794:
It "enjoyed a considerable vogue for several centuries, being associated with low-class entertainment, especially of a salacious sort, though also used for moralizing and other serious verse." Among those poets who used it were
306:
the ionic never appears in passages meant to be spoken rather than sung. "Ionics" may refer inclusively to poetry composed of the various metrical units of the same total quantitative length (six
900:
The ionic rhythm is common in classical
Persian poetry and exists in both trimeter and tetrameter versions. Nearly 10% of lyric poems are written in the following metre:
583:
In writing this 4-verse poem Horace tends to place a caesura (word-break) after every metrical foot, except occasionally in the last two feet of the line.
1432:
243:
704:
into two shorts (as in line 4 above) or the first two shorts are replaced with a single long syllable (as in line 5, if the text is sound).
1289:
370:, the ionic meter is characteristically experienced as expressing excitability. The form has been linked tentatively with the worship of
533:
and Sappho for its content and utilizes a metrical line that appears in a fragment of
Alcaeus. The Horace poem begins as follows:
819:
composed in a combination of anacreontics and ionics. An example of
English ionics occurs in lines 4 and 5 of the following
236:
700:
In this poem
Catullus leaves a caesura (word-break) at the mid-point of every line. Occasionally the 5th syllable is
718:
The "ionic" almost invariably refers to the basic metron u u — —, but this metron is also known by the fuller name
1143:
1098:
229:
1453:
1272:
1025:
it appears that this metre was associated with the
Persians even in early times. It was used for example by
1081:
However, neither of the two tunes written for the anthem in 1924 and 1930 follows the rhythm of the metre.
17:
756:
are closely related, as evidenced by the polyschematist unit x x — x — u u — (with x representing an
816:
741:
287:
72:
1010:
The two underlined syllables are extra-long, and take the place of a long + short syllable (– u).
1448:
1145:
A Manual of
Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody.
1100:
A Manual of
Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody.
87:
1417:
A Manual of
Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody
1052:
744:'s "misunderstanding of metre" and desire to balance metrical units with their mirror images.
868:
33:
1077:"Fear not! for the crimson banner that proudly ripples in this glorious dawn shall not fade"
1013:
Anaclastic versions of the metre also exist, resembling the Greek anacreontic, for example:
279:
92:
926:, that is, they may be replaced by one long syllable. An example by the 13th-century poet
8:
339:
1343:
Frances Muecke, "Rome's First 'Satirists': Themes and Genre in Ennius and
Lucilius," in
878:
772:
701:
604:
596:
311:
307:
303:
197:
167:
122:
82:
52:
1056:
521:
An example of pure ionics in Latin poetry is found as a "metrical experiment" in the
1263:
Kiichiro Itsumi, "What's in a Line? Papyrus
Formats and Hephaestionic Formulae," in
921:
866:, "And the white breast of the dim sea" ("Who will go drive with Fergus now?" from
212:
192:
147:
595:| u u – u – u – – | is sometimes analyzed as a form of ionics which has undergone
275:
207:
202:
182:
177:
97:
77:
62:
57:
1048:
895:
768:
315:
294:
because it was used by the Ionians of Asia Minor; and it was also known as the
268:
152:
127:
1442:
927:
800:
310:) that may be used in combination with ionics proper: ionics, choriambs, and
172:
132:
47:
42:
1365:
1031:
827:
820:
753:
592:
492:
352:
283:
142:
107:
67:
1377:
1376:, p. 80. The line "Held in suspense a misery" is a choriamb; the rest is
1250:
The text is uncertain: see Kokoszkiewicz, K. "Catullus 63.5: Devolsit?",
1234:
1178:(University of Chicago Press, 2007), 139, citing the work of Dale (1969).
951:
so that you may get some bread in your hand and not eat it neglectfully."
863:
623:, a portion of which is spoken in the person of Cybele. The poem begins:
530:
362:
137:
576: wine to wash away their sorrows, or who are terrified,
1266:
964:
783:
608:
600:
1035:, which is sung by a group of old men in the Persian capital city of
1026:
804:
690:
and approached the shady places, surrounded by woods, of the goddess,
462:
455:
448:
441:
434:
382:
357:
347:
217:
162:
1369:
1004:
873:
612:
509:
390:
375:
367:
343:
299:
265:
157:
117:
112:
102:
1271:, OUP, 2007, p. 317, in reference to Hephaestion's description of
883:
775:
687:
as soon as he eagerly touched the Phrygian forest with swift foot
499:
386:
963:
Another version, used in a famous poem by the 11th-century poet
599:(substitution of u – for – u in the 4th and 5th positions). The
573:"Those girls are wretched who do not play with love or use sweet
823:
796:
757:
526:
371:
346:, and the Greek dramatists, including the first choral song of
335:
327:
187:
955:
The acatalectic tetrameter is less common, but is also found:
734:(— — u u). Some modern metricians generally consider the term
620:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
326:
Pure examples of Ionic metrical structures occur in verse by
1047:
The Persian metre was imitated in Turkish poetry during the
1036:
948:"Cloud and wind and moon and sun and firmament are at work
579: fearing the blows of an uncle's tongue."
