980:. The product would function strictly as an 80286 native-mode (i.e. protected-mode) operating system, allowing users to take full advantage of the protected mode to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running 8086 emulation. This worked on the B-1 prototype step of the chip, but Digital Research discovered problems with the emulation on the production level C-1 step in May, which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 was delayed until Intel would develop a new version of the chip. In August, after extensive testing on E-1 step samples of the 80286, Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented 286 errata, but said that there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-1 step. Intel said that the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications. Nevertheless, in the E-2 step, they implemented minor changes in the
965:(GDT) and assigning them all the same privilege level), this undermined nearly all of the advantages of protected mode except the extended (24-bit) address space. The choice that OS developers faced was either to start from scratch and create an OS that would not run the vast majority of the old programs, or to come up with a version of DOS that was slow and ugly (i.e., ugly from an internal technical viewpoint) but would still run a majority of the old programs. Protected mode also did not provide a significant enough performance advantage over the 8086-compatible real mode to justify supporting its capabilities; actually, except for task switches when multitasking, it yielded only a performance disadvantage, by slowing down many instructions through a litany of added privilege checks. In protected mode, registers were still 16-bit, and the programmer was still forced to use a memory map composed of 64 kB segments, just like in real mode.
907:, which was designed to go back and forth between modes easily and to provide an emulation of real mode within protected mode. When Intel designed the 286, it was not designed to be able to multitask real-mode applications; real mode was intended to be a simple way for a bootstrap loader to prepare the system and then switch to protected mode; essentially, in protected mode the 80286 was designed to be a new processor with many similarities to its predecessors, while real mode on the 80286 was offered for smaller-scale systems that could benefit from a more advanced version of the 80186 CPU core, with advantages such as higher clock rates, faster instruction execution (measured in clock cycles), and unmultiplexed buses, but not the 24-bit (16 MB) memory space.
763:
779:
390:
638:
646:
29:
771:
961:
that did not belong to them, as real mode allowed them to do without restriction; in contrast, the design intent of protected mode was to prevent programs from accessing any segments other than their own unless special access was explicitly allowed. While it was possible to set up a protected-mode environment that allowed all programs access to all segments (by putting all segment descriptors into the
1066:
82230/82231 High
Integration AT-Compatible Chip Set – The 82230 covers this combination of chips: 82C284 clock, 82288 bus controller, and dual 8259A interrupt controllers among other components. The 82231 covers this combination of chips: 8254 interrupt timer, 74LS612 memory mapper and dual 8237A DMA
960:
DOS programs with protected mode. They simply could not natively run in this new mode without significant modification. In protected mode, memory management and interrupt handling were done differently than in real mode. In addition, DOS programs typically would directly access data and code segments
1070:
82258 Advanced Direct Memory Access
Controller – Transfer rate of 8MB per second, supports up to 32 subchannels, mask and compare, verify, translation, and assembly/disassembly operation that are being processed simultaneously. It also supports a 16MB addressing range. These were available for USD $
737:
The 80286 included, in addition to all of the 8086 instructions, all of the new instructions of the 80186: ENTER, LEAVE, BOUND, INS, OUTS, PUSHA, POPA, PUSH immediate, IMUL immediate, and immediate shifts and rotates. The 80286 also added new instructions for protected mode: ARPL, CLTS, LAR, LGDT,
923:
The protected mode of the 80286 was not routinely utilized in PC applications until many years after its release, in part because of the high cost of adding extended memory to a PC, but also because of the need for software to support the large user base of 8086 PCs. For example, in 1986 the only
891:
keyboard microcontroller to enable software to cause the reset, allowing real-mode reentry while retaining active memory and returning control to the program that initiated the reset. (The BIOS is necessarily involved because it obtains control directly whenever the CPU resets.) Though it worked
753:
supporting up to 1 GB via segmentation. However, memory cost and the initial rarity of software using the memory above 1 MB meant that until late in its production, 80286 computers rarely shipped with more than 1 MB of RAM. Additionally, there was a performance penalty involved in
738:
LIDT, LLDT, LMSW, LSL, LTR, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, SMSW, STR, VERR, and VERW. Some of the instructions for protected mode can (or must) be used in real mode to set up and switch to protected mode, and a few (such as SMSW and LMSW) are useful for real mode itself.
