Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

2353:(Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz) in Khuzestan is a Sunni Muslim separatist, ethno-nationalist terrorist organisation seeking to establish an Arab state within Iran, encouraging and engaging in armed struggle against the Iranian state with other similar organisations in the region. It was established covertly in 1999, and its existence was plublicly announced in 2005. Its armed wing, the Mohiuddin Nasser Brigades carried out a series of attacks as a continuation of the 2005 protests in Ahvaz beginning on 12 June 2005 when they attacked public institutions and climaxing on 24 January 2006 when they carried out an attack on a bank in Ahvaz. ASMLA enjoys the financial support of, among other states, Saudi Arabia and positions itself specifically within the context of the Saudi-Iranian proxy conflict by emphasising its sectarian nature to gain sponsors from the Arab World. Saudi Arabia's involvement in its sponsoration is confirmed by the Danish authorities. Its leaders left Iran in 2006, reorganised in the European Union and continued carrying out terrorist attacks against the Iranian state, with attacks on the 2894: 2308:

Arabia. The Hizbullah al-Hijaz was the military wing of the Khat al-Imam movement which referred to the followers of Imam Khomeini's line. The movement was initially religious, social and cultural in nature, but then became politicised. The relations between the two remain unclear. Hizbullah al-Hijaz took over OIRAP's role on the radical end of the spectrum of the Shia opposition in Saudi Arabia and its role in the Iranian propaganda effort against Saudi Arabia. The two distanced themselves from each other leading to the fragmentation of the Saudi Shia Islamist opposition. Hizubllah al-Hijaz perpetrated bombings in Saudi Arabia in response of the "hajj incident", which contributed to Saudi Arabia severing diplomatic relations with Iran on 26 April 1988. However, after 1989 the networks of Hizbullah al-Hijaz and Khat al-Imam inside Saudi Arabia were severely weakened through the arrests of many of its leaders.

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clashes between demonstrators and the Saudi security forces over the next few days as the latter opened fire on the former. A sequence of protests followed in the next months, sometimes involving mass arrests and violence, but these mainly reflected local and community concerns like discrimination, exploitation, the absence of basic freedoms, and disappointment regarding failed promises of modernisation and development. The uprising was not a direct response to Ayatollah Khomeini's call for revolution, but was inspired by the Iranian Revolution. The Organization of the Islamic Revolution in the Arabic Peninsula (OIR or OIRAP), a regional activist organisation who had connections with Iran was involved in the events of the uprising. The organisation ran a radio station from Iran and had an office in Tehran. It encouraged Shia resistance and demands for the addressing of social and political concerns.

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from Iran, with a non-violent but radical rhetoric, criticising and deeming the Saudi government illegitimate. Between 1982 and mid-1984, hundreds of OIRAP sympathisers were arrested mainly for the distribution of movement literature, the writing of graffiti, fundraising and attempts at large-scale mobilisation, until 1985 when a mass arrest dismantled its internal organisation in Saudi Arabia. The "hajj incident" of 1987 led to the exacerbation of tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran and the OIRAP decided to shift its operations out of Iran to avoid getting caught up in the animosity. OIRAP refused to create a military wing and carry out attacks in Saudi Arabia against the state when the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps urged it to do so.

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state did not get realised. Tensions in the Eastern Province had been building up for years and erupted during the 2011 Arab Spring, but remained confined to Qatif and the Eastern Province within Saudi Arabia. Shia representatives, leaders and notables, among them Khat al-Imam sided with the government and asked the population to stop the protests to preserve sectarian peace, which eventually happened. The protests were accompanied by arrests, violence and demanded democracy, Islam unity and the release of political prisoners. Loyalty of the Shia was questioned and the Saudi state blamed Iran.

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demanded the deportation of all political refugees who live in Qatar to their countries of origin, freezing their assets, providing any desired information about their residency, movements, and finances, and revoking their Qatari citizenship if naturalized. They also demanded that Qatar be forbidden from granting citizenship to any additional fugitives. Upon Qatar's rejection of these demands, the countries involved announced that the blockade would remain in place until Qatar changed its policies. On 24 August 2017, Qatar announced that they would restore full diplomatic relations with Iran.

3067: 611: 415: 49: 792: 584: 191: 5615: 3036:. In anticipation of the withdrawal, Iran indicated it would continue to pursue closer ties to Russia and China, with Ayatollah Khamenei stating in February 2018: "In foreign policy, the top priorities for us today include preferring East to West." The unilateral decision by the United States drew concerns of increased tensions with Russia and China, both of which are parties to the nuclear agreement. It also heightened tensions in the Middle East, raising the risk of a larger military conflict breaking out involving Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. 699: 9014:. "The Safavis also institutionalised what was to be another central defining difference between Arabs and Persians, the predominance of Shi'ite Islam in Iran. This made formal the religious difference between Arabs and Persians that had been smouldering since the early years of Islam. In subsequent nationalist rhetoric the Iranians could be seen as shu'ûbiyyin, defectors from both Arabism and the orthodox faith, while in Khomeini's rhetoric Saddam was associated with Yazid, the Umayyad tyrant who killed Hussain at Karbala in 680AD" 2715: 5105:

Syria and Yemen. In the ensuing years, Iran sought to expand its influence over Afghanistan. It provided limited support to the Taliban as a potential means of increasing leverage with the Afghan central government and creating a deterrent to conflict with the United States, although the support waned amid growing backlash in Afghanistan against perceived Iranian interference. Iran has also sought to expand soft influence by building pro-Iranian schools, mosques, and media centers, and by maintaining close ties with Afghanistan's

4734: 2547: 935: 177: 475: 263: 3357: 20680: 275: 2737:(Arabic word for pilgrimage) to Mecca further inflamed tensions. Tehran blamed the Saudi government for the tragedy and accused them of incompetence, which Riyadh rejected. In May 2016 Iran suspended participation in the upcoming Hajj. In September, Saudi Arabia launched a 24-hour Persian language satellite channel to broadcast the Hajj proceedings from 10 to 15 September. Ayatollah Khamenei accused Riyadh of politicizing the Hajj tragedy and argued that Saudi Arabia should not be running the pilgrimage. 14354: 1027: 164: 24660: 24101: 23179: 21812: 962: 658: 25022: 632: 599: 24650: 20601: 19377: 24091: 5601: 560: 1504: 1487: 1470: 1453: 1400: 1389: 1378: 1361: 1340: 1321: 500: 451: 5629: 370: 14358: 25532: 25198: 24965: 24603: 24044: 23123: 21755: 19854: 19307: 251: 5381:(JCPOA) was signed in 2015. The deal raised concerns for Saudi Arabia, which saw it as a step toward reducing Iran's international isolation and potentially exacerbating the proxy conflict. However, Riyadh did not publicly denounce the deal at the time as Israel did. In 2018, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman stated that Saudi Arabia would move to obtain nuclear weapons if Iran's program is successful. He led a delegation to the United States to meet with 3695:

believe Houthis will become the "next Hezbollah" that operates close to Saudi territory. Moreover, Houthis have been supported in their fight against the Yemeni government through a gateway for arms and supplies smuggling from Iran through Somalia since 2015. Access to Somalia, as well as to Eritrea, together with control of Yemen's Red Sea coast through the Houthis, provided Iran's with an enhanced ability to threaten international shipping in the

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being restored between Iran and Saudi Arabia on 26 March 1991. Hizbullah al-Hijaz opposed the 1993 agreement between the mainly Shia opposition and the government, even when the government released Shia political prisoners and granted amnesty to those in exile, arguing that it would only support it if real gains for the Shia were achievable.The Khat al-Imam movement gained prominence briefly before the

2949:. Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir asserted that the missile was supplied by Iran and launched by Hezbollah militants from territory held by Houthi rebels in Yemen. Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman called it "direct military aggression by the Iranian regime" and said that it "may be considered an act of war against the kingdom". Also on 4 November, the Prime Minister of Lebanon resigned, sparking a 7030: 908: 227: 5007:, although Iran denied any involvement. In January 2016, Bahrain joined Saudi Arabia in cutting diplomatic ties with Tehran following the attacks on Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran. In November 2017, Bahrain called an explosion on its main oil pipeline "terrorist sabotage" linked to Iran, drawing a rebuke from Tehran. Saudi Arabia also referred to the incident as an "attack on the pipeline". 2616:(IMAFT) in December 2015 with the stated goal of combating terrorism. The coalition currently comprises 41 member states, all of which are led by Sunni-dominated governments. Shia-led Iran, Iraq, and Syria are notably excluded, something which has drawn concerns that the initiative is part of the Saudi effort to isolate Iran. Due to the decreasing importance of the 3394:, the main reasons for conflict in Syria were competition for regional power and sectarian divisions. The movement received support from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the US and Turkey with the aim of overthrowing the Assad government. These uprisings also facilitated the influence of right-wing religious groups and parties over the movement, eventually bringing about 16167: 4446:, which is very antagonistic to Iran. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia has also begun a systematic campaign to rewrite history, changing the Ottoman Caliphate into the occupier of Arabia; while it has also partially financed other megaprojects to counter the growing Turkish presence in Qatar, Sudan, Maghreb, Somalia, Kuwait, and Oman. 5160:. The largest amount comes from the 1.5 million Pakistanis working in Saudi Arabia who sent home about US$ 5.5 billion in remittances in 2017. There are also allegations of Saudi Arabia's financial grants to Pakistan's national laboratories that built Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. The Saudi monarchy also views the 2931:, claimed that Iran has intelligence proving Saudi Arabia's, Israel's, and the United States' involvement in the Tehran attack. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei later accused the United States of creating ISIL and of joining Saudi Arabia in funding and directing ISIL in addition to other terrorist organizations. 16163: 3706:, dividing the state between pro-Houthi forces supported by Iran and pro-Mansur forces supported by Saudi Arabia. The competition between the two countries has exacerbated the suffering of the Yemeni population, the half of which is deemed to be facing a "pre-famine condition", as reported by the UN in 2018. 2886:. During the subsequent crackdown the Saudi government demolished several historical sites and many other buildings and houses in Qatif. On 17 June, Iran announced that the Saudi coast guard had killed an Iranian fisherman. Soon after, Saudi authorities captured three Iranian citizens who they claimed were 7688: 5178:

At home, the Pakistani lawmakers have been levelling accusations at Iran of influencing Pakistani Shias to act as proxies to further Iranian interests in Pakistan. The Iranian government has been suspected of militarizing Shias amongst Pakistan's local population and promoting sectarian sentiments to

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supported greater discussion between Israel, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states, stating "It's time for the Middle East to have an axis of moderate countries," opposed to the network of Iranian allies and proxies. As of 2018, several sources described alleged intelligence ties between Saudi Arabia and

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Pakistan's relations with Saudi Arabia has been historically strong, and often Pakistan has feared Iran is trying to recruit its large Shi'a population to serve for Iran's military adventures, given by increasing number of vanishing Shi'as in Pakistan. Its link with Iran is also marred with a number

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Houthis can be considered to be similar in their response to Hamas, rather than Hezbollah, given the varying degrees of resources and support without actually responding to or informing Iran. In fact, Houthis took control of Sanaa in September 2014, despite Iran's advising restraint. Saudi officials

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In late October 2022, Saudi intelligence was shared to the U.S., warning of an imminent attack by Iran, which placed the GCC, Iraq, and Israel on high alert. The intelligence showed that Iran was allegedly planning to strike Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf. Iran denied these accusations and

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on Al-Jazeera and called for bombing of the network by a Saudi-led coalition. In late November 2017, IRGC commander Jafari said revolutionary Islamic paramilitary forces had formed across the Middle East and surrounding regions to counter the influence of ultraconservative militant jihadi groups and

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and the Eastern Province. Saudi Shia played an important role in the opposition but during the Gulf War the OIRAP remained loyal to Saudi Arabia. Rapprochement between the opposition and the government became possible after the death of Imam Khomeini and the end of the Gulf War, with diplomatic ties

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Throughout the 1980s, relations between the Shia and the state remained tense with hundreds of activists in exile as the Shia opposition relocated to Iran after 1979 in light of the then relevant conditions. The OIRAP focused on publishing, fundraising, and building a social movement in Saudi Arabia

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At the same time, Saraya al Ashtar reaffirmed its loyalty to the Islamic Republic of Iran. "We believe that the commander and ruler of the Islamic religion is the line of the two imams, Khomeini and Khamenei, which is in the original Muhammad approach in confronting the oppressors and fighting back

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resigned on 4 November 2017. The situation was seen as a power play by Saudi Arabia to increase its influence in Lebanon and counterbalance Iran's victories in Iraq and Syria. In a televised speech from Saudi Arabia, Hariri criticized Hezbollah and blamed Iran for causing "disorder and destruction"

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Following the onset of the Arab Winter, Bahrain accused Iran of orchestrating several domestic incidents as part of a campaign to destabilize the country. Tehran denied all allegations and accused the government of Bahrain of blaming its own internal problems on Iran after every incident. In August

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stated that Qatar was rich enough to withstand the blockade. As of 2020, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt have maintained the blockade, whereas all other countries mentioned above had rebuilt their relations with Qatar. The blockade ended in 2021 when the four countries and

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between Israel and Egypt. They were used for a range of different functions: from supporting economic activity through smuggling goods, but also weapons, to infiltration into Israeli territory, abductions and attacks on Israeli soldiers.The maze of tunnels provided access to homes, mosques, schools

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on 31 December 2019 in response to US airstrikes targeting Iran-backed militia. The airstrike was seen as a major escalation of tensions, and the government of Iran vowed revenge in response. Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif called the attack "an extremely dangerous and foolish escalation" and

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for years. The Crown Prince has referred to Iran, Turkey, and Islamic extremist groups as a "triangle of evil", and compared Supreme Leader Khamenei to Adolf Hitler. The populist, anti-Iranian rhetoric comes at a time of uncertainty over potential fallout from Mohammad bin Salman's consolidation of

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by Iraq, and, later, deliberate attacks on civilian targets. A special feature of the war can be seen in the Iranian cult of the martyr which had been developed in the years before the revolution. The discourses on martyrdom formulated in the Iranian Shiite context led to the tactics of "human wave

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Iran maintained its influence over Hizbullah al-Hijaz, but the mainstream of Saudi Shia distanced themselves from it once the Saudi government accepted the RMS as their representative. However, the political reforms and full recognition of Saudi Shia as Saudi citizens and their integration into the

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which was willing to ally with Iran and retaliate militarily. Its long-term political goal was the establishment of an Islamic republic in the Arabian Peninsula and advocated the overthrow of the Saudi government through violence, involving implicitly the separation of the Eastern Province of Saudi

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Likewise, since late 2010s, sign of Iranian–Russian friction emerged, following Iran's attempt to turn Bashar al-Assad to align with the Islamist ideology of the Iranian regime which opposed to Russia's desire for a secular state. Russia's attitude toward Iran is also becoming more negative due to

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However, the growing Turkish military, political, and economic expansions have caused some concern on the Saudi and Iranian sides. Iran considers Turkish military adventurism in Syria and its growing encounter against Iran in the Levant and Iraq as a challenge, not to mention its good relationship

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prompted international backlash against Saudi Arabia and Mohammad bin Salman. The Trump administration issued a statement reiterating its support for Saudi Arabia and blaming Iran for the war in Yemen. The United States Senate responded to the president by passing bipartisan resolutions condemning

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Upon taking the throne in 2015, King Salman made significant changes in domestic policy in an effort to address growing unemployment and economic uncertainty. Such economic pressures further affected the regional dynamic in 2016. Russia, which had long maintained ties with Iran, also sought closer

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As of 10 March 2023, diplomatic relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia have been restored due to Chinese-Iraqi brokered talks, which according to reuters, could have positive implications in the political climate of the Middle East. The deal was concluded after Iranian agreement to stop

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initiative as a framework. However, he placed the blame on Saudi Arabia and its sponsorship of Wahhabism for instability in the Middle East. He argued that Wahhabism was the fundamental ideology shared among terrorist groups in the Middle East, and that it has been "devastating in its impact". He

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benefited Iran, which had previously been on the brink of war with the group. The regime change removed Iran's primary threat along its eastern borders, and the removal of Saddam Hussein two years later further bolstered its position, allowing it to refocus its efforts on other areas, especially

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rejected the claim, instead highlighting human rights abuses committed in the crackdown. The protests, along with the Iran nuclear deal, strained Bahrain's relationship with the United States. Bahrain has sought closer ties with Russia as a result, but this has been limited due to Saudi Arabia's

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In response to the Arab Spring in 2011, the GCC governments sought to maintain their power through social reform, economic handouts, and violent repression. Member states also distributed a share of their combined oil wealth to Bahrain and Oman to maintain stability. Saudi-led GCC forces quickly

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in 2003 caused a power vacuum in the region. With the antagonistic Ba'athist regime removed, Iran sought a more friendly Shia-dominated government and supported sympathetic rebel factions as part of an effort to undermine the coalition, which Iran feared would install a government hostile to its

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is a member of the GCC and thus, maintains a close relationship with Saudi Arabia. However, unlike the majority of GCC countries, Oman does not perceive Iran as a threat. Oman has long promoted itself as the main stabilizing force amidst the intensified Iranian–Saudi conflict and often prefers a

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became the first Saudi head of state to visit Russia, heralding possible political change. Since then, Saudi Arabia and Russia have started to support each other in various conflicts in Syria and Libya, with Saudi Arabia supported Russian intervention in Syria, while Russia and Saudi Arabia have

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in August 2018 despite opposition from European allies. The Trump administration also pushed for a military alliance with Sunni Arab states to act as a bulwark against Iran. The plan in consideration would establish a "Middle East Strategic Alliance" with six GCC states in addition to Jordan and

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The newspaper quoted the former intelligence officer, who introduced himself under a pseudonym "Jason J", as saying that Doha has been funding the Houthi militia over the past few years "directly" with the aim of attacking Saudi Arabia. The Austrian newspaper stated that the files of the former

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The Iraqi government remains particularly influenced by Iran, and consults with it on most matters. As of 2018 Iran has become Iraq's top trading partner, with an annual turnover of approximately US$ 12 billion compared to the US$ 6 billion in trade between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In addition to

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created a year earlier to fight ISIL. The competing military actions were seen as part of a larger proxy conflict between the United States and Russia. However, Russia's tie with Saudi Arabia has become increasingly warmed since 2010s despite numerous differences, thus sometimes affected Iran's

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when some Shia became disillusioned with the agreement. After the attack on the Khobar Towers in 1996 a widespread mass arrest campaign was carried out imprisoning many of its members and individuals associated with it and members of the Hizbullah al-Hijaz, even when the organisation denied its

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Pakistan is a major partner of Saudi Arabia, but is also a neighbor of Iran, sharing historical ties as well. Prior to 1979, the three countries formed a moderate relationship and acted as responsible Muslim states. However, since 1979, Pakistan has fallen into sectarian discord due to growing

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The bloc sought a guarantee that Qatar will in the future align in all matters with other Gulf states, discuss all of its decisions with them, and provide regular reports on its activity (monthly for the first year, quarterly for the second, and annually for the following ten years). They also

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to Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei called for regional cooperation against the U.S. However, following discussions between Sheikh Tamim and President Rouhani, Tamim concluded that de-escalation and dialogue were the only means to resolve the regional crises. In response to the increased tensions, the

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On 16 September, the US told Saudi Arabia that it had concluded that Iran was a staging ground for the September attack. The US raised the prospect of a joint retaliatory strike on Iran, an action which would potentially broaden into a regional conflict. Saudi Arabia said its investigation was

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These uprisings across the Arab world caused political instability throughout the region. In response, Saudi Arabia called for the formation of a Gulf Union to deepen ties among the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a political and economic bloc founded in 1981. The proposal

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saw a chance to achieve their goals but the new regime crushed this attempt. Initially the protests demanded the cessation of discrimination against Iranian Arabs and involved other long-standing grievances, but tensions escalated and one hundred Arabs died in the resulting riot. In April 2005

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The direct trigger of the Qatif uprising following the 1979 Iranian Revolution was a mourning procession marking the Shia religious holiday of Ashura, which was prohibited to be celebrated publicly in Saudi Arabia. The ensuing marches and protests led to escalating tensions resulting in bloody

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Extremist movements throughout the Middle East have also become a major division between Iran and Saudi Arabia. During the Cold War, Saudi Arabia funded extremist militants in part to bolster resistance to the Soviet Union at the behest of the United States, and later to combat Shia movements

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Europe. The conflict also shares similarities with the Arab Cold War between Egypt and Saudi Arabia in the 1950s and 1960s. Influence was judged by each state's ability to affect the affairs of neighboring countries, non-state actors played significant roles, and disunity in both camps led to

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While they all share concern over Iran, the Sunni Arab governments both within and outside of the GCC have long disagreed on political Islam. Saudi Arabia's Wahhabi religious establishment and its top-down bureaucracy differ from some of its allies such as Qatar, which promotes populist Sunni

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The war threatens Iran's position, and Saudi Arabia and its allies have sided with Sunni rebels in part to weaken Iran. For years Iranian forces have been involved on the ground, with soldiers in Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps facing heavy casualties. In 2014, with no end in sight to the

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Iran aims to use Hezbollah as proxy model to establish throughout Africa. Hezbollah already possesses support in West Africa, given the large presence of Lebanese diaspora. Moreover, the group was also used by Iran in the arming and training of insurgents in Nigeria, and has been engaged in

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But with its large Shi'ite minority and a nearly 900-kilometer (560 mile) border with Iran, Islamabad has largely stayed neutral in Middle East tensions. It declined a Saudi call a few years back to join the military alliance fighting the Houthi insurgents in Yemen, winning praise from

12160:"Relations between Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia continue in the shadows, with reports of senior Israeli officials regularly visiting the Gulf States. Israeli cabinet ministers have openly visited the UAE and Oman, with more set to take place in the future." 2846:

on Iran, which would potentially benefit Riyadh. Iran feared the return of economic isolation, and President Hassan Rouhani made efforts to establish further international economic participation for the country by signing oil deals with Western companies before Trump took office.

5201:, constitutes another proxy in the conflict. It constitutes another asset that could enable Iran in disrupting Sunni States in West Africa. Thus, Saudi Arabia by supporting the Nigerian government in its suppressing efforts, and by providing support to rival Sunni groups such as 3665:, constitutes another proxy in the conflict. It constitutes another asset that could enable Iran in disrupting Sunni States in West Africa. Thus, Saudi Arabia by supporting the Nigerian government in its suppressing efforts, and by providing support to rival Sunni groups such as 5314:

in 1970 and 1988 respectively, a potential nuclear arms race has been a concern for years. Both governments claim that their programs are for peaceful purposes, but foreign governments and organizations have accused both of taking steps to obtain nuclear weapons capabilities.

2875:, the home of Nimr al-Nimr, in a clash with Shia militants. Dozens of Shia civilians were reportedly killed. Residents are not allowed to enter or leave, and military indiscriminately shells the neighborhoods with artillery fire and snipers are reportedly shooting residents. 4655:, which began in 2011. Iran and the GCC states have provided varying degrees of military and financial support to opposing sides, with Iran backing the government and Saudi Arabia supporting rebel militants. Syria is an important part of Iran's sphere of influence, and the 5520:

Under the deal, the countries would restore agreements related to security, trade, and culture. Under the agreement both countries agreed to respect the other's sovereignty and not interfere in the internal affairs of the other. The rapprochement deal was concluded after

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Meanwhile, during the Gulf War OIRAP changed its name to Shia Reform Movement (RMS) and its strategy with it, shifting away from the Islamic and Shia discourse and moving towards pro-democracy and pro-human rights activism with government opposition concentrated in

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As of 2017, the rivalry is primarily a political and economic struggle exacerbated by religious differences, and sectarianism in the region is exploited by both countries for geopolitical purposes as part of a larger conflict. Iran sees itself as the leading

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On March 16, 2022, Yemen's Houthi rebels said that negotiations with the Saudi-led coalition would be welcome if the site was a neutral country, such as the Gulf states, and that the top goal would be to relieve "arbitrary" restrictions on Yemeni ports and

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said that Iran was behind the attack, a charge which Iran denied. Saudi Arabia and the US were reportedly investigating whether the attacks involved cruise missiles launched from Iran or Iraq. US officials had previously concluded that the attack on the

5074:. Afghanistan shares ties with Iran through the Persian language, but is strategically important to Saudi Arabia. After the Cold War, Saudi policy shifted from fighting the spread of communism to containing Iranian influence in South and Central Asia. 2790:

in January 2016. He stated that Iran deserved the opportunity to reach its pre-sanction levels of output. In what was seen as a significant compromise, Saudi Arabia offered to reduce its oil production if Iran capped its own output by the end of 2016.

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For Iran, "Palestine" is only one part of a complex strategy aimed at Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria, and Lebanon; each arena has its own blueprint, a toolbox of hostile insurgency actions and the guidance of Hezbollah, the Quds Force and well-trained

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from the new Iraqi government and to disband the Iraqi Army undermined the occupation effort. The orders empowered various insurgent factions and weakened the new government's functional capabilities, leaving Iraq vulnerable to future instability.

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have been strained since the beginning of the Arab Spring. Qatar has been a focus of controversy in the Saudi-Iranian rivalry due to Saudi Arabia's longstanding concern about the country's relationship with Iran and Iranian-backed militant groups.

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More recently, then-Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif first declared neutrality in Yemen's ongoing conflict between a Saudi-led coalition and Iranian-backed Houthi militants in 2015. Sharif's successor, Prime Minister Khan, has continued that

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On March 20, 2022, according to the Saudi energy ministry and official media, Yemen's Iran-aligned Houthi militia fired missiles and drones against Saudi energy and water desalination facilities, causing a short dip in output at a refinery but no

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Saudi Arabia together with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt and Bahrain, restored bilateral relations with Qatar on January 5, 2021. Diplomatic and trade ties were severed and a land, sea and air blocked on Qatar were imposed in June 2017.

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due to possible Iranian influence and Lebanon's refusal to condemn the attack on Saudi embassy. Furthermore, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates advised all their citizens not to travel to Lebanon and urged them to leave immediately.

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Conversely, the majority of the funding and equipment for the rebels by the Saudi state was transported through Jordan, together with the provision of ideological support. The rebellion was thus legitimised with the issuing by Saudi and other

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further achieve its goals. According to the Pakistani intelligence assessments, many Pakistani Shias have also been suspected of traveling to parts of the Middle East including Syria and Lebanon to fight on behalf of the Iranian government.

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The union would have centralized Saudi influence in the region by giving it greater control over military, economic, and political matters affecting member states. With the exception of Bahrain, members rejected the proposed federation, as

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Saudi Arabia under King Salman has adopted a more assertive foreign policy, particularly reflected in the country's intervention in Yemen in 2015 and its involvement in Lebanon in 2017. This has continued with the June 2017 appointment of

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The report said that experts were investigating efforts by the North Korean Ministry of Military Equipment and Korea Mining Development Trading Corporation (KOMID) to supply conventional arms and ballistic missiles to Yemen's Houthi

9966:"Resolution of the State Duma, 2 December 2003 N 3624-III GD "on the Application of the State Duma of the Russian Federation" on the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation" 6407:

The Arab world's biggest powers cut ties with Qatar on Monday, accusing it of support for Islamist militants and Iran, and reopening a festering wound two weeks after U.S. President Donald Trump's demand for Muslim states to fight

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or 2014–15 coup d'état, supported by Iran while Saudi Arabia was attempting to restore the central government through a military campaign. Since the uprising, they have evolved into a well-organised and equipped militia in Yemen.

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to take refuge in the country, tensions between Iran and Albania increased. Since 2018, Albania has accused Iran of hounding Iranian dissidents and has expelled several Iranian diplomats. In January 2020, following the death of

23135: 3098:. In the wake of growing tensions, Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif stated that Iran sought good relations with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and their allies, and called on them to end their dispute with Qatar. 4437:

has long seen Iran's expansions as threats but also perceived Saudi Arabia's influence with a similar reception, and is seeking to build itself as an alternative replacement to both Saudi and Iranian influences, to a degree.

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n July 9, Prince Turki bin Faisal, former Saudi intelligence head, unprecedentedly attended a rally for the notorious Iranian opposition group Mujahedeen Khalq (MEK) and called for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of

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On June 2, 2022, Yemen's warring sides agreed to extend a U.N.-brokered truce for another two months on the same terms as the previous agreement, which was set to expire on June 2, according to the United Nations envoy to

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released a statement saying that "the brutality and stupidity of American terrorist forces in assassinating Commander Soleimani... will undoubtedly make the tree of resistance in the region and the world more prosperous."

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Saudi Arabia has become increasingly concerned about the United States' commitment as an ally and security guarantor. The American foreign policy pivot to Asia, its lessening reliance on Saudi oil, and the potential of

19333: 13357:"Hezbollah and the Houthis are linked by a mutual sympathy of two Shi'ite organizations, each working in their arena. This cooperation is part of a system that is headed by Tehran. This is the right way to look at it," 4694:, providing elite forces, intelligence gathering, and training. Iran also backs pro-Assad Hezbollah fighters. Although Iran and Saudi Arabia agreed in 2015 to participate in peace talks in Vienna in participation with 2855:

In May 2017, President Trump declared a shift in US foreign policy toward favoring Saudi Arabia at Iran's expense, marking a departure from President Obama's more reconciliatory approach. This move came days after the

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ties to Saudi Arabia. In September 2016, the two nations conducted informal talks about cooperating on oil production. Both had been heavily affected by the collapse of oil prices and considered the possibility of an

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Iran denied on Wednesday it posed a threat to Saudi Arabia, after the Wall Street Journal reported that Riyadh had shared intelligence with the United States warning of an imminent attack from Iran on targets in the

10235: 4577:'s forces in Libya. In addition, Saudi Arabia and Russia are also becoming more antagonistic to Iranian ambitions in the Middle East, as revealed by their secret cooperation alongside Israel and Jordan against Iran. 24646: 17815:"Sources of Tension in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective Exploring Iran & Saudi Arabia's Interests in Afghanistan & Pakistan: Stakeholders or Spoilers - A Zero Sum Game? PART 1: SAUDI ARABIA" 6653: 24721: 13491:

The summary also accuses North Korea of violating a UN arms embargo and supplying small arms, light weapons and other military equipment to Libya, Sudan, and Houthi rebels in Yemen, through foreign intermediaries.

5454:. However, the Saudi minister threatened to nullify the negotiations and following agreement if Iran were to obtain nuclear weapons. In January 2023, the Saudi foreign ministers Al Saud speaking at a panel at the 24087: 3728:

On April 1, 2022, the warring parties in Yemen's seven-year conflict have agreed to a statewide truce for the first time in years, allowing fuel imports into Houthi-held areas and certain planes to operate from

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in the United States in 2016 prompted uncertainty from both countries about future US policy in the Middle East, as both were targets of criticism during his campaign. The Saudi government anticipated that the

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Saudi Arabia remained more passive during the occupation of Iraq, taking caution to preserve its relations with the United States by avoiding any direct support of Sunni insurgent groups. Riyadh supported the

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intelligence man contain accurate details of Qatar's funding over the years for the Lebanese Hezbollah militias and the Muslim Brotherhood, which reveals the seriousness of the role Qatar plays in the region.

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An Iraqi militia has claimed responsibility for two suicide drones fired at Riyadh earlier this week — and vowed to do it again. The new group suggested Saudis should be sleeping with one eye open from now

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was viewed by Saudi leadership as an immediate threat, and as an opportunity for Iran to gain a foothold in the region. In March 2015, a Saudi-led coalition of Arab states, including all GCC members except

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On April 28, 2022, as part of a humanitarian move, the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen said that it would release 163 prisoners from Yemen's Iran-aligned Houthi militia who fought against the kingdom.

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which lasted for eight years and killed hundreds of thousands. Saddam had reportedly secured Saudi support for Iraq's war effort during an August 1980 visit he made to Saudi Arabia. This was in addition to

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during the First and Second Chechen Civil Wars in the 1990s, in which Russia has fought against them. In recent years however, Saudi Arabia has shifted its diplomacy to become friendlier to Russia, with

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donned riot gear and arrested 40 people during the incident. In response, Saudi Arabia, along with its allies, Bahrain, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, and the Comoros cut diplomatic ties with Iran. Iran's

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to provide support for the Assad government and to target rebel groups, working together with Iran and using Iranian air bases to stage air strikes. It also joined Iran, Iraq, and Syria in forming a

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rioting and clashes between protesters and security forces erupted in Ahvaz once again. The reason for the uproar was the government's alleged intention to change Khuzestan's ethnic composition. The

1581: 7140: 2168:. The revolutionaries called for the overthrow of monarchies and secular governments to be replaced with Islamic republics, much to the alarm of the region's Sunni-run Arab monarchies Saudi Arabia, 7351: 5810: 25291: 23165: 15655: 14380: 5366:

reported that Pakistan and Saudi Arabia had entered a secret agreement on nuclear cooperation to provide the Saudis with nuclear weapons technology in return for access to cheap oil for Pakistan.

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In February 2018, Saudi Arabia, acting on behalf of the GCC, joined China and Turkey in opposing a US-led initiative to place Pakistan on an international terror-financing watch list through the

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rebels with money, training, and arms shipments beginning in 2009. However, the degree of support has been subject to debate, and accusations of greater involvement have been denied by Iran. The

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announced the formation of a new multinational task force to target arms smuggling in Yemeni waterways, being the latest American military response to Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

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Several major developments occurring in November 2017 drew concerns that that proxy conflict might escalate into a direct military confrontation between Iran and Saudi Arabia. On 4 November the

21464: 21313: 8834: 3964:, an alliance of Sunni Arab States of the Gulf region including Saudi Arabia, has often been described as a Saudi headed alliance to counter Iran, which engaged pro-Saudi interests in Bahrain. 1762: 1670: 22641: 22132: 4625:. In 2019, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan, during a visit to Tehran, said that he was trying promote talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia to defuse the tension between the two countries. 2446:, it made limited progress and was quickly repelled; Iran regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982. For the next six years, Iran was on the offensive until near the end of the war. 2277:

initially congratulated Iran and stated that "Islamic solidarity" could be the basis of closer relations between the two countries, but relations worsened substantially over the next decade.

419: 21798: 15244: 24978: 15729: 23775: 21990: 19363: 13456: 5403: 4213: 3279:(MEAD) in June 2022 with the purpose of countering Iran. Israel stated delegations from the U.A.E, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the U.S. participated in broker talks. 10911: 25115: 24831: 22467: 5360:. In 2003 it was reported that Saudi Arabia had taken the "strategic decision" to acquire "off-the-shelf" atomic weapons from Pakistan, according to senior American officials. In 2003, 3138:

ongoing, but officials alleged that Iranian weapons were used in the strikes and that the attacks were not launched from Yemen. The claims were made without supporting evidence. Iran's

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came to power in 2015, Saudi Arabia has increasingly moved from its traditional Wahhabist ideological approach to a nationalist one, and has adopted a more aggressive foreign policy.

