
11341:
11338:
11335:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11319:
11312:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11295:
11289:
11285:
11278:
11273:
11271:
11266:
11264:
11259:
11258:
11255:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11208:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11123:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11088:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11073:
11071:
11069:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11018:Reye syndrome
11016:
11014:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11004:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10970:Hydrocephalus
10968:
10967:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10954:
10942:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10926:
10920:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10897:
10891:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10863:
10857:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10814:
10808:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10783:Demyelinating
10780:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10758:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10719:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10700:
10697:
10696:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10683:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10671:Restless legs
10669:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10655:
10652:
10651:
10646:
10643:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10634:
10631:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10609:Blepharospasm
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10565:Hemiballismus
10563:
10561:
10558:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10538:
10537:
10534:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10474:
10470:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10430:
10422:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10416:Brain abscess
10414:
10412:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10348:
10343:
10341:
10336:
10334:
10329:
10328:
10325:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10306:
10305:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10294:
10293:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10275:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10265:
10261:
10254:
10250:
10249:
10245:
10242:
10238:
10237:
10233:
10230:
10226:
10225:
10221:
10218:
10214:
10213:
10209:
10207:
10206:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10187:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10169:
10163:
10162:
10158:
10156:
10155:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10136:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10121:
10118:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10096:
10092:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10065:
10064:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10036:
10026:
10025:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10009:Parainfluenza
10007:
10006:
10005:
10004:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9960:
9959:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9928:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9882:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9845:EBV infection
9843:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9831:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9817:
9810:
9806:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9774:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9721:
9718:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9701:Poliomyelitis
9699:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9683:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9639:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9609:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9566:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9551:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9516:
9513:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9403:Vulvar cancer
9401:
9399:
9398:Penile cancer
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9369:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9336:
9331:
9329:
9324:
9322:
9317:
9316:
9313:
9300:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9269:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9253:
9251:
9247:
9246:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9155:
9152:
9150:at Wiktionary
9149:
9148:
9142:
9138:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9098:
9095:
9084:
9073:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9046:
9042:
9041:
9035:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9017:
9016:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8995:
8994:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8973:
8972:
8965:
8961:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8923:
8921:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8901:
8890:
8885:
8870:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8819:
8817:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8758:
8752:
8744:
8738:
8734:
8733:
8725:
8710:
8706:
8700:
8698:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8656:
8649:
8643:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8611:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8557:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8505:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8477:
8468:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8427:
8421:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8394:
8386:
8380:
8376:
8369:
8361:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8336:(2): 269–93.
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8318:
8298:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8272:
8270:0-300-06292-3
8266:
8262:
8261:
8253:
8245:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8182:
8174:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8132:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7825:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7574:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7480:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7381:
7377:
7374:(2): 253–60.
7373:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7221:(39): 720–2.
7220:
7216:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7012:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6961:
6952:
6948:
6941:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6851:(4): 807–25.
6850:
6846:
6842:
6835:
6827:
6820:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6749:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6684:
6675:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6610:
6601:
6594:
6588:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6412:
6393:
6386:
6385:
6377:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6347:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6301:
6297:
6296:WHO Factsheet
6293:
6287:
6271:
6267:
6266:The Scientist
6263:
6256:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6029:0-9631172-1-1
6025:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5887:(3): 269–82.
5886:
5882:
5875:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5828:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5806:(7): 447–49.
5805:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:(7): 769–86.
5763:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5490:(5): 481–89.
5489:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5340:(2): 321–24.
5339:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5293:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5262:(8): 479–92.
5261:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5170:(3): 419–24.
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
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4991:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
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4957:
4953:
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4884:
4880:
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4852:. PBS. 1998.
4851:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4806:
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4794:
4791:(2): 115–18.
4790:
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4316:
4312:
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4301:
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4280:
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3957:(4): 167–72.
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3941:
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3908:
3905:. Edinburgh:
3901:
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2928:
2927:Popper, Erwin
2924:
2918:
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2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:in July 2022.