910:
To support protected mode, new instructions have been added: ARPL, VERR, VERW, LAR, LSL, SMSW, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, STR, LMSW, LGDT, LIDT, LLDT, LTR, CLTS. There are also new exceptions (internal interrupts): invalid opcode, coprocessor not available,
1891:
Ormsby, John, Editor, "New
Product Focus: Components: Intel's 82X3X Chip-set Handles Logic Functions That Once Required The Services Of Sources Of Chips", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, January/February 1988, page
899:
if certain rules (newly proposed with the introduction of the 80286) were followed; however, as many DOS programs did not conform to those rules, protected mode was not widely used until the appearance of its successor, the
447:
that caused problems for programmers and operating-system writers in the earlier B-step and C-step CPUs (common in the AT and AT clones). This E-2 stepping part may have been available in later 1986.
1067:
controller among other components. They are available by second-sourced with Zymos Corp. Both set are available USD $ 60 for 10 MHz version and USD $ 90 for 12 MHz version in quantities of 100.
1684:
1265:
1753:
1046:. These were less hindered by the limitations of the 80286 protected mode because they did not aim to run MS-DOS applications or other real-mode programs. In its successor
706:
in many programs (i.e., a doubled performance at the same clock speed). This was a large increase, fully comparable to the speed improvements seven years later when the
722:, consuming several extra clock cycles in many cases. Also, the 80286 was more efficient in the prefetch of instructions, buffering, execution of jumps, and in complex
381:, introduced in 1984, and then widely used in most PC/AT compatible computers until the early 1990s. In 1987, Intel shipped its five-millionth 80286 microprocessor.
1364:
436:
each. The 6 MHz, 10 MHz, and 12 MHz models were reportedly measured to operate at 0.9 MIPS, 1.5 MIPS, and 2.66 MIPS respectively.
1454:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: Highest Ranking 16-bit Microprocessor Meets Military Objectives", Solutions, September/October 1985, page 13.
1575:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: Highest Ranking 16-bit Microprocessor Meets Military Objectives", Solutions, September/October 1985, page 13
1074:
82C284 Clock
Generator and Driver – Intel second sourced this 82284 version to Fujitsu Limited around 1985. The Intel branded chipset was available in 20-pin
811:
could be equipped with an optional MMU controller). This would allow IBM compatibles to have advanced multitasking OSes for the first time and compete in the
1993:
718:) were less expensive. They were performed by a dedicated unit in the 80286, while the older 8086 had to do effective address computation using its general
653:
Intel expected the 286 to be used primarily in industrial automation, transaction processing, and telecommunications, instead of in personal computers.
3005:
2822:
714:(1993) were introduced. This was partly due to the non-multiplexed address and data buses, but mainly to the fact that address calculations (such as
3010:
3201:
3108:
3020:
1804:
1962:
3025:
3015:
3000:
2827:
432:
on "typical" programs, although it could be significantly faster on optimized code and in tight loops, as many instructions could execute in
2817:
1601:
1554:
1303:
883:") without a hardware-initiated reset. In the PC/AT introduced in 1984, IBM added external circuitry, as well as specialized code in the
1671:
1649:
2030:
1412:
1004:
version 1.3, a derivation of
Concurrent DOS 286, was developed in 1986, introduced in January 1987, and later adopted by IBM for their
826:
Several additional instructions were introduced in the protected mode of 80286, which are helpful for multitasking operating systems.
3053:
1628:"Super DOS awaits new 80286 – Concurrent DOS 286 – delayed until Intel upgrades chip – offers Xenix's power and IBM PC compatibility"
1199:
836:
Assigning privilege levels to each segment. Segments with lower privilege levels cannot access segments with higher privilege levels.
3113:
1256:
1230:
1932:
1169:
1112:
1054:, a mode within protected mode with much better MS-DOS compatibility, in order to satisfy the diverging needs of the market.
1832:
679:
and consisted of four independent units: the address unit, bus unit, instruction unit, and execution unit, organized into a
2174:
2159:
2083:
2073:
2003:
1988:
1328:
Teixeira, Kevin, "What's Next For The 80286?", Intel
Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1987, page 16
915:, coprocessor segment overrun, stack fault, segment overrun/general protection fault, and others only for protected mode.
2078:
1468:
Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced
Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2
1445:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: 80286 Workhorses: Twice As Fast", Solutions, July/August 1985, Page 17.