2250:. The organization is dedicated to spreading Islam and fostering Islamic solidarity under the Saudi purview, and has been successful in promoting Islam, particularly the conservative 4281:, with the U.S. and the GCC accusing Iran of funding and militarizing its proxies and Shia groups within Iraq. The highest point of mutual distrust happened in 2005 after details of 3025:

plan, Mohammad bin Salman is pursuing American investment to aid efforts to diversify Saudi Arabia's economy away from oil. The reforms also include moving the country away from the

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WWE are due to host another edition of the Crown Jewel premium live event in Saudi Arabia this weekend but there are concerns due to the threat of a strike on the country from Iran

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in 2014. Iran mobilized Shia militia groups to halt and ultimately push back the advancing Sunni insurgency, though the resurgence of ISIL in Iraq remains more than a possibility.

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reflected the Saudi government's preoccupation with preventing potential uprisings by disenfranchised minorities in the Gulf monarchies as well as its regional rivalry with Iran.

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members plotting a terrorist attack on an offshore Saudi oilfield. Iran denied the claim, saying that those captured are regular fishermen and demanding their immediate release.

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has hosted five rounds of direct talks between the two nations, which cut diplomatic ties in 2016. The 6th round of talks on a ministerial level stalled, but after a meeting in

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announced in 2002 and re-endorsed in 2007 and 2013 to bring about a comprehensive peace accord with Israel. Saudi Arabia strengthened ties with Israel in 2018 when Crown Prince

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to take greater action to maintain the status quo, particularly within Bahrain and other bordering states, with a new foreign policy described as a "21st century version of the

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Yemen's Houthi-led National Salvation Government (NSG) has appointed a new ambassador to Syria, one of the countries alongside Iran which recognises the Sanaa-based government.

3699:. An instances of this capacity was constituted by the several attacks on U.S. and coalition vessels that were set in motion from the Yemeni side of the Bab al-Mandeb in 2016. 3683:

Iran and its allies North Korea, Syria, Iraq, Qatar, Hezbollah, and Venezuela are known to have provided political, economical, diplomatic, and military support to the Houthis

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Military tensions between Iran and the United States escalated in 2019 amid a series of confrontations involving the US, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. Attacks on oil tankers in the

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went so far as to proclaim "Let us rid the world of Wahhabism" and asserted that, despite arguments otherwise, Wahhabism was the true cause of the Iran–Saudi Arabia rivalry.

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On March 26, 2022, the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen gave the Iran-aligned Houthis a three-hour ultimatum to withdraw weaponry from Sanaa's airport and the two Red Sea ports.

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participated in the Jeddah Security and Development Summit (JSDS). In the summit, members called on Iran to stop intervening in other countries' affairs, and U.S. President

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Defense minister hints at report on US-led talks between Israel, Saudi Arabia, and others to counter Tehran's missiles and drones; stresses opposition to 'bad nuclear deal'

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In 2008, Saudi Arabia proposed creating an Arab force backed by US and NATO air and sea power to intervene in Lebanon and destroy Iranian-backed Hezbollah, according to a

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The United States intervened in October 2016 after missiles were fired at a US warship, which was in place to protect oil shipments along the sea lane passing through the

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announced an agreement in which it would represent Saudi interests in Iran and Iranian interests in Saudi Arabia. The two countries had severed relations in January 2016.

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signaled that both countries would be "open to more dialogue". Despite increased rhetoric by Iran against Saudi Arabia, the Saudis support efforts to revive the stalled

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Saudi Arabia and Iran have sought to extend their influence in Bahrain for decades. While the majority of Muslims in Bahrain are Shia, the country is ruled by the Sunni

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At the same time, Syria remained the "primary hub in Iran's power projection in the Levant" and has coordinated, and played a facilitator role over, Iran's links with

18378: 17647: 14971: 5175:. This move came days after Prime Minister Imran Khan went onto to deploy ~1,000 military troops to the Gulf kingdoms for what it described as an "advisory mission". 5113:

populations. Originally Iran support the central government against the Taliban, which was still funded by Saudi Arabia in the months following 9/11. However, due to

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In April 2023, Saudi Arabia had freed more than a dozen Houthi detainees ahead of a wider prisoner release agreed upon by the warring sides. The deal was brokered by

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supported by Iran. The support had the unintended effect of metastasizing extremism throughout the region. The Saudi government now considers extremist groups like

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abandoned claims after negotiations with the United Kingdom. The Iranian Revolution led to resumed interest in Bahraini affairs. In 1981, the front organization

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is one of the main groups in the Middle East to be described as an 'Iranian proxy'. Hezbollah fights alongside Iranian troops in Syria and supports the Houthis.

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Nigeria's government has taken the controversial decision to ban a pro-Iranian Shia group, accusing it of unleashing violence and being an "enemy of the state".

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stated that Iran would remain in the deal if the remaining parties did the same, but was otherwise vague on how the country would respond to the US decision.

2457:. The government has also used American hostility to justify foreign and domestic policies, including its nuclear program and crackdowns on internal dissent. 26793: 25008: 24072: 23626: 22952: 22609: 18183: 14318: 9965: 9109: 6565: 6368:

Venezuela is the most disastrously oil-dependent state in the world. Oil accounts for 96 per cent of exports and more than 40 per cent of government revenues

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coalition. Qatar's defense minister Khalid bin Mohammed Al Attiyah called the blockade akin to a bloodless declaration of war, and Qatar's finance minister

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and blocked their airspace and sea routes, in addition to Saudi Arabia blocking the only land crossing. The reasons cited were Qatar's relations with Iran,

3568:. Hezbollah is funded by Iran, Syria, Qatar, and Iraq, and was formerly supported by Sudan. Hezbollah is also considered as a terrorist organization by the 3429:

comprising Afghan Shi'ites. Iranian assistance also came under the shape of communication and intelligence monitoring technologies of the most recent type.

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seen as part of a Saudi effort to counteract Iran's influence in the country. Bahrain also blamed a 10 November explosion on its main oil pipeline on Iran.

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The two countries announced the resumption of relations on 10 March 2023, following a deal brokered by China. The agreement was signed by secretary of the

4034: 3906: 2760: 2750: 2674:, which as of 2015 is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain, Egypt, Russia, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. 25346: 18355: 17814: 16987: 15498: 12049: 8729: 8704: 7105: 6158: 5802: 2357:

and Iran's oil infrastructure. They allegedly perpetrated a bombing in 2013 in Ahvaz, and their latest operation was attacking a military parade in 2018.

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American support for Iraq during the war had profound effects on Iran. The United States' defense of Saddam and its role in blocking investigations into

15213: 14681: 6398: 5145:, and the Muslim population is predominantly Sunni with about 10–15% Shia adherents. The Saudi Arabia enjoys a strong public support from the country's 25684: 25679: 25616: 25611: 25233: 23209: 23199: 22283: 18844: 18655: 14079: 13077: 5311: 3421:(IRGC-QF), intervened in the Syrian crisis by sending thousands of Iranians and by recruiting and training Shi'ites from other states. These, included 2350: 2322:

involvement. However, it vowed to continue its struggle against the government and denounced the 1993 deal, even if most of its members were arrested.

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to undermine their sovereignty while fighting in proxy warfare. This caused Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf allies to turn to the U.S. for support.

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Pakistan is economically dependent on oil imports from Saudi Arabia, a key strategic ally but shares some historical cultural ties with Iran. The

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On May 12, 2022, three officials stated that Yemen's government has agreed to enable Houthi-issued passport holders to travel outside the country.

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the assassination and voting to end United States aid to Saudi Arabia for the war in Yemen, though the measures were considered largely symbolic.

27318: 26702: 26558: 24993: 24540: 24189: 20883: 20582: 19690: 19548: 19148: 19004: 17921: 15371: 14632: 10839: 8299: 5335: 5331: 5172: 4859: 4798: 4069: 3485:. Hamas initiated a program of tunnel building to overcome the physical isolation. The history of these tunnels goes back as far as prior to the 2652: 15793: 14553: 13640: 13452: 11119: 9135:

Amiri, Reza Ekhtiari; Ku Hasnita Binti Ku Samsu; Hassan Gholipour Fereidouni (2011). "The Hajj and Iran's Foreign Policy towards Saudi Arabia".

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After eight years, war-weariness, economic problems, decreased morale, repeated Iranian military failures, recent Iraqi successes, Iraqi use of

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Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

26820: 26166: 25100: 24804: 24743: 23990: 23755: 22413: 22393: 22363: 22251: 21852: 21847: 21783: 21607: 21542: 21444: 17436: 14297: 14209: 13052: 12877: 8383: 8063:...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight. 4343: 4248: 3181: 2893: 16220: 15703: 9990: 8477: 27644: 26858: 25153: 24809: 24748: 24562: 24509: 24499: 23282: 22559: 21650: 21469: 19521: 19348: 19310: 18972: 18837: 18426: 17842: 16933: 16724: 15406: 13529: 9746: 9614:"Iran Asks Overthrow of Saudi Rulers Over Riots: Tehran Stand on Mecca Clash Adds to Tensions; Police Accused of Following U.S. Instructions" 6251: 5652: 5236: 4175: 3237: 2621: 16385: 14105: 13149: 12133: 11281: 9669: 8882: 8782: 6532: 5832: 3746:

On May 6, 2022, the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen said on Friday it transported more than 100 freed inmates to Yemen in conjunction with the

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UN experts point to "Iranian manufactured Dehlavieh anti-tank guided missile system in possession of an armed group affiliated to the GNA".

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family – who are widely viewed as being subservient to the Saudi government. Iran claimed sovereignty over Bahrain until 1970, when Shah

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The Taliban need both Iran-Saudi rivalry and their recognition and assistance in reconstructing Afghanistan's devastated infrastructure.

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The complex nature of economic and security concerns, ideological division, and intertwined alliances has also drawn comparisons to pre-

2688:. These differences make it unlikely that the Sunni world could unite against both Iran and terrorism, despite shared opposition. Since 2670:. Qatar has also drawn criticism from neighboring Sunni countries for its support of controversial transnational organizations like the 27729: 27719: 27351: 26066: 25664: 25406: 25201: 25105: 24986: 24924: 23404: 23394: 23027: 23012: 22977: 22947: 22717: 22584: 22425: 21692: 20575: 19825: 19805: 19477: 19258: 18928: 17632: 17610: 16669: 15545: 15335: 11398: 11307: 10508: 9851: 8104: 7918: 6055: 4821:. Under the rule of Saddam Hussein, Iraq was hostile to both Iran and Saudi Arabia and acted as a counterbalancing regional power. The 4455: 4142: 2917: 20536: 18403: 13113: 12325: 11727: 9275:. Georgetown University. Center for Peace and Security Studies. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 230–231, 233. 7199: 6450: 6019: 5029:

government "combined with Iranian actions in Iraq and on the Palestinian front would be a disaster for the US and the entire region".

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Saudi Arabia's image as the leader of the Muslim world was undermined in 1979 with the rise of Iran's new theocratic government under

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Saudi Arabia countered Russia's intervention in Syria by increasing its support for the rebels and supplying American-made anti-tank

3245: 3203: 2759:. Protesters of the executions responded by demonstrating in Iran's capital, Tehran. That same day a few protesters would eventually 2396: 255: 16316: 13131: 12403: 11044: 10366: 8411: 7225: 5744: 3765:

and will include future releases of more Houthi prisoners in an effort to normalize political and economic relations in the region.

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Apart from the Iran–Iraq War, Iran and Saudi Arabia engaged in tense competition elsewhere, supporting opposing armed groups in the

2029:. In a broader sense, the term is also used in reference to the historical ethnic tensions which have existed for centuries between 27649: 27109: 26357: 24690: 24654: 24194: 24146: 24022: 23790: 23399: 22997: 20717: 20597: 19857: 19341: 15755: 15527: 12354: 10963: 7744: 6283: 5970: 5885: 5350: 4728: 4209: 3747: 3264: 2830: 13354: 10070: 8050: 5385:

officials to discuss mutual concerns, including a potential US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear agreement. In April 2018, Israeli

2988: 2487:, lack of international sympathy, and increased U.S.–Iran military tension all led to a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations. 27749: 27734: 27267: 26278: 25753: 25184: 24919: 24882: 24779: 24716: 24572: 24535: 24468: 24095: 23985: 23890: 23785: 23204: 23022: 22326: 21758: 21424: 21085: 20654: 20234: 19882: 19752: 19607: 19210: 19065: 18677: 18596: 17588: 16087: 13606: 10044: 8522: 7985: 5924: 5777: 5067: 4771: 4724: 3143: 3071: 2443: 1767: 27341: 18278: 16109: 14859: 14711: 13393: 13171: 12303: 10738: 9525: 8966: 7640: 7387: 6420: 6039: 4971:

is viewed by Riyadh as a security concern. Any political gains by the Shia in Bahrain are seen by the Saudis as gains for Iran.

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While the majority of Muslims in Iraq are Shia, the country has been ruled for decades by Sunni-dominated governments under the

4602:

attempt by Iran and Saudi Arabia to spread influence to the country, with Pakistan having a balance of Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.

4411:

Jordan has historically been on the Saudi bloc despite its slight rivalry. Jordan and Iran have sour relations with each other.

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The long-term strategic interest of Iran in Syria was secured as the presumed victory of Bashar al-Assad and his allies against

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reported that the president of a Quran council and two cousins of executed Nimr al-Nimr were killed by Saudi security forces in

2418:

Hussein attempted to take advantage of revolutionary unrest in Iran and quell the revolution in its infancy. Fearing a possible

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North Korea's military support for Houthi rebels in Yemen is the latest manifestation of its support for anti-American forces.

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Private Saudi citizens are giving millions of dollars to Sunni insurgents in Iraq and much of the money is used to buy weapons

4959:

Sunni states have long feared that Iran might stir up unrest among regional Shia minority populations, especially in Bahrain.

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stoked tensions with Iran, with accusations of covert support for the rebels. A 2015 UN report alleged that Iran provided the

27689: 27684: 27679: 27530: 26737: 25110: 24504: 23735: 23054: 22450: 22420: 21707: 20753: 20743: 20556: 20102: 19670: 19536: 19128: 18987: 18113: 17784: 16473: 15356: 15126: 13709: 12822: 12789: 12753: 12420: 9444: 9408: 9383: 9280: 9231: 9093: 8950: 8900: 8357: 7397: 6974: 6939: 5097: 5016: 4102: 2950: 1694: 1620: 492: 27155: 13292: 11629: 11372: 10153: 2647:". Iran took the opposite approach in the hope of taking advantage of regional instability by expanding its presence in the 27759: 26145: 26101: 25943: 24851: 24836: 24382: 23960: 23770: 23589: 23536: 22500: 22293: 21837: 21724: 21495: 21449: 21419: 21404: 21202: 21015: 20853: 20833: 20768: 20499: 20474: 19660: 19633: 19118: 19091: 18617: 16065: 15076: 13220: 11901:

Singh, Maanvi; Greve, Joan; Doherty, Ben; Butler, Ben; Perraudin, Frances; Safi, Michael; Borger, Julian (8 January 2020).

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and creating a land corridor of influence stretching from Iraq to Lebanon, done in part by supporting Shia militias in the

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with Iran have all contributed to a more assertive Saudi foreign policy. In 2015 Saudi Arabia formed the intergovernmental

2454: 1739: 1625: 1404: 18028: 16910: 16452: 16267: 15973: 11779:"Iranian President Hassan Rouhani says Saudi Arabia should see attack on oil facilities as a warning to end its Yemen war" 10661: 7689:"الولائي يدين الاعتداءات الجبانة من ال سعود على اطفال اليمن ويعلن تطوعه مرة اخرى لنصرة اهل اليمن – الحاج ابو الاء الولائي" 2246:. In 1962, it sponsored the inaugural General Islamic Conference in Mecca, at which a resolution was passed to create the 27561: 27284: 26776: 26695: 26609: 25982: 25418: 24126: 24029: 23666: 23566: 23499: 23194: 22241: 22075: 21522: 21439: 21224: 20944: 20873: 20828: 20813: 20808: 20664: 20531: 20527: 19810: 19580: 19263: 19038: 17771: 17333: 16416: 15681: 15179: 14653: 13478: 13323: 12278: 11196:"Saudi Arabia is in nuclear talks with the US — and it could be a sign the country is trying to get even with rival Iran" 10264: 9170:

Jones, Toby Craig (2006). "Rebellion on the Saudi Perpihery: Modernity, Marginalization, and the Shia Uprising of 1979".

8677: 6491: 5538: 5232: 4976: 4750: 4488: 4480: 4357: 3224:—to intensify its military campaigns against the U.S. to expel U.S. forces from the Middle East. During a state visit by 3018:

power, and he has used the rivalry as a means to strengthen Saudi nationalism despite the country's domestic challenges.

2450: 2255: 2001: 1910: 1840: 1630: 1514: 1370: 15454: 14737: 13419: 12342:

President Joe Biden says the US will remain an active and engaged partner in the Middle East, focusing on regional ties.

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During the Syrian civil war, the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Hezbollah escalated due to the Saudi-Iranian rivalry.

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committed by ISIL militants, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps issued a statement blaming Saudi Arabia, while Saudi

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chief Ali Jafari. Late May 2008 reports demonstrated Iran's increase in support to Hamas up to $ 150 million per year.

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in December 2011, the country drifted further into Iran's sphere of influence. The instability that resulted from the

3505:. In July 2008, was deemed to be part of Iran's line of defense against an Israeli attack together with Hezbollah, by 3287:

In 2022, Iran and Saudi Arabia participated in peace talks brokered by Iraq. In July of that year, the members of the

27724: 27709: 27435: 26805: 26563: 26530: 26324: 26018: 25966: 25881: 25535: 25399: 25219: 25016: 24841: 23920: 23855: 23845: 23740: 23561: 22692: 22672: 22635: 22554: 22440: 22435: 22316: 21827: 21500: 21281: 20989: 20979: 20974: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20939: 20929: 20878: 20868: 20848: 20798: 20793: 20783: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20605: 20541: 20448: 20417: 20385: 20285: 19590: 19499: 19048: 18950: 15288: 13694: 13576: 9213: 9035: 8620: 7614: 5927:"Hassan Nasrallah accuses Saudi Arabia of spreading ISIL ideology across the region amid rising political tensions". 5475: 5292:

and other Islamist forces in the country. According to the UN, Iran also sent weapons to the GNA and its affiliates.

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while private Saudi citizens and the Saudi government aided anti-Iran and Sunni militias. Saudi Arabia supported the

3506: 3414: 3365: 3162: 2946: 2887: 2354: 2270: 2201: 1997: 1835: 1680: 1004: 528: 14950: 14654:"Bahrain Salafists Increase Involvement in Syria War - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 10991: 10715: 10635: 10393: 7530: 27535: 27171: 27078: 26919: 26466: 26395: 26367: 26089: 26084: 26079: 25836: 25831: 25706: 25513: 25316: 24846: 24550: 24199: 24172: 23795: 23519: 22358: 22246: 22212: 22117: 21806: 21323: 21234: 21229: 21164: 20984: 20949: 20893: 20863: 20843: 20788: 20763: 20758: 20659: 20634: 20629: 20624: 20034: 19653: 19638: 19602: 19111: 19096: 19060: 17089: 16535: 16290: 15428: 14504: 14336: 13095: 11338: 7714: 7048: 5486: 5220: 5082: 5061: 4695: 4429: 4320: 4197:

remarked that such cooperation was made more difficult by controversy over Israel's attitude towards Palestinians.

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that acted as "transshipment point" for their circulation, and Eritrea that allowed Iranian navy use of its ports.

3131: 3048: 2746: 2617: 2473: 1797: 1699: 18248: 18175: 16503: 9574:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War." 9113: 8076: 6806: 5462:

reiterated that "Riyadh is trying to find a dialog with Iran". He welcomed the decision by Saudi Arabia and other

3220:—including Iran, the Syrian Arab Republic, Hezbollah, the Popular Mobilization Forces, and the Houthi movement in 2581:. The Arab Spring in 2011 destabilized three major regional actors, Iraq, Syria and Egypt, creating a power void. 27664: 27659: 27491: 26268: 25694: 25626: 25079: 23975: 23584: 23374: 23272: 22962: 22779: 22430: 22373: 22090: 21687: 21527: 21399: 21374: 21246: 21129: 20823: 20778: 20773: 20712: 20229: 20194: 19964: 19924: 19793: 19397: 19371: 19246: 18868: 17052: 15582: 9052: 7823: 5657: 5463: 5342: 5301: 5153: 4867: 4855: 4835: 4163: 3980: 3095: 3061: 2472:, Iran and Saudi Arabia continued to support different groups and organizations along sectarian lines such as in 2177: 2151: 2133: 2104:

which lasted for over two years. In this regard, the rivalry and tension is often seen as being between Iran and

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diplomatic solution to end the proxy wars. However, it is alleged of Houthi support and Iranian arms smuggling.

4399:

opposing the strikes. President Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and the

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in conflicts in Syria, Palestine, and Iraq. Exceptionally, the February 14 Youth Coalition, founded during the

3210: 3118: 3102: 3091: 2629: 1845: 1353: 917: 564: 360: 40: 27307: 27058: 21903: 20679: 17273: 14454: 6268: 5994:"By launching arrests of its supporters and cutting off financial flows to Gaza, Riyadh aims to corner Hamas." 5164:

province of Pakistan as a potential means of stirring ethnic unrest in neighboring Iran, with its province of

3134:

was launched by Iranian-backed militias in southern Iraq, despite Houthi rebels also claiming responsibility.

2927:

stated that Saudi Arabia is the prime suspect behind the Tehran attacks. The commander of IRGC, Major General

2212: 1968:, the conflict is waged on multiple levels over geopolitical, economic, and sectarian influence in pursuit of 27704: 27674: 27669: 27331: 26972: 26764: 25633: 25466: 24494: 24269: 23820: 23260: 22303: 22231: 21908: 21547: 21454: 21301: 21296: 21192: 21184: 21144: 20427: 20239: 20214: 20149: 20139: 20087: 20077: 19278: 17224: 16772: 16746: 15569: 15205: 5330:

have been in place since then, and were expanded in 2006 with the passage of United Nations Security Council

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were leaked, and sanctions by the UN were put in place. The sanctions were put in place until 2015, when the

4118: 3522: 3486: 3154: 615: 27194: 27150: 17299: 14293: 10127: 8860:"Iran agrees to stop arming Houthis in Yemen as part of deal with Saudi Arabia – Wall Street Journal report" 1734: 27754: 27406: 27312: 27126: 26868: 26584: 26285: 25493: 24950: 24914: 24299: 24136: 23850: 23825: 22564: 22549: 22207: 21935: 21414: 21256: 21174: 20401: 20204: 20179: 20114: 20051: 19999: 19897: 19446: 18886: 18640:[Indonesia Welcomes the Normalization of Relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran] (in Indonesian). 17895: 16517: 15674:"Saudi-led airstrikes in Yemen have been called war crimes. Many relied on U.S. Support. - Washington Post" 14561: 14455:"Iran's Involvement in Bahrain: A Battleground as Part of the Islamic Regime's Larger Existential Conflict" 14292:

Jones, Seth G.; Thompson, Jared; Ngo, Danielle; Jr, Joseph S. Bermudez; McSorley, Brian (21 December 201).

12012: 11450: 10557: 9060: 8651: 6945: 6287: 5482: 5117:, Iran resorted to funding the Taliban, while Saudi Arabia helped the Afghan Government in reconstruction. 4963:'s stability depends heavily on Saudi support. The island is connected to Saudi Arabia by the 25 kilometer 4831: 4656: 4319:

The U.S. and Iran were brought to the brink of war during the 2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis, when the U.S.

3811: 3807: 3260: 3010: 2189: 1855: 1714: 1349: 1032: 20453: 16553: 15304: 12279:"Iraq helps broker Iran-Saudi negotiations - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 9973: 8600: 8321:

Ahmed, Zahid Shahab; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (16 June 2020). "Pakistan caught between Iran and Saudi Arabia".

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On 2 January 2016, 47 people were put to death in several Saudi cities, including prominent Shiite cleric

27541: 27121: 26909: 26787: 26771: 26553: 26548: 26372: 26229: 25648: 25643: 24337: 22834: 22682: 22574: 22261: 21970: 21134: 20422: 20345: 20315: 20219: 20174: 20159: 18999: 18132:"UAE, Saudi Arabia aiding Libya eastern forces, blacklisting Qatar for alleged support for other Libyans" 16992: 15656:"Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria" 15311: 13371: 10093: 8500: 7981: 6514:"Former Revolutionary Guards minister: Gaddafi supplied Iran with missiles, asked to target Saudi Arabia" 6309: 5568: 5370: 5205:

and not seriously condemning Boko Haram's actions, aims to limit its influence and growth in the region.

5194: 4675: 4560: 4335: 3916: 3792: 3774: 3730: 3715: 3669:

and not seriously condemning Boko Haram's actions, aims to limit its influence and growth in the region.

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Iran has accused Saudi Arabia, the U.S., and Israel of meddling within their internal affairs due to the

3196: 3173: 2566: 2484: 1874: 1782: 969: 195: 18356:"The 'Cold War' between Iran and Saudi Arabia is heating up. Here are 5 things you should know about it" 16191:"Fact Check: Is Qatar Supporting Terrorism? A Look at Its Ties to Iran, ISIS and the Muslim Brotherhood" 8924:

https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2016/1/25/the-arab-iranian-conflict-is-political-not-sectarian

8884:

The Origins of the Arab-Iranian Conflict: Nationalism and Sovereignty in the Gulf between the World Wars

8730:"The 'Cold War' between Iran and Saudi Arabia is heating up. Here are 5 things you should know about it" 8446: 6457:"The sultanate, a U.S. ally, seems to be helping Tehran wage a proxy war against Saudi Arabia in Yemen." 2092:

also has established close working relations with Tehran, despite their differences of opinion over the

1929:. The struggle also extends to disputes or broader competition in other countries globally including in 27446: 27411: 27247: 27242: 27220: 27115: 26995: 26967: 26914: 26654: 26340: 26263: 26219: 25854: 25790: 24387: 24367: 24257: 24116: 23995: 23945: 23900: 23704: 23556: 23265: 23109: 23084: 23059: 22445: 22137: 22127: 21655: 21532: 21512: 21291: 20380: 20350: 20320: 20305: 20295: 20290: 20280: 20270: 20265: 20244: 20154: 20097: 20082: 20072: 20046: 20024: 20004: 19974: 19959: 19954: 19919: 19840: 19732: 19680: 19675: 19568: 19293: 19190: 19138: 19133: 19026: 17141: 17068: 16393: 9646: 9613: 9305: 6612: 5382: 5354: 4834:'s commitment to stay in the country, as it limited Iran's influence. The edicts issued in May 2003 by 4804: 4754: 4347: 3842: 3838: 3825:

The Popular Mobilization Forces rose to prominence in 2014 when Shia groups banded together during the

3652: 3189: 2843: 2839: 2197: 2193: 1802: 1365: 291: 17857: 15375: 15108: 13236: 11960: 9695: 8190: 27394: 27015: 27009: 26214: 25992: 25987: 25961: 25701: 25580: 25368: 24909: 24736: 23940: 23780: 23694: 23604: 22604: 22505: 22403: 21717: 21677: 21537: 21485: 21341: 21271: 21116: 20370: 20360: 20355: 20340: 20330: 20310: 20300: 20224: 20144: 20134: 20124: 20029: 20014: 20009: 19934: 19905: 19737: 19710: 19643: 19441: 19195: 19168: 19101: 18881: 17190: 14550: 11753: 7954: 5868: 5447: 4980: 4475:, Mauritania, Sudan, Senegal, Djibouti, Comoros, Jordan, the Tobruk-based Libyan government, and the 4110: 3862: 3600: 3268: 2613: 2061: 540: 18304: 15898: 13913: 13866: 13819: 12652:

North Korean Military Proliferation in the Middle East and Africa: Enabling Violence and Instability

9472: 4882:, seeing it as a barrier to the expansion of Iranian influence in the region, while also adopting a 4682:

broke out in Syria, Iran changed its position and condemned them, comparing the uprising to its own

3533:

Hezbollah served also as inspiration to Houthis in their success at forcing the IDF out of Lebanon.

2786:

recommended an exemption for Iran, whose oil output had steadily increased following the lifting of

2100:

two of the non-Arab countries to support Qatar against Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries in the

27465: 27053: 26810: 26781: 26604: 26481: 26476: 26405: 25242: 24588: 24247: 23895: 23064: 22824: 22707: 22702: 22662: 22624: 22383: 22187: 22063: 21429: 21359: 21351: 21046: 20365: 20325: 20249: 20209: 20189: 20129: 20109: 20092: 19969: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19929: 19835: 19820: 19747: 19723: 19595: 19563: 19489: 19288: 19273: 19205: 19181: 19053: 19021: 18940: 16435:"Revealed: Saudi's MBS pushed Russia to intervene in Syria conflict, despite supporting opposition" 15730:"Mike Pompeo calls attacks on Saudi facilities an 'act of war' as Trump orders more Iran sanctions" 15531: 15398: 14906: 12329: 10131: 8501:"Iran's Growing Role in Central Asia? Geopolitical, Economic and Political Profit and Loss Account" 5928: 5386: 5346: 5146: 4991: 4789:

coast. In response, rebels called the strikes evidence of American support for the Saudi campaign.

4762: 4484: 4255: 4232: 3976: 3961: 3788: 3687: 3573: 3347: 3288: 3228: 2924: 2868: 2681:, Egypt, Yemen and other countries, and is focused more on domestic issues, similar to Egypt under 2551: 2113: 2038: 1989: 1820: 1772: 1648: 1491: 1108: 14827: 10286: 6471:"قيادي حوثي منشق أرتمى في أحضان السعودية يهاجم سلطنة عمان: مسقط العربية تحولت إلى مشهد الإيرانية!" 5341:

Saudi Arabia has considered several options in response to the Iranian program: acquiring its own

3933:

financially, militarily, verbally, and ideologically. These groups, in turn, support Iran and the

3887:

Iran and its allies have backed multiple Shia groups in Bahrain. These opposition groups include:

3702:

A military campaign against Houthis was started by a Saudi-led coalition on the request of ousted

3591:

Hezbollah has also maintained relations with other Islamic and anti-West movements, including the

27389: 27384: 26962: 26832: 26579: 26345: 25461: 25411: 25179: 25148: 24904: 24763: 23714: 23651: 23416: 22321: 22058: 22043: 21634: 21557: 21517: 21459: 21276: 20469: 20169: 20119: 20019: 19742: 19482: 19200: 18933: 17769: 12895: 12425: 11425:"Did Trump Break the Law? U.S. Leaves Iran Deal, Violates World Order and Risks War, Experts Say" 10968: 10862: 6970: 5715: 5443: 5345:

as a deterrent, entering into an alliance with an existing nuclear power, or pursuing a regional

5319: 5268: 5157: 5156:

Saudi oil industry from Pakistan plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economic stability who sends

4785:. The US blamed the rebels and responded by targeting radar sites with missile strikes along the 4622: 4459: 4282: 4106: 3014: 2942: 2574: 2477: 2101: 1494: 1477: 1460: 1298: 1242: 1111: 1058: 576: 17719: 16568: 16474:"Report: Russia, Israel, Jordan and Saudis to Cooperate on Limiting Iran After Syria Withdrawal" 14054:"Saudi-led coalition sets deadline for Houthi weapons withdrawal from Sanaa airport -Al Arabiya" 13453:"The September 14 drone attack on Saudi oil fields: North Korea's potential role | NK News" 6381:"The September 14 drone attack on Saudi oil fields: North Korea's potential role | NK News" 5349:

agreement. It is believed that Saudi Arabia has been a major financier of Pakistan's integrated

4956:. Since then, the government has accused Iran of supporting terrorist plots within its borders. 3202:

Hours after the missile attacks, during a state of high alert, IRGC forces mistakenly shot down

2663: 2561:

sparked a revolutionary wave across the Middle East and North Africa, leading to revolutions in

1746: 27486: 27470: 27336: 26594: 26273: 26247: 26140: 25435: 25430: 25394: 25361: 24899: 24789: 24347: 24294: 24008: 24001: 23800: 23646: 23319: 23314: 23089: 22972: 22629: 22619: 22492: 22142: 22053: 22048: 22033: 20494: 19511: 19494: 19470: 18962: 18945: 18921: 18823: 17770:

Nader, Alireza; Scotten, Ali G.; Rahmani, Ahmad Idrees; Stewart, Robert; Mahnad, Leila (2014).

17540: 14471: 13738:

Financing and arming, Qatar's dangerous support for the Muslim Brotherhood and Houthis in Yemen

13273:

Iran may call it a day after its token strike at U.S. forces in Iraq—but will its proxy forces?

11503:"Why the case of a missing journalist is prompting international backlash against Saudi Arabia" 10768: 7315: 5407: 5165: 4889: 4664: 4581:

Iranian desire to control the Middle East, resulting in growing cooperation with Saudi Arabia.

4569: 3996: 3992: 3955: 3938: 2897: 2787: 2689: 2593:, Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates were wary that it would lead to Saudi dominance. 2274: 1850: 1530: 1457: 1420: 1326: 847: 26680: 13662:"A former intelligence officer reveals Qatar's support for the Houthis to strike Saudi Arabia" 9795: 8940: 8927: 6780: 5903: 2254:

doctrine advocated by the Saudi government. Saudi Arabia also spearheaded the creation of the

27326: 27139: 26878: 26742: 26450: 26445: 26161: 25907: 25727: 25508: 25503: 25498: 24944: 24939: 24794: 24392: 24342: 23699: 23541: 23514: 23359: 23007: 22957: 22829: 22544: 22539: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22477: 22236: 22182: 21590: 21575: 21505: 21490: 21041: 19628: 19504: 19086: 18955: 10104: 9369: 9025: 5252: 5161: 4941: 4822: 4476: 4395:, on 14 September 2019, as an "act of war". President Donald Trump called for an increase in 4327: 4003: 3882: 3703: 3177: 2465: 2318: 1543: 1217: 9428: 9371:

Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988

7928: 6920: 6028:

The Muslim Brotherhood may not be the only extremist Sunni group in Egypt supported by IRGC.