967:, is the same as this but lacks the first two syllables:
882:," "When the blood creeps and the nerves prick" (compare
696:
he tore off the weights of his groin with a sharp flint."
1265:
Hesperos: Studies in Ancient Greek Poetry Presented to
1116:(Hackett, 1994, originally published 1963), pp. 29–31.
1112:
James Halporn, Martin Ostwald, and Thomas Rosenmeyer,
684:"Attis, having crossed the high seas in a swift ship,
611:(omission of the final syllable) in the second half.
539:
miserārum (e)st nequ(e) amōrī dare lūdum neque dulcī
1000:Get up and bring fur as it is the season of autumn
1435:, in Erling B. Holtsmark's Enchiridion of Metrics
918:and the two short syllables in the last foot are
693:excited there by raging madness, losing his mind,
298:and was associated with Persian poetry. Like the
1440:
1368:, "Beyond the Last Lamp" (1914), lines 8–14, as
1254:, Volume 61, Issue 02, December 2011, pp. 756–8.
707:
912:In the Persian version, the first syllable is
636:Phrygi(um) ut nemus citātō cupidē pede tetigit
568: u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
565: u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
27:Metre used in Greek, Latin, and Persian poetry
1063:
1003:A cold wind is blowing from the direction of
982:
971:
941:
936:abr o bād ō mah o xorshīd o falak dar kār-and
934:
237:
1065:Korkma! sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak
1275:as "ionic a maiore acatalectic tetrameter."
943:tā to nān-ī be kaf ārī-yo be qeflat na-xorī
919:
913:
747:
740:to be of little analytic use, a vestige of
735:
728:
720:
655:
648:
643:adiitqu(e) opāca silvīs redimīta loca deae,
641:
634:
627:
553:
545:
537:
1347:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 36.
650:stimulātus ibi furenti rabiē, vagus animīs
244:
230:
1404:Persian poetic meters: a synthetic study.
726:in distinction to the less commonly used
657:dēvolsit īl(i) acūtō sibi pondera silice.
629:super alta vectus Attis celerī rate maria
760:position that may be heavy or light).
1345:The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire
1051:period. The Turkish National Anthem or
840:By love's young rays. Each countenance
14:
1441:
1208:, 139, citing the work of Dale (1969).
959:x u – – | u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
858:At things which had been or might be.
848:Caùght thè lámplíght's yèllòw glánce,
562:u u – – | u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
321:
1114:The Meters of Greek and Latin Poetry
834:The pair seemed lovers, yet absorbed
676:u u – u u u u – – | u u – u u u u –
389:begins as follows, in a mixture of
24:
1206:The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy
1189:The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy
1176:The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy
1029:in the opening chorus of his play
555:metuentis patruae verbera linguae.
529:, Book 3, poem 12, which draws on
393:(u u –) and ionic feet (u u – –):
25:
1465:
1426:
1042:
1017:u u – u – u – – | u u – u – u – –
995:– – | u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
889:
790:– – u u | – – u u | – u – u | – –
673:u u – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
670:u u – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
667:u u – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
607:(substitution of u u for – ) and
318:and in classical Persian poetry.
1097:Quoted in Thiesen, Finn (1982).
837:In mental scenes no longer orbed
547:mala vīnō laver(e) aut exanimārī
1409:
1396:
1383:
1359:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1312:
1295:
1278:
1257:
1244:
1228:
1221:, translated by T. A. Buckley.
778:, has been classified as ionic
679:– – u – u – – | u u – u u u u –
586:
516:
1225:. London. Henry G. Bohn. 1850.