1220:
Ormsby, John, "Chip Design: A Race Worth Winning", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, July/August 1988, page 18
3191:
2098:
2093:
2088:
1548:
1360:
1713:
2872:
2729:
1788:
3063:
3043:
2306:
2152:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2068:
2063:
896:
1508:
3206:
3196:
2988:
2135:
2110:
1978:
2301:
2270:
2241:
2023:
1854:
1138:– Undocumented 80286/80386 instruction that could be used to gain access to all available memory in real mode.
2373:
2282:
2142:
2105:
2058:
749:, compared to the 1 MB address space of prior x86 processors. It was the first x86 processor to support
1479:
425:
implementation, largely aimed at battery-powered devices. Intel's CMOS version of the 80286 was the 80C286.
3170:
2344:
2294:
2258:
433:
163:
2368:
2339:
2331:
2289:
2277:
2253:
1039:
688:
223:
2147:
2246:
1075:
3123:
2016:
1901:
Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: The 82258 ADMA Boost iAPX 286 Family Performance",
1811:
1391:"Intel shows new 80286 chip – Future of DRI's Concurrent DOS 286 still unclear after processor fixed"
422:
359:
2901:
2053:
2039:
378:
829:
Another important feature of 80286 is the prevention of unauthorized access. This is achieved by:
340:
3165:
3140:
2734:
962:
715:
665:
106:
354:
and wide protection abilities. The 80286 used approximately 134,000 transistors in its original
3155:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2164:
1680:
1031:, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 (and in text mode).
800:
731:
429:
172:
1589:
1536:
1307:
3145:
2867:
1745:
1637:
1627:
1400:
1390:
1088:
864:
719:
692:
661:
229:
1983:
1433:
Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1.
339:
that was introduced on February 1, 1982. It was the first 8086-based CPU with separate, non-
2477:
1050:
chip, Intel enhanced the protected mode to address more memory and also added the separate
684:
488:
2747:
1191:
702:
The performance increase of the 80286 over the 8086 (or 8088) could be more than 100% per
8:
3103:
2593:
1141:
669:
1829:"An Introduction to Coherent: General Information FAQ for the Coherent Operating System"
3150:
2983:
2978:
2765:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
1727:
1234:
973:
844:), arithmetic operations can be performed on the following different types of numbers:
833:
Forming different segments for data, code, and stack, and preventing their overlapping.
406:
78:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
1998:
1957:
2916:
2800:
2770:
1784:
1777:
1641:
1544:
1404:
1051:
1016:
875:
By design, the 286 could not revert from protected mode to the basic 8086-compatible
351:
799:". In addition, it was the first commercially available microprocessor with on-chip
504:
409:
later produced 16 MHz, 20 MHz and 25 MHz parts, respectively. Intel,
156:
2911:
2889:
2853:
2651:
2545:
2400:
2232:
2187:
1928:
1119:
1062:
This list of bus interface components that connects to Intel 80286 microprocessor.
969:
901:
397:
Intel's first 80286 chips were specified for a maximum clockrate of 5, 6 or 8
333:
185:
1968:
1161:
1015:
referring to the 80286 as a "brain-damaged" chip, since it was clear that the new
762:
2508:
2481:
1872:
1828:
1585:
1290:
953:
937:
680:
672:
347:
151:
3048:
2712:
1929:"Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs"
1034:
Other operating systems that used the protected mode of the 286 were Microsoft
849:
816:
804:
796:
750:
727:
696:
440:
336:
235:
119:
2884:
2752:
3185:
2675:
2665:
2624:
2361:
1999:
Intel 80286 CPU Information, including chip errata and undocumented behaviour
1645:
1408:
1023:
applications with the 286. It was arguably responsible for the split between
997:
778:
746:
451:
1289:
A simpler cousin in the 8086-line with integrated peripherals, intended for
687:, just as in the 8086. It was produced in a 68-pin package, including PLCC (
2928:
2614:
2265:
1709:
1541:
Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80286, 80386/80486 and the Pentium Family
1108:
1104:
984:
that would allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster. Named
912:
389:
204:
2834:
2785:
2775:
2670:
2637:
2632:
2619:
2572:
2566:
2318:
2313:
1877:
1115:
1081:
1005:
985:
904:
841:
820:
707:
703:
363:
343:
299:
288:
209:
1875:(November 25, 1986). "Intel's 32-bit Wonder: The 80386 Microprocessor".