5537:. Saudi and US officials remarked that subsequent Iranian commitments towards de-escalating 5081:

government in 1996, along with its allies Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates. During the

3845:

in Syria and Iraq. These groups also supported other 'Islamic Resistance Movements' such as

27694: 27587: 27401: 27374: 27279: 27257: 27215: 26899: 25732: 25326: 25281: 25063: 24799: 24711: 24444: 24362: 24242: 23462: 23457: 23344: 23309: 22929: 22408: 22398: 22192: 21965: 21893: 21629: 21624: 21570: 21369: 18545: 15348: 13649:

The Southern Transitional Council said Doha is helping Iranian-backed rebels to buy weapons

9306:"State of Mind, State of Order: Reactions to Ethnic Unrest in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 8733: 8112: 7667:"State Department Terrorist Designation of Qassim Abdullah Ali Ahmed, AKA Qassim al-Muamen" 7191: 7135: 6447: 5455: 5362: 5278: 5101: 4400: 4166:

region of Iran, is accused by Iranian authorities of receiving Saudi and American support.

4086: 3930: 3782: 3778: 3315: 2901: 2814: 2685: 2639:

exacerbated Saudi concerns about Iran as well as its own internal stability. This prompted

2520: 2436: 2185: 1474: 1332: 954: 704: 48: 16343:"U.S. vs. Russia: What a war would look like between the world's most fearsome militaries" 11778: 11558: 9218:. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–214. 5277:, with Saudi Arabia, along with the U.A.E, Egypt, and Sudan, have provided support to the 4896:

insurgent group, has repeatedly praised Saudi efforts to constrain Iranian clout in Iraq.

4224:

The United States and Saudi Arabia have a strategic relationship that dates back to 1947.

4184:, stated that Saudi Arabia gave "strategic" intelligence information to Israel during the 2803:

to be one of the two major threats to the kingdom and its monarchy, the other being Iran.

2771:

responded by saying the Saudis were using the incident as a pretext for fueling tensions.

2422:

that could threaten Iraq's stability and embolden its Shia population, Iraq triggered the

8: 27699: 27581: 27441: 27346: 27274: 27093: 27083: 27001: 26989: 26979: 26873: 25800: 25763: 25711: 25341: 25306: 24894: 24439: 24352: 23955: 23905: 23631: 23546: 23329: 22172: 22023: 21867: 21614: 19623: 19456: 19081: 18896: 18659: 18622: 15514: 14932: 14486: 13963: 12958: 12914: 12691: 10370: 9436: 9344:"Football riots reflect discontent in Iran's predominantly Arab Khuzestan - Turkish News" 9134: 8423: 7849: 7592: 7356: 6859: 6648: 6590: 6083: 5754: 5606: 5357: 5256: 4960: 4678:, characterizing them as an "Islamic awakening" akin to its own revolution in 1979. When 4671: 4621:

Pakistan prefers to remain neutral in Saudi-Iran rivalry. It remained neutral during the

4496: 3901: 3896: 3854: 3498: 3066: 3006: 2993: 2957: 2928: 2913: 2780: 2660: 2562: 2400: 2300: 2247: 1815: 1792: 1344: 1310: 1276: 1139: 1072: 998: 219: 19984: 15600: 11399:"Saudi Arabia Should 'Come Out of the Closet' and Help Fight Iran in Syria, Israel Says" 10912:"US 'created Isis' and its war on the terrorists is 'a lie', says Iran's Supreme Leader" 9945: 5485:. A joint statement announced that their embassies would re-open within two months. The 5032:

In February 2016 Saudi Arabia banned their citizens from visiting Lebanon and suspended

4376:

in Yemen due to civilian airstrikes and a humanitarian blockade. The U.S. supported the

3542: 2211:'s "twin pillar" policy in the Middle East. The monarchies, particularly Iran since the 27379: 27262: 27231: 27177: 27145: 27088: 26924: 26815: 26013: 25902: 25758: 24753: 24456: 23815: 23334: 23255: 23074: 23049: 22884: 22859: 22844: 22819: 22809: 22759: 22729: 22614: 22589: 22167: 22018: 21739: 21672: 21667: 21595: 21124: 20546: 19830: 19665: 19541: 19436: 19283: 19123: 18992: 18876: 18805:"Iran's Raisi 'welcomes' invitation to visit Saudi Arabia following reconciliation deal 18761: 18703: 17890: 17723: 17544: 17417: 17247: 17013: 16619: 16569:"DIIS Report: STRAINED ALLIANCES IRAN's TROUBLED RELATIONS TO AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN" 15270: 14894:

As some nations looked to Khalifa Haftar for stability in Libya, others backed his army

14676: 14614: 14508: 14274: 13983: 13941: 13894: 13847: 13800: 12978: 12934: 12711: 12604: 12544: 12482: 12134:"Israel Urges U.S., Europe to Bolster Ties With Sudan, Citing Apparent Split With Iran" 10158: 9325: 9187: 9152: 8906: 8338: 8195: 7959: 7776: 7666: 6206: 6103: 5389: 5322:

began in the 1950s under the Shah in cooperation with the United States as part of the

4964: 4866:

fostering economic ties, Tehran furthered its influence by aiding the Iraqi government

4607: 4524: 4516: 4228: 4194: 4052:

is a strategic ally to Saudi interests in the Gulf area. Kuwait has involved itself in

4021:

Bahrain has also historically on the Saudi side, as it sent weapons to Iraq during the

4007: 3934: 3891: 3870: 3866: 3737: 3628: 3608: 3604: 3565: 3553: 3406: 3336: 3217: 3121:

of Saudi Arabia. The attack knocked out half of the country's oil supply. Although the

2973: 2905: 2726: 2719: 2709: 2682: 2671: 2461: 2419: 2404: 2388: 2341: 2335: 2304: 2228: 2157: 2145: 2046: 1548: 1508: 1256: 1086: 1018: 986: 900: 559: 267: 207: 141: 17947: 17487: 16240: 15995: 15923: 15153: 14703: 13771:"Structural Sources of Saudi–Iran Rivalry and Competition for the Sphere of Influence" 12575:"Structural Sources of Saudi–Iran Rivalry and Competition for the Sphere of Influence" 12515:"Structural Sources of Saudi–Iran Rivalry and Competition for the Sphere of Influence" 11995:"Iran plane crash: U.S., Canada say intel shows Ukraine jet downed by Iranian missile" 11827: 11800: 11674: 11652: 11607: 11168: 10482: 9926: 9027:

American Alliance Policy in the Middle East, 1945–1992: Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia

8756: 8273:"Morocco severs ties with Iran over support for West Sahara Polisario front: official" 8138: 7505: 7479: 5223:. Iran has preferred a confrontational approach, arming and financing proxies such as 4200:

Israel and Saudi Arabia are both part of the Middle East Air Defense Alliance (MEAD).

3379:

has been a strategic ally to both Iranian and Russian interests. Since 2011, the year

2864:. Rouhani's victory was seen as a popular mandate for liberal reforms in the country. 27301: 26848: 26754: 26725: 26669: 26589: 25938: 25795: 25311: 24826: 24264: 24232: 23880: 23860: 23719: 23467: 23452: 22734: 22657: 22472: 22278: 22038: 22008: 21925: 19575: 19558: 19465: 19033: 19016: 18916: 17780: 17463:"After years of proxy war, Saudi Arabia and Iran are finally squaring up in the open" 17421: 17251: 16623: 16453:"Le Monde: Saudi Arabia funds Russian mercenaries in Libya | The Libya Observer" 15352: 15284: 15266: 15180:"With Demise of Nuclear Deal, Iran's Foes See an Opportunity. Others See Risk of War" 14618: 14263: 13987: 13945: 13933: 13898: 13886: 13851: 13839: 13804: 13792: 12982: 12938: 12828: 12818: 12795: 12785: 12759: 12749: 12715: 12608: 12596: 12548: 12536: 12486: 11968: 11910: 11094:"Iran: Muslim 'Resistance' to U.S., Saudi Arabia and Israel Ready to Fight Worldwide" 9450: 9440: 9404: 9379: 9329: 9321: 9286: 9276: 9227: 9191: 9156: 9089: 9031: 8946: 8910: 8896: 8342: 7401: 6935: 6351:"In Saudi Arabia's quest to debilitate the Iranian economy, they destroyed Venezuela" 6210: 6107: 5549: 5533:, an agreement that pressurizes the Houthis towards a negotiated settlement with the 5517:

welcomed the reapproachment, while two former Israeli Prime Ministers criticized it.

5411: 5327: 5085:, Iran and Saudi Arabia supported opposing militant factions. Iran assisted the Shia 4953: 4878:, which is mainly Sunni. Saudi Arabia has responded by strengthening its ties to the 4818: 4775: 4746: 4267: 4259: 4189: 4074:

The U.A.E and Saudi Arabia are strategic allies, as both see Iran as a common enemy.

4057: 4026: 4022: 3114: 3075: 3022: 2961: 2867:

Several incidents in mid-2017 further heightened tensions. In May 2017, Saudi forces

2644: 2570: 2423: 2372: 2262: 2169: 1969: 1825: 1610: 1055: 927: 864: 859: 797: 18748: 17720:"Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity" 17400:

Alvandi, Roham (2010). "Muhammad Reza Pahlavi and the Bahrain Question, 1968–1970".

15237:"IDF officer to Saudi paper: Israel has 'common language' with moderate Arab states" 14999: 14410: 13749: 12996: 9502: 8867: 6487: 4774:

and launched airstrikes and a ground offensive in the country, declaring the entire

4403:

following the attack on Saudi oil facilities that the United States blamed on Iran.

4193:

Israel as a "covert alliance", with a joint interest to counter Iran in the region.

3405:. Syria, together with Iran and Hezbollah, have been considered and defined as the " 2714: 27514: 27497: 27458: 27133: 27068: 27063: 27035: 26934: 26894: 26633: 26525: 26440: 26312: 26187: 26182: 26135: 26039: 25923: 25669: 25601: 25456: 25158: 25095: 24555: 24514: 24284: 24237: 24162: 23636: 23477: 23379: 23277: 23102: 23079: 23069: 23042: 23037: 22987: 22982: 22894: 22814: 22697: 22532: 22336: 22308: 22070: 21920: 21888: 21585: 21241: 20551: 19700: 19516: 19158: 18967: 18829: 18784:"Iran to halt weapon supplies to Houthis as part of deal with Saudi Arabia: Report" 18733: 18698: 18641: 17409: 17239: 17035: 16609: 15344: 15276: 15091:"Saudi Arabia commends Albania for expelling Iranian diplomats linked to terrorism" 14845:

Saudi-led coalition air strikes target Yemen's Houthi rebels after Abu Dhabi attack

14606: 13975: 13925: 13878: 13831: 13782: 13153: 13026: 12970: 12926: 12703: 12637:"US accuses ex-Venezuela politician of helping recruit Hezbollah, Hamas operatives" 12586: 12526: 12474: 12441:"Iran denies it poses a threat to Saudi Arabia, after report Saudis raised concern" 9317: 9219: 9179: 9144: 8993: 8888: 8330: 7644: 7031:"How the Trump administration got into a showdown with Iran that could lead to war" 6931: 6517: 6196: 6095: 5534: 5132: 5049: 4937: 4904: 4733: 4652: 4361: 4305: 4293: 4185: 3926: 3841:

internally by December 2017, however, refused to disarm, and waged attacks against

3819: 3422: 3380: 3213: 2969: 2578: 2546: 2165: 2093: 1906: 1704: 1615: 1559: 1280: 1260: 1221: 1199: 1125: 1090: 912: 479: 279: 25545: 18377:

Hafezi, Parisa; Charbonneau, Louis; Irish, John; Mohammed, Arshad (13 July 2015).

17191:"Saudi Arabia: Iraq, Iran, the Regional Power Balance, and the Sectarian Question" 17010:"Arab coalition intercepts Houthi ballistic missile targeting Saudi city of Jazan" 16614: 16597: 15775:"How the Iranian-Saudi Proxy Struggle Tore Apart the Middle East (Published 2016)" 13929: 13882: 13835: 13338:"Lebanese Hezbollah training special Afghan Fatemiyoun forces for combat in Syria" 12478: 10394:"Mideast protests rage after Saudi Arabia executes Shia cleric al-Nimr, 46 others" 8334: 6020:"Iran's relationship with Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood comes under renewed scrutiny" 3180:. The military action came shortly after pro-Iran protesters and Iraqi militiamen 2136:, who have been waging a heavy proxy war against each other since the late 1970s. 27210: 27187: 26904: 26863: 26471: 26400: 26071: 25933: 25821: 24222: 24167: 23810: 23641: 23509: 23384: 22794: 22774: 22754: 22744: 22341: 22271: 22217: 22085: 21682: 21580: 21336: 21331: 17801:"چرا عربستان سعودی و قطر (متحدان امریکا) به تمویل طالبان پس از 2001 ادامه دادند؟" 17069:"Exclusive: Iran steps up weapons supply to Yemen's Houthis via Oman – officials" 16225: 15461: 15049: 14557: 13479:"North Korea is hiding nukes and selling weapons, alleges confidential UN report" 13285: 12458:

Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Gourlay, William; Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (4 January 2022).

12355:"WWE stars 'concerned' as Saudi Arabia on high alert amid warning of Iran attack" 9969: 8550:"Expanding Regional Rivalries: Saudi Arabia and Iran battle it out in Azerbaijan" 8247: 7923: 6537: 6488:"Mana'a and al-Ahmar received money from Gaddafi to shake security of KSA, Yemen" 6454: 6355: 6122: 5634: 5614: 5526: 5323: 5198: 4908: 4900: 4893: 4875: 4814: 4753:. Yemen had for years been within the Saudi sphere of influence. The decade-long 4745:

Yemen has been called one of the major fronts in the conflict as a result of the

4660: 4512: 4350: 4323: 4147: 4122: 4038: 3858: 3834: 3815: 3678: 3662: 3612: 3585: 3478: 3426: 3376: 3361: 3356: 3252: 3192: 3169: 3122: 2507: 2161: 1965: 1432: 1195: 982: 949: 894: 603: 588: 182: 168: 23524: 17541:"Bahrain arrests 5 suspects over late July blast, claims Iran's role discovered" 14002:"Yemen Houthis welcome talks with Saudi-led coalition, but in a neutral country" 13530:"Panel investigates North Korean weapon used in Mogadishu attack on UN compound" 12997:"Explained: How Hezbollah built a drug empire via its 'narcoterrorist strategy'" 10236:"Iran suspends participation in the hajj as relations with Saudi Arabia plummet" 9429: 9254:"ASMLA: An Empirical Exploration of an Ethno-Nationalist Terrorist Organization" 7298:"Diplomatic relations between Morocco and Iran sour over Western Sahara dispute" 7131:"The enemy of my enemy is my friend — an alliance that may save the Middle East" 5410:

in addition to imposing new sanctions. In anticipation of the decision, Iranian

4858:

and the rise of ISIL threatened the existence of the Iraqi regime and led to an

4101:

Saudi Arabia has allegedly provided support to the Kurdish militants within the

2718:

The embassy of Saudi Arabia in Tehran under Iranian police protection after the

27601: 27182: 27165: 27160: 27030: 26984: 26504: 26352: 26295: 25928: 25897: 25481: 24929: 24872: 24867: 24434: 23910: 23504: 23494: 23297: 22909: 22904: 22724: 22197: 21261: 19451: 18891: 16504:"Tensions Grow Between Russia, Iran in Syria | Voice of America – English" 16164:"كيف دعمت قطر المشروع الإيراني في البحرين؟ - العربية.نت | الصفحة الرئيسية" 15499:

U.S. troops come under fire in Syria after strikes against Iran-backed militias

14546: 13259: 12404:"US, Saudi Arabia on high alert over intel of impending Iranian attack: report" 11903:"Iran launches missiles at US forces in Iraq at al-Asad and Erbil—live updates" 11048: 10992:"Saudi Arabia Charges Iran With 'Act of War,' Raising Threat of Military Clash" 9549:"Prince Mohammed bin Salman: Naive, arrogant Saudi prince is playing with fire" 9468: 8835:"Iran Agrees to Stop Arming Houthis in Yemen as Part of Pact With Saudi Arabia" 8046: 7352:"Mideast tensions soar as Saudi Arabia rallies countries to cut ties with Iran" 7163:"Royal Navy destroyer returns from defending British shipping in Hormuz Strait" 6056:"Kashmir – The New Battlefield For Saudi-Iran Proxy War – Israel Media Reports" 5836: 5414: 5285: 4810: 4574: 4564: 4365: 4263: 4244: 4090: 3391: 3139: 3026: 2920: 2818: 2800: 2783: 2495: 2380: 2376: 2286: 2208: 1950: 1787: 1605: 1239: 1167: 663: 18699:"Saudi-Iran deal destroys Israel's defense wall against Iran, Yair Lapid says" 18454:"In Case Of US Withdrawal Iran Will Stay In Nuclear Deal, If Others Also Stay" 17413: 17243: 15019:"Iran diplomats expelled from Albania plotted against dissidents, source says" 13787: 13770: 13504:"Secret UN report reveals North Korea attempts to supply Houthis with weapons" 13317: 12832: 12799: 12763: 12591: 12574: 12531: 12514: 12460:"Iranian proxies in the Syrian conflict: Tehran's 'forward-defence' in action" 12386:"Saudi Arabia sounds alarms of imminent Iranian attack within kingdom: Report" 12214:"Israeli defense chief said to talk anti-Iran alliance with Saudi counterpart" 9253: 9183: 8985: 8942:

Turkey's Foreign Policy in the 21st Century: A Changing Role in World Politics

8384:"Why Is Pakistan Interested in Brokering Peace Between Iran and Saudi Arabia?" 7560: 6586: 6566:"Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria" 6201: 6188: 4686:

in 2009 and accusing the United States and Israel of being behind the unrest.

4312:, Iran threatened to close Hormuz, however, was forced to back down after the 3873:. The PMF also engaged in the 2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis against CJTF-OIR. 3627:. These movements, among the Iranian, Syrian, and Iraqi governments, form the 2677:

The United Arab Emirates, on the other hand, supports anti-Islamist forces in

27638: 27554: 27252: 26649: 26599: 26031: 25356: 24659: 24463: 24450: 24429: 24419: 24372: 24100: 23611: 23484: 23292: 23178: 22879: 22854: 22849: 22804: 22799: 22789: 22784: 22764: 22749: 21811: 21364: 21077: 19553: 19011: 16797:

Sanger, David E.; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Sengupta, Somini (29 October 2015).

15794:"Turkey and the new scramble for Africa: Ottoman designs or unfounded fears?" 15626: 14976: 14733: 14278: 13937: 13890: 13843: 13796: 13319:

Sunni Palestinian Islamic Jihad Thanks Iran and Hezbollah (English Subtitles)

12600: 12540: 12013:"Hezbollah: It's time for Iran's allies to start working to avenge Soleimani" 11972: 11914: 11851:"In major escalation, American strike kills top Iranian commander in Baghdad" 9876: 9290: 9223: 9148: 8624: 6284:"Zarif sends warning letter to UN chief about US threats to Iran oil tankers" 5564: 5552: 5478: 5202: 5026: 4782: 4705: 3826: 3696: 3666: 3632: 3624: 3561: 3490:

and public buildings, according to expert in underground warfare Eado Hecht.

3453: 3395: 3304: 3225: 3158: 3079: 2923:

said there was no evidence that Saudis were involved. Later Iranian official

2861: 2648: 2609: 2412: 2366: 2266: 2220: 1153: 922: 876: 637: 19320: 18524:"Davos 2023: Saudi FM says Riyadh trying to find path to dialogue with Iran" 18453: 18043:"Iran recruits Afghan and Pakistani Shias to fight in Syria – Dhaka Tribune" 18000:"Iran manipulates Pakistani Shia to satisfy 'nefarious' geopolitical agenda" 16670:"Pakistan: Threat of Saudi-Iran War Subsiding Due to Diplomacy by Islamabad" 15996:"Qatar crisis: Saudi Arabia and allies restore diplomatic ties with emirate" 15336:"Navies, Great Powers – United States, 1775 to the Present – The tanker war" 13237:"Hezbollah is a Shiite political and militant organization based in Lebanon" 12199:

Israel announces regional air defense network with Middle East partners, US

12171:"Arab-Israeli Progress Seemed Impossible. That's Because of Old Assumptions" 9454: 8165:"Qatar's Crisis With Saudi Arabia And Gulf Neighbors Has Decades-Long Roots" 7252:"Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE reiterate support for Bahrain's fiscal programme" 6725:"Dissidents Call for United Front Against Iran After Assassination Attempts" 4384:

repealed support for it and halted arm sales to Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E.

2740: 26951: 26853: 25471: 25336: 25276: 25211: 24877: 24649: 24377: 23980: 23447: 23426: 23287: 22967: 22899: 22869: 22769: 21697: 21602: 21217: 20600: 19376: 18682: 18162:"Turkey helped Iran deliver weapons to Islamists in Libya - Nordic Monitor" 17746:"Iran and Saudi Arabia: Divisions, proxy wars and chaos in the Middle East" 16146:"Qatari diplomat allegedly covered up Hezbollah terror funding - exclusive" 16080: 14802: 14576:"Who are the al-Ashtar Brigades, latest Arab-designated 'terrorist group'?" 12359: 12239:"Gantz: Israel is building a Middle East air defense alliance against Iran" 11124: 10212: 9885: 9791: 9424: 8388: 8081: 8019: 8010: 6921:

Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009).

6570: 5530: 5522: 5393: 5197:(IMN), a Shiite religious and political organisation founded and headed by 5086: 5033: 5025:. According to the cable Saudi argued that a Hezbollah victory against the 4967:, and its proximity to Saudi Arabia's oil-rich, the Saudi Shia minority in 4899:

Recently, Saudi Arabia has developed a close relationship with Shia cleric

4667: 4559:

In the past, Saudi Arabia backed Chechen and Dagestani fighters as well as

4236: 4181: 4159: 3661:(IMN), a Shiite religious and political organisation founded and headed by 3636: 3577: 3538: 3502: 3494: 3272: 3106: 3087: 2997: 2834: 2756: 2453:

on Iranian soldiers and civilians convinced Iran to further pursue its own

2439:, in part to hedge Iranian power and prevent the spread of its revolution. 2384: 2235: 2231:. The alliance acted as a moderating influence on Saudi-Iranian relations. 2216: 2105: 2042: 1985: 1946: 1934: 1898: 1890: 1181: 841: 504: 456: 16873: 16015:"Demands by Saudi-led Arab states for Qatar include shuttering Al Jazeera" 15627:"U.S.-Iran Conflict and Implications for U.S. Policy: Updated May 8, 2020" 14886:"Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in Push to Seize Tripoli" 14436: 14184:"Yemen's warring sides reach deal on stalled Sanaa flights, officials say" 14080:"Saudi Arabia responded positively to U.N. truce for Yemen, official says" 13355:

Houthis and Hezbollah are learning warfighting techniques from one another

13078:"Putin's New Axis of Resistance: Russia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Hezbollah" 13053:"Qatar finances Hezbollah terrorism, declares 'Jews are enemies' - report" 12459: 12072:"Qatar emir in Iran, calls for regional de-escalation at 'sensitive' time" 11754:"Saudi Arabia Says Iranian Weapons Were Used in Strikes on Oil Facilities" 9747:"What do Russia and Iran think about Saudi Arabia's coalition initiative?" 8892: 7846:"BDF Commander-in-Chief meets new Joint Peninsula Shield Forces Commander" 7745:"PROFILE: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef" 6679:"Iran Guards' Commander Says US, Saudis Supplying Arms To Militant Groups" 5689:"Meet the Proxies: How Iran Spreads Its Empire through Terrorist Militias" 5219:

Both Iran and Saudi Arabia have employed different methods to resolve the

5077:

Saudi Arabia was one of three countries to officially recognize the Sunni

4715:, a move which slowed initial progress made by Russian and Syrian forces. 4471:

In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Egypt, the

27615: 27073: 27025: 27020: 26749: 26731: 26664: 26659: 24726: 24582: 24473: 24424: 24289: 24274: 24090: 23965: 23805: 23656: 23324: 23250: 22992: 22919: 22889: 22874: 22839: 21930: 21734: 21036: 19418: 18457: 18029:"Iran recruits Pakistani Shias for combat in Syria – The Express Tribune" 17116:"Yemen Sees U.S. Strikes as Evidence of Hidden Hand Behind Saudi Air War" 16905: 16874:"Yemen Is the Latest Victim of the Increase in Iran-Saudi Arabia Tension" 14594: 11532: 11506: 11282:"Saudi crown prince, Trump to hold 'critical' talks on Iran nuclear deal" 9847: 8583: 8134: 7538: 7424:"Qatar recalls envoy to Iran after attacks on Saudi missions: State News" 7392: 5620: 5592: 5556: 5326:

program. The cooperation continued until the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

5071: 5044: 4839: 4691: 4615: 4388: 3569: 3467:

has been allies of Iran, Hezbollah and other Iranian proxies and allies.

3241: 3126: 2935: 2872: 2696: 2636: 2602: 2558: 2541: 2499: 2491: 2050: 2022: 1981: 1938: 1930: 1894: 375: 36: 18726:"Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume relations after years of tension" 18678:"Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to restore ties after China-brokered talks" 13769:

Mirza, Muhammad Nadeem; Abbas, Hussain; Qaisrani, Irfan Hasnain (2021).

12845: 12573:

Mirza, Muhammad Nadeem; Abbas, Hussain; Qaisrani, Irfan Hasnain (2021).

12513:

Mirza, Muhammad Nadeem; Abbas, Hussain; Qaisrani, Irfan Hasnain (2021).

12043:"Iran's Khamenei calls for better regional cooperation, criticizes U.S." 11529:"Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Standing with Saudi Arabia" 10662:"In Saudi Arabia, Trump Reaches Out to Sunni Nations, at Iran's Expense" 8990:

Cahiers d'Études Sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le Monde Turco-Iranien

7919:"A talk with Peninsula Shield force commander Mutlaq bin Salem Al Azima" 7722: 5628: 4663:

has long been a major ally. During the early stages of the Arab Spring,

3275:. The U.S. , along with Israel allegedly announced the formation of the 2431:

Iraq received from neighbouring leaders in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait,

2344:

and the ensuing political crisis, Khuzestani separatists in the city of

25689: 25621: 24934: 24407: 24279: 24227: 23616: 23421: 22914: 22739: 22687: 22455: 18757:"Saudi Arabia and Iran Agree to Restore Ties, in Talks Hosted by China" 18569:"Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume ties in talks brokered by China" 16988:"Exclusive: Iran Steps up Support for Houthis in Yemen's War – Sources" 16417:"Saudi king's visit to Russia heralds shift in global power structures" 15756:"US to deploy more troops to Saudi Arabia after attack on oil industry" 15280: 14579: 13979: 12974: 12930: 12707: 11700:

Nissenbaum, Dion; Said, Summer; Youssef, Nancy A. (14 September 2019).

10584:"'We Misled You': How the Saudis Are Coming Clean on Funding Terrorism" 8997: 8806:"Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume ties in talks brokered by China" 7106:"Warsaw Summit Will Test U.S. Gamble on Israeli-Arab Pact Against Iran" 6758: 6099: 6040:

Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: A Bizarre Alliance of Two Rival Ideologies

5803:"Exclusive: Iran Steps up Support for Houthis in Yemen's War – Sources" 5749: 5188: 5149:

and has occupied a unique statue in Pakistan's foreign policy stature.

4883: 4712: 4698: 4443: 4331: 4271: 3988: 3803: 3482: 3418: 3390:

Following the civil unrest triggered against the Assad regime with the

3165: 2620:

as a wedge issue and mutual tensions with Iran, GCC states have sought

2503: 2408: 2392: 2065: 2054: 1942: 881: 17090:"Saudi-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator" 14355:"المهندس يكشف دور ايران وحزب الله بدعم العراق ويتحدث عن القتال بسوريا" 14249:"Who can rein in Iran-aligned Shiite militias in Iraq after Soleimani" 13394:"The 2021 Gaza War 2021: Iran, Hezbollah and the 'Axis of Resistance'" 13185: 11849:

Salim, Mustafa; Ryan, Missy; Sly, Liz; Hudson, John (3 January 2020).

11557:

Jalonick, Mary Clare; Mascaro, Lisa; Lee, Matthew (14 December 2018).

10533:

Arkhipov, Ilya; Khrennikova, Dina; Mazneva, Elena (2 September 2016).

10509:"Middle East Ticker: A New Syrian Ceasefire and a Saudi-Iran Oil Spat" 10154:"Hajj Tragedy Inflames Schisms During a Pilgrimage Designed for Unity" 9696:"Analysis: Saudi Gulf union plan stumbles as wary leaders seek detail" 9403:(Revised ed.). England: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 152. 7845: 7186: 7184: 6700: 5643:

Outline of the Yemeni crisis, revolution, and civil war (2011–present)

4999:

2015, authorities in Bahrain arrested five suspects over a bombing in

4986:

The Bahraini government publicly blamed Iran for the protests, but an

4651:

has been a major theater in the proxy conflict throughout its ongoing

4292:

Iran and U.S. have also been embroiled in tensions due to the wars in

3409:" against Israel and similar competing regional states located in the 25476: 23095: 18567:

Hafezi, Parisa; Abdallah, Nayera; Yaakoubi, Aziz El (10 March 2023).

18015:"Pakistani pilgrims are being recruited into Iran's mercenary groups" 14672:"Egypt, Jordan and Sudan ready for ground offensive in Yemen: report" 13754: 12849: 11801:"Qasem Soleimani: US kills top Iranian general in Baghdad air strike" 11045:"Bahrain says pipeline explosion 'terrorist sabotage' linked to Iran" 10208:"Iran blames Saudi leaders for hajj disaster as investigation begins" 9081: 8804:

Hafezi, Parisa; Abdallah, Nayera; Yaakoubi, Aziz El (10 March 2023).

7076:"Israel Meets With UAE, Declares It's Joining Persian Gulf Coalition" 5572: 5510: 5490: 5228: 5004: 4925: 4738: 4610:, with Iran-backed proxies have fought against Pakistan and its ally 4520: 4381: 3925:

These groups fight the Bahraini government in order to overthrow the

3846: 3557: 3527: 3518: 3402: 3308: 2523:

in which Shia pilgrims clashed with Saudi security forces during the

2379:

invaded Iran, and it ended on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the

2251: 2238:, basing its legitimacy in part on its control of the holy cities of 2109: 1902: 355: 231: 23776:

American Healthcare Professionals and Friends for Medicine in Israel

18656:"Malaysia welcomes restoration of Saudi Arabia-Iran diplomatic ties" 17355:

Georgy, Michael; Aboulenein, Ahmed; Rasheed, Ahmed (21 March 2018).

17114:

Mazzetti, Mark; Hubbard, Ben; Rosenberg, Matthew (13 October 2016).

16688:"Why Pakistan Isn't Taking Sides After Outbreak of US-Iran Conflict" 15704:"Biden announces end to US support for Saudi-led offensive in Yemen" 15511:

Iran's role in attack on U.S. troops in Syria signals new escalation

15432: 14610: 13150:"Lebanon's Hezbollah Leader Criticizes Saudi Arabia, Deepening Rift" 12864:""The Hezbollah model" and how the Hezbollah influenced the Houthis" 11148:"Even Saudi Arabia's Allies Are Questioning Its Mideast Power Plays" 10558:"Saudis offer oil cut for OPEC deal if Iran freezes output: sources" 6975:"From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism" 6142: 4214:

United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

2817:

agreed that terrorism was an international threat and called on the

2498:

with barbed wire stretched across fortified defensive lines, manned

2021:

is a term which is used in reference to the modern conflict between

1678: 27428: 27368: 26362: 25577: 25384: 24545: 24412: 24402: 23915: 22133:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

22028: 21729: 17951: 17773:

Iran's Influence in Afghanistan: Implications for the U.S. Drawdown

17491: 16825:"Saudi support to rebels slows Assad attacks: pro-Damascus sources" 16244: 16124:"Saudi FM: Full ties restored between Qatar and blockading nations" 15999: 15927: 15850:"Qatar: UAE and Saudi Arabia step up pressure in diplomatic crisis" 15808:"Why is Saudi Arabia Re-Writing the History of the Ottoman Empire?" 15604: 15157: 14954: 14707: 14106:"U.S. sets up new Mideast naval task force amid strained Gulf ties" 14028:"Yemen Houthis attack Saudi energy facilities, refinery output hit" 13964:"Iran-Saudi Rivalry in Africa: Implications for Regional Stability" 12959:"Iran-Saudi Rivalry in Africa: Implications for Regional Stability" 12915:"Iran-Saudi Rivalry in Africa: Implications for Regional Stability" 12692:"Iran-Saudi Rivalry in Africa: Implications for Regional Stability" 12266:

Iran says talks with regional rival Saudi Arabia resumed in Baghdad

11804: 11678: 11582:"Saudi oil tankers among those attacked off UAE amid Iran tensions" 11172: 10854: 10739:"Several reported killed as Saudi town enters fifth day of 'siege'" 10486: 10182:"How the deadly hajj stampede feeds into old Middle East rivalries" 9949: 9930: 9375: 8928:

Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, p411

8760: 8251: 8142: 7824:"Saudi Arabia replaces military commanders in late-night reshuffle" 7509: 7483: 7181: 6979: 6443: 6441: 6252:"Analysis: Lebanon is dragged back into eye of Iranian-Saudi storm" 6189:"Iranian Saudi rivalry over the regional role ... Syria as a model" 6126: 6084:"Iran-Saudi Rivalry in Africa: Implications for Regional Stability" 5716:"Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Conflict: Shia Province as Casus Belli?" 5514: 5506: 4528: 4472: 4369: 4278: 4133:. Saudi Arabia also support Iraqi Kurdistan against Iraq and Iran. 4130: 4056:

as part of the Saudi coalition, along with formerly supporting the

3248:

said Iranian cyberattacks had reached a rate of 10,000 per minute.

2879: 2511:

attacks" and thus had a lasting impact on the dynamics of the war.