1912:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:herd immunity
1849:
1839:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1787:cor pulmonale
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:kidney stones
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
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1748:
1744:
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1735:
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1727:
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1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1690:Complications
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
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1484:physiological
1481:
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1412:
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700:
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676:
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271:
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238:
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218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
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193:
189:
186:resulting in
185:
182:
180:
179:Complications
176:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
141:
85:
84:
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80:Pronunciation
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10487:Degenerative
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10367:Inflammation
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9179:
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9136:at Wikiquote
9060:
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3817:
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3776:
3772:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3716:www.gavi.org
3715:
3706:
3689:10665/254399
3679:
3675:
3669:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3597:
3593:
3564:. Retrieved
3555:
3546:
3529:. Retrieved
3525:the original
3520:
3516:
3506:
3481:
3469:
3449:
3430:
3405:
3380:. Retrieved
3375:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3350:
3341:
3316:
3308:
3286:
3258:. Retrieved
3251:the original
3232:
3208:. Retrieved
3199:
3189:
3168:
3131:(1): 19–23.
3128:
3124:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3101:
3075:. Retrieved
3066:
3040:. Retrieved
3033:the original
3028:
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:
2990:
2966:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2938:
2934:
2917:
2893:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2845:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2814:
2788:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:the original
2687:
2593:
2570:
2563:
2557:Since 2018,
2556:
2547:
2539:Turkmenistan
2492:
2474:polio – the
2469:
2455:
2451:Warm Springs
2439:
2419:philanthropy
2412:
2374:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:in 1840 and
2335:
2319:
2314:18th Dynasty
2274:
2271:
2256:In 2003, in
2255:
2219:
2192:
2140:
2129:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2087:
2072:
2056:
2053:
2031:
2016:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1921:polio – the
1916:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1861:
1846:Major polio
1845:
1842:Epidemiology
1831:
1802:
1726:Osteoporosis
1718:
1707:(similar to
1705:equinus foot
1693:
1677:
1657:
1648:
1624:
1608:
1601:A girl with
1583:hydrotherapy
1576:
1561:
1535:There is no
1534:
1525:
1514:
1502:
1494:Human trials
1476:Albert Sabin
1473:
1443:
1432:
1403:blood plasma
1388:
1372:(RT-PCR) or
1359:
1351:
1322:
1289:facial nerve
1257:encephalitis
1245:white matter
1234:
1223:Bulbar polio
1197:asymmetrical
1182:
1127:
1105:Spinal polio
1099:quadriplegia
1087:
1068:
1060:hypothalamus
1021:
1017:motor cortex
1002:
953:
894:
871:, providing
861:malnutrition
850:
826:
823:Transmission
816:
812:
802:
795:
752:immunization
749:
742:
688:
683:
648:
641:inflammation
634:
599:
597:
580:Encephalitis
578:
551:
543:asymptomatic
536:
525:
467:No symptoms
452:
430:
411:immunologist
401:
386:
357:
278:
277:
243:in the blood
225:Poor hygiene
221:Risk factors
40:
11655:Vaccination
11575:Pulse Polio
11503:Eradication
11211:Fazio–Londe
11051:Both/either
10845:Generalised
10704:Early-onset
10699:Alzheimer's
10434:spinal cord
10161:Coronavirus
9902:Common cold
9814:acute viral
9797:Myocarditis
9641:(probable)
9393:Anal cancer
9280:MedlinePlus
8681:www.who.int
8494:14 November
8187:Underwood M
7878:25 December
7616:26 November
7469:10 December
7316:15 November
6551:17 November
6524:26 December
6366:11 November
6336:11 November
6276:11 November
6215:3 September
6164:11 November
5711:26 February
5576:(1): 6–19.
4581:11 November
3600:: 587–635.
3556:www.who.int
3441:Braunwald E
3067:www.cdc.gov
3000:www.who.int
2949:9 September
2695:(CDC, US).