3073:
3068:
2923:
2862:
2807:
2780:
2724:
2605:
2560:
2554:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2496:
2490:
2424:
2409:
2349:
1504:
1012:
1001:
676:
657:
371:
367:
355:
194:
109:
3133:
3118:
3078:
2906:
2795:
2790:
2697:
2692:
2206:
1710:"Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 - Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 - Disk 2"
1632:
1395:
1024:
981:
957:
880:
723:
1858:
637:
3128:
2707:
2356:
2218:
2008:
993:
949:
945:
925:
884:
742:
741:
The Intel 80286 had a 24-bit address bus and as such had a 16
410:
82:
645:
3160:
3058:
2896:
2879:
2839:
2760:
2741:
2719:
2419:
2414:
1731:
1135:
808:
711:
455:
444:
414:
366:, it can correctly execute most software written for the earlier
90:
86:
28:
3083:
2849:
2702:
2687:
2396:
2228:
1103:– Almost identical copy of the 80286 manufactured 1989/1990 in
1100:
1020:
929:
770:
168:
936:
could utilize the additional RAM available in protected mode (
2647:
2183:
1339:"Intel Architecure [sic] Programming and Information"
1047:
1043:
1035:
992:
originally chose DR Concurrent DOS 286 as the basis of their
977:
868:
428:
On average, the 80286 was said to have a speed of about 0.21
318:
66:
33:
An Intel A80286-8 processor with a gray ceramic heat spreader
1338:
2995:
2812:
2682:
2660:
2456:
1129:
1028:
941:
888:
812:
418:
284:
280:
241:
892:
correctly, the method imposed a huge performance penalty.
664:
applications, including communications (such as automated
2589:
2541:
2328:
989:
933:
754:
accessing extended memory from real mode as noted below.
402:
398:
74:
70:
1984:
Intel 80286 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de
1726:(NB. This package also includes some header files from
1621:
1619:
1384:
1382:
791:
The 286 was the first of the x86 CPU family to support
1162:"CPU History - The CPU Museum - Life Cycle of the CPU"
803:(MMU) capabilities (systems using the contemporaneous
956:. The difficulty lay in the incompatibility of older
1969:
Intel 80286 Programmer's Reference Manual 1987 (txt)
1673:
FlexOS Supplement for Intel iAPX 286-based Computers
1616:
1379:
1963:
Intel 80286 and 80287 Programmer's Reference Manual
1914:Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News",
976:1.0 operating system developed in cooperation with
1776:
1702:
1664:
1744:Calvo, Melissa; Forbes, Jim (February 10, 1986).
1537:"15 Other 16-bit microprocessors 80186 and 80286"
1471:
443:of the 80286 was free of the several significant
3183:
1530:
1528:
1526:
2395:
1019:environment would not be able to run multiple
362:) incarnation and, just like the contemporary
2024:
1775:Dewar, Robert B. K.; Smosna, Matthew (1990).
1523:
1304:"Intel Museum – Microprocessor Hall of Fame"
1989:CPU-INFO: 80286, in-depth processor history
1774:
1743:
1730:, including STRUCT.H explicitly mentioning
1543:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 503–537.
996:computer for IBM Plant System products and
895:In theory, real-mode applications could be
2031:
2017:
1590:"Obstacles to a grown up operating system"
897:directly executed in 16-bit protected mode
384:
27:
1578:
1478:Gross, Neil; Coy, Peter (March 6, 1995).
1306:. Intel.com. May 14, 2009. Archived from
924:program that made use of it was VDISK, a
1921:
1534:
1477:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1008:, but the same limitations affected it.
777:
769:
761:
644:
636:
388:
3109:Process–architecture–optimization model
1871:
1752:. Vol. 8, no. 8. p. 12.
1584:
1441:
1439:
1192:"1.5 μm lithography process - WikiChip"
3202:Computer-related introductions in 1982
3184:
1783:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 110.
1652:from the original on February 27, 2017
1625:
1604:from the original on February 27, 2017
1557:from the original on February 27, 2017
1388:
1202:from the original on September 9, 2018
1000:terminals in 1986. Digital Research's
401:and later releases for 12.5 MHz.