2469: 2234:

During this period Saudi Arabia styled itself as the leader of the

2207:

Prior to the Iranian Revolution, the two countries constituted the

2060:

A noteworthy point in this conflict is that Iran has very positive

2034: 1973: 1958: 802: 32: 18427:"Netanyahu: Iran Nuclear Deal Is Based on Lies – Here's the Proof" 18379:"Iran deal reached, Obama hails step towards 'more hopeful world'" 16386:"The Arab Connection to Chechen Conflict | YaleGlobal Online" 16317:"John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria" 15546:"Iran expands Taliban support, targets U.S. troops in Afghanistan" 14595:"The Role of Iran in the Failed Coup of 1981: The IFLB in Bahrain" 14210:"Yemen warring parties agree to extend truce for two months -U.N." 14158:"Saudi-led coalition transfers scores of freed prisoners to Yemen" 13544:"Oman is a mediator in Yemen. Can it play the same role in Qatar?" 12408:

Planned strikes are believed to be targeting Saudi Arabia and Iraq

12103:"State Officials Address Heightened Iranian Cybersecurity Threats" 11993:

Brook, Tom Vanden; Woodyard, Chris; Bacon, John (9 January 2020).

11876:"Reactions to the killing of Iranian general in a U.S. air strike" 11120:"Concern over UK-based Iranian TV channel's links to Saudi Arabia" 10938:"Swiss to represent Iran, Saudi interests after rivals broke ties" 10392:

Brumfield, Ben; Basil, Yousuf; Pearson, Michael (3 January 2016).

10312:

Brumfield, Ben; Basil, Yousuf; Pearson, Michael (2 January 2016).

7715:"بالفيديو .. تصريح ناري لأبو مهدي المهندس حول السعودية والإمارات!" 7669:(Press release). United States Department of State. 13 August 2018 7337:

Now is the time for Kuwait to join the growing Anti-Iran Coalition

6701:"Lebanese Hezbollah: Ahvaz crime reaction to Resistance victories" 6643:"Iran calls for return of abducted border guards held in Pakistan" 5778:"Iran Sent Them to Syria. Now Afghan Fighters Are a Worry at Home" 4911:

militia as well as a critic of both U.S. and Iranian involvement.

3032:

Both Israel and Saudi Arabia supported the US withdrawal from the

25256: 24577: 23661: 22346: 21619: 18601: 18573: 18541:"Five things to know about the Iran-Saudi deal brokered by China" 18481:"Saudi Arabia wants dialogue after Jordan meeting: Iran minister" 18431: 17165:"How the Iranian-Saudi Proxy Struggle Tore Apart the Middle East" 17031:"Analysis: IRGC implicated in arming Yemeni Houthis with rockets" 16656:"Pakistani Prime Minister Khan visits Saudi Arabia to reset ties" 16241:"Syrian conflict: Russian bombers use Iran bases for air strikes" 15827:"Qatar and Its Neighbors Have Been At Odds Since the Arab Spring" 15206:"Olmert reportedly held secret meeting with king of Saudi Arabia" 15050:"Albania says it foiled Iranian plot to attack exiled dissidents" 14972:"Saudi Arabia's use of soft power in Iraq is making Iran nervous" 14788: 14531:"In Bahrain, government crackdown hits middle-class Shiites hard" 14319:"Saudi Arabia's use of soft power in Iraq is making Iran nervous" 14233:"Saudi Arabia frees 13 Houthis as Oman tries to broker new truce" 13204:"Morocco cuts diplomatic ties with Iran over Western Sahara feud" 12326:"US 'will not walk away' from Middle East: Biden at Saudi summit" 11475:

Bayoumy, Yara; Landay, Jonathan; Strobel, Warren (27 July 2018).

11451:"U.S. to Restore Sanctions on Iran, Deepening Divide With Europe" 11308:"I will return Saudi Arabia to moderate Islam, says crown prince" 11222:"Saudi crown prince sees a new axis of 'evil' in the Middle East" 11169:"Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, power behind the throne" 10636:"Iran Races to Clinch Oil Deals Before Donald Trump Takes Office" 10128:"Redrawing the Middle East map: Iran, Syria and the new Cold War" 6616: 6587:"Erbil is not another front in the Saudi-Iran regional proxy war" 5392:

gave a televised speech accusing Iran of covertly continuing the

5282: 5110: 5089:, while Saudi Arabia provided financial support to the Wahhabist 5078: 4786: 4611: 3984: 3972: 3620: 3546: 2383:-brokered ceasefire. Iraq wanted to replace Iran as the dominant 2129: 2085: 2081: 2077: 1954: 1918: 1914: 944: 743: 730: 326: 27618:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

23370:

United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel

22580:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

18503:"Saudi minister says 'all bets off' if Iran gets nuclear weapon" 17225:"US Blunders in Iraq: De-Baathification and Disbanding the Army" 16706:"Pakistan's Imran Khan in Tehran to facilitate Iran-Saudi talks" 15127:"Iran: Saudis gave Israel 'strategic' intel in 2006 Lebanon war" 14828:"Saudi Arabia and UAE launch new economic and military alliance" 13564:

Oman is a mediator in Yemen. Can it play the same role in Qatar?

11752:

Pérez-Peña, Richard; Kirkpatrick, David D. (16 September 2019).

10535:"Putin Pushes for Oil Freeze Deal With OPEC, Exemption for Iran" 9823:"After the hope of the Arab Spring, the chill of an Arab Winter" 8967:"US fanning sedition between Iran, Arab nations: Egyptian daily" 8833:

Nissenbaum, Dion; Said, Summer; Faucon, Benoit (16 March 2023).

8077:"Iran-Saudi proxy war in Yemen explodes into region-wide crisis" 7641:"Saudi Arabia, Zionist regime behind resignation of Lebanese PM" 7226:"Saudi-Emirati-Egyptian Alliance Steering US Middle East Policy" 6878:"Lebanon vote deals blow to Hezbollah, preliminary results show" 6438: 5963:"Exclusive: Hamas Official Discusses Decline of Iranian Support" 5925:

Hezbollah's Hassan Nasrallah accuses Saudi Arabia of 'terrorism'

5247:. Saudi Arabia has taken a diplomatic approach, such as backing 3987:. However, Bahrain's population is somewhere between 70 and 85% 3814:, in which protesters protested against Shi'ite prime ministers 3477:

Despite the 2005 cease fire agreement that officially ended the

26710: 25261: 25116:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

23950: 23841:

Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations

23168: 22468:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

18404:"Saudi crown prince: If Iran develops nuclear bomb, so will we" 18087:"Saudi crown prince says Israelis have right to their own land" 16799:"Rancor Between Saudi Arabia and Iran Threatens Talks on Syria" 16598:"Explaining the impact of militancy on Iran–Pakistan relations" 16268:"Iraq agrees to share intelligence with Russia, Iran and Syria" 15154:"Israel and Saudi Arabia: What's shaping the covert 'alliance'" 15000:"Why Iran's agents hound political refugees in distant Albania" 14704:"Saudi Arabia's allies Bahrain, Sudan and UAE act against Iran" 14132:"Saudi-led coalition says it will release 163 Houthi prisoners" 13750:"How friendship with Venezuela benefits Iran's isolated regime" 11702:"Suspicions Rise That Saudi Oil Attack Came From Outside Yemen" 11365:"Iran's eastern shift shows patience running out with the West" 10863:"Islamist militants strike heart of Tehran, Iran blames Saudis" 9991:"U.A.E. Supports Saudi Arabia Against Qatar-Backed Brotherhood" 9526:"How Saudi Wahhabism Is the Fountainhead of Islamist Terrorism" 7896:"Saudi Intel Chief Prince Bandar Is Out, But Is He Really Out?" 5439: 5244: 5106: 4758: 4492: 4487:'s coverage of other GCC states and Egypt, and Qatar's alleged 4434: 4049: 3640: 3410: 3292: 3256: 3255:, with Saudi allies UAE and Bahrain normalizing relations with 3110: 2977: 2956:

On 24 November 2017, Dubai's security chief Lieutenant General

2667: 2640: 2625: 2432: 2243: 2173: 2125: 2097: 769: 717: 677: 650: 18376: 17383:"Why a controversial Iraqi Shiite cleric visited Saudi Arabia" 15924:"Qatar row: Saudi and Egypt among countries to cut Doha links" 11559:"Senate rebukes Trump, Saudi Arabia over Khashoggi, Yemen war" 10367:"Police Arrest 40 People for Storming Saudi Embassy in Tehran" 7283: 6123:"Islamic Movement in Nigeria: The Iranian-inspired Shia group" 6005:"The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan" 5052:

responded by accusing Hariri of resigning on Riyadh's orders.

5003:. Officials linked the attacks to the Revolutionary Guard and 4618:

region, and have cooperated against the Soviets in the 1980s.

4270:

and the U.S. and Iran directly attacked each other during the

4125:. Saudi Arabia and the UAE has also supported the Kurdish-led 3991:, and has led to protests, of which, the most notable was the 3975:

is a major ally to Saudi interests, and a major member of the

2132:. The biggest rivalry in the Arab–Iranian conflict is between 26759: 25271: 23875: 23672:

United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

23472: 22331: 18249:"UN sees evidence of Iranian interference in Libyan conflict" 17858:"Afghanistan Brings the Saudi-Iranian Rivalry to a New Level" 16291:"U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into a Proxy War With Russia" 14337:"Sectarianism will prolong instability in Iraq: Saudi Arabia" 14262:

Dury-Agri, Jessa Rose; Kassim, Omer; Martin, Patrick (2017).

13114:"Gulf Cooperation Council Labels Hezbollah a Terrorist Group" 12508: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12496: 11961:"Iran Fires Missiles at Two U.S. Bases in Iraq: Live Updates" 11728:"U.S. Tells Saudi Arabia Oil Attacks Were Launched From Iran" 11675:"Saudi oil attacks: US says intelligence shows Iran involved" 11653:"Saudi Arabia: Drone attacks knocked out half its oil supply" 11630:"Iran Says It Wants Good Relations With Saudi Arabia, U.A.E." 11018:"Iran's actions may be 'act of war,' Saudi crown prince says" 10889:"Iran leaders accuse US, Saudis of supporting Tehran attacks" 8705:"What's behind the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran? Power" 8577:

Koelbl, Susanne; Shafy, Samiha; Zand, Bernhard (9 May 2016).

8300:"Repercussions of the Saudi-Iranian Conflict on North Africa" 7873:"Saudi Arabia's Domestic and Foreign Intelligence Challenges" 7588:"Iran denies top general called Saudi, not Israel, its enemy" 6863: 6831:"Former Saddam aide seeks to reshape Iraq's Sunni insurgency" 5855:"Iran's Guards Renew Pledge To Support Iraqi Shiite Militias" 5542: 5502: 5459: 5451: 5435: 5374: 5274: 5248: 5224: 5000: 4729:

Houthi insurgency in Yemen § Alleged foreign involvement

4648: 4286: 4114: 3850: 3830: 3596: 3581: 3493:

Hamas received strong rhetorical support from regime leaders

3471: 3464: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3372: 3311:

ensured that they will not let Iran obtain a nuclear weapon.

3296: 3232: 3221: 2883: 2730: 2678: 2345: 2313: 2239: 2224: 2121: 2117: 2089: 2073: 2030: 1922: 816: 782: 756: 691: 552: 435: 414: 388: 313: 243: 18638:"Indonesia Sambut Baik Normalisasi Hubungan Arab Saudi-Iran" 17565:

Shoichet, Catherine E.; Castillo, Mariano (4 January 2016).

15951:"Defense minister: Blockade of Qatar a 'declaration of war'" 12878:"Yemen's Houthi rebels raise nearly $ 300,000 for Hezbollah" 11935:

Eqbali, Aresu; Malsin, Jared; Leary, Alex (7 January 2020),

10716:"Snipers Injure Scores of Civilians in Saudi Arabia's Qatif" 9927:"Saudi Arabia declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'" 8828: 8826: 6399:"Arab powers sever Qatar ties, citing support for militants" 5295: 3709:

In 2022, multiple events occurred, including the following:

3240:

and many U.S. states released advisories warning of Iranian

2215:

in 1953, were allied with the US to ensure stability in the

2180:, most of whom were monarchies and all of whom had sizeable 85:(45 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 4 days) 25266: 23677:

2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners

23365:

United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel

23215:

Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest Region

21801: 19900: 19366: 18206:"Iran FM voices support for Turkey-backed Libya government" 16934:"With Arms for Yemen Rebels, Iran Seeks Wider Mideast Role" 14785:"Insight: Kuwaitis campaign privately to arm Syrian rebels" 13641:"Aden's STC says Qatar is giving Houthis financial support" 11543: 11285: 11251:"Saudi Crown Prince Likens Iran's Supreme Leader to Hitler" 10761:"U.N. slams erasing of "cultural heritage" in Saudi Arabia" 9770:"Israel Is Strengthening Its Ties With The Gulf Monarchies" 9639:"Saudi-Iranian cold war: stirring up sectarian hostilities" 8412:"Sectarian Rise in Pakistan: Role of Saudi Arabia and Iran" 8358:"The Saudi-Iran Rivalry and Sectarian Strife in South Asia" 8219:"How far does Saudi Arabia's influence go? Look at Nigeria" 7270:"Bahrain Jails 169 For Founding 'Iran-Linked Terror Group'" 6533:"Omar Al-Bashir: We cannot allow Shi'ite presence in Sudan" 5494: 5431: 5402:

Trump announced on 8 May 2018 that the United States would

4767: 4606:

of problems regarding not just Shia issue, but also due to

4589: 4548: 4085:, and joined up with Saudi Arabia and Egypt to support the 4002:

Iran has been accused of supporting militant groups in the

3762: 3481:, friction arose as Israel attempted to gain access to the 3300: 3199:

in Iraq as an act of revenge. The attack left 110 injured.

3125:

in Yemen claimed responsibility, the US Secretary of State

2776: 2734: 2590: 2524: 2181: 2069: 2026: 1972:. The rivalry has drawn comparisons to the dynamics of the 1926: 1886: 977: 516: 404: 339: 118: 112: 23831:

Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America

23225:

Tel Aviv Branch Office of the Embassy of the United States

21951:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

16368:"Growing ties with Russia could strain Saudi-US relations" 15899:"Yemen cuts diplomatic ties with Qatar: state news agency" 15068: 15025:. Independent Digital News & Media Ltd. Archived from 14487:"Militias Operating In and Against Bahrain | Part II" 13368:"Liwa al-Baqir (The Baqir Brigade) in Syria | TRENDS" 13231: 13229: 12623:"Hamas Distributes Qatari Money Quietly Brought into Gaza" 12493: 12457: 11828:"Protesters attack US Embassy in Baghdad after airstrikes" 10964:"Iran-Saudi Cold War Intensifies as Militant Threat Fades" 10814:"Saudi Arabia claims arrest of Iran's Revolutionary Guard" 10532: 10438:"Saudi Arabia ally Comoros breaks off relations with Iran" 10314:"Tehran protest after Saudi Arabia executes Shiite cleric" 8523:"Balkans Risks Being Caught in Crossfire Over Middle East" 7451:"Iran vs Saudi Arabia: The Middle East cold war explained" 4539:

Russia has been aligned with Iran and Syria for years. It

4014:

in attempting to overthrow the Bahraini monarchy, as such

3941:, became a paramilitary group during the Shia insurgency. 23751:

Opposition in the United States to the Israeli occupation

22257:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

18729: 17515:"Can Bahrain count on Moscow to fill Washington's shoes?" 17488:"Bahrain protesters join anti-government march in Manama" 16796: 16536:"The Saudi-Iran Factor in Pakistan's Sunni-Shia Conflict" 15528:"Officials: Iran behind drone attack on US base in Syria" 15077:"Iran lashes out against Albania after Soleimani killing" 14929:"Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria" 12304:"Iran Hails Latest Talks With Saudi Arabia as 'Positive'" 11339:"Trump Withdraws U.S. From 'One-Sided' Iran Nuclear Deal" 10840:"Iran denies Saudi claim of Revolutionary Guards' arrest" 10610:"Mohammad Javad Zarif: Let Us Rid the World of Wahhabism" 10556:

El Gamal, Rania; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (23 September 2016).

10263:. Agence France‑Presse. 11 September 2016. Archived from 10261:"Saudi launches Persian hajj TV after tensions with Iran" 9273:

Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces

8823: 8783:"Iran, Saudi Arabia hold fifth round of talks in Baghdad" 8168: 8015:"Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria" 6860:"Saddam's 'king of clubs' reappears on Baath anniversary" 6613:"To Iranian eyes, Kurdish unrest spells Saudi incitement" 5498: 5141:

Since the 1980s, Pakistan has been dealing with sporadic

4979:

in support of the government of Bahraini to put down the

4886:

approach to improve relations with the Iraqi government.

2741:

2016 Saudi executions and attack on Saudi mission in Iran

2557:

The current phase of the conflict began in 2011 when the

2219:

and act as a bulwark against Soviet influence during the

22483:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

22389:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

17674:"Is Lebanon caught in a Saudi-Iran regional power play?" 17357:"In symbolic victory, Iran conquers Iraq's dates market" 17113: 17053:"Yemen Has Become Iran's Testing Ground for New Weapons" 16901:"Iran arming Yemen's Huthi rebels since 2009: UN report" 16773:"Iran boosts military support in Syria to bolster Assad" 16110:"Qatar To Reinstate Ambassador To Iran Amid Gulf Crisis" 15876:"Arab nations cut ties with Qatar in new Mideast crisis" 9721:"Turkey joins Sunni 'anti-terrorist' military coalition" 8579:"Saudia Arabia Iran and the New Middle Eastern Cold War" 7798: 7561:"Al-Maliki Accuses Saudi Arabia of Supporting Terrorism" 5466:

to focus on their economies "towards joint prosperity".

4340:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

3584:. Morocco has also made claims that Hezbollah funds the 2860:

of Rouhani in Iran, who defeated conservative candidate

1893:

are engaged in an ongoing struggle for influence in the

21916:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

17843:"Afghan Senate: Iran and Russia are supporting Taliban" 17611:"Saudi and UAE ban citizens from travelling to Lebanon" 17354: 16638:"Don't underestimate Pakistan's relationship with Iran" 13226: 12194: 12192: 11900: 11580:

El Gamal, Rania; Sharafedin, Bozorgmehr (12 May 2019).

10791:"Tehran says Saudi coastguard killed Iranian fisherman" 10691:"Two dead in Saudi town 'siege' against Shia militants" 10337:"Iran supreme leader says Saudi faces 'divine revenge'" 9946:"Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'" 9593:. European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 8986:"Arabs and Persians beyond the Geopolitics of the Gulf" 7910: 7615:"Iran Guards head calls Saudi Arabia 'terrorist state'" 6635: 6633: 6482: 6480: 5575:, which paved the way for more security in the region. 4313: 3944: 25164:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

24520:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

24142:

Permanent Mission of North Korea to the United Nations

23886:

Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies

23710:

United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2014

22600:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

21153:

Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus

18566: 14760:"Kuwait To Send Troops To Saudi For Yemen War: Report" 11608:"Tankers struck near Strait of Hormuz; US blames Iran" 11071:"Dubai security chief calls for bombing of Al Jazeera" 10634:

Erdbrink, Thomas; Krauss, Clifford (8 December 2016).

8803: 8241: 8239: 7948: 7946: 7312:"Yemen cuts diplomatic relations with Iran: spokesman" 7284:"Why did Morocco cut its diplomatic ties with Iran? -" 5469: 4277:

The U.S. and Iran again opened in mistrust during the

3146:

has led to the deaths of more than thousands to date.

2821:

to block funding of extremist ideologies using Iran's

24122:

United States Special Representatives for North Korea

23627:

Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement

22953:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

22610:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

17922:"Saudi Arabia Stymies U.S. Over Pakistan Terror List" 17589:"Saudi Arabia and UAE tell citizens to avoid Lebanon" 16958:

Bayoumy, Yara; Ghobari, Mohammed (15 December 2014).

16747:"Mapping the Deaths of Iranian Officers Across Syria" 15974:"Qatar: 'We can defend our currency and the economy'" 14860:"Saudi Arabia, UAE support Egypt's comments on Libya" 14271:

Iraqi Security Forces and Popular Mobilization Forces

14261: 13710:"Yemeni adviser: Qatar's support for Houthis blatant" 13607:"Yemen's Houthi-led govt appoints new envoy to Syria" 13577:"Oman denies arms smuggled through border to Houthis" 13326:

from the original on 22 May 2015 – via YouTube.

12666:"Why Palestine Supports China on the South China Sea" 11751: 11699: 10391: 10311: 10071:"Saudi Arabia Is Iran's New National Security Threat" 9911:"Bahrain FM: Muslim Brotherhood is a terrorist group" 9012:

Arabs and Persians beyond the Geopolitics of the Gulf

6825: 6823: 5259:

stated that Israelis have a right to their own land.

2700:

tactical alliances between states on opposing sides.

2049:

seeing themselves as the champion leading states for

1984:

power, while Saudi Arabia sees itself as the leading

1901:. The two countries have provided varying degrees of 24016:

A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm

23971:

United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation

23552:

Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information

23018:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

21946:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

19649:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

19107:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

18859: 17029:

Taleblu, Behnam Ben; Toumaj, Amir (21 August 2016).

16566: 16006: 15601:"Iran threatens to block Strait of Hormuz oil route" 15455:

Troops Authorized to Kill Iranian Operatives in Iraq

14951:"The Gulf Arab Countries and the Kurdish Referendum" 13912:

Esfandiary, Dina; Tabatabai, Ariane (2 April 2016).

13865:

Esfandiary, Dina; Tabatabai, Ariane (2 April 2016).

12421:"Iran Denies Planning Attacks on Saudi Arabia, Iraq" 12189: 11726:

Nissenbaum, Dion; Said, Summer (16 September 2019).

11477:"Trump seeks to revive 'Arab NATO' to confront Iran" 11474: 11039: 11037: 11035: 9668:

Fahim, Kareem; Kirkpatrick, David D. (14 May 2012).

9198: 8832: 8265: 7955:"Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest" 7506:"The fearsome Iraqi militia vowing to vanquish Isis" 6630: 6477: 6310:"Iran Supports Maduro as the President of Venezuela" 5833:"Will Saudi Arabia become a new drone battleground?" 5736: 5582: 4690:

conflict, Iran increased its ground support for the

4628: 4035:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

2779:

freeze on oil output. As part of the talks, Russian

2751:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

2494:

in terms of the tactics used, including large-scale

1589: 27740:

Foreign intervention in the Libyan civil war (2011)

25575: 23936:

Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law

23412:

Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements

23390:

Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement

22163:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

18303:MacAskill, Ewen; Traynor, Ian (18 September 2003). 17697:"Saudi-Iran power struggle to fill void in Lebanon" 17648:"Saudi reopens Lebanon front in struggle with Iran" 17633:"Saudi, UAE, Kuwait urge citizens to leave Lebanon" 16771:Saul, Jonathan; Hafezi, Parisa (21 February 2014). 16648: 16341:Tilghman, Andrew; Pawlyk, Oriana (4 October 2015). 16266:Mullen, Jethro; Basil, Yousuf (28 September 2015). 16032: 14497: 13911: 13864: 13817: 10094:"Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War" 10016:"What the Qatar crisis shows about the Middle East" 8236: 8191:"Iraq Before the War: A Fractured, Pent-Up Society" 7953:Bronner, Ethan; Slackman, Michael (14 March 2011). 7943: 7246: 7244: 7242: 6161:. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from 5943:"Hezbollah and Saudi Arabia – a routine of clashes" 5725:(22), S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies 4670:initially expressed support for the revolutions in 3251:The 2019 Warsaw Conference would later lead to the 3157:that killed multiple passengers, including Iranian 24722:Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program 17915: 17913: 17672:Alsaafin, Linah; Najjar, Farah (8 November 2017). 16960:"Iranian support seen crucial for Yemen's Houthis" 16851:"Saudi Arabia, Iran and the 'Great Game' in Yemen" 16289:Barnard, Anne; Shoumali, Karam (12 October 2015). 16066:"Saudi-led group: Qatar not serious about demands" 15334: 13768: 12572: 12512: 11992: 11848: 11579: 11556: 11392: 11390: 11244: 11242: 10955: 10812:Al-Shihri, Abdullah; Batrawy, Aya (19 June 2017). 10555: 10416:"More countries back Saudi Arabia in Iran dispute" 10369:. Fars News Agency. 3 January 2016. Archived from 10038: 10036: 9670:"Saudi Arabia Seeks Union of Monarchies in Region" 9247: 9245: 9243: 9215:The Other Saudis: Shiism, Dissent and Sectarianism 9074: 8248:"Saudi Arabia and Iran fight for Africa's loyalty" 6820: 6723: 6641: 6269:How Saudi Arabia pushed Iraq into the arms of Iran 6225:"Saudi Arabia says Lebanon has declared war on it" 5891:against the tyrants," the group's statement reads. 5420: 5338:in response to Iran's uranium enrichment program. 5312:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 5100:and the removal of the Taliban in the wake of the 4356:U.S.-Saudi relations have deteriorated due to the 27396:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 23926:Jewish Institute for National Security of America 23761:American Association for Palestinian Equal Rights 23230:Consulate General of the United States, Jerusalem 22668:Iranian Students Association in the United States 18597:"Reaction to Iran and Saudi Arabia resuming ties" 16932:Schmitt, Eric; Worth, Robert F. (15 March 2012). 15867: 14966: 14964: 14803:"United Arab Emirates - Middle East Battle Lines" 14411:"العراق و معسكرات تدريب مخربي البحرين و السعودية" 14294:"The Iranian and Houthi War against Saudi Arabia" 14291: 13420:"North Korea's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf" 11934: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11032: 10287:"Iran, Saudi spar over running of haj pilgrimage" 10206:Black, Ian; Weaver, Matthew (25 September 2015). 10068: 9392: 8478:"Afghanistan stuck between Iran and Saudi Arabia" 7480:"Iran and Saudi Arabia's great rivalry explained" 7049:"The Tension Between America and Iran, Explained" 6924:The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum 6703:. Islamic Republic News Agency. 23 September 2018 6159:"The Syrian Crisis and the Saudi-Iranian Rivalry" 6157:Berti, Benedetta; Guzansky, Yoel (October 2012). 5776:Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima (11 November 2017). 5555:has "welcomed" an invitation from Saudi Arabia's 5137:Pakistan Armed Forces deployments in Saudi Arabia 4778:a military target and imposing a naval blockade. 4640:Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war 4127:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 4083:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 4033:, severed ties with Iran in the aftermath of the 3686:Houthis overthrew the government in Yemen in the 3470:The organisation has received arms from Iran via 3330: 2108:Arab monarchies (all of which identify more with 173: 27636: 26325:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) 25908:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) 24888:Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee 24686:Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia 24681:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States 24310:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization 24207:Recovery of US human remains from the Korean War 23836:Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land 22203:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 18302: 18224:"Iran- Turkey Partnership: A New Front in Libya" 18062:"Palestine Is a Victim of the Iranian-Saudi War" 17948:"Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan" 17695:Younes, Ali; Mandhai, Shafik (8 November 2017). 17567:"Saudi Arabia-Iran row spreads to other nations" 17564: 17326:"Iranian Influence Gives Saudi Arabia Heartburn" 17142:"US in Yemen: If you threaten us, we'll respond" 15818: 15372:"The Evolution of Iran's Special Groups in Iraq" 14505:"Bahrain: Widespread Suppression, Scant Reforms" 13957: 13955: 13914:"Yemen: an Opportunity for Iran–Saudi Dialogue?" 13867:"Yemen: an Opportunity for Iran–Saudi Dialogue?" 13820:"Yemen: an Opportunity for Iran–Saudi Dialogue?" 12952: 12950: 12948: 11332: 11330: 11328: 10811: 10684: 10682: 9667: 8043:"Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks" 7239: 7219: 7217: 6465: 6463: 6332:"Iran, Venezuela in "axis of unity" against U.S" 6250:Perry, Tom; Ghantous, Ghaida (2 November 2021). 5992:What is behind the Saudi campaign against Hamas? 5869:The Role of Militias in Iran's Strategy for Iraq 5795: 5273:Iran and Saudi Arabia have waged a proxy war in 2968:In 2017 Saudi Arabia funded the creation of the 2442:Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's 1682:Syrian War spillover and international incidents 27549:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 26500:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 26291:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 25707:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) 24541:2008 New York Philharmonic visit to North Korea 24132:Ambassadors of the United States to South Korea 19691:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 19149:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 17910: 16288: 16189:Haaretz; Press, The Associated (11 July 2017). 14437:"'سرايا الأشتر'.. تنظيم شيعي مسلح يهدد البحرين" 11526: 11449:Harris, Gardiner; Ewing, Jack (6 August 2018). 11387: 11239: 10659: 10033: 9417: 9401:The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Journey to Freedom 9240: 8649: 8576: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8320: 8302:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 8105:"The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry" 7952: 6077: 6075: 6073: 5957: 5955: 5310:Although both Iran and Saudi Arabia signed the 5208: 5120: 4372:affiliate in Syria. Saudi Arabia has also been 2299:A new organisation emerged in the wake of the " 16:Indirect conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia 24744:U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen 23991:Walworth Barbour American International School 23220:Consuls general of Israel to the United States 22414:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 22394:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 22364:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports 22252:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq 21941:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush 21853:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 21848:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 21608:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive 21543:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria 21107: 18329:Harnden, Toby; Lamb, Christina (17 May 2015). 17671: 16957: 16340: 16058: 15965: 14961: 14633:"Bahrain Impact of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88" 13286:"Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah: The Current Conflict" 12812: 12779: 12743: 12728: 11725: 11268: 11117: 10660:Hubbard, Ben; Erdbrink, Thomas (21 May 2017). 10633: 10173: 10125: 9501:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from 9112:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from 8416:South Asia Journal of Multidiciplinary Studies 7800:تعيين المقدم عبيد فاضل الشمري بدلًا من السهيان 6182: 6180: 5886:"Bahraini militant group adopts IRGC branding" 5369:Following several years of negotiations for a 4892:, former Ba'athist official and leader of the 4344:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 4077:The U.A.E has been a major contributor to the 2622:strengthened economic and security cooperation 2037:as well as the historical religious sectarian 53:Map of the current situation in the conflict: 26859:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 26696: 25561: 25227: 25154:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 24994: 24969:Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations 24810:In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 24632: 24563:Korean American National Coordinating Council 24510:North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2013 24500:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 24073: 23151: 22560:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 21784: 21093: 20583: 19883: 19349: 19325: 18845: 17920:Shah, Saeed; Talley, Ian (21 February 2018). 17894:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 17765: 17763: 17694: 17646:Perry, Tom; Bassam, Laila (7 November 2017). 17028: 16823:Bassam, Laila; Perry, Tom (6 November 2015). 16725:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 16518:"Oman Balances Between Iran and Saudi Arabia" 16088:"Saudi-led group vows 'appropriate' measures" 15841: 15075:Ruci, Ani; Arapi, Lindita (21 January 2020). 14696: 13952: 13255:"Iran's Proxy Threat Is the Real Problem Now" 13168:"Saudi Arabia turns up the heat on Hezbollah" 13132:"Arab League brands Hezbollah 'terror' group" 12945: 11325: 10679: 10480: 8854: 8852: 8757:"Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals" 7803:(in Arabic). Alweeam.com.sa. 15 December 2015 7473: 7471: 7214: 7165:. BT Group. 28 September 2019. Archived from 6610: 6563: 6460: 6249: 6156: 2900:, US President Trump, and Egyptian President 2878:In June, the Iranian state-owned news agency 2156:The proxy conflict can be traced back to the 1903:support to opposing sides in nearby conflicts 1664: 1575: 25685:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) 25680:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) 25634:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) 25241: 24780:1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum 24607:Category:North Korea–United States relations 23931:Joint Action Committee for Political Affairs 23340:U.S.–Israel Joint Economic Development Group 22678:Organization of Iranian American Communities 19816:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 19269:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 18671: 18669: 18618:"Pakistan welcomes Saudi-Iran rapprochement" 16931: 16188: 15942: 15647: 15570:US-Iran proxy war rages back to life in Iraq 15399:"Documents Say Iran Aids Militias From Iraq" 14472:The Evolution of Shi`a Insurgency in Bahrain 13818:Esfandiary, Dina; Tabatabai, Ariane (2016). 13046: 13044: 13023:"Hezbollah & Other Shia Groups Archives" 11937:"Iran Fires Missiles at U.S. Forces in Iraq" 11422: 11396: 11091: 9988: 9881:"The Growing U.S.-Iran Proxy Fight in Syria" 9172:International Journal of Middle East Studies 8464: 7381: 7379: 6673: 6671: 6531:Youssef, Fatah Al-Rahman (12 October 2014). 6150: 6070: 5952: 5904:"Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East" 5745:"Saudi Shi'ites: New light on an old divide" 5648:Timeline of the Yemeni crisis (2011–present) 5481:and Saudi Arabian national security advisor 3646: 3387:in the Syrian civil war, with many proxies. 2614:Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism 2375:began on 22 September 1980, when Iraq under 27745:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war 26712:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 25695:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 25627:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 25332:Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting 24305:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 23756:Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine 23033:United States and state-sponsored terrorism 21899:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 21566:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists 18718: 18328: 18176:"Turkey and regional rivals clash in Libya" 17856:Alibabalu, Sayyad Sadri (27 October 2021). 17645: 16822: 16554:"Why are Pakistani Shiites 'disappearing'?" 16468: 16466: 16265: 16041:"Why Saudi Arabia hates Al Jazeera so much" 15341:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History 11825: 11448: 10989: 10608:Zarif, Mohammad Javad (13 September 2016). 10205: 10126:Farmanfarmaian, Roxane (15 November 2012). 10085: 9989:Shahine, Alaa; Carey, Glen (9 March 2014). 7875:. Washington Institute for Near East Policy 7442: 6177: 5775: 4952:to install a Shia theocratic regime led by 4946:Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain 4799:Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present) 4644:Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war 4426:Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war 4070:Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations 4012:Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain 3949: 3352:Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war 2842:would adopt a more hawkish stance than the 26703: 26689: 26167:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) 25617:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 25612:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 25568: 25554: 25234: 25220: 25001: 24987: 24639: 24625: 24080: 24066: 23210:Ambassadors of the United States to Israel 23200:Ambassadors of Israel to the United States 23158: 23144: 23028:United States involvement in regime change 23013:Opposition to military action against Iran 22585:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act 22426:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 21791: 21777: 21100: 21086: 20590: 20576: 19890: 19876: 19806:Opposition to military action against Iran 19356: 19342: 19259:Opposition to military action against Iran 18852: 18838: 17919: 17760: 17437:"Will Iran, Saudi Arabia patch things up?" 17300:"ISIS resurgence more than likely in Iraq" 16770: 12175:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 11015: 10860: 10042: 9852:"Trump Is on a Collision Course With Iran" 9211: 9088:. Washington, DC: Regnery. pp. 75–6. 8849: 8645: 8643: 7468: 6722:Rasmussen, Sune Engel (25 November 2018), 3833:and supported internally by al-Maliki and 3795:, have been described as Iranian proxies. 2399:. The war also followed a long history of 1671: 1657: 1582: 1568: 1395:(Commander of Saudi Arabia Force in Yemen) 25967:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 25882:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 25639:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 25048:Ambassadors of the United States to Syria 25043:Ambassadors of Syria to the United States 24815:Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act 24759:International Maritime Security Construct 24749:2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal 24676:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C. 24568:Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities 24479:Foreign nationals detained in North Korea 24398:2009 imprisonment of American journalists 23355:2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 23350:2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 23283:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 22379:2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone 22113:International Maritime Security Construct 21651:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict 21213:1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing 21208:Targeted assassination of Abbas al-Musawi 19686:International Maritime Security Construct 19311:Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 19144:International Maritime Security Construct 18666: 17855: 17402:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 17188: 16977: 16613: 16102: 15971: 15824: 15074: 14944: 14942: 13786: 13291:. CRS Report for Congress. 21 July 2006. 13041: 12590: 12530: 11118:Kamali Dehghan, Saeed (31 October 2018). 10990:Kirkpatrick, David D. (6 November 2017). 10736: 10581: 10091: 10045:"What Fuels the Saudi Rivalry With Iran?" 10013: 9251: 9023: 7870: 7769: 7531:"قائد النجباء يكشف مخططات السبهان للعراق" 7376: 6969: 6963: 6747: 6745: 6721: 6668: 6611:Dehghanpisheh, Babak (4 September 2016). 6421:"Qatari Emir Calls for Promotion of Ties" 6200: 6193:Review of Economics and Political Science 5653:Arab states–Israeli alliance against Iran 5541:were a "litmus test" for the survival of 5476:Supreme National Security Council of Iran 5353:since 1974, a project begun under former 5296:Nuclear programs of Iran and Saudi Arabia 4414: 4176:Arab states–Israeli alliance against Iran 4141:Due to Albania's decision to welcome the 3246:Texas Department of Information Resources 3204:Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 2403:, and Iraq planned to annex the oil-rich 2184:populations. Islamist insurgents rose in 27595:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 26286:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 26019:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present) 25962:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 25702:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) 24147:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 24023:The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy 23791:American Israel Public Affairs Committee 23432:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute 22998:International Conference on Hollywoodism 22224:America can't do a damn thing against us 21843:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 21833:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 21287:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 18696: 18594: 18478: 18358:. Agence France-Presse. 12 November 2017 17222: 17139: 16463: 16314: 16038: 15916: 15896: 15890: 15873: 15653: 15396: 15016: 14921: 14680:. Toronto. 26 March 2015. Archived from 13695:How did Qatar back the Houthis in Yemen? 13050: 12813:Seliktar, Ofira; Rezaei, Farhad (2021). 12780:Seliktar, Ofira; Rezaei, Farhad (2021). 12744:Seliktar, Ofira; Rezaei, Farhad (2021). 12729:Seliktar, Ofira; Rezaei, Farhad (2020). 11650: 11605: 11362: 10688: 10460:"Bahrain cuts diplomatic ties with Iran" 10069:Hossein Mousavian, Seyed (3 June 2016). 9727:. Agence France-Presse. 15 December 2015 9546: 9050: 8983: 8702: 8650:Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (25 October 2017). 8498: 8216: 7916: 7314:. Xinhua. 2 October 2015. Archived from 7099: 7097: 7073: 6854: 6852: 6187:Awaad, Aboubakr Fathy (1 January 2020). 5525:offer to end Iran's military support to 5182: 4924: 4732: 4511:Qatar also has a history of funding the 4491:. Qatar was also expelled from the anti- 4188:. In May 2018, Israeli defense minister 3802:, Iran aided Shi'ite groups such as the 3748:International Committee of the Red Cross 3355: 3065: 2987: 2892: 2713: 2545: 2012: 668: 27268:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 24920:American International School of Jeddah 24883:Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States 24717:United States Military Training Mission 24469:North Korean Embassy in Madrid incident 24048:Category:Israel–United States relations 23986:Jerusalem American International School 23891:Institute for Middle East Understanding 23786:American Palestine Public Affairs Forum 23205:Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem 22718:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 21693:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 21465:Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents 21252:2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange 19826:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 18675: 18595:Williams, Alison, ed. (10 March 2023). 18059: 17512: 17399: 17374: 16848: 16744: 16721:"Iran's Policy Confusion about Bahrain" 16718: 16414: 15847: 15177: 14592: 12775: 12773: 12733:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 77. 12568: 12566: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12558: 11336: 11248: 11219: 10909: 10582:Khalilzad, Zalmay (14 September 2016). 10506: 10440:. Agence France-Presse. 16 January 2016 10179: 10151: 9693: 9611: 9576:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35. 9258:Middle East Security and Policy Studies 8880: 8640: 8621:"The Middle East's cold war, explained" 8598: 8355: 8297: 8245: 8139:"Iran-Saudi tensions simmer in Lebanon" 8133: 8074: 7893: 7821: 7585: 7385: 6896:"Factbox: What is the Lebanese Forces?" 6754:"Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?" 6530: 6121:Tangaza, Haruna Shehu (5 August 2019). 6120: 5945:. Alma, Research and Education Centre. 5714:Hashim, Ahmed Salah (29 January 2016), 5668:Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen 5567:also held talks with Emirati President 5563:. Earlier Iran's top security official 5425: 4741:by a Saudi-led coalition on 11 May 2015 4725:Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 4481:severed diplomatic relations with Qatar 4220:Iran–United States relations after 1979 4063: 2514: 2265:, who challenged the legitimacy of the 2039:conflict between Shia and Sunni Muslims 1031:Abu Ala al-Walai (Secretary-General of 27637: 26067:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 25665:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 25407:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 25322:Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum 25202:Category:Syria–United States relations 24925:American International School – Riyadh 23746:Anti-Israel lobby in the United States 23405:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 23395:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 22713:National Council of Resistance of Iran 21873:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group 19478:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 18929:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 18754: 18615: 18534: 18532: 18424: 18111: 17971: 17743: 17717: 17434: 17380: 17324:Foizee, Bahauddin (11 December 2016). 17323: 17297: 17271: 17162: 17050: 16909:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 16898: 15948: 15791: 15772: 15332: 15151: 15047: 14939: 13298:from the original on 13 September 2012 13075: 12861: 11826:Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (1 January 2020). 11371:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 11305: 11279: 11193: 10935: 10886: 10861:Sharafedin, Bozorgmehr (7 June 2017). 10507:Stuster, J. Dana (13 September 2016). 10233: 10014:Gause III, F. Gregory (27 June 2017). 9790: 9767: 9467: 9398: 9367: 9303: 8755:Marcus, Jonathan (16 September 2019). 8754: 8599:Pollack, Kenneth M. (8 January 2016). 8547: 8447:"Iran and Saudi Arabia in Afghanistan" 8445:Seerat, Rustam Ali (14 January 2016). 8444: 8162: 8009: 7822:Tawfeeq, Mohammed (27 February 2018). 7770:Frantzman, Seth J. (8 November 2017). 7448: 7002:"Saudi Arabia Wants to Roll Back Iran" 6807:"Saudis reportedly funding insurgents" 6751: 6742: 5742: 5713: 5406:from the JCPOA and reinstate previous 5288:. Iran, Qatar, and Turkey support the 4456:Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict 4364:. Saudi Arabia formerly supported the 4233:support other uprisings and rebellions 3929:. These groups are backed by Iran and 2659:Islamist platforms similar to that of 2160:in 1979, when the US-backed monarchic 788: 26684: 26215:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 25754:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) 25675:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 25607:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 25549: 25215: 24982: 24620: 24505:North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 24061: 23139: 23055:American Institute of Iranian Studies 22642:Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity 22421:Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape 21772: 21708:Views on military action against Iran 21081: 20571: 19871: 19337: 19324: 18833: 18479:Motamedi, Maziar (21 December 2022). 18114:"Saudi Arabia steps up role in Libya" 17974:"The Middle East Will Only Get Worse" 17945: 17748:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 17744:Quince, Annabelle (9 February 2016). 17460: 17087: 17055:. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 16690:. Voice of America. 25 January 2020. 16672:. Voice of America. 16 October 2019. 16595: 16484:from the original on 21 December 2018 16012: 15409:from the original on 10 December 2008 15152:Marcus, Jonathan (24 November 2017). 15017:Daragahi, Borzou (20 December 2018). 14948: 14417:from the original on 23 December 2017 14285: 13617:from the original on 13 November 2020 12158:The solidifying Arab-Israeli Alliance 12131: 12100: 11500: 11145: 11016:El Sirgany, Sarah (7 November 2017). 10961: 10607: 10483:"Saudi king faces changing landscape" 10385: 10180:Tharoor, Ishaan (24 September 2015). 9875: 9820: 9612:Wallace, Charles P. (3 August 1987). 9547:Cockburn, Patrick (11 January 2016). 9496: 9435:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 9423: 9169: 8938: 8703:Erickson, Amanda (20 December 2017). 8675: 8652:"The Iranian–Saudi Hegemonic Rivalry" 8618: 8409: 8381: 8188: 8040: 7980: 7871:Henderson, Simon (21 February 2014). 7791: 7503: 7477: 7398:Saudi Research and Publishing Company 7223: 7192:"Jordan and Saudi Arabia draw closer" 7143:from the original on 3 September 2019 7103: 7094: 6849: 6639: 6584: 6494:from the original on 10 February 2013 6348: 6312:. Iran International. 24 January 2019 6186: 5940: 5686: 5251:'s negotiations with Israel and the 5055: 4096: 3576:, as it often criticizes states like 3078:of Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen, 2945:intercepted a ballistic missile over 2703: 2329: 2139: 1652: 1621:Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon 1563: 27655:Iran–Saudi Arabia military relations 26358:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) 26146:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 24852:Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting 24837:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 24832:United States diplomatic cables leak 24655:Saudi Arabia–United States relations 24383:Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon 23961:Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism 23537:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 23532:United States diplomatic cables leak 23400:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 22501:United States sanctions against Iran 22294:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 22289:United States diplomatic cables leak 21838:Embassy of the United States, Tehran 21725:Israel and state-sponsored terrorism 21496:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 21435:September 2018 Syria missile strikes 21405:December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 21203:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats 20537:Trade Promotion Organization of Iran 20475:Views on the nuclear program of Iran 19858:Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 19661:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 19119:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 18826:OWP The Organization for World Peace 18538: 17393: 17223:Pfiffner, James P. (February 2010). 17189:Gause III, F. Gregory (March 2007). 17140:Gaouette, Nicole (13 October 2016). 15349:10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001 15265: 15234: 15203: 14740:from the original on 22 October 2020 14573: 13961: 13554:from the original on 18 October 2018 13459:from the original on 11 October 2019 12956: 12912: 12770: 12689: 12555: 12489:– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM. 12113:from the original on 10 January 2020 12082:from the original on 13 January 2020 12052:from the original on 12 January 2020 12023:from the original on 12 January 2020 11527:The White House (20 November 2018). 10334: 10101:Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper 10043:Al-Rasheed, Madawi (23 April 2018). 9846: 9768:Ramani, Samuel (12 September 2016). 9585: 9523: 9310:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 9297: 9270: 9137:Journal of Asian and African Studies 9080: 8780: 8499:Peyrouse, Sebastien (6 April 2014). 7894:Lippman, Thomas W. (16 April 2014). 7772:"Riyadh's 'anti-Hezbollah minister'" 7202:from the original on 6 December 2018 7074:Hitchens, Theresa (16 August 2019). 6914: 6783:(Analysis). Stratfor. 29 July 2016. 6656:from the original on 12 January 2022 6081: 5883: 5529:militants in Yemen and abide by the 5306:Iran and weapons of mass destruction 5010: 4914: 4545:joint intelligence-sharing coalition 4210:Saudi Arabia–United States relations 4079:Saudi Arabian–led coalition in Yemen 4031:Saudi Arabian–led coalition in Yemen 3945:Saudi Arabian supporters and proxies 3876: 3383:, Iran and its allies have actively 3238:U.S. Department of Homeland Security 1740:Turkish occupation of northern Syria 1405:Fahd bin Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 26446:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) 26279:Western Iran clashes (2016–present) 24536:South Korea–United States relations 24127:Embassy of the United States, Seoul 24096:North Korea–United States relations 24030:The Occupation of the American Mind 23667:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense 23567:World Central Kitchen drone strikes 23500:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal 23195:Embassy of Israel, Washington, D.C. 22242:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal 21759:Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 21523:Yarmouk munitions factory explosion 21445:November 2019 Syria missile strikes 21425:February 2018 Israel–Syria incident 21063:Diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia 19811:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 19403:Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran 19393:Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia 19264:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 18529: 18276: 18112:Ramani, Samuel (24 February 2020). 18012: 17997: 17591:. Middle East Eye. 23 February 2016 17538: 16415:Wintour, Patrick (5 October 2017). 16315:Pengelly, Martin (4 October 2015). 15247:from the original on 6 January 2016 14714:from the original on 7 January 2016 13638: 13430:from the original on 17 August 2015 13076:Miller, James (28 September 2015). 13051:Weinthal, Benjamin (18 July 2020), 12896:"Hezbollah and the Syrian Conflict" 12649: 11651:Gambrell, Jon (14 September 2019). 11363:Randolph, Eric (26 February 2018). 10092:Gause III, F. Gregory (July 2014). 9588:"War of words: Saudi Arabia v Iran" 8601:"Fear and Loathing in Saudi Arabia" 8475: 8410:Sewag, Zulqarnain (30 April 2015). 7364:from the original on 4 January 2016 7082:from the original on 21 August 2019 6195:. ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). 5559:to visit the kingdom, according to 5470:March 2023 restoration of relations 5066:The rivalry has contributed to the 4718: 4633: 4500:Qatar agreed to restore relations. 4338:, respectively. This was after the 4231:occurred, revolutionaries began to 4010:. Iran also formerly supported the 3552:Hezbollah is often involved in the 3325: 3206:, killing all 176 people on board. 3149:On 3 January 2020, the US launched 3000:at the White House on 14 March 2018 2934:In October 2017, the government of 2763:in Tehran and later set it ablaze. 2573:, and the outbreak of civil war in 2256:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 1527:Mutlaq bin Salem Al Azima (2011–14) 13: 27505:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 26930:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 26467:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 26436:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) 26396:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 26346:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 26341:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) 25712:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) 25441:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 25038:Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C. 23766:America-Israel Cultural Foundation 23003:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 22865:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 22081:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 21956:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 21863:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 21713:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 21410:January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident 21395:January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike 21267:January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident 21032:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 20678: 19789:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 19774:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 19769:Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry 19706:Abha International Airport attacks 19242:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 19227:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 19164:Abha International Airport attacks 18676:Wintour, Patrick (10 March 2023). 18526:Reuters. Accessed 17 January 2023. 18279:"An atomic threat made in America" 18186:from the original on 16 April 2019 17232:Intelligence and National Security 16871: 16745:Johnson, Henry (30 October 2015). 15972:Alkhalisi, Zahraa (22 June 2017). 15949:Khatri, Shabina S. (1 July 2017). 15397:Mazzetti, Mark (19 October 2008). 14529:Philip Kennicott (22 April 2011). 14391:from the original on 9 August 2020 13587:from the original on 26 April 2019 13170:. 30 November 2001. Archived from 11306:Chulov, Martin (24 October 2017). 11092:O'Connor, Tom (27 November 2017). 10481:Bennett-Jones, Owen (4 May 2015). 10152:Hubbard, Ben (25 September 2015). 9645:. 17 November 2016. Archived from 8548:Dorsey, James (19 February 2018). 8217:Thurston, Alex (31 October 2016). 7974: 7719:alkawthartv.com | قناة الکوثر 7535:alkawthartv.com | قناة الکوثر 7224:Dunne, Charles W. (26 June 2019). 5813:from the original on 22 March 2017 5446:and Saudi Foreign Minister Prince 5379:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 4551:. The alliance coincided with the 4310:2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute 4180:The speaker of Iran's parliament, 3182:attacked the US embassy in Baghdad 2490:The conflict has been compared to 14: 27771: 27720:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia 27342:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 26162:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) 25983:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) 25796:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present) 25536:Category:Gulf Cooperation Council 25519:GCC Youth Athletics Championships 25400:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 24842:Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident 24253:Allegations of biological warfare 23921:Jewish Council for Public Affairs 23856:Council for the National Interest 23846:Coordinating Council on Jerusalem 23741:Israel lobby in the United States 23736:Palestine–United States relations 23562:Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell 22693:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 22673:National Iranian American Council 22636:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran 22595:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 22436:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 21828:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 21501:2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 21440:August 2019 Syria missile strikes 20606:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia 20542:Foreign direct investment in Iran 19671:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 19500:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 19129:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 18951:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 18817: 18697:Lazaroff, Tovah (10 March 2023). 18331:"Saudis 'to get nuclear weapons'" 18060:Ghattas, Kim (22 December 2017). 17972:Dorsey, James (8 November 2017). 17298:Foizee, Bahauddin (5 June 2018). 16849:Reardon, Martin (26 March 2015). 16201:from the original on 30 July 2017 16170:from the original on 21 July 2017 16039:Erickson, Amanda (23 June 2017). 15216:from the original on 26 June 2018 15048:Koleka, Benet (23 October 2019). 14949:Ibish, Hussein (4 October 2017). 13698:Egypt Today:The magazine of Egypt 12132:Ravid, Barak (7 September 2016). 9821:Byman, Daniel (1 December 2011). 9802:. No. September–October 2011 9304:Elling, Rasmus Christian (2008). 8102: 7986:"The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war" 7691:. 11 October 2018. Archived from 7449:Joyner, Alfred (4 January 2016). 6787:from the original on 30 July 2016 6545:from the original on 1 April 2016 6017: 5867:Friedman, George (19 March 2018) 5743:Abedin, Mahan (26 October 2006). 5017:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 4930:Bahraini anti-government protests 4921:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 4629:Involvement in regional conflicts 4556:stance on relations with Russia. 4393:attacks on the Saudi oil industry 3768: 3415:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 2468:, and other conflicts. After the 2355:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 2280: 2271:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 1755:Jordanian–Syrian border incidents 1005:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 27645:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 27380:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 26482:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) 25832:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 25733:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) 25649:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) 25531: 25530: 25514:GCC Volleyball Club Championship 25390:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 25317:GCC Standardization Organization 25290: 25197: 25196: 25133:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 25121:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 25020: 25010: 24964: 24963: 24847:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 24732:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 24658: 24648: 24602: 24601: 24551:Anti-American sentiment in Korea 24322:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 24200:Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula 24099: 24089: 24043: 24042: 23796:American Task Force on Palestine 23771:America–Israel Friendship League 23600:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 23590:2012 US–Israel military exercise 23520:Gaza journey of MV Rachel Corrie 23177: 23167: 23122: 23121: 22925:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 22247:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 22118:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 22108:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 22103:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 21810: 21800: 21754: 21753: 21663:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 21420:March 2017 Israel–Syria incident 21235:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 21230:2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 21165:Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries 20599: 20485:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 19983: 19899: 19853: 19852: 19801:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 19654:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 19639:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 19634:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 19375: 19365: 19306: 19305: 19254:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 19112:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 19097:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 19092:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 18861:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 18798: 18776: 18755:Nereim, Vivian (10 March 2023). 