1211:
1198:
1181:
1168:
1151:
1136:
1119:
1106:
1091:
1070:x u – – | u u – – | u u – – |
904:x u – – | u u – – | u u – – |
619:63 on the mythological figure
615:used galliambic meter for his
443:hieròn Tmôlon ameípsasa thoázō
13:
1:
1273:Book IV of the Sapphic corpus
1084:
810:
603:is a variation of this, with
1389:L. P. Elwell-Sutton (1976),
314:. Equivalent forms exist in
7:
983:
972:
942:
935:
474:u u – – | u u – – | u u – –
406:ἱερὸν Τμῶλον ἀμείψασα θοάζω
10:
1470:
1269:on his Seventieth Birthday
1219:The Tragedies of Euripides
1103:Wiesbaden; pp. 132; 263–4.
984:bād-e xonok 'az jāneb-e Xā
893:
457:kámatón tʼ eukámaton, Bák-
426:
420:κάματόν τʼ εὐκάματον, Βάκ-
419:
412:
405:
398:
855:Held in suspense a misery
845:Às ìt slówlý, às ìt sádlý
278:(u u – –) that occurs in
1402:Farzaad, Masoud (1967),
1374:Sound, Sense, and Rhythm
1193:Sound, Sense, and Rhythm
748:Polyschematist sequences
73:Latin rhythmic hexameter
1252:The Classical Quarterly
1241:(Boston, 1898), p. 346.
1239:Horace: Odes and Epodes
1148:Wiesbaden; pp. 132–137.
276:light-light-heavy-heavy
1142:Thiesen, Finn (1982).
1064:
920:
914:
782:by Hephaestion and by
736:
729:
721:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
554:
546:
538:
505:and toil easily borne,
488:"From the land of Asia
381:The opening chorus of
88:Metres of Roman comedy
1284:J. M. van Ophuijsen,
1055:, written in 1921 by
977:ke hengām-e xazān ast
869:The Countess Cathleen
34:Greek and Latin metre
1454:Ancient Greek poetry
1319:Hephaestion on Metre
1286:Hephaestion on Metre
1059:, is in this metre:
508:celebrating the god
290:it was known as the
93:Trochaic septenarius
1288:, Leiden, 1987, p.
815:In English poetry,
491:having left sacred
450:Bromíōi pónon hēdùn
338:(frg. 134-135 LP),
1391:The Persian Metres
930:is the following:
771:, named after the
552:
544:
322:Examples of ionics
304:quantitative verse
198:Resolution (meter)
168:Anaclasis (poetry)
123:Asclepiad (poetry)
83:Saturnian (poetry)
53:Dactylic hexameter
1419:, pp. 132, 263–4.
1195:, p. 68, note 17.
1057:Mehmet Akif Ersoy
817:Edward Fitzgerald
480:u u – – | u u – –
413:Βρομίῳ πόνον ἡδὺν
254:
253:
16:(Redirected from
1461:
1420:
1415:Thiesen (1982),
1413:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1191:, 171; Edwards,
1185:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1095:
1067:
990:
979:
945:
938:
925:
917:
773:Hellenistic poet
739:
737:ionicus a maiore
732:
730:ionicus a maiore
724:
722:ionicus a minore
709:Ionicus a minore
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
557:
549:
541:
466:
464:khion euazoména.
459:
452:
445:
438:
429:
428:
422:
421:
415:
414:
408:
407:
401:
400:
246:
239:
232:
213:Arsis and thesis
193:Biceps (prosody)
148:Galliambic verse
30:
29:
21:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1364:
1360:
1356:Edwards, p. 79.
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1279:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1045:
898:
892:
813:
750:
716:
589:
519:
498:to perform for
483:u u – – | u u –
477:u u – | u u – –
427:χιον εὐαζομένα.