2012:
2004:Intel 80286 Hardware Reference Manual
1935:from the original on February 9, 2017
1457:
1415:from the original on January 25, 2014
1057:
2038:
1994:Overview of all 286 compatible chips
1779:Microprocessors: A Programmer's View
1436:
1361:"80286 Microprocessor Package, 1982"
1271:from the original on August 28, 2017
782:Intersil 80286 (10 MHz version)
1805:"Microsoft XENIX 3.0 Ready for 286"
1756:from the original on April 21, 2019
1746:"IBM to use a DRI operating system"
1690:from the original on April 21, 2019
1511:from the original on March 31, 2012
1505:"Intel 80286 microprocessor family"
1249:
766:Siemens 80286 (10 MHz version)
13:
1979:Linux on 286 laptops and notebooks
1905:, November/December 1984, Page 14.
1716:from the original on April 3, 2019
1389:Foster, Edward (August 26, 1985).
1367:from the original on March 6, 2019
1341:. Intel80386.com. January 13, 2004
1172:from the original on July 20, 2021
1078:in sampling at first quarter 1986.
840:In 80286 (and in its co-processor
641:Simplified 80286 microarchitecture
14:
3218:
1951:
1835:from the original on June 4, 2016
1027:and IBM, since IBM insisted that
786:
3124:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
2212:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
1918:, January/February 1985, Page 1
1908:
1895:
1885:
1865:
1847:
1821:
1797:
1768:
1737:
1626:Foster, Edward (May 13, 1985).
1569:
1497:
1448:
1427:
1353:
1258:iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference
632:
619:
610:
601:
377:The 80286 was employed for the
146:Architecture and classification
1331:
1322:
1296:
1283:
1223:
1214:
1184:
1154:
793:protected virtual-address mode
774:IBM 80286 (8 MHz version)
1:
1231:"Microprocessor Hall of Fame"
1147:
944:call (INT 15h, AH=87h), as a
918:
726:numerical operations such as
421:versions of Intel's original
1636:. Vol. 7, no. 19.
1535:Bahadure, Nilesh B. (2010).
1399:. Vol. 7, no. 34.
7:
1094:
757:
689:plastic leaded chip carrier
461:
417:also designed fully static
10:
3223:
858:unsigned unpacked decimal,
393:AMD 80286 (16 MHz version)
3192:Intel x86 microprocessors
3096:
3036:
2848:
2646:
2588:
2539:
2506:
2476:
2469:
2388:
2327:
2227:
2182:
2173:
2046:
1855:"MINIX INFORMATION SHEET"
1264:. Intel. 1983. page 1-1.
1111:a clone of the 80286 was
1071:170 in quantities of 100.
656:The CPU was designed for
310:
305:
295:
276:
271:
251:
244:(engineering sample only)
215:
203:
184:
179:
162:
150:
145:
137:
129:
125:4 MHz to 25 MHz
118:
114:4 MHz to 25 MHz
104:
99:
59:
51:
43:
38:
26:
1480:"The Technology Paradox"
350:and also the first with
1233:. Intel. Archived from
963:Global Descriptor Table
710:(1989) or the original
454:this microprocessor to
385:History and performance
193:120,000 or 134,000, 1.5
180:Physical specifications
3207:X86 microarchitectures
3197:16-bit microprocessors
2207:P6 variant (Pentium M)
1734:for "8086 emulation".)
1681:Digital Research, Inc.
1123:
865:floating-point numbers
801:memory management unit
783:
775:
767:
734:than its predecessor.
650:
642:
552:September/October 1985
430:instructions per clock
394:
324:(also marketed as the
1638:InfoWorld Media Group
1401:InfoWorld Media Group
1363:. Content.cdlib.org.
928:driver included with
781:
773:
765:
693:leadless chip carrier
648:
640:
607:In quantities of 100.
591:January/February 1986
572:January/February 1986
392:
1679:. 1.3 (1 ed.).
1011:The problems led to
164:Instruction set
152:Technology node
16:Microprocessor model
1881:. pp. 150–152.
1861:on January 7, 2014.
1817:on January 7, 2014.
1712:. August 6, 1986 .
1132:, for the iAPX name
795:, commonly called "
423:depletion-load nMOS
60:Common manufacturer
39:General information
23:
3006:Sandy Bridge-based
2175:Microarchitectures
2160:Microarchitectures
1728:Concurrent DOS 286
1640:. pp. 17–18.
1058:Support components
974:Concurrent DOS 286
784:
776:
768:
651:
643:
395:
21:
3179:
3178:
3092:
3091:
2465:
2464:
2384:
2383:
1971:. Hint: use e.g.