18690: 18648: 18630: 18616:Yousaf, Kamran (10 March 2023). 18609: 18588: 18560: 18517: 18495: 18472: 18446: 18418: 18396: 18370: 18348: 18322: 18296: 18270: 18241: 18216: 18198: 18168: 18154: 18124: 18105: 18079: 18053: 18035: 18021: 18006: 17991: 17965: 17939: 17878: 17849: 17835: 17807: 17793: 17737: 17711: 17688: 17665: 17639: 17625: 17603: 17581: 17558: 17532: 17513:Cafiero, Giorgio (8 July 2016). 17506: 17480: 17454: 17428: 17381:Haddad, Fanar (10 August 2017). 17348: 17317: 17291: 17265: 17216: 17182: 17163:Fisher, Max (19 November 2016). 17156: 17133: 17107: 17081: 17051:Segall, Michael (2 March 2017). 16951: 16925: 16899:Landry, Carole (30 April 2015). 16892: 16865: 16842: 16816: 16790: 16764: 16738: 16712: 16698: 16680: 16662: 16630: 16596:Basit, Saira (2 November 2018). 16589: 16560: 16546: 16528: 16510: 16496: 16445: 16427: 16408: 16378: 16360: 16334: 16308: 16282: 16259: 16233: 16213: 16182: 16156: 16138: 16116: 15988: 15848:Wintour, Patrick (7 June 2017). 15825:Mohyeldin, Ayman (6 June 2017). 15800: 15785: 15773:Fisher, Max (19 November 2016). 15766: 15748: 15722: 15696: 15666: 15619: 15593: 15575: 15563: 15538: 15520: 15504: 15492: 15467: 15447: 15421: 15390: 15364: 15339:, in Hattendorf, John J. (ed.), 15326: 15297: 15259: 15228: 15204:Myre, Greg (25 September 2006). 15197: 15171: 15145: 15119: 15101: 15083: 15041: 15010: 14992: 14899: 14878: 14852: 14838: 14820: 14795: 14777: 14752: 14726: 14664: 14646: 14625: 14586: 14567: 14540: 14523: 14479: 14465: 14447: 14429: 14403: 14381:"الحشد الشعبي يكشف حقيقة ارساله 14373: 14347: 14329: 14311: 14255: 14241: 14226: 14202: 14176: 14150: 14124: 14098: 14072: 14046: 14020: 13994: 13905: 13858: 13811: 13762: 13742: 13728: 13702: 13688: 13654: 13632: 13599: 13569: 13536: 13522: 13496: 13471: 13445: 13412: 13386: 13360: 13348: 13330: 13310: 13278: 13247: 13214: 13196: 13178: 13160: 13142: 13124: 13106: 13088: 13069: 13015: 12989: 12906: 12888: 12870: 12855: 12839: 12815:Iran, Revolution, and Proxy Wars 12806: 12782:Iran, Revolution, and Proxy Wars 12746:Iran, Revolution, and Proxy Wars 12737: 12731:Iran, Revolution, and Proxy Wars 12722: 12683: 12658: 12643: 12629: 12615: 12451: 12433: 12413: 12396: 12378: 12347: 12318: 12296: 12271: 12259: 12231: 12206: 12163: 12151: 12125: 12101:Leins, Casey (12 January 2019). 12094: 12064: 12035: 12005: 11986: 11953: 11928: 11894: 11868: 11842: 11819: 11793: 11771: 11745: 11719: 11693: 11667: 11644: 11622: 11599: 11573: 11550: 11520: 11501:Abedi, Maham (12 October 2018). 11494: 11468: 11442: 11416: 11356: 11299: 11280:Macias, Amanda (19 March 2018). 11220:Tharoor, Ishaan (8 March 2018). 11213: 11187: 11161: 11139: 11111: 11085: 11063: 11009: 10983: 10936:Revill, John (25 October 2017). 10929: 10910:Osborne, Samuel (13 June 2017). 10903: 10880: 10832: 10805: 10783: 10753: 10730: 10708: 10689:McKernan, Bethan (15 May 2017). 10653: 10627: 10601: 10575: 10549: 10526: 10500: 10474: 10452: 10430: 10408: 10359: 10328: 10305: 10279: 10253: 10227: 10199: 10145: 10119: 10062: 10007: 9900: 9869: 9840: 9814: 9784: 9761: 9739: 9713: 9687: 9661: 9631: 9605: 9586:Gaub, Florence (February 2016). 9579: 9566: 9540: 9524:Butt, Yousaf (21 January 2015). 9517: 9490: 9461: 9361: 9336: 9322:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00028.x 9264: 9163: 9128: 9102: 9044: 9017: 9004: 8977: 8959: 8932: 8917: 8874: 8797: 8774: 8748: 8722: 8696: 8669: 8567: 8541: 8515: 8492: 8438: 8403: 8382:Panda, Ankit (22 January 2016). 8375: 8356:Shankar, Abha (6 October 2016). 8349: 8314: 8291: 8246:Oladipo, Tomi (7 January 2016). 8210: 8189:Rubin, Alissa J. (6 July 2016). 8182: 8075:Tisdall, Simon (25 March 2015). 7586:Pileggi, Tamar (15 March 2016). 7104:Tibon, Amir (13 February 2019). 6564:Martin Chulov (31 August 2017). 5941:Sapir, Teddy (6 February 2022). 5884:Wess, Caleb (23 February 2018). 5627: 5613: 5599: 5585: 5487:United Nations Secretary General 5262: 4696:United States Secretary of State 4430:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 4254:The U.S., Saudi Arabia, and the 4203: 3425:recruiting Pakistani Shias, and 3277:Middle East Air Defense Alliance 3216:called for Iran's allies in the 3049:assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 2747:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2502:posts, bayonet charges, Iranian 2387:state, and was worried the 1979 2360: 2116:states and their allies: namely 1964:In what has been described as a 1866:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 1826:2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria 1593:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 1537: 1521: 1502: 1485: 1468: 1451: 1426: 1411: 1398: 1387: 1376: 1359: 1338: 1319: 1304: 1292: 1270: 1250: 1233: 1211: 1189: 1175: 1161: 1147: 1133: 1119: 1102: 1080: 1066: 1049: 1025: 1011: 992: 976: 960: 933: 906: 887: 870: 853: 834: 809: 790: 775: 762: 749: 736: 723: 710: 697: 684: 670: 656: 643: 630: 609: 597: 582: 570: 558: 546: 534: 522: 510: 498: 486: 473: 449: 428: 413: 397: 381: 368: 348: 332: 319: 306: 285: 273: 261: 249: 237: 225: 213: 201: 189: 175: 162: 147: 135: 111: 47: 26:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 27562:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 27531:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 27285:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 26634:Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 26526:Syrian Civil War (2011–present) 26509:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021) 25924:Myanmar conflict (1948–present) 25670:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 25602:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 25347:Bilateral free-trade agreements 25111:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 25080:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 23976:Zionist Organization of America 23585:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 23375:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 23273:Strategic Cooperation Agreement 22963:Anti-American sentiment in Iran 22451:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 22431:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 22374:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 22091:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 21528:2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 21400:May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 21375:Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 21314:Projectile attacks from Lebanon 21247:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 21225:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 19586:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 19398:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran 19044:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 18790:. 16 March 2023. Archived from 17946:Urban, Mark (6 November 2013). 17461:Mabon, Simon (5 January 2016). 17435:Hashem, Ali (19 January 2016). 17272:Milani, Mohsen (22 June 2014). 16719:Khalaji, Mehdi (27 June 2011). 15374:. November 2010. Archived from 15305:"Iran:Export of the Revolution" 15235:OKBI, YASSER (5 January 2016). 12817:. Springer Nature. p. 79. 12784:. Springer Nature. p. 78. 12748:. Springer Nature. p. 77. 11146:Carey, Glen (10 January 2018). 10737:MacDonald, Alex (14 May 2017). 10718:. Iran Front Page. 14 June 2017 9694:Hammond, Andrew (17 May 2012). 9497:Bruno, Greg (13 October 2011). 9051:Ramazani, R.K. (1 March 1979). 9030:. Lexington Books. p. 56. 8866:. 16 March 2023. Archived from 8503:. Al Jazeera Center for Studies 8156: 8127: 8096: 8068: 8041:Rogin, Josh (4 November 2015). 8034: 8003: 7917:Al Saeri, Muqbil (March 2011). 7887: 7864: 7838: 7815: 7763: 7737: 7707: 7681: 7659: 7633: 7607: 7579: 7553: 7523: 7497: 7478:Poole, Thom (20 October 2017). 7416: 7386:Vatanka, Alex (22 March 2012). 7344: 7330: 7304: 7290: 7276: 7262: 7155: 7123: 7067: 7041: 7023: 6994: 6888: 6870: 6799: 6773: 6752:Karami, Arash (2 August 2016). 6715: 6693: 6604: 6578: 6557: 6524: 6506: 6413: 6391: 6373: 6349:Gokay, Bulent (9 August 2017). 6342: 6324: 6302: 6276: 6262: 6243: 6217: 6136: 6114: 6048: 6033: 6011: 5997: 5985: 5934: 5918: 5896: 5545:-brokered reconciliation deal. 5421:Iran–Saudi Arabia rapprochement 5302:Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia 4836:Coalition Provisional Authority 4708:, the talks ultimately failed. 4304:, and disputes surrounding the 4153: 3995:, which were suppressed by the 3456:and rebel forces was declared. 3267:. This would later lead to the 3062:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 1821:2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike 1725:Syrian–Turkish border incidents 1631:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 1438:Presidential Leadership Council 1408:(Commander of the Joint Forces) 940:Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi 94:Various (primarily Middle East) 27735:Military intervention in Yemen 26378:ISIL insurgency (2017–present) 26274:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) 26014:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 26009:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 25903:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) 25759:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 24822:Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees 24696:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 24358:1969 EC-121 shootdown incident 23871:Emergency Committee for Israel 23866:Democratic Majority for Israel 23622:Joint Political Military Group 23490:2004 Tashkent suicide bombings 23235:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 23174:Israel–United States relations 22570:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act 22369:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 22354:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani 22014:United States support for Iraq 21858:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 21703:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel 21307:September 2024 Lebanon strikes 19696:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 19154:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 18505:. Al Jazeera. 11 December 2022 18305:"Saudis consider nuclear bomb" 17845:. Al Arabiya. 8 December 2016. 17635:. Al Jazeera. 9 November 2017. 17613:. Al Jazeera. 23 February 2016 16708:. Al Jazeera. 13 October 2019. 16556:. Deutsche Welle. 9 July 2019. 16013:Fahim, Kareem (23 June 2017). 15897:Browning, Noah (5 June 2017). 15431:. Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from 14907:"Iranian Kurds Return to Arms" 11606:Gambrell, Jon (13 June 2019). 11249:Hubbard, Ben (15 March 2018). 11194:Perper, Rosie (7 March 2018). 11073:. Al Jazeera. 25 November 2017 10962:Fitch, Asa (6 November 2017). 10887:Karimi, Nasser (9 June 2017). 9053:"Security in the Persian Gulf" 8939:Aydin, Mustafa (4 June 2019). 8887:. Cambridge University Press. 8881:Mueller, Chelsi (2 May 2020). 8676:Klare, Michael (1 June 2013). 8163:Kenyon, Peter (17 June 2017). 6781:"Iranian Kurds Return to Arms" 6640:Merat, Arron (28 March 2014). 5877: 5861: 5847: 5825: 5769: 5707: 5680: 5127:Sectarian violence in Pakistan 4792: 4684:presidential election protests 3791:, many of them as part of the 3331:Iranian supporters and proxies 3013:, who has been considered the 2596: 2535: 2455:unconventional weapons program 2451:Iraq's use of chemical weapons 2429:financial and military support 2395:majority to rebel against the 1905:, including the civil wars in 989:, Former Iraqi Prime Minister) 918:Secretary-General of Hezbollah 70: Proxy conflict locations 1: 27730:Shia–Sunni sectarian violence 27332:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 26973:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 25898:Papua conflict (1969–present) 25017:Syria–United States relations 24495:Sanctions against North Korea 24270:CIA activities in North Korea 23821:Center for Middle East Policy 22441:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident 21688:Warsaw Middle East conference 21548:2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen 21455:July 2022 Damascus airstrikes 21450:January 2021 Syria airstrikes 21302:Assassination of Ibrahim Aqil 21297:2024 Lebanon pager explosions 21282:2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings 19794:Warsaw Middle East conference 19591:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 19247:Warsaw Middle East conference 19049:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 18539:Gans, Jared (11 March 2023). 18425:Landau, Noa (30 April 2018). 17539:Hou, Qiang (13 August 2015). 16615:10.1080/09592318.2018.1546362 16602:Small Wars & Insurgencies 16392:. 19 May 2021. Archived from 15874:Gambrell, Jon (6 June 2017). 15654:Sengupta, Kim (12 May 2015). 15293:– via Internet Archive. 15275:. Federal Research Division. 15272:Saudi Arabia: A Country Study 14736:. U.S. Department of States. 14593:Alhasan, Hasan Tariq (2011). 14574:Naar, Ismaeel (9 June 2017). 14564:. Retrieved 3 September 2012. 14537:. Retrieved 3 September 2012. 14264:"Popular Mobilization Forces" 13930:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1204415 13883:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1204415 13836:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1204415 12862:Brooks, Rachel (8 May 2021). 12479:10.1080/01402390.2021.2023014 12406:. Fox news. 1 November 2022. 11397:O'Connor, Tom (10 May 2018). 10767:. 24 May 2017. Archived from 8335:10.1080/09584935.2020.1779181 7504:Bowen, Jeremy (7 July 2014). 5673: 5290:Government of National Accord 5048:in Lebanon. Hezbollah leader 4880:Kurdistan Regional Government 4547:as part of the fight against 4119:Kurdistan Regional Government 3979:. Bahrain is a member of the 3829:. The PMF, aided by Iran and 3523:Hezbollah military activities 3449:against the regime in Syria. 3155:Baghdad International Airport 3039:The United States reinstated 2269:dynasty and its authority as 2017:The Arab–Iranian conflict or 2007: 1996:its military support for the 1783:Iraqi–Syrian border incidents 1763:Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line 27690:Aftermath of the Arab Spring 27685:21st century in Saudi Arabia 27680:20th century in Saudi Arabia 27536:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 27523:Turkish involvement in Syria 27407:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 27238:Political violence in Turkey 27172:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 27079:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 26958:Italian bombing of Palestine 26920:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 26869:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 26600:Yemeni crisis (2011–present) 26368:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 26040:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) 25738:JVP insurrection (1987–1989) 25494:Gulf Ice Hockey Championship 24951:House of Bush, House of Saud 24915:King Khalid Military College 24300:Nuclear power in North Korea 24173:2018–19 Korean peace process 24137:Embassy of Sweden, Pyongyang 23851:Creative Community for Peace 23826:Christians United for Israel 22565:Iran Freedom and Support Act 22550:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 22284:Detention of American hikers 22208:1980 October Surprise theory 21807:Iran–United States relations 21415:April 2015 Qalamoun incident 21324:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 21257:2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt 20683:Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia 19549:Iranian intervention in Iraq 19447:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 19005:Iranian intervention in Iraq 18887:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 18277:Roe, Sam (28 January 2007). 17718:Sifton, John (6 July 2005). 16993:U.S. News & World Report 15792:Vertin, Zach (20 May 2019). 15429:"Combating Terrorism Center" 15210:International Herald Tribune 15178:Hubbard, Ben (13 May 2018). 14562:Council on Foreign Relations 14551:"Bahrain Heads for Disaster" 12467:Journal of Strategic Studies 12107:U.S. News & World Report 11632:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 11423:O'Connor, Tom (9 May 2018). 11337:Landler, Mark (8 May 2018). 10462:. Al Jazeera. 4 January 2016 10418:. Al Jazeera. 6 January 2016 10234:Schemm, Paul (12 May 2016). 9749:. Euronews. 15 December 2015 9431:The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988 9061:Council on Foreign Relations 8984:Halliday, Fred (June 1996). 8476:Mir, Haroun (6 April 2015). 7455:International Business Times 6585:Iddon, Paul (28 July 2016). 6473:(in Arabic). 16 August 2018. 6448:Oman's dangerous double game 5807:U.S. News & World Report 5231:(and lesser proxies such as 5221:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 5209:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 5121:Pakistani sectarian violence 5062:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) 4850:Following the United States 4465:Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations 3512: 3055: 2947:Riyadh International Airport 2618:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1636:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 1350:Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 1017:Qassim al-Muamen (Leader of 7: 27760:Wars involving Saudi Arabia 27650:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 26788:Turkish War of Independence 26772:Unification of Saudi Arabia 26605:Houthi takeover (2014–2015) 26472:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 26418:Syrian arena (2012–present) 26401:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 26318:Syrian arena (2012–present) 26269:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 25855:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 25791:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 25644:Religious violence in India 25489:GCC Athletics Championships 25185:State Sponsors of Terrorism 24573:State Sponsors of Terrorism 22683:United Against Nuclear Iran 22262:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 21135:1999 arrest of Iranian Jews 20523:Minister of Foreign Affairs 20518:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 19372:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 18824:Saudi Arabia-Iran Proxy War 17330:International Policy Digest 15343:, Oxford University Press, 15333:Dudley, William S. (2007), 15312:Central Intelligence Agency 15109:"Baluch Insurgents in Iran" 13506:. Al-Arabiya. 4 August 2018 12443:. Reuters – via MSN. 9024:Miglietta, John P. (2002). 8619:Ellis, Sam (17 July 2017). 8554:International Policy Digest 5967:موقع الدكتور عدنان ابو عامر 5874:Retrieved on 12 August 2021 5687:Daoud, David (March 2015). 5658:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 5578: 5569:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 5442:, in December 2022, Iran's 5396:in violation of the JCPOA. 5195:Islamic Movement of Nigeria 5173:Financial Action Task Force 5158:large remittances back home 4596: 4336:Popular Mobilization Forces 3917:February 14 Youth Coalition 3912:Popular Resistance Brigades 3793:Popular Mobilization Forces 3775:Popular Mobilization Forces 3659:Islamic Movement of Nigeria 3593:Popular Mobilization Forces 3197:Erbil International Airport 3174:Popular Mobilization Forces 3109:oil processing facility in 2530: 2485:weapons of mass destruction 2319:1996 Khobar Towers bombings 2152:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 1531:Former Commander of the PSF 970:Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba 196:Popular Mobilization Forces 10: 27776: 27750:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 27453:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 27447:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 27436:Balochi insurgency in Iran 27412:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 27248:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 27243:Islamist uprising in Syria 27221:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 27110:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 26996:Kurdish separatism in Iran 26915:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 26655:Operation Inherent Resolve 26477:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 26413:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 26406:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 26303:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 26264:Kurdish separatism in Iran 25352:Migrant workers in the GCC 25128:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 24785:US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale 24388:Delta Asia Financial Group 24368:Korean axe murder incident 24317:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 24258:Korean Armistice Agreement 24117:Old Korean Legation Museum 23996:9/11 Living Memorial Plaza 23946:Milstein Family Foundation 23901:Israel on Campus Coalition 23595:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 23557:2022 Erbil missile attacks 23305:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 23266:Palestinian autonomy talks 23110:Not for the Faint of Heart 23085:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 23060:American School of Isfahan 23023:State Sponsor of Terrorism 22605:Dames & Moore v. Regan 22446:2022 Erbil missile attacks 22138:Operation Martyr Soleimani 22128:Thirteen revenge scenarios 22098:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 21533:2022 Erbil missile attacks 21513:2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 21292:2024 Haret Hreik airstrike 21109:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 20480:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 19841:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 19784:Arab League–Iran relations 19779:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 19681:2018 Riyadh missile strike 19569:Operation Blow to the Head 19294:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 19279:People's Mujahedin of Iran 19237:Arab League–Iran relations 19232:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 19139:2018 Riyadh missile strike 19027:Operation Blow to the Head 16880:. No. 11 January 2016 16567:Janne Bjerre Christensen. 10842:. Al Jazeera. 19 June 2017 10793:. Al Jazeera. 17 June 2017 8109:Middle East Policy Council 6385:NK News – North Korea News 5663:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 5299: 5266: 5215:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 5212: 5186: 5130: 5124: 5059: 5023:leaked US diplomatic cable 5014: 4918: 4842:to exclude members of the 4805:Sectarian violence in Iraq 4802: 4796: 4755:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 4722: 4637: 4489:support of Islamist groups 4453: 4423: 4378:Saudi Arabian–led invasion 4217: 4207: 4173: 4136: 4067: 3967: 3953: 3880: 3772: 3676: 3672: 3653:Islamic Movement (Nigeria) 3650: 3516: 3345: 3334: 3059: 2744: 2707: 2600: 2539: 2506:attacks, extensive use of 2364: 2333: 2284: 2149: 2143: 1417:Hassan bin Hamza al-Shehri 1384:(Minister of Gulf Affairs) 83:11 February 1979 – ongoing 41:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 27715:Foreign relations of Iran 27611: 27574: 27479: 27420: 27360: 27293: 27211:Black September in Jordan 27203: 27102: 27046: 26943: 26887: 26841: 26718: 26642: 26624: 26572: 26541: 26518: 26492: 26459: 26428: 26388: 26333: 26308:South Lebanon (1985–2000) 26256: 26240: 26207: 26200: 26175: 26154: 26128: 26112: 26059: 26052: 26001: 25975: 25954: 25916: 25890: 25874: 25867: 25847: 25827:Maritime border incidents 25809: 25783: 25776: 25746: 25720: 25657: 25594: 25587: 25527: 25449: 25377: 25369:Workforce nationalization 25299: 25288: 25249: 25193: 25172: 25141: 25088: 25072: 25056: 25030: 24960: 24910:King Khalid Military City 24860: 24772: 24704: 24668: 24598: 24528: 24487: 24330: 24215: 24155: 24109: 24039: 23941:Media Watch International 23781:American Jewish Committee 23728: 23687: 23575: 23440: 23261:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 23243: 23187: 23119: 22948:1998 FIFA World Cup match 22940: 22650: 22555:Iran Nonproliferation Act 22506:Maximum pressure campaign 22491: 22404:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 22153: 22001: 21881: 21820: 21750: 21718:Iranian support for Hamas 21643: 21556: 21538:2022 Istanbul terror plot 21486:Operation Outside the Box 21478: 21385: 21350: 21342:Operation Full Disclosure 21322: 21272:Operation Northern Shield 21193:Israeli–Lebanese conflict 21185:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 21183: 21170:Iranian strikes in Israel 21145:2024 Iran–Israel conflict 21143: 21115: 21055: 21024: 21008: 20902: 20726: 20690: 20676: 20612: 20510: 20462: 20436: 20410: 20394: 20258: 20060: 19992: 19981: 19912: 19906:Foreign relations of Iran 19849: 19761: 19719: 19644:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 19616: 19442:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 19427: 19411: 19385: 19331: 19326:Links to related articles 19302: 19219: 19177: 19102:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 19074: 18909: 18882:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 18867: 18406:. CBS News. 15 March 2018 17414:10.1080/13530191003794723 17244:10.1080/02684521003588120 17088:Miles, Tom (9 May 2015). 16658:. Al Jazeera. 7 May 2021. 16090:. Al Jazeera. 7 July 2017 16068:. Al Jazeera. 6 July 2017 15056:. Tirana: Thomson Reuters 13788:10.1177/21582440211032642 12592:10.1177/21582440211032642 12532:10.1177/21582440211032642 9913:. Al Jazeera. 6 July 2017 9368:Gibson, Bryan R. (2010). 9252:Khoshnood, Arvin (2021). 9212:Matthiesen, Toby (2014). 9184:10.1017/S0020743806412320 8955:– via Google Books. 6202:10.1108/REPS-07-2019-0094 5448:Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud 4534: 4419: 4406: 4346:, and Iran retaliated by 4169: 4113:through its consulate in 4044: 3863:Palestinian Islamic Jihad 3647:Nigerian Islamic Movement 3601:Palestinian Islamic Jihad 3368:in Syria in December 2016 3209:On 12 January, Hezbollah 2761:ransack the Saudi Embassy 2407:and the east bank of the 2223:between Saudi Arabia and 2112:governance), such as the 1897:and other regions of the 1690: 1601: 1033:Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada 826: 541:Ahvaz National Resistance 408:(alleged, denied by Oman) 103: 75: 46: 30: 25: 27710:Gulf Cooperation Council 27313:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 27308:1980 Turkish coup d'état 27127:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 27059:1953 Iranian coup d'état 27054:1952 Egyptian revolution 26782:1919 Egyptian revolution 26765:Mount Lebanon starvation 26610:Civil War (2014–present) 26559:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 26248:Bahraini uprising (2011) 25944:Civil war (2021–present) 25243:Gulf Cooperation Council 24248:Operation Formation Star 23896:Israeli-American Council 23065:Community School, Tehran 22825:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 22708:National Council of Iran 22703:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 22625:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 22384:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 22299:Strait of Hormuz dispute 22232:Beirut barracks bombings 22188:Operation Credible Sport 22064:Operation Praying Mantis 21904:1953 Iranian coup d'état 21430:Operation House of Cards 21047:Gulf Cooperation Council 19821:Gulf Cooperation Council 19596:Houthi takeover in Yemen 19564:Operation Scorched Earth 19490:2011 Egyptian revolution 19274:Gulf Cooperation Council 19054:Houthi takeover in Yemen 19022:Operation Scorched Earth 18941:2011 Egyptian revolution 18810:. Accessed 9 April 2023. 14909:. Stratfor. 29 July 2016 14238:. Accessed 9 April 2023. 13918:The Washington Quarterly 13871:The Washington Quarterly 13824:The Washington Quarterly 13186:"Egypt | Hezbollah" 9271:Ward, Steven R. (2009). 9224:10.1017/cbo9781107337732 9149:10.1177/0021909611417546 9059:. No. Spring 1979. 8678:"Welcome to Cold War II" 7799: 6971:Mousavian, Seyed Hossein 5347:nuclear-weapon-free zone 4981:anti-government uprising 4813:, the British-installed 4449: 3977:Gulf Cooperation Council 3962:Gulf Cooperation Council 3950:Gulf Cooperation Council 3812:2019–2021 Iraqi protests 3808:2012–2013 Iraqi protests 3459: 3341: 3289:Gulf Cooperation Council 3229:Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani 2996:meets with US President 2925:Hossein Amir-Abdollahian 2912:In the wake of the June 2552:Gulf Cooperation Council 2444:post-revolutionary chaos 1856:Kafr Takharim airstrikes 1109:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 27542:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 27390:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 27385:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 27195:1966 Syrian coup d'état 27122:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 26963:Allied invasion of Iraq 26910:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 26833:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 26595:South Yemen (2009–2015) 26451:Lebanon conflict (2008) 26373:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 26188:Andijan massacre (2005) 26183:Fergana massacre (1989) 25728:JVP insurrection (1971) 25467:Arabian Gulf rugby team 25462:Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup 25412:Qatar diplomatic crisis 25180:CIA activities in Syria 25149:Sanctions against Syria 25101:February 2021 airstrike 24905:King Abdulaziz Air Base 24764:Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 24338:Chaplain–Medic massacre 23715:Israel Anti-Boycott Act 23652:Operation Tipped Kettle 23417:Indo-Abrahamic Alliance 22575:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 22322:Nuclear program of Iran 22059:Operation Nimble Archer 22044:Operation Eager Glacier 21635:2023 Iran drone attacks 21558:Nuclear program of Iran 21518:2012 Burgas bus bombing 21479:International incidents 21460:2023 Damascus airstrike 21277:2019 Beirut drone crash 21175:Israeli strikes on Iran 20490:Israeli–Sunni Coalition 20470:Nuclear program of Iran 19603:Second Libyan civil war 19483:Qatar diplomatic crisis 19061:Second Libyan civil war 19000:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 18934:Qatar diplomatic crisis 17926:The Wall Street Journal 15460:12 October 2017 at the 14890:The Wall Street Journal 14599:The Middle East Journal 14556:19 October 2012 at the 14441:بوابة الحركات الاسلامية 13118:The Wall Street Journal 13096:"- SUDAN AND TERRORISM" 12426:The Wall Street Journal 11941:The Wall Street Journal 11732:The Wall Street Journal 11706:The Wall Street Journal 10969:The Wall Street Journal 10818:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 9796:"Brezhnev in the Hejaz" 9399:Molavi, Afshin (2005). 9110:"The Sunni-Shia Divide" 8839:The Wall Street Journal 8434:– via gjms.co.in. 8323:Contemporary South Asia 7898:. Middle East Institute 6730:The Wall Street Journal 5444:Hossein Amirabdollahian 5269:Second Libyan Civil War 5098:invasion of Afghanistan 4608:conflict in Afghanistan 4584: 4479:-led Yemeni government 4460:Qatar diplomatic crisis 3997:Peninsular Shield Force 3736:On April 13, 2022, the 3688:September 21 Revolution 3381:the civil war broke out 3282: 3259:. This was followed by 3015:power behind the throne 2983: 2943:Royal Saudi Air Defense 2850: 2788:international sanctions 2628:, which is involved in 2102:Qatar diplomatic crisis 2047:post-revolutionary Iran 1841:Russian Su-24 shootdown 1710:Iranian embassy bombing 1626:2011 assassination plot 1393:Obeid Fadel Al-Shammari 1299:Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim 27665:21st-century conflicts 27660:20th-century conflicts 27487:2011 Bahraini uprising 27471:South Yemen insurgency 27352:Abu Nidal's executions 27337:1986 Damascus bombings 27116:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 26968:Syria–Lebanon campaign 26738:Middle Eastern theatre 26141:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 25436:Exercise North Thunder 25431:Peninsula Shield Force 25424:Saudi-led intervention 25395:2011 Bahraini uprising 24900:Prince Sultan Air Base 24790:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson 24348:Charles Robert Jenkins 24295:Ulchi-Freedom Guardian 24009:They Dare to Speak Out 24002:The Armageddon Network 23801:Anti-Defamation League 23705:Kyl–Bingaman Amendment 23647:Operation Nickel Grass 23320:The Clinton Parameters 23315:2000 Camp David Summit 23090:Tehran American School 22973:CIA activities in Iran 22651:Groups and individuals 22630:Certain Iranian Assets 22620:United States v. Banki 22359:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 22143:2020 Camp Taji attacks 22054:Operation Prime Chance 22049:Operation Earnest Will 21909:Abadan Crisis Timeline 21656:Russia–Hamas relations 21198:South Lebanon conflict 21025:Multilateral relations 20915:Bosnia and Herzegovina 20684: 20528:Diplomatic missions of 20437:Multilateral relations 20276:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19676:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 19512:First Libyan civil war 19495:2011 Bahraini uprising 19471:Action of June 5, 1984 19134:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 18963:First Libyan civil war 18946:2011 Bahraini uprising 18922:Action of June 5, 1984 17886:"South Asia: Pakistan" 15583:"The Strait of Hormuz" 14385:للمشاركة في حرب اليمن" 13481:. CNN. 5 February 2019 9499:"State Sponsors: Iran" 6045:Retrieved 13 May 2022. 5408:sanctions against Iran 5371:nuclear deal framework 5199:Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaki 5166:Sistan and Baluchestan 4995:alliance with the US. 4988:independent commission 4933: 4890:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 4742: 4623:2017 Qatar-Gulf crisis 4415:Other involved parties 4397:sanctions against Iran 4387:US Secretary of State 4374:involved in war crimes 4283:Iran's nuclear program 4164:Sistan and Baluchestan 3956:Peninsula Shield Force 3939:2011 Bahraini uprising 3663:Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaki 3369: 3144:Saudi-led intervention 3083: 3072:Saudi-led intervention 3041:sanctions against Iran 3001: 2909: 2898:Salman of Saudi Arabia 2722: 2630:its own proxy conflict 2554: 2162:Imperial State of Iran 1768:February 2018 incident 1700:Lebanese–Syrian border 985:(Secretary-General of 968:(Secretary-General of 953:(Secretary-General of 848:Supreme Leader of Iran 827:Commanders and leaders 392:(2017-2021, sometimes) 27327:South Yemen civil war 27226:Shatt al-Arab clashes 27151:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 27140:North Yemen civil war 27089:1958 Iraqi revolution 27016:1948 Arab–Israeli War 27010:Arab–Israeli conflict 26879:Sheikh Said rebellion 26743:Battle of Robat Karim 26102:Republican insurgency 25801:Tibetan unrest (2008) 25509:GCC U-23 Championship 25504:GCC U-19 Championship 25499:GCC U-17 Championship 24945:King Abdullah Academy 24940:Islamic Saudi Academy 24795:Khobar Towers bombing 24737:Arab–Israeli alliance 24393:Dai Hong Dan incident 24343:Bloody Gulch massacre 23700:Jerusalem Embassy Act 23695:Lodge–Fish Resolution 23605:Arab–Israeli alliance 23542:Zivotofsky v. Clinton 23515:Gaza Freedom Flotilla 23360:John Kerry Parameters 23008:Iranian frozen assets 22830:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 22545:Executive Order 13876 22540:Executive Order 13780 22523:Executive Order 13769 22518:Executive Order 12172 22513:Executive Order 12170 22478:Tower 22 drone attack 22237:Khobar Towers bombing 22183:Guadeloupe Conference 21678:Arab–Israeli alliance 21591:Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan 21576:Massoud Ali-Mohammadi 21506:2012 Bangkok bombings 21491:2009 Sudan airstrikes 21470:Hezbollah involvement 21042:Arab Peace Initiative 20682: 20557:Ambassadors from Iran 19711:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 19629:Khobar Towers bombing 19522:Hezbollah involvement 19505:insurgency in Bahrain 19169:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 19087:Khobar Towers bombing 18973:Hezbollah involvement 18956:insurgency in Bahrain 17274:"Tehran Doubles Down" 16540:Middle East Institute 16522:Middle East Institute 16372:Middle East Institute 16221:"Qatar's Dirty Hands" 15464:– The Washington Post 14734:"The Abraham Accords" 13455:. 30 September 2019. 12900:Middle East Institute 10105:Brookings Institution 9800:The National Interest 9643:Mediterranean Affairs 8893:10.1017/9781108773881 7006:The National Interest 6453:1 August 2021 at the 5373:between Iran and the 5253:Arab Peace Initiative 5183:Nigerian Sectarianism 4942:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 4928: 4872:push for independence 4823:American-led invasion 4763:2014–2015 coup d'état 4736: 4328:Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis 4218:Further information: 4117:, the capital of the 4041:in 2020 with Israel. 4029:, sent troops to the 4004:insurgency in Bahrain 3883:Insurgency in Bahrain 3359: 3269:Arab–Israeli alliance 3178:Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis 3070:Protest against the 3069: 2991: 2972:satellite TV station 2896: 2717: 2550:Member states of the 2549: 2334:Further information: 2285:Further information: 2150:Further information: 2134:Saudi Arabia and Iran 2019:Arab-Persian conflict 2013:Arab–Iranian conflict 1715:North Lebanon clashes 1544:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi 1218:Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis 27725:Shia–Sunni relations 27705:Geopolitical rivalry 27675:21st century in Iran 27670:20th century in Iran 27466:Fatah–Hamas conflict 27402:Operation Desert Fox 27375:1991 Iraqi uprisings 27369:Gulf War (1990–1991) 27280:Grand Mosque seizure 27258:Yemenite War of 1979 27216:Yemenite War of 1972 27156:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 27146:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 26900:Ahmed Barzani revolt 26811:Turkish–Armenian War 26585:al-Qaeda (1998–2015) 26564:Turkey–ISIL conflict 26363:Iraq War (2003–2011) 25378:Geopolitical history 25327:Gulf Conformity mark 25282:United Arab Emirates 25064:Syrian peace process 24800:September 11 attacks 24712:Operation Hajji Baba 24445:Jeffrey Edward Fowle 24363:Lod Airport massacre 24243:Operation Combat Fox 23463:Lod Airport massacre 23458:USS Liberty incident 23345:Annapolis Conference 23310:Wye River Memorandum 22930:Abdul Majid Muhammed 22663:Iran–America Society 22409:2021 Natanz incident 22399:2020 Iran explosions 22193:Operation Eagle Claw 22155:Incidents after 1979 21966:Joint Plan of Action 21894:Persian Gulf Command 21630:2021 Natanz incident 21625:2020 Iran explosions 21571:Ardeshir Hosseinpour 21360:Gaza War (2008–2009) 21352:Gaza–Israel conflict 20884:United Arab Emirates 20235:United Arab Emirates 19836:Shia–Sunni relations 19753:United Arab Emirates 19608:Western Iran clashes 19537:Spillover in Lebanon 19289:Shia–Sunni relations 19211:United Arab Emirates 19066:Western Iran clashes 18988:Spillover in Lebanon 18049:. 