2404:Bjørn Ibsen
2342:Jakob Heine
2189:Middle East
2183:Timor-Leste
2151:North Korea
2112:Sabah state
2023:Afghanistan
2019:South Asian
1970:Afghanistan
1895:Eradication
1810:motor units
1783:myocarditis
1660:reinnervate
1631:suffocation
1627:respiratory
1564:ventilators
1541:antibiotics
1435:inactivated
1269:vagus nerve
1138:grey matter
1083:paresthesia
1075:muscle pain
1042:, and deep
1026:within the
1009:spinal cord
1007:within the
913:host cell's
829:transmitted
815:(cVDPV) or
699:RNA viruses
690:Enterovirus
651:was in the
631:spinal cord
547:sore throat
485:meningitis
437:inactivated
374:paresthesia
54:Other names
11675:Categories
11638:horizontal
11464:Rinderpest
11457:Successful
11376:(regional)
11300:Successful
10819:paroxysmal
10791:Autoimmune
10584:Dyskinesia
10454:Meningitis
10432:Brain and
10288:Urogenital
10154:Astrovirus
10114:Adenovirus
9938:SARS-CoV-2
9695:Poliovirus
9570:meningitis
9256:DiseasesDB
9240:(sequelae)
9220:(sequelae)
8835:(4): 323.
8632:7 December
8445:The Lancet
8220:(1): 128.
7678:23 January
7647:24 January
7120:11 January
7031:25 January
6401:7 December
6292:"Smallpox"
5008:Pediatrics
4889:1 November
4607:: 357–70.
4466:24 January
4435:24 January
2725:4 November
2603:References
2584:Antivirals
2535:Tajikistan
2507:Kazakhstan
2465:Jonas Salk
2415:grassroots
2394:Copenhagen
2390:iron lungs
2361:sanitation
2322:prehistory
2291:See also:
2281:Mozambique
2207:Deir Ezzor
2143:Bangladesh
2021:countries
2011:See also:
1981:wastewater
1951:rinderpest
1899:See also:
1877:attenuated
1545:analgesics
1480:attenuated
1446:Jonas Salk
1380:Prevention
1342:ventilator
1293:tear ducts
1241:brain stem
1213:fingertips
1205:proximally
1166:innervated
1152:, and the
1048:nerve cell
1013:brain stem
767:antibodies
758:, develop
707:oropharynx
695:poliovirus
678:micrograph
665:Poliovirus
441:attenuated
397:antibodies
366:poliovirus
248:Prevention
241:antibodies
212:spread by
210:Poliovirus
32:Poliovirus
10816:Episodic/
10694:Tauopathy
10645:Akathisia
10633:Myoclonus
10616:Athetosis
10548:Tauopathy
10199:RNA virus
10180:DNA virus
10172:Hepatitis
10147:Norovirus
10135:Rotavirus
10129:RNA virus
10108:DNA virus
10054:Esophagus
9982:Influenza
9868:RNA virus
9830:DNA virus
9599:RNA virus
9578:DNA virus
9484:RNA virus
9362:DNA virus
9354:Oncovirus
9291:eMedicine
9236:(acute),
9216:(acute),
9200:(viruses)
9192:(acute),
8851:2076-0817
8829:Pathogens
8306:23 August
8051:221365928
8006:15 August
7976:8 January
7848:18 August
7843:0362-4331
7814:18 August
7788:18 August
7783:0190-8286
7563:23 August
7539:247652342
7513:0264-410X
6920:0362-4331
6865:1541-4469
6787:0149-2195
6716:0149-2195
6642:0149-2195
6577:14 August
6306:23 August
5854:152793635
5681:23 August
5424:4 January
5186:0903-1936
5118:23 August
4972:0140-6736
4860:23 August
4768:23 August
4235:2035-8377
3752:28 August
3726:28 August
3566:28 August
3531:23 August
3476:Krugman S
3437:Kasper DL
3260:23 August
2472:eradicate
2377:epidemics
2199:civil war
2175:Sri Lanka
2159:Indonesia
1919:eradicate
1857:epidemics
1848:epidemics
1835:orthotics
1817:Orthotics
1722:scoliosis
1709:club foot
1684:ligaments
1593:Prognosis
1568:iron lung
1562:Portable
1531:Treatment
1498:Koprowski
1469:serotypes
1465:injection
1454:vero cell
1389:In 1950,
1355:cognitive
1348:Diagnosis
1330:diaphragm
1178:sensation
1132:, or the
1056:forebrain
960:brown fat
954:Known as
917:replicate
853:pregnancy
733:serotypes
719:(+) sense
715:structure
711:intestine
693:known as
655:in 1911.