1310:on March 12, 2009
1052:virtual 8086 mode
1017:Microsoft Windows
968:In January 1985,
877:real address mode
675:. It had 134,000
597:
596:
352:memory management
328:and often called
315:
314:
291:was contemporary)
3214:
3011:Ivy Bridge-based
2602:8/16-bit databus
2474:
2473:
2393:
2392:
2389:Current products
2180:
2179:
2040:Intel processors
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1973:Hebrew (IBM-862)
1965:at bitsavers.org
1958:Intel Datasheets
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1873:Petzold, Charles
1869:
1863:
1862:
1857:. Archived from
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1810:. Archived from
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1586:Petzold, Charles
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1291:embedded systems
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1158:
970:Digital Research
855:unsigned binary,
626:
625:Sampling Q2 1986
623:
617:
616:Sampling Q3 1985
614:
608:
605:
533:July/August 1985
511:July/August 1985
466:
465:
31:
24:
20:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3104:Tick–tock model
3088:
3032:
3021:Broadwell-based
2912:Extreme Edition
2844:
2642:
2584:
2535:
2502:
2461:
2380:
2323:
2223:
2169:
2042:
2037:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1870:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1738:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:November 1986.
1676:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1624:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1533:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1237:on July 6, 2007
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1196:en.wikichip.org
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1097:
1060:
1038:(around 1984),
954:expanded memory
940:) either via a
938:extended memory
932:3.0 and 3.1. A
921:
789:
760:
681:loosely coupled
673:process control
649:Intel 80286 die
635:
630:
629:
624:
620:
615:
611:
606:
602:
484:Date of release
464:
458:in about 1985.
456:Fujitsu Limited
387:
267:
247:
199:
95:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2823:NetBurst-based
2820:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2657:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:32-bit databus
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2611:16-bit databus
2609:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1952:External links
1950:
1947:
1946:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1884:
1864:
1846:
1820:
1796:
1789:
1767:
1736:
1701:
1663:
1615:
1600:(11): 170–74.
1577:
1568:
1550:978-8120339422
1549:
1522:
1496:
1470:
1456:
1447:
1435:
1426:
1403:. p. 21.
1378:
1352:
1330:
1321:
1295:
1282:
1248:
1222:
1213:
1183:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:Bus Controller
1079:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1056:
972:previewed the
920:
917:
873:
872:
867:(only with an
862:
861:signed binary,
859:
856:
853:
850:packed decimal
838:
837:
834:
805:Motorola 68010
797:protected mode
788:
787:Protected mode
785:
759:
756:
751:virtual memory
697:pin grid array
634:
631:
628:
627:
618:
609:
599:
598:
595:
594:
592:
589:
586:
584:
582:
580:
576:
575:
573:
570:
567:
565:
563:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
507:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
463:
460:
452:second sourced
441:stepping level
434:2 clock cycles
386:
383:
337:microprocessor
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:Support status
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
266:
265:
262:
259:
255:
253:
249:
248:
246:
245:
238:
232:
226:
219:
217:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
198:
197:
190:
188:
182:
181:
177:
176:
166:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
116:
115:
112:
102:
101:
97:
96:
94:
93:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3026:Skylake-based
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Haswell-based
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Nehalem-based
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Original i586
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:Goldmont Plus
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1934:
1931:. CPU-world.
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1790:0-07-016638-2
1786:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1720:September 13,
1715:
1711:
1705:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1510:
1507:. CPU-World.
1506:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:point-of-sale
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
916:
914:
908:
906:
903:
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
845:
843:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
780:
772:
764:
755:
752:
748:
747:address space
744:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
660:systems with
659:
654:
647:
639:
622:
613:
604:
600:
593:
590:
587:
585:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
508:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
490:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
391:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
309:
304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
270:
263:
260:
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138:Address width
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50:
47:February 1982
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2578:
2470:Discontinued
2307:Cypress Cove
2266:Sandy Bridge
1972:
1937:. Retrieved
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1876:
1867:
1859:the original
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1823:
1812:the original
1799:
1778:
1770:
1760:September 6,
1758:. Retrieved
1749:
1739:
1718:. Retrieved
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1672:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1631:
1606:. Retrieved
1597:
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1580:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1540:
1513:. Retrieved
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1473:
1450:
1429:
1419:December 25,
1417:. Retrieved
1394:
1369:. Retrieved
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1298:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1257:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1176:September 6,
1174:. Retrieved
1166:cpushack.com
1165:
1156:
1109:Soviet Union
1105:East Germany
1061:
1033:
1010:
967:
922:
913:double fault
909:
894:
876:
874:
839:
828:
825:
792:
790:
740:
736:
701:
699:) packages.