342:(frg. 10B LP),
324:
286:. According to
250:
203:Brevis brevians
183:Brevis in longo
178:Metron (poetry)
98:Hendecasyllable
78:Iambic trimeter
63:Alcmanian verse
58:Elegiac couplet
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:External links
1425:
1422:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1358:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1311:
1294:
1277:
1256:
1243:
1227:
1210:
1197:
1180:
1167:
1150:
1135:
1118:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1053:İstiklal Marşı
1044:
1043:Turkish poetry
1041:
1021:From its name
1019:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
991:
980:
961:
960:
953:
952:
949:
946:
939:
910:
909:
896:Persian metres
894:Main article:
891:
890:Persian poetry
888:
860:
859:
856:
853:
852:
851:
850:
849:
846:
838:
835:
812:
809:
792:
791:
752:The Ionic and
749:
746:
715:
706:
698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
663:The meter is:
661:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
588:
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
550:
542:
518:
515:
514:
513:
506:
503:
502:my sweet labor
496:
489:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
431:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
323:
320:
316:English poetry
252:
251:
249:
248:
241:
234:
226:
223:
222:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
153:Sotadean metre
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
128:Sapphic stanza
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Metrical feet
1447:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
993:
989:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:xīzīd-o xaz ā
970:
969:
968:
966:
958:
957:
956:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
933:
932:
931:
929:
924:
923:
916:
907:
903:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
881:
880:
875:
871:
870:
865:
857:
854:
847:
844:
843:
842:
841:
839:
836:
833:
832:
831:
829:
825:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
789:
788:
787:
785:
781:
777:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
754:Aeolic meters
745:
743:
738:
733:
731:
725:
723:
714:
710:
705:
703:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
664:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
625:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
584:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
560:
556:
551:
548:
543:
540:
536:
535:
534:
532:
528:
524:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
471:u u – | u u –
470:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
436:Asías apò gâs
433:
432:
424:
417:
410:
403:
399:Ἀσίας ἀπὸ γᾶς
396:
395:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:ancient Greek
277:
273:
270:
269:metrical unit
267:
263:
259:
247:
242:
240:
235:
233:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:Metrical foot
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:Alcaic stanza
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
48:Latin prosody
46:
44:
43:Greek prosody
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1373:
1372:by Edwards,
1366:Thomas Hardy
1361:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1285:
1280:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1174:Graham Ley,
1170:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1071:
1046:
1032:The Persians
1030:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1009:
985:
974:
962:
954:
911:
905:
899:
877:
867:
861:
828:Thomas Hardy
814:
793:
779:
764:
762:
751:
727:
719:
717:
712:
708:
699:
662:
616:
590:
587:Anacreontics
582:
522:
520:
517:Latin poetry
495:, I am swift
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
380:
361:
351:
331:
325:
295:
291:
284:Latin poetry
271:
264:) is a four-
261:
257:
255:
208:Porson's Law
143:Anacreontics
108:Aeolic verse
68:Archilochian
1334:, pp. 144f.
1332:Greek Metre
1321:, pp. 106f.
1235:Paul Shorey
1217:Euripides.
879:In Memoriam
864:W. B. Yeats
742:Hephaestion
593:anacreontic
531:Archilochus
302:, in Greek
288:Hephaestion
138:Ionic metre
18:Ionic metre
1443:Categories
1267:M. L. West
1085:References
965:Manuchehri
811:In English
784:M. L. West
605:resolution
601:galliambic
1393:, p. 162.
1133:, p. 125.
1027:Aeschylus
988:vazān ast
805:Petronius
765:sotadeion
609:catalexis
597:anaclasis
391:anapaests
383:Euripides
368:dochmiacs
358:Euripides
348:Aeschylus
334:= 34 D),
330:(frg. 46
312:anaclasis
218:Catalexis
163:Lekythion
1406:, p. 60.
1309:, p. 25.
1301:Halporn
1165:, p. 23.
1157:Halporn
1125:Halporn
1023:persicos
1005:Khwarazm
874:Tennyson
862:Compare
780:a maiore
769:sotadean
713:a maiore
702:resolved
613:Catullus
376:Dionysus
353:Persians
344:Anacreon
300:choriamb
296:Persicos
272:(metron)
266:syllable
158:Dochmiac
118:Glyconic
113:Choriamb
103:Choliamb
1370:scanned
1223:Bacchae
1049:Ottoman
884:pyrrhic
776:Sotades
510:Bacchus
500:Bromius
387:Bacchae
366:. Like
363:Bacchae
356:and in
340:Alcaeus
292:Ionicos
1433:Ionics
1378:iambic
1330:West,
1307:Meters
1303:et al.
1163:Meters
1159:et al.
1131:Meters
1127:et al.
922:biceps
915:anceps
872:) and
824:stanza
801:Accius
797:Ennius
758:anceps
617:Carmen
527:Horace
493:Tmolus
372:Cybele
336:Sappho
328:Alcman
188:Anceps
1204:Ley,
1187:Ley,
928:Saadi
821:lyric
621:Attis
308:morae
262:Ionic
258:ionic
1037:Susa
986:razm
803:and
786::
763:The
711:and
591:The
523:Odes
374:and
282:and
260:(or
256:The
1072:u u
975:rīd
906:u u
886:).
876:, "
826:by
767:or
525:of
378:.
332:PMG
274:of
1445::
1305:,
1290:98
1237:,
1161:,
1129:,
1039:.
830::
807:.
799:,
512:."
385:'
360:'
350:'
1380:.
1292:.
1074:–
908:–
245:e
238:t
231:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.