598:The term
594:Etymology
570:diaphragm
562:paralytic
528:serotypes
496:0.1–0.5%
418:outbreaks
404:physician
378:paralysis
269:Frequency
258:Treatment
188:paralysis
158:Neurology
153:Specialty
11660:Zoonosis
11643:vertical
11628:Pandemic
11543:Regional
11505:programs
11478:Underway
11425:Syphilis
11415:Trachoma
11383:Hookworm
11374:Underway
11323:(global)
11321:Underway
11307:Smallpox
11182:SMALED2B
11177:SMALED2A
10874:Migraine
10866:Headache
10832:epilepsy
10828:Seizures
10686:Dementia
10589:Dystonia
10297:BK virus
10100:diarrhea
9944:COVID-19
9686:Myelitis
9296:ped/1843
8869:38668278
8860:11053864
8805:17 April
8626:Archived
8488:Archived
8467:54311450
8360:16741562
8244:15608013
8189:(1789).
8115:Archived
8085:Archived
8055:Archived
8043:32860027
8000:Archived
7946:Archived
7924:Archived
7920:BBC News
7902:Archived
7898:BBC News
7872:Archived
7748:Archived
7730:Archived
7672:Archived
7641:Archived
7610:Archived
7588:Archived
7584:BBC News
7531:35337673
7522:10546869
7463:Archived
7454:VOA News
7427:Archived
7402:Archived
7380:12206379
7310:Archived
7231:Archived
7196:Archived
7192:BBC News
7166:Archived
7162:BBC News
7144:Archived
7114:Archived
7084:Archived
7055:Archived
7025:Archived
7021:BBC News
6995:Archived
6973:Archived
6951:Archived
6924:Archived
6885:Archived
6881:25844860
6873:28764582
6805:38753550
6796:11115430
6734:37167156
6725:10208367
6660:34437527
6518:Archived
6494:27 March
6465:Archived
6461:18463607
6430:17035927
6392:Archived
6270:Archived
6239:Archived
6209:Archived
6189:7 August
6093:10 April
6068:12 April
6042:Archived
6038:21413259
5999:16741562
5950:17896058
5901:16466156
5858:Archived
5816:Archived
5812:16123820
5754:Kuller L
5737:2 August
5705:Archived
5598:25442322
5590:15599928
5512:13102779
5469:14534071
5461:10576485
5397:15398892
5356:11834636
5280:Archived
5276:15373011
5225:16 April
5219:Archived
5194:15065832
5058:15 April
5034:Archived
4990:32247397
4933:10568615
4854:Archived
4833:14440553
4762:Archived
4735:27039410
4698:15855454
4649:13183798
4613:14374581
4460:Archived
4429:Archived
4253:37092507
4244:10123742
4194:15885840
4150:13337331
4105:23 April
4076:Archived
4072:21413259
4030:12663789
3981:12369344
3973:12005329
3829:12 April
3823:archived
3803:13697553
3746:Archived
3720:Archived
3698:27039410
3661:11559319
3618:Archived
3614:16153180
3560:Archived
3539:Medscape
3445:Fauci AS
3210:24 April
3204:Archived
3145:10678598
3108:12 April
3071:Archived
3005:9 August
2982:Archived
2943:Archived
2929:(1909).
2909:Archived
2874:(1789).