17 September 2017. 17779:. RAND Corporation. 16480:. 21 December 2018. 15762:. 21 September 2019. 15550:The Washington Times 13962:Bahi, Riham (2018). 13714:Theportal-center.com 13613:. 12 November 2020. 12957:Bahi, Riham (2018). 12913:Bahi, Riham (2018). 12690:Bahi, Riham (2018). 10267:on 12 September 2016 9477:Smithsonian Magazine 9473:"Inside Iran's Fury" 8734:Agence France-Presse 8013:(15 December 2013). 7169:on 28 September 2019 6813:. 8 September 2006. 6490:. 4 September 2011. 6387:. 30 September 2019. 6082:Bahi, Riham (2018). 5872:Geopolitical Futures 5456:World Economic Forum 5426:Earlier negotiations 5383:Trump administration 5363:The Washington Times 5279:Libyan National Army 5102:September 11 attacks 4903:, the leader of the 4860:Iranian intervention 4852:withdrawal from Iraq 4401:United Arab Emirates 4087:Libyan National Army 4081:, has supported the 4064:United Arab Emirates 4054:the Yemeni civil war 3558:terrorist activities 3364:fighters during the 3348:Iran–Syria relations 3316:Mahsa Amini protests 3105:was launched on the 3101:In September 2019 a 2902:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 2844:Obama administration 2840:Trump administration 2815:Mohammad Javad Zarif 2720:Mina stampede crisis 2686:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 2664:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2521:1987 Makkah incident 2515:1987 Makkah incident 2437:United Arab Emirates 2397:Ba'athist government 1990:Shia–Sunni relations 1730:Turkish F4 shootdown 1421:Commander of the PSF 1371:Minister of Interior 1333:King of Saudi Arabia 705:United Arab Emirates 27755:Wars involving Iran 27614:This list includes 27582:2021 Beirut clashes 27442:2004 Qamishli riots 27319:Turkey–PKK conflict 27275:1979 Qatif Uprising 27094:1959 Mosul uprising 27084:1958 Lebanon crisis 27031:1973 Yom Kippur War 27002:Iran crisis of 1946 26990:Al-Wathbah uprising 26980:1943 Barzani revolt 26874:Great Syrian Revolt 26854:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 26777:Simko Shikak revolt 25764:Operation All Clear 25307:Dolphin Gas Project 25106:June 2021 airstrike 24895:WWE in Saudi Arabia 24440:Matthew Todd Miller 24353:USS Pueblo (AGER-2) 23956:Project Interchange 23906:Israel Policy Forum 23632:Major non-NATO ally 23547:Zivotofsky v. Kerry 23330:Negroponte doctrine 22978:Copyright relations 22317:2016 Naval incident 22173:Iran hostage crisis 22024:Iran Air Flight 655 21936:Island of Stability 21868:Iranian Directorate 21615:Bid Kaneh explosion 21056:Diplomatic missions 19624:1987 Mecca incident 19527:Iranian involvement 19457:1979 Qatif Uprising 19082:1987 Mecca incident 18978:Iranian involvement 18897:1979 Qatif Uprising 18623:The Express Tribune 18210:Middle East Monitor 18164:. 22 February 2022. 18031:. 11 December 2015. 18013:Forward, Pakistan. 17998:Forward, Pakistan. 17803:. 26 December 2017. 17387:The Washington Post 16506:. Voice of America. 16439:Middle East Monitor 16390:yaleglobal.yale.edu 16045:The Washington Post 16019:The Washington Post 15736:. 18 September 2019 15678:The Washington Post 15515:The Washington Post 15131:The Times of Israel 15097:. 22 December 2018. 15029:on 21 December 2018 14935:. 22 November 2018. 14933:Middle East Monitor 14864:Middle East Monitor 14535:The Washington Post 14413:. 4 December 2013. 13611:Middle East Monitor 13548:The Washington Post 13396:. JNS. 29 June 2021 13174:on 1 February 2017. 12243:The Times of Israel 12218:The Times of Israel 12177:. 23 September 2020 12078:. 12 January 2020. 12048:. 12 January 2020. 12019:. 12 January 2020. 11855:The Washington Post 11681:. 16 September 2019 11226:The Washington Post 10240:The Washington Post 10186:The Washington Post 10020:The Washington Post 9827:The Washington Post 9725:Hürriyet Daily News 9348:Hürriyet Daily News 8709:The Washington Post 8426:on 15 February 2017 8422:(3). Archived from 8298:El Harmouzi, Nouh. 8223:The Washington Post 7990:The Washington Post 7850:Bahrain News Agency 7725:on 5 September 2019 7619:The Times of Israel 7593:The Times of Israel 7404:on 29 November 2014 7357:The Washington Post 6951:on 22 February 2016 6649:The Daily Telegraph 5607:Saudi Arabia portal 5358:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 5257:Mohammad bin Salman 5147:conservative sphere 5068:ongoing instability 4950:failed coup attempt 4832:Bush administration 4541:intervened in Syria 4497:Ali Sharif Al Emadi 3902:Waad Allah Brigades 3897:Al-Mukhtar Brigades 3855:Al-Mukhtar Brigades 3501:and Majlis speaker 3499:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3385:involved themselves 3322:intel as baseless. 3188:On 7 January, Iran 3007:Mohammad bin Salman 2994:Mohammad bin Salman 2992:Saudi Crown Prince 2929:Mohammad Ali Jafari 2914:2017 Tehran attacks 2519:In response to the 2248:Muslim World League 2178:Persian Gulf states 1875:Spillover in Europe 1836:Spillover in Turkey 1816:2017 Tehran attacks 1345:Mohammed bin Salman 1311:Abdul Aziz al-Hakim 1277:Saleh Ali al-Sammad 1140:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1073:Abolhassan Banisadr 999:Mohammad Ali Jafari 220:Al-Mukhtar Brigades 27263:Iranian Revolution 27232:Lebanese Civil War 27178:1948 Palestine war 26925:1935 Yazidi revolt 26816:Franco-Turkish War 26670:Colour revolutions 26590:Houthi (2004–2015) 26531:Regional spillover 26441:Lebanon War (2006) 26313:Lebanon War (2006) 25362:homosexuality test 24805:Alleged Saudi role 24754:2017 Riyadh summit 24457:Sony Pictures hack 23816:Bust of Golda Meir 23577:Military relations 23335:Road map for peace 23256:Camp David Accords 23075:Iran Bethel School 23050:Alborz High School 22885:Abdolreza Shahlaei 22860:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 22845:Mohammad Mosaddegh 22820:Amir Mirza Hekmati 22810:Mahmoud Reza Banki 22760:Erwin David Rabhan 22730:Howard Baskerville 22615:Oil Platforms case 22590:Public Law 113-100 22267:2008 Naval dispute 22168:Iranian Revolution 22034:Iran–Contra affair 22019:Bridgeton incident 21673:Axis of Resistance 21668:Ahmad Reza Djalali 21596:Mohsen Fakhrizadeh 21125:Iranian Revolution 20685: 20547:Propaganda in Iran 19831:Iran International 19666:2015 Mina stampede 19542:Axis of Resistance 19437:Iranian Revolution 19284:Iran International 19124:2015 Mina stampede 18993:Axis of Resistance 18877:Iranian Revolution 18762:The New York Times 18704:The Jerusalem Post 18228:moderndiplomacy.eu 18136:The Libya Observer 17891:The World Factbook 17724:Human Rights Watch 17545:Xinhua News Agency 17198:Strategic Insights 17169:The New York Times 17120:The New York Times 17075:. 20 October 2016. 17014:Al Arabiya English 16938:The New York Times 16803:The New York Times 16608:(5–6): 1040–1064. 16295:The New York Times 16150:The Jerusalem Post 15878:. Associated Press 15779:The New York Times 15607:. 28 December 2011 15475:"S/RES/1747(2007)" 15435:on 6 February 2010 15403:The New York Times 15281:10.21236/ada273008 15267:Metz, Helen Chapin 15184:The New York Times 15095:Al Arabiya English 14834:. 5 December 2017. 14710:. 4 January 2016. 14677:The Globe and Mail 14658:www.al-monitor.com 14509:Human Rights Watch 14459:Small Wars Journal 13980:10.1111/mepo.12374 13968:Middle East Policy 13758:. 30 January 2021. 13426:. 17 August 2015. 13136:Al Arabiya English 13057:The Jerusalem Post 12975:10.1111/mepo.12374 12963:Middle East Policy 12931:10.1111/mepo.12374 12919:Middle East Policy 12708:10.1111/mepo.12374 12696:Middle East Policy 12650:Bechtol, Bruce E. 12306:. Voice of America 11967:. 8 January 2020. 11965:The New York Times 11830:. Associated Press 11781:. Associated Press 11758:The New York Times 11655:. Associated Press 11610:. Associated Press 11561:. Associated Press 11455:The New York Times 11343:The New York Times 11255:The New York Times 11051:. 12 November 2017 10996:The New York Times 10891:. Associated Press 10820:. Associated Press 10666:The New York Times 10640:The New York Times 10614:The New York Times 10335:Loveluck, Louisa. 10293:. 6 September 2016 10159:The New York Times 10049:The New York Times 9952:. 25 December 2013 9674:The New York Times 9378:. pp. 33–34. 8998:10.4000/cemoti.143 8781:Motamedi, Maziar. 8736:. 12 November 2017 8196:The New York Times 7984:(6 January 2016). 7960:The New York Times 7777:The Jerusalem Post 7749:Al Arabiya English 7695:on 11 October 2018 7258:. 20 October 2021. 7139:. 23 August 2019. 7053:The New York Times 6100:10.1111/mepo.12374 6088:Middle East Policy 5973:on 26 January 2023 5782:The New York Times 5693:The Tower Magazine 5548:On 20 March 2023, 5430:Since April 2021, 5390:Benjamin Netanyahu 5343:nuclear capability 5143:sectarian conflict 5056:War in Afghanistan 4965:King Fahd Causeway 4961:Bahrain government 4934: 4743: 4525:Al-Ashtar Brigades 4517:Muslim Brotherhood 4316:placed sanctions. 4229:Iranian Revolution 4195:The New York Times 4097:Kurdish insurgents 4008:Al-Ashtar Brigades 3935:Axis of Resistance 3921:Other minor groups 3907:Saraya Thair Allah 3892:Al-Ashtar Brigades 3871:Axis of Resistance 3867:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz 3629:Axis of Resistance 3609:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz 3605:Al-Ashtar Brigades 3566:sectarian violence 3554:Illegal drug trade 3407:Axis of Resistance 3370: 3360:Iranian-supported 3337:Axis of Resistance 3218:Axis of Resistance 3132:East-West pipeline 3084: 3002: 2974:Iran International 2910: 2906:2017 Riyadh summit 2733:during the annual 2727:2015 Mina stampede 2723: 2710:2015 Mina stampede 2704:2015 Mina stampede 2672:Muslim Brotherhood 2555: 2462:Lebanese Civil War 2420:revolutionary wave 2405:Khuzestan Province 2391:would lead Iraq's 2389:Iranian Revolution 2342:Iranian Revolution 2336:Khuzestan conflict 2330:Khuzestan conflict 2305:Hizbullah al-Hijaz 2263:Ayatollah Khomeini 2229:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2158:Iranian Revolution 2146:Iranian Revolution 2140:Iranian Revolution 1913:; and disputes in 1812:Spillover in Iran 1549:President of Yemen 1509:Muhammad bin Nayef 1366:Abdulaziz bin Saud 1257:Ali Abdullah Saleh 1087:Mohammad-Ali Rajai 1019:Al-Ashtar Brigades 1003:(Commander of the 987:Islamic Dawa Party 901:President of Syria 268:Muslim Brotherhood 208:Al-Ashtar Brigades 142:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz 64: Saudi Arabia 27632: 27631: 27626: 27625: 26849:Franco-Syrian War 26806:Greco-Turkish War 26794:Anglo-Turkish War 26760:Assyrian genocide 26755:Armenian genocide 26726:Italo-Turkish War 26678: 26677: 26625:Inter-continental 26620: 26619: 26554:DHKP/C insurgency 26549:Maoist insurgency 26196: 26195: 26048: 26047: 25939:Rohingya conflict 25863: 25862: 25772: 25771: 25690:Kargil War (1999) 25622:Kargil War (1999) 25581:conflicts in Asia 25543: 25542: 25342:Khaleeji currency 25312:GCC Patent Office 25209: 25208: 24976: 24975: 24827:Homaidan Al-Turki 24614: 24613: 24233:Hill 303 massacre 24055: 24054: 23881:If Americans Knew 23861:The David Project 23720:Combating BDS Act 23468:Sami Esmail trial 23453:The Apollo Affair 23133: 23132: 22835:Mohammad Hosseini 22735:William J. Fallon 22658:Iran Action Group 22473:2024 Erbil attack 22279:Project Cassandra 22039:Operation Staunch 21926:Project Dark Gene 21766: 21765: 21075: 21074: 20565: 20564: 19865: 19864: 19720:Iranian relations 19576:Yemeni revolution 19559:Houthi insurgency 19532:Saudi involvement 19318: 19317: 19178:Iranian relations 19034:Yemeni revolution 19017:Houthi insurgency 18983:Saudi involvement 18794:on 26 March 2023. 18255:. 9 December 2020 18182:. 16 April 2019. 17786:978-0-8330-8592-4 16112:. 24 August 2017. 16002:. 5 January 2021. 15734:Bangor Daily News 15710:. 4 February 2021 15358:978-0-19-530740-5 15079:. Deutsche Welle. 14549:(22 April 2011). 14511:. 31 January 2013 14343:. 5 January 2013. 13374:on 29 August 2018 13263:. 10 January 2020 13208:www.aljazeera.com 13156:. 4 January 2022. 12824:978-3-030-29420-5 12791:978-3-030-29420-5 12755:978-3-030-29420-5 12363:. 3 November 2022 11544:National Archives 10741:. Middle East Eye 10347:on 2 January 2016 9976:on 1 January 2016 9618:Los Angeles Times 9446:978-1-84176-371-2 9410:978-0-393-32597-3 9385:978-0-313-38610-7 9282:978-1-58901-588-3 9233:978-1-107-04304-6 9095:978-0-89526-061-1 8973:. 16 August 2018. 8952:978-1-351-77389-8 8902:978-1-108-77388-1 8870:on 17 March 2023. 8845:on 20 March 2023. 8529:. 24 January 2020 8115:on 22 August 2019 7647:. 5 November 2017 7318:on 4 October 2015 6941:978-0-8330-4701-4 6811:The Seattle Times 6425:Financial Tribune 6231:. 6 November 2017 6007:. 9 October 2021. 5809:. 21 March 2017. 5550:Iranian President 5535:Yemeni government 5452:Iran nuclear deal 5281:, and its leader 5239:) in its ongoing 5154:foreign employees 5115:American presence 5011:Lebanese politics 4954:Hadi al-Modarresi 4915:Bahraini uprising 4776:Saada Governorate 4380:until 2022, when 4330:, leaders of the 4289:was implemented. 4190:Avigdor Lieberman 4058:Syrian opposition 4037:, and signed the 4027:Syrian opposition 4006:, especially the 3931:Kata'ib Hezbollah 3877:Bahraini militias 3869:, as part of the 3783:Kata'ib Hezbollah 3779:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq 3487:1979 peace treaty 3366:Palmyra offensive 3211:Secretary-General 3153:on a convoy near 3115:Khurais oil field 3034:Iran nuclear deal 3023:Saudi Vision 2030 2962:2017 Sinai attack 2645:Brezhnev Doctrine 2635:The onset of the 2466:Soviet–Afghan War 2435:, Qatar, and the 2000:militants in the 1970:regional hegemony 1883: 1882: 1851:Balyun airstrikes 1773:May 2018 incident 1735:Reyhanlı bombings 1695:Lebanon spillover 1644: 1643: 1558: 1557: 1515:Interior Minister 1436:(Chairman of the 1056:Ruhollah Khomeini 955:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq 928:Badr Organization 865:President of Iran 860:Masoud Pezeshkian 361:Maduro government 99: 98: 27767: 27588:Israel–Hamas war 27515:Syrian civil war 27498:Sinai insurgency 27459:2006 Lebanon War 27134:Dhofar Rebellion 27069:Cyprus Emergency 27064:Jebel Akhdar War 27036:1982 Lebanon War 27026:1967 Six-Day War 26935:Dersim rebellion 26895:Ararat rebellion 26799:Al-Jazeera Front 26705: 26698: 26691: 26682: 26681: 26580:Civil war (1994) 26205: 26204: 26136:1990 Osh clashes 26120:Ethnic conflicts 26057: 26056: 26034: 26027: 25872: 25871: 25837:2017–2018 crisis 25815: 25781: 25780: 25592: 25591: 25570: 25563: 25556: 25547: 25546: 25534: 25533: 25457:Arabian Gulf Cup 25419:Yemeni Civil War 25294: 25236: 25229: 25222: 25213: 25212: 25200: 25199: 25159:Trump travel ban 25096:Syrian civil war 25031:Diplomatic posts 25025: 25024: 25023: 25015: 25014: 25013: 25003: 24996: 24989: 24980: 24979: 24967: 24966: 24669:Diplomatic posts 24663: 24662: 24653: 24652: 24641: 24634: 24627: 24618: 24617: 24605: 24604: 24556:Death to America 24515:Trump travel ban 24285:Operation Weasel 24238:Sinchon Massacre 24178:Singapore Summit 24163:Agreed Framework 24110:Diplomatic posts 24104: 24103: 24094: 24093: 24082: 24075: 24068: 24059: 24058: 24046: 24045: 23637:Operation Joshua 23478:Jonathan Pollard 23380:Trump peace plan 23278:May 17 Agreement 23188:Diplomatic posts 23182: 23181: 23172: 23171: 23160: 23153: 23146: 23137: 23136: 23125: 23124: 23080:Iranzamin School 23070:Damavand College 23043:Alavi Foundation 23038:650 Fifth Avenue 22988:Dual containment 22983:Death to America 22895:Masoud Soleimani 22815:Haleh Esfandiari 22780:Michael R. White 22533:Trump travel ban 22337:Operation Merlin 22076:Yemeni Civil War 22071:Syrian civil war 21921:Exercise Delawar 21889:Persian Corridor 21821:Diplomatic posts 21815: 21814: 21805: 21804: 21793: 21786: 21779: 21770: 21769: 21757: 21756: 21586:Fereydoon Abbasi 21387:Syrian civil war 21370:Israel–Hamas war 21242:2006 Lebanon War 21102: 21095: 21088: 21079: 21078: 20604: 20603: 20592: 20585: 20578: 20569: 20568: 20552:Iranian diaspora 19987: 19904: 19903: 19892: 19885: 19878: 19869: 19868: 19856: 19855: 19701:2019 Afif attack 19581:Yemeni civil war 19517:Syrian civil war 19386:Diplomatic posts 19380: 19379: 19370: 19369: 19358: 19351: 19344: 19335: 19334: 19322: 19321: 19309: 19308: 19159:2019 Afif attack 19039:Yemeni civil war 18968:Syrian civil war 18854: 18847: 18840: 18831: 18830: 18811: 18802: 18796: 18795: 18780: 18774: 18773: 18771: 18769: 18752: 18746: 18745: 18743: 18741: 18734:Associated Press 18722: 18716: 18715: 18713: 18711: 18694: 18688: 18687: 18673: 18664: 18663: 18662:. 12 March 2023. 18652: 18646: 18645: 18644:. 13 March 2023. 18634: 18628: 18627: 18613: 18607: 18606: 18592: 18586: 18585: 18583: 18581: 18564: 18558: 18557: 18555: 18553: 18536: 18527: 18521: 18515: 18514: 18512: 18510: 18499: 18493: 18492: 18490: 18488: 18476: 18470: 18469: 18467: 18465: 18450: 18444: 18443: 18441: 18439: 18422: 18416: 18415: 18413: 18411: 18400: 18394: 18393: 18391: 18389: 18374: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18363: 18352: 18346: 18345: 18343: 18341: 18326: 18320: 18319: 18317: 18315: 18300: 18294: 18293: 18291: 18289: 18274: 18268: 18267: 18262: 18260: 18245: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18234: 18220: 18214: 18213: 18202: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18191: 18172: 18166: 18165: 18158: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18147: 18142:on 5 August 2017 18138:. Archived from 18128: 18122: 18121: 18109: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18098: 18083: 18077: 18076: 18074: 18072: 18057: 18051: 18050: 18047:dhakatribune.com 18039: 18033: 18032: 18025: 18019: 18018: 18010: 18004: 18003: 17995: 17989: 17988: 17986: 17984: 17969: 17963: 17962: 17960: 17958: 17943: 17937: 17936: 17934: 17932: 17917: 17908: 17907: 17905: 17903: 17882: 17876: 17875: 17870: 17868: 17853: 17847: 17846: 17839: 17833: 17832: 17830: 17828: 17819: 17811: 17805: 17804: 17797: 17791: 17790: 17778: 17767: 17758: 17757: 17755: 17753: 17741: 17735: 17734: 17732: 17730: 17715: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17704: 17692: 17686: 17685: 17683: 17681: 17669: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17658: 17643: 17637: 17636: 17629: 17623: 17622: 17620: 17618: 17607: 17601: 17600: 17598: 17596: 17585: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17574: 17562: 17556: 17555: 17553: 17551: 17536: 17530: 17529: 17527: 17525: 17510: 17504: 17503: 17501: 17499: 17484: 17478: 17477: 17475: 17473: 17458: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17447: 17432: 17426: 17425: 17397: 17391: 17390: 17378: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17367: 17352: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17341: 17336:on 3 August 2017 17332:. Archived from 17321: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17310: 17295: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17284: 17269: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17258: 17229: 17220: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17209: 17195: 17186: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17175: 17160: 17154: 17153: 17151: 17149: 17137: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17126: 17111: 17105: 17104: 17102: 17100: 17085: 17079: 17076: 17064: 17062: 17060: 17047: 17045: 17043: 17036:Long War Journal 17025: 17023: 17021: 17005: 17003: 17001: 16981: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16970: 16955: 16949: 16948: 16946: 16944: 16929: 16923: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16913:on 3 August 2017 16896: 16890: 16889: 16887: 16885: 16869: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16858: 16846: 16840: 16839: 16837: 16835: 16820: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16809: 16794: 16788: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16768: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16757: 16742: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16731: 16716: 16710: 16709: 16702: 16696: 16695: 16684: 16678: 16677: 16666: 16660: 16659: 16652: 16646: 16645: 16634: 16628: 16627: 16617: 16593: 16587: 16586: 16584: 16582: 16573: 16564: 16558: 16557: 16550: 16544: 16543: 16532: 16526: 16525: 16514: 16508: 16507: 16500: 16494: 16493: 16491: 16489: 16470: 16461: 16460: 16457:Libyaobserver.ly 16449: 16443: 16442: 16441:. 7 August 2020. 16431: 16425: 16424: 16412: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16401: 16396:on 2 August 2020 16382: 16376: 16375: 16364: 16358: 16357: 16355: 16353: 16338: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16327: 16312: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16301: 16286: 16280: 16279: 16277: 16275: 16263: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16252: 16247:. 16 August 2016 16237: 16231: 16230: 16229:. 3 August 2017. 16217: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16206: 16186: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16175: 16160: 16154: 16153: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16131: 16120: 16114: 16113: 16106: 16100: 16099: 16097: 16095: 16084: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16062: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16051: 16036: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16025: 16010: 16004: 16003: 15992: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15981: 15969: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15958: 15946: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15935: 15920: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15909: 15894: 15888: 15887: 15885: 15883: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15845: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15822: 15816: 15815: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15789: 15783: 15782: 15770: 15764: 15763: 15752: 15746: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15726: 15720: 15719: 15717: 15715: 15700: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15689: 15680:. Archived from 15670: 15664: 15663: 15651: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15640: 15631: 15623: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15597: 15591: 15590: 15579: 15573: 15572:Stimson Research 15567: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15556: 15542: 15536: 15535: 15524: 15518: 15508: 15502: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15485: 15471: 15465: 15451: 15445: 15444: 15442: 15440: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15414: 15394: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15383: 15368: 15362: 15361: 15338: 15330: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15319: 15309: 15301: 15295: 15294: 15263: 15257: 15256: 15254: 15252: 15232: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15201: 15195: 15194: 15192: 15190: 15175: 15169: 15168: 15166: 15164: 15149: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15123: 15117: 15116: 15105: 15099: 15098: 15087: 15081: 15080: 15072: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15061: 15045: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15034: 15014: 15008: 15007: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14968: 14959: 14958: 14946: 14937: 14936: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14914: 14903: 14897: 14896: 14882: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14871: 14856: 14850: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14824: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14813: 14799: 14793: 14792: 14781: 14775: 14774: 14772: 14770: 14756: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14745: 14730: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14700: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14689: 14684:on 26 March 2015 14668: 14662: 14661: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14639: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14590: 14584: 14583: 14571: 14565: 14544: 14538: 14527: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14516: 14501: 14495: 14494: 14483: 14477: 14469: 14463: 14462: 14451: 14445: 14444: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14407: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14377: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14366: 14357:. Archived from 14351: 14345: 14344: 14333: 14327: 14326: 14315: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14289: 14283: 14282: 14268: 14259: 14253: 14252: 14245: 14239: 14230: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14206: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14180: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14169: 14154: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14143: 14128: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14076: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14050: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14024: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14013: 13998: 13992: 13991: 13959: 13950: 13949: 13909: 13903: 13902: 13862: 13856: 13855: 13815: 13809: 13808: 13790: 13766: 13760: 13759: 13746: 13740: 13732: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13706: 13700: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13679: 13677: 13668:. Archived from 13658: 13652: 13651: 13636: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13622: 13603: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13573: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13559: 13550:. 22 July 2017. 13540: 13534: 13533: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13513: 13511: 13500: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13486: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13464: 13449: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13435: 13416: 13410: 13409: 13403: 13401: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13370:. Archived from 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13342:Long War Journal 13334: 13328: 13327: 13322:. 13 July 2014. 13314: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13303: 13297: 13290: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13268: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13233: 13224: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13182: 13176: 13175: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13154:Voice of America 13146: 13140: 13139: 13138:. 11 March 2016. 13128: 13122: 13121: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13073: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13048: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13025:. Archived from 13019: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13008: 12993: 12987: 12986: 12954: 12943: 12942: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12892: 12886: 12885: 12874: 12868: 12867: 12859: 12853: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12777: 12768: 12767: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12633: 12627: 12626: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12594: 12570: 12553: 12552: 12534: 12510: 12491: 12490: 12464: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12437: 12431: 12430: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12382: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12368: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12337: 12322: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12275: 12269: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12249: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12210: 12204: 12202:Breaking Defense 12196: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12167: 12161: 12155: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12068: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12009: 12003: 12002: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11882:. 2 January 2020 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11823: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11807:. 3 January 2020 11797: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11394: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11375:on 20 March 2018 11360: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11334: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11277: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11246: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11217: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11200:Business Insider 11191: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11143: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11041: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11013: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10771:on 3 August 2017 10757: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10712: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10686: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10657: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10631: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10553: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10343:. Archived from 10332: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10098: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10040: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10011: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9993:. Bloomberg News 9985: 9983: 9981: 9972:. Archived from 9961: 9959: 9957: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9879:(20 June 2017). 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9850:(20 June 2017). 9844: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9592: 9583: 9577: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9471:(October 2008). 9465: 9459: 9458: 9434: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9249: 9238: 9237: 9209: 9196: 9195: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9143:(678): 678–690. 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9086:Hatred's Kingdom 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9021: 9015: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8936: 8930: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8856: 8847: 8846: 8841:. Archived from 8830: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8684:. RealClearWorld 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8647: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8473: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8243: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8111:. Archived from 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8058: 8049:. Archived from 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7950: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7927:. Archived from 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7721:. Archived from 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7645:Mehr News Agency 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7537:. Archived from 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7430:. 6 January 2016 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7400:. Archived from 7388:"The Odd Couple" 7383: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7348: 7342: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7248: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7035:Business Insider 7027: 7021: 7020: 7014: 7012: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6973:(21 July 2016). 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6950: 6944:. Archived from 6932:RAND Corporation 6929: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6749: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6675: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6645: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6518:Mehr News Agency 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6467: 6458: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6280: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6079: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6052: 6046: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5969:. Archived from 5959: 5950: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5881: 5875: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5857:. 9 August 2021. 5851: 5845: 5844: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5757:on 18 March 2017 5753:. Archived from 5740: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5720: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5684: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5133:Afghan Civil War 5091:Ittihad-e Islami 5083:Afghan Civil War 5050:Hassan Nasrallah 4969:Eastern Province 4905:Sadrist Movement 4737:An airstrike in 4719:Yemeni civil war 4703:Foreign Minister 4634:Syrian Civil War 4573:together backed 4553:US-led coalition 4362:Syrian civil war 4358:Yemeni civil war 4306:Strait of Hormuz 4186:2006 Lebanon War 4162:, active in the 4158:The rebel group 3927:House of Khalifa 3822:, respectively. 3820:Adil Abdul-Mahdi 3800:Iraqi insurgency 3704:President Mansur 3423:Liwa Zaynabiyoun 3326:Involved parties 3214:Hassan Nasrallah 3119:Eastern Province 3082:, 14 August 2020 2976:, operated from 2970:Persian language 2965:Western powers. 2951:political crisis 2918:Foreign Minister 2812:Foreign Minister 2769:foreign ministry 2653:war against ISIL 2508:chemical weapons 2176:, and the other 2166:Islamic republic 2096:, with Iran and 2094:Syrian civil war 2057:, respectively. 2002:Yemeni civil war 1685: 1683: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1616:Syrian civil war 1596: 1594: 1584: 1577: 1570: 1561: 1560: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1382:Thamer al-Sabhan 1381: 1380: 1379: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1285: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1126:Mohammad Khatami 1124: 1123: 1122: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1095: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1016: 1015: 1014: 997: 996: 995: 981: 980: 965: 964: 963: 938: 937: 936: 913:Hassan Nasrallah 911: 910: 909: 892: 891: 890: 875: 874: 873: 858: 857: 856: 839: 838: 837: 815: 813: 812: 800: 796: 794: 793: 781: 779: 778: 768: 766: 765: 755: 753: 752: 742: 740: 739: 729: 727: 726: 716: 714: 713: 703: 701: 700: 690: 688: 687: 680: 676: 674: 673: 662: 660: 659: 649: 647: 646: 636: 634: 633: 614: 613: 612: 602: 601: 600: 593: 587: 586: 585: 575: 574: 573: 563: 562: 551: 550: 549: 539: 538: 537: 527: 526: 525: 515: 514: 513: 503: 502: 501: 491: 490: 489: 478: 477: 476: 455: 453: 452: 440: 434: 432: 431: 424: 418: 417: 409: 403: 401: 400: 393: 387: 385: 384: 374: 372: 371: 364: 354: 352: 351: 344: 338: 336: 335: 325: 323: 322: 312: 310: 309: 290: 289: 288: 280:Liwa Zainebiyoun 278: 277: 276: 266: 265: 264: 254: 253: 252: 242: 241: 240: 230: 229: 228: 218: 217: 216: 206: 205: 204: 194: 193: 192: 185: 181: 179: 178: 167: 166: 165: 158: 152: 151: 150: 140: 139: 138: 116: 115: 77: 76: 69: 63: 57: 51: 23: 22: 27775: 27774: 27770: 27769: 27768: 27766: 27765: 27764: 27635: 27634: 27633: 27628: 27627: 27622: 27620: 27607: 27570: 27492:Egyptian Crisis 27475: 27416: 27356: 27289: 27199: 27188:Second Intifada 27098: 27042: 26939: 26905:Simele massacre 26883: 26864:Adwan Rebellion 26837: 26714: 26709: 26679: 26674: 26638: 26626: 26616: 26568: 26537: 26514: 26488: 26455: 26424: 26384: 26329: 26252: 26236: 26192: 26171: 26150: 26124: 26108: 26072:Afghan conflict 26044: 26030: 26023: 25997: 25971: 25950: 25934:Kachin conflict 25912: 25886: 25859: 25843: 25822:Korean conflict 25813: 25811: 25805: 25768: 25742: 25716: 25653: 25583: 25574: 25544: 25539: 25523: 25445: 25373: 25295: 25286: 25245: 25240: 25210: 25205: 25189: 25168: 25137: 25084: 25068: 25052: 25026: 25021: 25019: 25011: 25009: 25007: 24977: 24972: 24956: 24856: 24768: 24700: 24664: 24657: 24647: 24645: 24615: 24610: 24594: 24524: 24483: 24326: 24223:Korean conflict 24211: 24168:Six-party talks 24151: 24105: 24098: 24088: 24086: 24056: 24051: 24035: 23811:BIRD Foundation 23724: 23683: 23642:Operation Moses 23571: 23510:Stewart Nozette 23436: 23385:Abraham Accords 23239: 23183: 23176: 23166: 23164: 23134: 23129: 23115: 22936: 22795:Saeid Aboutaleb 22775:Craig Wadsworth 22755:Stephen D. Mull 22745:Joseph Macmanus 22646: 22487: 22342:Charming Kitten 22304:RQ-170 incident 22272:Filipino Monkey 22218:Algiers Accords 22149: 22086:Abraham Accords 21997: 21991:U.S. withdrawal 21877: 21816: 21809: 21799: 21797: 21767: 21762: 21746: 21683:Abraham Accords 21639: 21581:Majid Shahriari 21552: 21474: 21381: 21346: 21337:Victoria Affair 21332:Karine A affair 21318: 21179: 21139: 21111: 21106: 21076: 21071: 21067:in Saudi Arabia 21051: 21020: 21004: 20898: 20722: 20686: 20674: 20608: 20598: 20596: 20566: 20561: 20506: 20458: 20432: 20406: 20390: 20254: 20056: 19988: 19979: 19908: 19898: 19896: 19866: 19861: 19845: 19757: 19721: 19715: 19612: 19423: 19407: 19381: 19374: 19364: 19362: 19327: 19319: 19314: 19298: 19215: 19179: 19173: 19070: 18905: 18863: 18858: 18820: 18815: 18814: 18803: 18799: 18782: 18781: 18777: 18767: 18765: 18753: 18749: 18739: 18737: 18736:. 10 March 2023 18724: 18723: 18719: 18709: 18707: 18695: 18691: 18674: 18667: 18654: 18653: 18649: 18636: 18635: 18631: 18614: 18610: 18593: 18589: 18579: 18577: 18565: 18561: 18551: 18549: 18537: 18530: 18522: 18518: 18508: 18506: 18501: 18500: 18496: 18486: 18484: 18477: 18473: 18463: 18461: 18452: 18451: 18447: 18437: 18435: 18423: 18419: 18409: 18407: 18402: 18401: 18397: 18387: 18385: 18375: 18371: 18361: 18359: 18354: 18353: 18349: 18339: 18337: 18327: 18323: 18313: 18311: 18301: 18297: 18287: 18285: 18283:Chicago Tribune 18275: 18271: 18258: 18256: 18247: 18246: 18242: 18232: 18230: 18222: 18221: 18217: 18212:. 17 June 2020. 18204: 18203: 18199: 18189: 18187: 18174: 18173: 18169: 18160: 18159: 18155: 18145: 18143: 18130: 18129: 18125: 18110: 18106: 18096: 18094: 18085: 18084: 18080: 18070: 18068: 18058: 18054: 18041: 18040: 18036: 18027: 18026: 18022: 18011: 18007: 17996: 17992: 17982: 17980: 17970: 17966: 17956: 17954: 17944: 17940: 17930: 17928: 17918: 17911: 17901: 17899: 17898:on 12 June 2007 17884: 17883: 17879: 17866: 17864: 17854: 17850: 17841: 17840: 17836: 17826: 17824: 17817: 17813: 17812: 17808: 17799: 17798: 17794: 17787: 17776: 17768: 17761: 17751: 17749: 17742: 17738: 17728: 17726: 17716: 17712: 17702: 17700: 17693: 17689: 17679: 17677: 17670: 17666: 17656: 17654: 17644: 17640: 17631: 17630: 17626: 17616: 17614: 17609: 17608: 17604: 17594: 17592: 17587: 17586: 17582: 17572: 17570: 17563: 17559: 17549: 17547: 17537: 17533: 17523: 17521: 17511: 17507: 17497: 17495: 17486: 17485: 17481: 17471: 17469: 17467:The Independent 17459: 17455: 17445: 17443: 17433: 17429: 17398: 17394: 17379: 17375: 17365: 17363: 17353: 17349: 17339: 17337: 17322: 17318: 17308: 17306: 17296: 17292: 17282: 17280: 17278:Foreign Affairs 17270: 17266: 17256: 17254: 17227: 17221: 17217: 17207: 17205: 17193: 17187: 17183: 17173: 17171: 17161: 17157: 17147: 17145: 17138: 17134: 17124: 17122: 17112: 17108: 17098: 17096: 17086: 17082: 17067: 17058: 17056: 17041: 17039: 17019: 17017: 17016:. 20 March 2017 17008: 16999: 16997: 16996:. 21 March 2017 16986: 16982: 16978: 16968: 16966: 16956: 16952: 16942: 16940: 16930: 16926: 16916: 16914: 16897: 16893: 16883: 16881: 16872:Malsin, Jared. 16870: 16866: 16856: 16854: 16847: 16843: 16833: 16831: 16821: 16817: 16807: 16805: 16795: 16791: 16781: 16779: 16769: 16765: 16755: 16753: 16743: 16739: 16729: 16727: 16717: 16713: 16704: 16703: 16699: 16686: 16685: 16681: 16668: 16667: 16663: 16654: 16653: 16649: 16636: 16635: 16631: 16594: 16590: 16580: 16578: 16571: 16565: 16561: 16552: 16551: 16547: 16534: 16533: 16529: 16516: 16515: 16511: 16502: 16501: 16497: 16487: 16485: 16472: 16471: 16464: 16451: 16450: 16446: 16433: 16432: 16428: 16413: 16409: 16399: 16397: 16384: 16383: 16379: 16366: 16365: 16361: 16351: 16349: 16339: 16335: 16325: 16323: 16313: 16309: 16299: 16297: 16287: 16283: 16273: 16271: 16264: 16260: 16250: 16248: 16239: 16238: 16234: 16226:National Review 16219: 16218: 16214: 16204: 16202: 16187: 16183: 16173: 16171: 16162: 16161: 16157: 16152:. 30 July 2020. 