662:multitasking
655:
652:
633:Architecture
621:
612:
603:
469:Model number
449:
439:The later E-
438:
427:
396:
376:
374:processors.
329:
325:
321:
316:
277:Predecessors
205:Co-processor
52:Discontinued
18:
2319:Golden Cove
2314:Willow Cove
2295:Cannon Lake
1878:PC Magazine
1656:October 11,
1608:October 11,
1594:PC Magazine
1561:October 11,
1206:January 21,
1142:Windows/286
1124:КР1847ВМ286
1116:KR1847VM286
1006:IBM 4690 OS
986:IBM 4680 OS
905:Intel 80386
842:Intel 80287
821:workstation
815:-dominated
704:clock cycle
695:) and PGA (
683:(buffered)
677:transistors
588:68 Pin PLCC
341:multiplexed
311:Unsupported
300:Intel 80386
210:Intel 80287
186:Transistors
157:1.5 μm
100:Performance
22:Intel 80286
3186:Categories
3114:Intel GPUs
2828:Core-based
2592:(external
2480:oriented (
2350:Silvermont
2302:Sunny Cove
2271:Ivy Bridge
2054:Processors
1839:January 7,
1694:August 14,
1275:August 28,
1241:August 11,
1148:References
1113:designated
1013:Bill Gates
1002:FlexOS 286
919:OS support
724:microcoded
716:base+index
658:multi-user
569:68 Pin PGA
475:Technology
368:Intel 8086
348:data buses
130:Data width
110:clock rate
3166:Codenames
3079:StrongARM
2917:Dual-Core
2890:Dual-Core
2801:Dual-Core
2771:OverDrive
2720:A100/A110
2713:OverDrive
2507:pre-x86 (
2374:Gracemont
2283:Broadwell
1975:encoding.
1939:March 24,
1916:Solutions
1903:Solutions
1750:InfoWorld
1646:0199-6649
1633:InfoWorld
1489:March 19,
1484:Bloomberg
1409:0199-6649
1396:InfoWorld
1371:April 28,
1345:April 28,
1107:. In the
1025:Microsoft
982:microcode
958:real-mode
950:emulation
881:real mode
848:unsigned
745:physical
670:real-time
472:Frequency
379:IBM PC/AT
330:Intel 286
296:Successor
3171:Larrabee
3049:iAPX 432
2984:11th gen
2979:10th gen
2818:P6-based
2708:RapidCAD
2450:14th gen
2445:13th gen
2440:12th gen
2435:11th gen
2430:10th gen
2357:Goldmont
2345:Saltwell
2259:Westmere
2219:NetBurst
2165:Chipsets
1933:Archived
1833:Archived
1754:Archived
1714:Archived
1685:Archived
1650:Archived
1602:Archived
1588:(1986).
1555:Archived
1509:Archived
1413:Archived
1365:Archived
1314:June 20,
1266:Archived
1200:Archived
1170:Archived
1095:See also
1040:Coherent
994:IBM 4680
948:, or as
946:RAM disk
926:RAM disk
887:and the
885:ROM BIOS
823:market.