2856:24 April
2850:Archived
2825:12 April
2819:Archived
2784:Archived
2762:Archived
2697:Archived
2553:Research
2431:disabled
2381:pandemic
2365:immunity
2326:Egyptian
2307:Egyptian
2211:Damascus
2179:Thailand
2163:Maldives
2120:Malaysia
2090:New York
2075:Americas
2069:Americas
2027:Pakistan
1966:Pakistan
1947:smallpox
1911:New York
1826:Orthosis
1761:include
1700:skeletal
1645:Recovery
1620:immunity
1581:include
1461:formalin
1439:weakened
1209:distally
1189:thoracic
1185:cervical
1136:(front)
1079:reflexes
1064:thalamus
973:meninges
945:cervical
869:placenta
841:tropical
805:weakened
760:immunity
737:virulent
709:and the
584:seizures
558:lethargy
459:Outcome
416:. Major
370:headache
360:, is an
345:-lee-oh-
169:Symptoms
11435:Leprosy
11410:Rubella
11398:vaccine
11393:Measles
11350:Malaria
11194:SMA-PME
11189:SMA-PCH
11172:SMALED1
10884:Tension
10879:Cluster
10604:Meige's
10421:Amoebic
10050:Pharynx
9554:Central
9250:D011051
8780:20 June
8523:3749588
8351:1473032
8235:1739337
8111:UN News
8091:29 June
7942:Reuters
7726:Reuters
7637:CNN.com
7491:Vaccine
7422:Rappler
7341:Bibcode
7227:7522302
7090:30 June
7064:30 June
7001:30 June
6651:8389387
6245:4 March
6130:6371280
5990:1473032
5909:7166949
5864:20 July
5778:1442743
5650:9440972
5642:2711135
5550:1929813
5504:3296947
5388:1520308
5030:9024465
4981:8572547
4689:1449257
4568:9148133
4371:2522741
4333:30 June
4130:Bibcode
4122:Science
4091:"Polio"
3930:9 March
3879:1131622
3870:1673535
3624:30 June
3382:9 April
3356:9 April
3300:2078290
3077:27 June
2531:Senegal
2511:Liberia
2287:History
2167:Myanmar
2049:Taliban
1755:kidneys
1696:paresis
1612:viremia
1517:endemic
1415:Vaccine
1393:at the
1362:pharynx
1170:atrophy
1158:ganglia
1134:ventral
1121:of the
1117:in the
1095:abdomen
1024:lesions
956:viremia
937:M cells
921:tonsils
897:pharynx
889:infarct
771:tonsils
11566:India
11512:Global
11430:Rabies
10913:Stroke
10727:Pick's
10654:Tremor
10621:Chorea
9714:HTLV-I
9659:Rabies
9509:HTLV-I
9285:001402
9158:Curlie
9068:
9047:
9031:polio.
9023:
9000:
8979:
8956:
8926:C-SPAN
8906:C-SPAN
8867:
8857:
8849:
8739:
8714:4 June
8686:4 June
8661:3 June
8577:29 May
8544:
8521:
8465:
8381:
8358:
8348:
8267:
8242:
8232:
8169:
8144:
8121:1 July
8061:1 July
8049:
8041:
8027:Nature
7868:UNICEF
7841:
7781:
7754:1 July
7537:
7529:
7519:
7511:
7378:
7285:4 June
7255:23 May
7225:
7172:16 May
6930:3 July
6918:
6879:
6871:
6863:
6803:
6793:
6785:
6732:
6722:
6714:
6658:
6648:
6640:
6459:
6428:
6128:
6036:
6026:
5997:
5987:
5948:
5907:
5899:
5852:
5842:
5810:
5776:
5648:
5640:
5596:
5588:
5548:
5510:
5502:
5467:
5459:
5395:
5385:
5354:
5307:
5274:
5192:
5184:
5141:
5028:
4988:
4978:
4970:
4952:Lancet
4931:
4831:
4733:
4696:
4686:
4647:
4611:
4566:
4531:
4499:
4493:243–45
4406:400274
4404:
4369:
4285:
4251:
4241:
4233:
4192:
4148:
4070:
4060:
4028:
4021:152153
4018:
3979:
3971:
3913:
3877:
3867:
3801:
3794:441061
3791:
3696:
3659:
3612:
3494:
3457:
3418:
3329:
3298:
3294:–101.
3243:
3177:
3143:
2974:
2901:
2543:Uganda
2541:, and
2525:, the
2501:, the
2497:, the
2486:, and
2484:UNICEF
2398:Danish
2369:sewage
2277:Malawi
2244:Africa
2215:Aleppo
2147:Bhutan
2131:Europe
2126:Europe
2116:Borneo
2059:dirham
1933:, and
1931:UNICEF
1614:, and
1577:Other
1527:form.
1357:loss.
1237:bulbar
1199:. Any
1193:lumbar
962:, the
859:, and
729:capsid
725:genome
713:. Its
626:µυελός
620:myelós
614:πολιός
608:poliós
574:bulbar
206:Causes
144:
73:wasted
11681:Polio
11340:Polio
11227:both:
11159:DSMA1
11154:SMAX2
11149:SMAX1
11129:only:
11102:only:
11006:Other
10928:Other
10840:Focal
10473:Brain
10376:Brain
10310:Mumps
10069:Mumps
10039:Human
9469:MCPyV
9299:pmr/6
9261:10209
9198:XN3M0
9154:Polio
9147:polio
9134:Polio
9122:Polio
8920:Polio
8900:Polio
8651:(PDF)
8463:S2CID
8300:(PDF)
8289:(PDF)
8047:S2CID
7535:S2CID
7058:(PDF)
7051:(PDF)
6891:4 May
6877:S2CID
6822:(PDF)
6596:(PDF)
6395:(PDF)
6388:(PDF)
5905:S2CID
5819:(PDF)
5796:(PDF)
5646:S2CID
5594:S2CID
5508:S2CID
5465:S2CID
5334:Chest
5283:(PDF)
5252:(PDF)
5135:Polio
4575:(PDF)
4552:(PDF)
4274:Polio
3977:S2CID
3924:(PDF)
3903:(PDF)
3490:–97.
3414:–37.
3254:(PDF)
3237:(PDF)
3042:3 May
3036:(PDF)
3025:(PDF)
2894:Polio
2790:3 May
2523:Niger
2519:Nepal
2310:stele
2262:fatwa
2203:Syria
2195:Syria
2171:Nepal
2155:India
2040:, in
1759:heart
1751:lungs
1747:veins
1338:lungs
1313:shock
1277:mucus
1211:(the
1191:, or
1150:limbs
1146:trunk
1091:chest
1015:, or
977:brain
909:CD155
846:feces
686:genus
659:Cause
649:polio
636:-itis
488:1–5%
393:feces
358:polio
353:-tiss
237:feces
198:Types
49:Polio
11360:Yaws
10830:and
10541:PKAN
10536:NBIA
10024:hMPV
9896:OC43
9892:HKU1
9888:NL63
9884:229E
9542:AIDS
9421:KSHV
9245:MeSH
9229:9-CM
9194:1G83
9190:1C81
9066:ISBN
9045:ISBN
9021:ISBN
8998:ISBN
8977:ISBN
8954:ISBN
8865:PMID
8847:ISSN
8807:2024
8782:2016
8737:ISBN
8716:2024
8688:2024
8663:2024
8634:2013
8579:2009
8542:ISBN
8519:PMID
8496:2014
8379:ISBN
8356:PMID
8308:2008
8265:ISBN
8240:PMID
8167:ISBN
8142:ISBN
8123:2022
8093:2022
8063:2022
8039:PMID
8008:2016
7978:2016
7880:2013
7850:2024
7839:ISSN
7816:2024
7790:2024
7779:ISSN
7756:2022
7680:2014
7649:2014
7618:2013
7565:2008
7527:PMID
7509:ISSN
7471:2019
7435:2019
7376:PMID
7318:2022
7306:CNBC
7287:2014
7257:2020
7223:PMID
7174:2016
7122:2019
7110:Dawn
7092:2022
7066:2022
7033:2021
7003:2022
6932:2020
6916:ISSN
6893:2021
6869:PMID
6861:ISSN
6801:PMID
6783:ISSN
6730:PMID
6712:ISSN
6656:PMID
6638:ISSN
6579:2024
6553:2010
6526:2015
6496:2014
6457:PMID
6426:PMID
6403:2013
6368:2015
6338:2015
6308:2008
6278:2015
6247:2020
6217:2022
6191:2024
6166:2015
6126:PMID
6110:JAMA
6095:2024
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