758:Features
691:), LCC (
685:pipeline
525:HMOS-III
522:12.5 MHz
519:80286-12
501:HMOS-III
495:80286-10
462:Variants
411:Intersil
326:iAPX 286
240:100-pin
216:Packages
83:Intersil
44:Launched
3161:Stratix
3097:Related
3059:Itanium
2974:9th gen
2969:8th gen
2964:7th gen
2959:6th gen
2954:5th gen
2949:4th gen
2944:3rd gen
2939:2nd gen
2934:1st gen
2897:Pentium
2880:Celeron
2840:Tolapai
2761:Pentium
2744:(1998)
2742:Celeron
2633:80387DX
2625:80387SX
2420:Pentium
2415:Celeron
2369:Tremont
2340:Bonnell
2290:Skylake
2278:Haswell
2254:Nehalem
2153:Itanium
2069:Pentium
2064:Celeron
1732:LOADALL
1515:May 19,
1136:LOADALL
1120:Russian
1089:Arbiter
809:NS320xx
712:Pentium
541:MG80286
481:Package
478:Process
415:Fujitsu
344:address
332:) is a
287:(while
272:History
261:PLCC-68
252:Sockets
234:68-pin
228:68-pin
222:68-pin
141:24 bits
133:16 bits
91:Fujitsu
87:Siemens
3084:XScale
2854:64-bit
2850:x86-64
2755:(2004)
2652:32-bit
2615:80C187
2608:(1980)
2581:(1982)
2575:(1982)
2569:(1982)
2563:(1979)
2557:(1978)
2546:16-bit
2540:Early
2532:(1977)
2526:(1974)
2520:(1972)
2499:(1974)
2493:(1971)
2401:64-bit
2397:x86-64
2247:Penryn
2233:64-bit
2229:x86-64
2188:32-bit
1787:
1644:
1547:
1407:
1101:U80601
1087:82289
1042:, and
1021:MS-DOS
930:PC DOS
902:32-bit
817:server
668:) and
555:$ 784
536:$ 260
528:1.5 μm
514:$ 155
505:1.5 μm
498:10 MHz
487:Price
450:Intel
445:errata
407:Harris
334:16-bit
264:LCC-68
171:(with
169:x86-16
122:speeds
79:Harris
3156:PIIXs
3037:Other
2835:Quark
2648:IA-32
2638:80487
2620:80287
2579:80286
2573:80188
2567:80186
2509:8-bit
2482:4-bit
2184:IA-32
2148:Quark
2047:Lists
1815:(PDF)
1808:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1677:(PDF)
1269:(PDF)
1262:(PDF)
1082:82288
1048:80386
1044:Minix
1036:Xenix
978:Intel
869:80287
579:80286
560:80286
364:80186
322:80286
319:Intel
289:80186
258:PGA68
105:Max.
67:Intel
3151:ICHs
3146:SCHs
3141:PCHs
3074:i960
3069:i860
3064:RISC
3054:EPIC
3044:CISC
2996:Xeon
2924:Core
2863:Atom
2813:Xeon
2808:Core
2725:Atom
2683:i486
2661:i386
2654:x86)
2606:8087
2594:FPUs
2561:8088
2555:8086
2530:8085
2524:8080
2518:8008
2497:4040
2491:4004
2457:Xeon
2425:Core
2410:Atom
2242:Core
2190:x86)
2143:Xeon
2106:Core
2059:Atom
1941:2016
1841:2014
1785:ISBN
1762:2011
1722:2018
1696:2018
1658:2016
1642:ISSN
1610:2016
1563:2016
1545:ISBN
1517:2012
1491:2020
1421:2021
1405:ISSN
1373:2009
1347:2009
1316:2009
1277:2017
1243:2007
1208:2019
1178:2021
1130:iAPX
1076:PLCC
1029:OS/2
942:BIOS
889:8042
813:Unix
807:and
708:i486
666:PBXs
419:CMOS
413:and
405:and
372:8088
370:and
360:HMOS
356:nMOS
346:and
317:The
285:8088
281:8086
242:PQFP
224:PLCC
55:1991
3134:Arc
3119:GMA
2868:SoC
2786:III
2776:Pro
2735:SoC
2698:DX4
2693:DX2
2671:376
2590:x87
2542:x86
2478:BCD
2332:ULV
2329:x86
2084:III
2074:Pro
990:IBM
952:of
934:DOS
732:DIV
728:MUL
720:ALU
489:USD
403:AMD
399:MHz
236:PGA
230:LCC
173:MMU
120:FSB
107:CPU
85:),
75:AMD
71:IBM
3188::
3129:Xe
2873:CE
2781:II
2730:CE
2703:SL
2688:SX
2676:EX
2666:SX
2202:P6
2197:P5
2131:i9
2126:i7
2121:i5
2116:i3
2079:II
1892:13
1831:.
1748:.
1648:.
1630:.
1618:^
1596:.
1592:.
1553:.
1539:.
1525:^
1482:.
1459:^
1438:^
1411:.
1393:.
1381:^
1198:.
1194:.
1168:.
1164:.
1126:).
1122::
988:,
879:("
871:).
743:MB
283:,
195:μm
89:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
2989:M
2929:2
2907:D
2902:4
2885:D
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2796:M
2791:4
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