16144: 16143: 16139: 16129: 16127: 16122: 16121: 16117: 16108: 16107: 16103: 16093: 16091: 16086: 16085: 16081: 16071: 16069: 16064: 16063: 16059: 16049: 16047: 16037: 16033: 16023: 16021: 16011: 16007: 15994: 15993: 15989: 15979: 15977: 15970: 15966: 15956: 15954: 15947: 15943: 15933: 15931: 15922: 15921: 15917: 15907: 15905: 15895: 15891: 15881: 15879: 15872: 15868: 15858: 15856: 15846: 15842: 15832: 15830: 15823: 15819: 15806: 15805: 15801: 15790: 15786: 15771: 15767: 15754: 15753: 15749: 15739: 15737: 15728: 15727: 15723: 15713: 15711: 15702: 15701: 15697: 15687: 15685: 15672: 15671: 15667: 15660:The Independent 15652: 15648: 15638: 15636: 15629: 15625: 15624: 15620: 15610: 15608: 15599: 15598: 15594: 15581: 15580: 15576: 15568: 15564: 15554: 15552: 15544: 15543: 15539: 15526: 15525: 15521: 15509: 15505: 15497: 15493: 15483: 15481: 15473: 15472: 15468: 15462:Wayback Machine 15453:Dafna Linzer – 15452: 15448: 15438: 15436: 15427: 15426: 15422: 15412: 15410: 15395: 15391: 15381: 15379: 15370: 15369: 15365: 15359: 15331: 15327: 15317: 15315: 15314:. 10 March 1980 15307: 15303: 15302: 15298: 15291: 15264: 15260: 15250: 15248: 15241:MAARIV HASHAVUA 15233: 15229: 15219: 15217: 15202: 15198: 15188: 15186: 15176: 15172: 15162: 15160: 15150: 15146: 15136: 15134: 15125: 15124: 15120: 15115:. 5 April 2017. 15113:The Iran Primer 15107: 15106: 15102: 15089: 15088: 15084: 15073: 15069: 15059: 15057: 15046: 15042: 15032: 15030: 15023:The Independent 15015: 15011: 14998: 14997: 14993: 14983: 14981: 14970: 14969: 14962: 14947: 14940: 14927: 14926: 14922: 14912: 14910: 14905: 14904: 14900: 14884: 14883: 14879: 14869: 14867: 14858: 14857: 14853: 14843: 14839: 14832:Financial Times 14826: 14825: 14821: 14811: 14809: 14801: 14800: 14796: 14783: 14782: 14778: 14768: 14766: 14758: 14757: 14753: 14743: 14741: 14732: 14731: 14727: 14717: 14715: 14702: 14701: 14697: 14687: 14685: 14670: 14669: 14665: 14652: 14651: 14647: 14637: 14635: 14631: 14630: 14626: 14611:10.3751/65.4.15 14591: 14587: 14572: 14568: 14558:Wayback Machine 14545: 14541: 14528: 14524: 14514: 14512: 14503: 14502: 14498: 14485: 14484: 14480: 14470: 14466: 14453: 14452: 14448: 14435: 14434: 14430: 14420: 14418: 14409: 14408: 14404: 14394: 14392: 14379: 14378: 14374: 14364: 14362: 14353: 14352: 14348: 14335: 14334: 14330: 14317: 14316: 14312: 14302: 14300: 14290: 14286: 14266: 14260: 14256: 14251:. 29 July 2021. 14247: 14246: 14242: 14231: 14227: 14217: 14215: 14208: 14207: 14203: 14193: 14191: 14182: 14181: 14177: 14167: 14165: 14156: 14155: 14151: 14141: 14139: 14138:. 28 April 2022 14130: 14129: 14125: 14115: 14113: 14112:. 13 April 2022 14104: 14103: 14099: 14089: 14087: 14078: 14077: 14073: 14063: 14061: 14060:. 26 March 2022 14052: 14051: 14047: 14037: 14035: 14034:. 20 March 2022 14026: 14025: 14021: 14011: 14009: 14008:. 16 March 2022 14000: 13999: 13995: 13960: 13953: 13910: 13906: 13863: 13859: 13816: 13812: 13767: 13763: 13748: 13747: 13743: 13735:Mohammed, Islam 13733: 13729: 13719: 13717: 13708: 13707: 13703: 13693: 13689: 13675: 13673: 13672:on 24 July 2021 13660: 13659: 13655: 13637: 13633: 13620: 13618: 13605: 13604: 13600: 13590: 13588: 13581:Middle East Eye 13575: 13574: 13570: 13557: 13555: 13542: 13541: 13537: 13532:. 3 March 2021. 13528: 13527: 13523: 13509: 13507: 13502: 13501: 13497: 13484: 13482: 13477: 13476: 13472: 13462: 13460: 13451: 13450: 13446: 13433: 13431: 13418: 13417: 13413: 13399: 13397: 13392: 13391: 13387: 13377: 13375: 13366: 13365: 13361: 13353: 13349: 13344:. 14 July 2016. 13336: 13335: 13331: 13316: 13315: 13311: 13301: 13299: 13295: 13288: 13284: 13283: 13279: 13266: 13264: 13253: 13252: 13248: 13235: 13234: 13227: 13219: 13215: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13184: 13183: 13179: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13148: 13147: 13143: 13130: 13129: 13125: 13120:. 2 March 2016. 13112: 13111: 13107: 13100:www.govinfo.gov 13094: 13093: 13089: 13082:The Daily Beast 13074: 13070: 13061: 13059: 13049: 13042: 13032: 13030: 13029:on 15 July 2022 13021: 13020: 13016: 13006: 13004: 12995: 12994: 12990: 12955: 12946: 12911: 12907: 12894: 12893: 12889: 12884:. 22 July 2019. 12876: 12875: 12871: 12860: 12856: 12846:About Hezbollah 12844: 12840: 12825: 12811: 12807: 12792: 12778: 12771: 12756: 12742: 12738: 12727: 12723: 12688: 12684: 12674: 12672: 12664: 12663: 12659: 12648: 12644: 12635: 12634: 12630: 12621: 12620: 12616: 12571: 12556: 12511: 12494: 12462: 12456: 12452: 12439: 12438: 12434: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12402: 12401: 12397: 12384: 12383: 12379: 12366: 12364: 12353: 12352: 12348: 12335: 12333: 12324: 12323: 12319: 12309: 12307: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12287: 12285: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12264: 12260: 12247: 12245: 12237: 12236: 12232: 12222: 12220: 12212: 12211: 12207: 12197: 12190: 12180: 12178: 12169: 12168: 12164: 12156: 12152: 12142: 12140: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12099: 12095: 12085: 12083: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12041: 12040: 12036: 12026: 12024: 12011: 12010: 12006: 11991: 11987: 11977: 11975: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11945: 11943: 11933: 11929: 11919: 11917: 11899: 11895: 11885: 11883: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11859: 11857: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11831: 11824: 11820: 11810: 11808: 11799: 11798: 11794: 11784: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11762: 11760: 11750: 11746: 11736: 11734: 11724: 11720: 11710: 11708: 11698: 11694: 11684: 11682: 11673: 11672: 11668: 11658: 11656: 11649: 11645: 11635: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11623: 11613: 11611: 11604: 11600: 11590: 11588: 11578: 11574: 11564: 11562: 11555: 11551: 11537: 11535: 11525: 11521: 11511: 11509: 11499: 11495: 11485: 11483: 11473: 11469: 11459: 11457: 11447: 11443: 11433: 11431: 11421: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11395: 11388: 11378: 11376: 11361: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11335: 11326: 11316: 11314: 11304: 11300: 11290: 11288: 11278: 11269: 11259: 11257: 11247: 11240: 11230: 11228: 11218: 11214: 11204: 11202: 11192: 11188: 11178: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11130: 11128: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11090: 11086: 11076: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11064: 11054: 11052: 11043: 11042: 11033: 11023: 11021: 11014: 11010: 11000: 10998: 10988: 10984: 10974: 10972: 10960: 10956: 10946: 10944: 10934: 10930: 10920: 10918: 10916:The Independent 10908: 10904: 10894: 10892: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10859: 10855: 10845: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10789: 10788: 10784: 10774: 10772: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10744: 10742: 10735: 10731: 10721: 10719: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10699: 10697: 10695:The Independent 10687: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10642: 10632: 10628: 10618: 10616: 10606: 10602: 10592: 10590: 10580: 10576: 10566: 10564: 10554: 10550: 10540: 10538: 10537:. Bloomberg L.P 10531: 10527: 10517: 10515: 10505: 10501: 10491: 10489: 10479: 10475: 10465: 10463: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10421: 10419: 10414: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10390: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10373:on 12 June 2018 10365: 10364: 10360: 10350: 10348: 10333: 10329: 10319: 10317: 10310: 10306: 10296: 10294: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10270: 10268: 10259: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10242: 10232: 10228: 10218: 10216: 10204: 10200: 10190: 10188: 10178: 10174: 10164: 10162: 10150: 10146: 10136: 10134: 10124: 10120: 10110: 10108: 10096: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10074: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10041: 10034: 10024: 10022: 10012: 10008: 9996: 9994: 9979: 9977: 9970:Consultant Plus 9964: 9955: 9953: 9944: 9935: 9933: 9925: 9916: 9914: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9829: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9803: 9789: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9766: 9762: 9752: 9750: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9719: 9718: 9714: 9704: 9702: 9692: 9688: 9678: 9676: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9649:on 30 June 2019 9637: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9620: 9610: 9606: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9584: 9580: 9571: 9567: 9557: 9555: 9553:The Independent 9545: 9541: 9531: 9529: 9522: 9518: 9508: 9506: 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9469:Kinzer, Stephen 9466: 9462: 9447: 9422: 9418: 9411: 9397: 9393: 9386: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9302: 9298: 9283: 9269: 9265: 9250: 9241: 9234: 9210: 9199: 9168: 9164: 9133: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9096: 9079: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9057:Foreign Affairs 9049: 9045: 9038: 9022: 9018: 9009: 9005: 8982: 8978: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8937: 8933: 8922: 8918: 8903: 8879: 8875: 8858: 8857: 8850: 8831: 8824: 8814: 8812: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8648: 8641: 8629: 8627: 8609: 8607: 8589: 8587: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8474: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8408: 8404: 8394: 8392: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8354: 8350: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8244: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8137:(20 May 2016). 8132: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8073: 8069: 8056: 8054: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7982:Rubin, Jennifer 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7951: 7944: 7934: 7932: 7931:on 29 July 2011 7924:Asharq Al-Awsat 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7780: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7567:. 22 April 2014 7559: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7476: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7384: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7300:. 16 July 2018. 7296: 7295: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7222: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7196:Country.eiu.com 7190: 7189: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7102: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7010: 7008: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6866:. 8 April 2018. 6858: 6857: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6837:. 10 April 2016 6829: 6828: 6821: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6750: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6638: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6583: 6579: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6538:Asharq al-Awsat 6529: 6525: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6461: 6455:Wayback Machine 6446: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6361: 6359: 6356:The Independent 6347: 6343: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6263: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6185: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6137: 6119: 6115: 6080: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6038: 6034: 6024:The Arab Weekly 6016: 6012: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5939: 5935: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5906:. Wilson Center 5902: 5901: 5897: 5882: 5878: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5741: 5737: 5728: 5726: 5723:RSIS Commentary 5718: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5635:Politics portal 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5539:Yemeni conflict 5531:UN arms embargo 5483:Musaed Al-Aiban 5472: 5428: 5423: 5377:countries, the 5351:nuclear program 5336:Resolution 1696 5332:Resolution 1737 5324:Atoms for Peace 5320:nuclear program 5318:Iran's ongoing 5308: 5300:Main articles: 5298: 5271: 5265: 5217: 5211: 5191: 5185: 5139: 5129: 5123: 5064: 5058: 5019: 5013: 4990:established by 4923: 4917: 4909:Peace Companies 4901:Muqtada al-Sadr 4894:Naqshbandi Army 4876:Iraqi Kurdistan 4856:Iraqi Civil War 4807: 4801: 4795: 4749:and subsequent 4731: 4723:Main articles: 4721: 4661:Bashar al-Assad 4646: 4638:Main articles: 4636: 4631: 4599: 4587: 4561:Arab Mujahedeen 4537: 4513:Houthi movement 4462: 4452: 4432: 4422: 4417: 4409: 4351:Al Asad Airbase 4324:Qasem Soleimani 4258:jointly backed 4239:, including in 4235:throughout the 4222: 4216: 4206: 4178: 4172: 4156: 4148:Qasem Soleimani 4139: 4123:Iraqi Kurdistan 4099: 4089:and its leader 4072: 4066: 4047: 4039:Abraham Accords 3981:Saudi coalition 3970: 3958: 3952: 3947: 3885: 3879: 3859:Houthi movement 3843:American forces 3835:Haider al-Abadi 3816:Nouri al-Maliki 3785: 3771: 3681: 3679:Houthi movement 3675: 3655: 3649: 3613:Liwa Fatemiyoun 3586:Polisario Front 3525: 3517:Main articles: 3515: 3479:Second Intifada 3462: 3427:Liwa Fatimiyoun 3377:Bashar al-Assad 3362:Liwa Fatemiyoun 3354: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3285: 3253:Abraham Accords 3193:Al Asad Airbase 3170:Qasem Soleimani 3064: 3058: 3021:As part of the 2986: 2853: 2810:op-ed, Iranian 2753: 2745:Main articles: 2743: 2712: 2706: 2605: 2599: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2517: 2401:border disputes 2369: 2363: 2338: 2332: 2289: 2283: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2015: 2010: 1884: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1832: 1809: 1798:Western Nineveh 1779: 1759: 1751: 1721: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1433:Rashad al-Alimi 1427: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1196:Qasem Soleimani 1190: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1002: 993: 991: 990: 983:Nouri al-Maliki 975: 973: 967: 961: 959: 958: 952: 950:Qais al-Khazali 948: 942: 934: 932: 931: 926:(Leader of the 925: 921: 915: 907: 905: 904: 898: 895:Bashar al-Assad 888: 886: 885: 879: 871: 869: 868: 862: 854: 852: 851: 845: 835: 833: 822: 810: 808: 791: 789: 776: 774: 763: 761: 750: 748: 737: 735: 724: 722: 711: 709: 698: 696: 685: 683: 671: 669: 657: 655: 644: 642: 631: 629: 626: 625: 620: 610: 608: 598: 596: 591: 583: 581: 571: 569: 557: 547: 545: 535: 533: 523: 521: 511: 509: 499: 497: 487: 485: 474: 472: 469: 468: 460: 450: 448: 443: 438: 429: 427: 422: 412: 407: 398: 396: 391: 382: 380: 369: 367: 358: 349: 347: 342: 333: 331: 320: 318: 307: 305: 302: 301: 296: 286: 284: 274: 272: 262: 260: 250: 248: 238: 236: 226: 224: 214: 212: 202: 200: 190: 188: 183:Houthi movement 176: 174: 169:Liwa Fatemiyoun 163: 161: 156: 148: 146: 136: 134: 131: 130: 122: 110: 95: 84: 71: 67: 65: 61: 59: 55: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 27773: 27763: 27762: 27757: 27752: 27747: 27742: 27737: 27732: 27727: 27722: 27717: 27712: 27707: 27702: 27697: 27692: 27687: 27682: 27677: 27672: 27667: 27662: 27657: 27652: 27647: 27630: 27629: 27624: 27623: 27612: 27609: 27608: 27606: 27605: 27602:Red Sea crisis 27598: 27591: 27584: 27578: 27576: 27572: 27571: 27569: 27568: 27567: 27566: 27552: 27545: 27538: 27533: 27528: 27527: 27526: 27510: 27509: 27508: 27501: 27489: 27483: 27481: 27477: 27476: 27474: 27473: 27468: 27463: 27462: 27461: 27449: 27444: 27439: 27432: 27424: 27422: 27418: 27417: 27415: 27414: 27409: 27404: 27399: 27392: 27387: 27382: 27377: 27372: 27364: 27362: 27358: 27357: 27355: 27354: 27349: 27347:Mecca massacre 27344: 27339: 27334: 27329: 27324: 27323: 27322: 27310: 27305: 27297: 27295: 27291: 27290: 27288: 27287: 27282: 27277: 27272: 27271: 27270: 27260: 27255: 27250: 27245: 27240: 27235: 27228: 27223: 27218: 27213: 27207: 27205: 27201: 27200: 27198: 27197: 27192: 27191: 27190: 27185: 27183:First Intifada 27180: 27168: 27166:1964 Hama riot 27163: 27161:Aden Emergency 27158: 27153: 27148: 27143: 27136: 27131: 27130: 27129: 27124: 27112: 27106: 27104: 27100: 27099: 27097: 27096: 27091: 27086: 27081: 27076: 27071: 27066: 27061: 27056: 27050: 27048: 27044: 27043: 27041: 27040: 27039: 27038: 27033: 27028: 27023: 27018: 27006: 27005: 27004: 26992: 26987: 26985:Al-Waziri coup 26982: 26977: 26976: 26975: 26970: 26965: 26960: 26947: 26945: 26941: 26940: 26938: 26937: 26932: 26927: 26922: 26917: 26912: 26907: 26902: 26897: 26891: 26889: 26885: 26884: 26882: 26881: 26876: 26871: 26866: 26861: 26856: 26851: 26845: 26843: 26839: 26838: 26836: 26835: 26830: 26829: 26828: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26808: 26803: 26802: 26801: 26784: 26779: 26774: 26769: 26768: 26767: 26762: 26757: 26752: 26747: 26746: 26745: 26728: 26722: 26720: 26716: 26715: 26708: 26707: 26700: 26693: 26685: 26676: 26675: 26673: 26672: 26667: 26662: 26657: 26652: 26646: 26644: 26643:Related topics 26640: 26639: 26637: 26636: 26630: 26628: 26622: 26621: 26618: 26617: 26615: 26614: 26613: 26612: 26607: 26597: 26592: 26587: 26582: 26576: 26574: 26570: 26569: 26567: 26566: 26561: 26556: 26551: 26545: 26543: 26539: 26538: 26536: 26535: 26534: 26533: 26522: 26520: 26516: 26515: 26513: 26512: 26511: 26510: 26507: 26505:Qatif conflict 26496: 26494: 26490: 26489: 26487: 26486: 26485: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26463: 26461: 26457: 26456: 26454: 26453: 26448: 26443: 26438: 26432: 26430: 26426: 26425: 26423: 26422: 26421: 26420: 26410: 26409: 26408: 26403: 26392: 26390: 26386: 26385: 26383: 26382: 26381: 26380: 26375: 26370: 26365: 26360: 26353:Iraqi conflict 26350: 26349: 26348: 26337: 26335: 26331: 26330: 26328: 26327: 26322: 26321: 26320: 26315: 26310: 26300: 26299: 26298: 26296:Qatif conflict 26288: 26283: 26282: 26281: 26276: 26271: 26260: 26258: 26254: 26253: 26251: 26250: 26244: 26242: 26238: 26237: 26235: 26234: 26233: 26232: 26227: 26222: 26211: 26209: 26202: 26198: 26197: 26194: 26193: 26191: 26190: 26185: 26179: 26177: 26173: 26172: 26170: 26169: 26164: 26158: 26156: 26152: 26151: 26149: 26148: 26143: 26138: 26132: 26130: 26126: 26125: 26123: 26122: 26116: 26114: 26110: 26109: 26107: 26106: 26105: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26093: 26092: 26087: 26082: 26069: 26063: 26061: 26054: 26050: 26049: 26046: 26045: 26043: 26042: 26037: 26036: 26035: 26028: 26016: 26011: 26005: 26003: 25999: 25998: 25996: 25995: 25990: 25985: 25979: 25977: 25973: 25972: 25970: 25969: 25964: 25958: 25956: 25952: 25951: 25949: 25948: 25947: 25946: 25941: 25936: 25931: 25929:Karen conflict 25920: 25918: 25914: 25913: 25911: 25910: 25905: 25900: 25894: 25892: 25888: 25887: 25885: 25884: 25878: 25876: 25869: 25868:Southeast Asia 25865: 25864: 25861: 25860: 25858: 25857: 25851: 25849: 25845: 25844: 25842: 25841: 25840: 25839: 25834: 25829: 25818: 25816: 25807: 25806: 25804: 25803: 25798: 25793: 25787: 25785: 25778: 25774: 25773: 25770: 25769: 25767: 25766: 25761: 25756: 25750: 25748: 25744: 25743: 25741: 25740: 25735: 25730: 25724: 25722: 25718: 25717: 25715: 25714: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25698: 25697: 25692: 25687: 25682: 25677: 25667: 25661: 25659: 25655: 25654: 25652: 25651: 25646: 25641: 25636: 25631: 25630: 25629: 25624: 25619: 25614: 25609: 25598: 25596: 25589: 25585: 25584: 25573: 25572: 25565: 25558: 25550: 25541: 25540: 25528: 25525: 25524: 25522: 25521: 25516: 25511: 25506: 25501: 25496: 25491: 25486: 25485: 25484: 25474: 25469: 25464: 25459: 25453: 25451: 25447: 25446: 25444: 25443: 25438: 25433: 25428: 25427: 25426: 25416: 25415: 25414: 25404: 25403: 25402: 25392: 25387: 25381: 25379: 25375: 25374: 25372: 25371: 25366: 25365: 25364: 25359: 25349: 25344: 25339: 25334: 25329: 25324: 25319: 25314: 25309: 25303: 25301: 25297: 25296: 25289: 25287: 25285: 25284: 25279: 25274: 25269: 25264: 25259: 25253: 25251: 25247: 25246: 25239: 25238: 25231: 25224: 25216: 25207: 25206: 25194: 25191: 25190: 25188: 25187: 25182: 25176: 25174: 25170: 25169: 25167: 25166: 25161: 25156: 25151: 25145: 25143: 25139: 25138: 25136: 25135: 25130: 25125: 25124: 25123: 25118: 25113: 25108: 25103: 25092: 25090: 25086: 25085: 25083: 25082: 25076: 25074: 25070: 25069: 25067: 25066: 25060: 25058: 25054: 25053: 25051: 25050: 25045: 25040: 25034: 25032: 25028: 25027: 25006: 25005: 24998: 24991: 24983: 24974: 24973: 24961: 24958: 24957: 24955: 24954: 24947: 24942: 24937: 24932: 24930:Dhahran School 24927: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24891: 24890: 24880: 24875: 24873:Patricia Roush 24870: 24868:Golden gimmick 24864: 24862: 24858: 24857: 24855: 24854: 24849: 24844: 24839: 24834: 24829: 24824: 24819: 24818: 24817: 24812: 24807: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24776: 24774: 24770: 24769: 24767: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24740: 24739: 24729: 24724: 24719: 24714: 24708: 24706: 24702: 24701: 24699: 24698: 24693: 24688: 24683: 24678: 24672: 24670: 24666: 24665: 24644: 24643: 24636: 24629: 24621: 24612: 24611: 24599: 24596: 24595: 24593: 24592: 24585: 24580: 24575: 24570: 24565: 24560: 24559: 24558: 24548: 24543: 24538: 24532: 24530: 24526: 24525: 24523: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24491: 24489: 24485: 24484: 24482: 24481: 24476: 24471: 24466: 24461: 24460: 24459: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24435:Merrill Newman 24432: 24427: 24422: 24417: 24416: 24415: 24410: 24405: 24395: 24390: 24385: 24380: 24375: 24370: 24365: 24360: 24355: 24350: 24345: 24340: 24334: 24332: 24328: 24327: 24325: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24313: 24312: 24307: 24297: 24292: 24287: 24282: 24277: 24272: 24267: 24262: 24261: 24260: 24255: 24250: 24245: 24240: 24235: 24225: 24219: 24217: 24213: 24212: 24210: 24209: 24204: 24203: 24202: 24197: 24192: 24187: 24186: 24185: 24170: 24165: 24159: 24157: 24153: 24152: 24150: 24149: 24144: 24139: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24113: 24111: 24107: 24106: 24085: 24084: 24077: 24070: 24062: 24053: 24052: 24040: 24037: 24036: 24034: 24033: 24026: 24019: 24012: 24005: 23998: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23938: 23933: 23928: 23923: 23918: 23913: 23911:Israel Project 23908: 23903: 23898: 23893: 23888: 23883: 23878: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23838: 23833: 23828: 23823: 23818: 23813: 23808: 23803: 23798: 23793: 23788: 23783: 23778: 23773: 23768: 23763: 23758: 23753: 23748: 23743: 23738: 23732: 23730: 23726: 23725: 23723: 23722: 23717: 23712: 23707: 23702: 23697: 23691: 23689: 23685: 23684: 23682: 23681: 23680: 23679: 23669: 23664: 23659: 23654: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23634: 23629: 23624: 23619: 23614: 23609: 23608: 23607: 23597: 23592: 23587: 23581: 23579: 23573: 23572: 23570: 23569: 23564: 23559: 23554: 23549: 23544: 23539: 23534: 23529: 23528: 23527: 23522: 23512: 23507: 23505:Ben-Ami Kadish 23502: 23497: 23495:Steve J. Rosen 23492: 23487: 23482: 23481: 23480: 23470: 23465: 23460: 23455: 23450: 23444: 23442: 23438: 23437: 23435: 23434: 23429: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23408: 23407: 23402: 23397: 23392: 23382: 23377: 23372: 23367: 23362: 23357: 23352: 23347: 23342: 23337: 23332: 23327: 23322: 23317: 23312: 23307: 23302: 23301: 23300: 23298:Oslo II Accord 23295: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23270: 23269: 23268: 23263: 23253: 23247: 23245: 23241: 23240: 23238: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23191: 23189: 23185: 23184: 23163: 23162: 23155: 23148: 23140: 23131: 23130: 23120: 23117: 23116: 23114: 23113: 23106: 23099: 23092: 23087: 23082: 23077: 23072: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23052: 23047: 23046: 23045: 23035: 23030: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23010: 23005: 23000: 22995: 22990: 22985: 22980: 22975: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22958:American Islam 22955: 22950: 22944: 22942: 22938: 22937: 22935: 22934: 22933: 22932: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22910:Karan Vafadari 22907: 22905:Kian Tajbakhsh 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22787: 22782: 22777: 22772: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22725:Elliott Abrams 22722: 22721: 22720: 22710: 22705: 22700: 22695: 22690: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22654: 22652: 22648: 22647: 22645: 22644: 22639: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22536: 22535: 22530: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22509: 22508: 22497: 22495: 22489: 22488: 22486: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22417: 22416: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22350: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22319: 22314: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22275: 22274: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22228: 22227: 22220: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22198:Canadian Caper 22195: 22190: 22185: 22180: 22170: 22165: 22159: 22157: 22151: 22150: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22145: 22140: 22135: 22130: 22125: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22094: 22093: 22088: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22067: 22066: 22061: 22056: 22051: 22046: 22041: 22036: 22031: 22026: 22021: 22016: 22005: 22003: 21999: 21998: 21996: 21995: 21994: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21912: 21911: 21901: 21896: 21891: 21885: 21883: 21879: 21878: 21876: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21824: 21822: 21818: 21817: 21796: 21795: 21788: 21781: 21773: 21764: 21763: 21751: 21748: 21747: 21745: 21744: 21737: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21721: 21720: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21659: 21658: 21647: 21645: 21641: 21640: 21638: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21611: 21610: 21600: 21599: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21562: 21560: 21554: 21553: 21551: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21509: 21508: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21482: 21480: 21476: 21475: 21473: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21391: 21389: 21383: 21382: 21380: 21379: 21378: 21377: 21367: 21362: 21356: 21354: 21348: 21347: 21345: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21328: 21326: 21320: 21319: 21317: 21316: 21311: 21310: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21262:Francop Affair 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21238: 21237: 21232: 21222: 21221: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21189: 21187: 21181: 21180: 21178: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21161: 21160: 21149: 21147: 21141: 21140: 21138: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21121: 21119: 21113: 21112: 21105: 21104: 21097: 21090: 21082: 21073: 21072: 21070: 21069: 21059: 21057: 21053: 21052: 21050: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21028: 21026: 21022: 21021: 21019: 21018: 21012: 21010: 21006: 21005: 21003: 21002: 21000:United Kingdom 20997: 20992: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20912: 20906: 20904: 20900: 20899: 20897: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20730: 20728: 20724: 20723: 20721: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20694: 20692: 20688: 20687: 20677: 20675: 20673: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20616: 20614: 20610: 20609: 20595: 20594: 20587: 20580: 20572: 20563: 20562: 20560: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20525: 20520: 20514: 20512: 20508: 20507: 20505: 20504: 20503: 20502: 20500:U.S. sanctions 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20466: 20464: 20460: 20459: 20457: 20456: 20451: 20449:European Union 20446: 20440: 20438: 20434: 20433: 20431: 20430: 20425: 20420: 20418:Czechoslovakia 20414: 20412: 20408: 20407: 20405: 20404: 20398: 20396: 20392: 20391: 20389: 20388: 20386:United Kingdom 20383: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20286:Czech Republic 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20262: 20260: 20256: 20255: 20253: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20106: 20105: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20064: 20062: 20058: 20057: 20055: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20043: 20042: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19996: 19994: 19990: 19989: 19982: 19980: 19978: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19916: 19914: 19910: 19909: 19895: 19894: 19887: 19880: 19872: 19863: 19862: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19765: 19763: 19759: 19758: 19756: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19729: 19727: 19717: 19716: 19714: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19657: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19631: 19626: 19620: 19618: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19572: 19571: 19566: 19551: 19546: 19545: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19514: 19509: 19508: 19507: 19502: 19492: 19487: 19486: 19485: 19475: 19474: 19473: 19463: 19462: 19461: 19460: 19459: 19452:Qatif conflict 19449: 19444: 19433: 19431: 19425: 19424: 19422: 19421: 19415: 19413: 19409: 19408: 19406: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19389: 19387: 19383: 19382: 19361: 19360: 19353: 19346: 19338: 19332: 19329: 19328: 19316: 19315: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19297: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19250: 19249: 19239: 19234: 19229: 19223: 19221: 19220:Related topics 19217: 19216: 19214: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19187: 19185: 19175: 19174: 19172: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19115: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19089: 19084: 19078: 19076: 19072: 19071: 19069: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19057: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19030: 19029: 19024: 19009: 19008: 19007: 18997: 18996: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18965: 18960: 18959: 18958: 18953: 18943: 18938: 18937: 18936: 18926: 18925: 18924: 18913: 18911: 18907: 18906: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18900: 18899: 18892:Qatif conflict 18889: 18884: 18873: 18871: 18865: 18864: 18857: 18856: 18849: 18842: 18834: 18828: 18827: 18819: 18818:External links 18816: 18813: 18812: 18797: 18775: 18747: 18717: 18689: 18665: 18647: 18629: 18608: 18587: 18559: 18528: 18516: 18494: 18471: 18445: 18417: 18395: 18369: 18347: 18321: 18295: 18269: 18240: 18215: 18197: 18167: 18153: 18123: 18104: 18093:. 2 April 2018 18078: 18066:Foreign Policy 18052: 18034: 18020: 18005: 17990: 17964: 17938: 17909: 17877: 17862:Politics Today 17848: 17834: 17822:Swp-berlin.org 17806: 17792: 17785: 17759: 17736: 17710: 17687: 17664: 17638: 17624: 17602: 17580: 17557: 17531: 17505: 17494:. 9 March 2012 17479: 17453: 17427: 17408:(2): 159–177. 17392: 17373: 17347: 17316: 17290: 17264: 17215: 17181: 17155: 17132: 17106: 17080: 17078: 17077: 17065: 17048: 17026: 17006: 16976: 16950: 16924: 16891: 16864: 16841: 16815: 16789: 16763: 16751:Foreign Policy 16737: 16711: 16697: 16679: 16661: 16647: 16629: 16588: 16559: 16545: 16527: 16509: 16495: 16462: 16459:. 14 May 2023. 16444: 16426: 16407: 16377: 16359: 16347:Military Times 16333: 16307: 16281: 16258: 16232: 16212: 16181: 16155: 16137: 16115: 16101: 16079: 16057: 16031: 16005: 15987: 15964: 15941: 15915: 15889: 15866: 15840: 15817: 15799: 15784: 15765: 15747: 15721: 15695: 15684:on 4 June 2022 15665: 15646: 15618: 15592: 15574: 15562: 15537: 15519: 15503: 15491: 15466: 15446: 15420: 15389: 15378:on 2 July 2022 15363: 15357: 15325: 15296: 15289: 15269:, ed. (1993). 15258: 15227: 15196: 15170: 15144: 15118: 15100: 15082: 15067: 15040: 15009: 15006:. 2 July 2019. 14991: 14980:. 8 March 2018 14960: 14938: 14920: 14898: 14877: 14866:. 21 June 2020 14851: 14837: 14819: 14794: 14776: 14751: 14725: 14695: 14663: 14660:. 1 July 2013. 14645: 14624: 14605:(4): 603–617. 14585: 14566: 14547:Elliott Abrams 14539: 14522: 14496: 14478: 14464: 14446: 14428: 14402: 14372: 14361:on 11 May 2017 14346: 14328: 14310: 14284: 14254: 14240: 14225: 14201: 14175: 14149: 14123: 14097: 14086:. 1 April 2022 14071: 14045: 14019: 13993: 13951: 13904: 13857: 13810: 13761: 13741: 13727: 13716:. 24 June 2018 13701: 13687: 13653: 13639:Mahmood, Ali. 13631: 13598: 13568: 13535: 13521: 13495: 13470: 13444: 13411: 13385: 13359: 13347: 13329: 13309: 13277: 13260:Foreign Policy 13246: 13225: 13213: 13195: 13177: 13159: 13141: 13123: 13105: 13087: 13068: 13040: 13014: 12988: 12944: 12905: 12887: 12869: 12854: 12838: 12823: 12805: 12790: 12769: 12754: 12736: 12721: 12682: 12657: 12642: 12628: 12614: 12554: 12492: 12473:(3): 683–706. 12450: 12432: 12412: 12395: 12377: 12346: 12332:. 16 July 2022 12317: 12295: 12270: 12258: 12230: 12205: 12188: 12162: 12150: 12124: 12093: 12063: 12034: 12004: 11985: 11952: 11927: 11893: 11867: 11841: 11818: 11792: 11770: 11744: 11718: 11692: 11666: 11643: 11621: 11598: 11572: 11549: 11519: 11493: 11467: 11441: 11415: 11386: 11355: 11324: 11298: 11267: 11238: 11212: 11186: 11175:. 7 March 2018 11160: 11138: 11110: 11084: 11062: 11049:Deutsche Welle 11031: 11008: 10982: 10954: 10928: 10902: 10879: 10853: 10831: 10804: 10782: 10752: 10729: 10707: 10678: 10652: 10626: 10600: 10574: 10548: 10525: 10499: 10473: 10451: 10429: 10407: 10384: 10358: 10327: 10304: 10278: 10252: 10226: 10198: 10172: 10144: 10118: 10084: 10061: 10032: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9986: 9968:(in Russian). 9962: 9942: 9923: 9899: 9877:Bazzi, Mohamad 9868: 9839: 9813: 9783: 9760: 9738: 9712: 9686: 9660: 9630: 9604: 9578: 9565: 9539: 9516: 9489: 9460: 9445: 9416: 9409: 9391: 9384: 9360: 9335: 9296: 9281: 9263: 9239: 9232: 9197: 9178:(2): 213–233. 9162: 9127: 9116:on 8 July 2017 9101: 9094: 9073: 9043: 9036: 9016: 9003: 8976: 8958: 8951: 8931: 8916: 8901: 8873: 8848: 8822: 8796: 8773: 8747: 8721: 8695: 8668: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8616: 8605:Foreign Policy 8596: 8566: 8540: 8527:Balkan Insight 8514: 8491: 8463: 8437: 8402: 8374: 8348: 8329:(3): 336–350. 8313: 8290: 8264: 8235: 8209: 8181: 8155: 8126: 8103:Mabon, Simon. 8095: 8067: 8047:Bloomberg View 8033: 8002: 7973: 7942: 7909: 7886: 7863: 7837: 7814: 7790: 7762: 7751:. 21 June 2017 7736: 7706: 7680: 7658: 7632: 7606: 7578: 7552: 7541:on 5 July 2018 7522: 7496: 7467: 7441: 7415: 7375: 7343: 7329: 7303: 7289: 7286:. 30 May 2019. 7275: 7261: 7238: 7213: 7180: 7154: 7122: 7093: 7066: 7040: 7037:. 25 May 2019. 7022: 6993: 6962: 6940: 6913: 6887: 6869: 6848: 6819: 6798: 6772: 6741: 6714: 6692: 6667: 6629: 6603: 6577: 6556: 6523: 6505: 6476: 6459: 6437: 6412: 6390: 6372: 6341: 6338:. 2 July 2007. 6323: 6301: 6275: 6261: 6242: 6216: 6176: 6165:on 20 May 2013 6149: 6135: 6113: 6069: 6058:. 22 July 2019 6047: 6032: 6018:Fouad, Ahmed. 6010: 5996: 5984: 5951: 5933: 5917: 5895: 5876: 5860: 5846: 5837:Deutsche Welle 5824: 5794: 5768: 5735: 5706: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5624: 5610: 5596: 5580: 5577: 5523:Ali Khamenei's 5479:Ali Shamkhahni 5471: 5468: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5387:Prime Minister 5355:Prime Minister 5297: 5294: 5286:Khalifa Haftar 5264: 5261: 5241:proxy conflict 5210: 5207: 5184: 5181: 5125:Main article: 5122: 5119: 5060:Main article: 5057: 5054: 5042:Prime Minister 5012: 5009: 4919:Main article: 4916: 4913: 4838:Administrator 4811:Ottoman Empire 4797:Main article: 4794: 4791: 4720: 4717: 4665:Supreme Leader 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4598: 4595: 4586: 4583: 4575:Khalifa Haftar 4565:North Caucasus 4536: 4533: 4451: 4448: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4391:denounced the 4366:Al-Nusra Front 4264:Saddam Hussein 4205: 4202: 4171: 4168: 4155: 4152: 4138: 4135: 4098: 4095: 4091:Khalifa Haftar 4065: 4062: 4046: 4043: 3969: 3966: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3878: 3875: 3770: 3769:Iraqi militias 3767: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3674: 3671: 3651:Main article: 3648: 3645: 3514: 3511: 3461: 3458: 3392:Arab uprisings 3343: 3340: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3284: 3281: 3140:Hassan Rouhani 3090:took place in 3057: 3054: 3027:Sahwa movement 2985: 2982: 2921:Adel al-Jubeir 2852: 2849: 2819:United Nations 2808:New York Times 2801:Al-Nusra Front 2784:Vladimir Putin 2742: 2739: 2708:Main article: 2705: 2702: 2601:Main article: 2598: 2595: 2540:Main article: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2516: 2513: 2496:trench warfare 2377:Saddam Hussein 2365:Main article: 2362: 2359: 2331: 2328: 2287:Qatif conflict 2282: 2281:Qatif conflict 2279: 2209:Nixon Doctrine 2170:Ba'athist Iraq 2144:Main article: 2141: 2138: 2066:Arab countries 2064:with numerous 2025:countries and 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 1951:Southeast Asia 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1653: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1606:Qatif conflict 1602: 1599: 1598: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1534: 1518: 1499: 1482: 1465: 1445:Former leaders 1444: 1443: 1442: 1354:Prime Minister 1316: 1314: 1313: 1301: 1289: 1267: 1247: 1240:Hafez al-Assad 1230: 1208: 1186: 1172: 1168:Hassan Rouhani 1158: 1144: 1130: 1116: 1099: 1077: 1063: 1043:Former leaders 1042: 1041: 1040: 1023: 1009: 974: 966:Akram al-Kaabi 832: 829: 828: 824: 823: 821: 820: 806: 786: 772: 759: 746: 733: 720: 707: 694: 681: 666: 664:United Kingdom 653: 640: 623: 622: 621: 619: 618: 606: 594: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 519: 507: 495: 483: 463: 462: 461: 446: 444: 442: 441: 425: 410: 394: 378: 365: 345: 329: 316: 299: 298: 297: 295: 294: 282: 270: 258: 246: 234: 222: 210: 198: 186: 171: 159: 144: 125: 124: 123: 109: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 91: 87: 86: 81: 73: 72: 66: 60: 54: 44: 43: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27772: 27761: 27758: 27756: 27753: 27751: 27748: 27746: 27743: 27741: 27738: 27736: 27733: 27731: 27728: 27726: 27723: 27721: 27718: 27716: 27713: 27711: 27708: 27706: 27703: 27701: 27698: 27696: 27693: 27691: 27688: 27686: 27683: 27681: 27678: 27676: 27673: 27671: 27668: 27666: 27663: 27661: 27658: 27656: 27653: 27651: 27648: 27646: 27643: 27642: 27640: 27619: 27617: 27610: 27604: 27603: 27599: 27597: 27596: 27592: 27590: 27589: 27585: 27583: 27580: 27579: 27577: 27573: 27565: 27564: 27563: 27558: 27557: 27556: 27555:Yemeni crisis 27553: 27551: 27550: 27546: 27544: 27543: 27539: 27537: 27534: 27532: 27529: 27525: 27524: 27520: 27519: 27518: 27517: 27516: 27511: 27507: 27506: 27502: 27500: 27499: 27495: 27494: 27493: 27490: 27488: 27485: 27484: 27482: 27478: 27472: 27469: 27467: 27464: 27460: 27457: 27456: 27455: 27454: 27450: 27448: 27445: 27443: 27440: 27438: 27437: 27433: 27431: 27430: 27426: 27425: 27423: 27419: 27413: 27410: 27408: 27405: 27403: 27400: 27398: 27397: 27393: 27391: 27388: 27386: 27383: 27381: 27378: 27376: 27373: 27371: 27370: 27366: 27365: 27363: 27359: 27353: 27350: 27348: 27345: 27343: 27340: 27338: 27335: 27333: 27330: 27328: 27325: 27321: 27320: 27316: 27315: 27314: 27311: 27309: 27306: 27304: 27303: 27302:Iran–Iraq War 27299: 27298: 27296: 27292: 27286: 27283: 27281: 27278: 27276: 27273: 27269: 27266: 27265: 27264: 27261: 27259: 27256: 27254: 27253:NDF Rebellion 27251: 27249: 27246: 27244: 27241: 27239: 27236: 27234: 27233: 27229: 27227: 27224: 27222: 27219: 27217: 27214: 27212: 27209: 27208: 27206: 27202: 27196: 27193: 27189: 27186: 27184: 27181: 27179: 27176: 27175: 27174: 27173: 27169: 27167: 27164: 27162: 27159: 27157: 27154: 27152: 27149: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27141: 27137: 27135: 27132: 27128: 27125: 27123: 27120: 27119: 27118: 27117: 27113: 27111: 27108: 27107: 27105: 27101: 27095: 27092: 27090: 27087: 27085: 27082: 27080: 27077: 27075: 27072: 27070: 27067: 27065: 27062: 27060: 27057: 27055: 27052: 27051: 27049: 27045: 27037: 27034: 27032: 27029: 27027: 27024: 27022: 27019: 27017: 27014: 27013: 27012: 27011: 27007: 27003: 27000: 26999: 26998: 26997: 26993: 26991: 26988: 26986: 26983: 26981: 26978: 26974: 26971: 26969: 26966: 26964: 26961: 26959: 26956: 26955: 26954: 26953: 26949: 26948: 26946: 26942: 26936: 26933: 26931: 26928: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26916: 26913: 26911: 26908: 26906: 26903: 26901: 26898: 26896: 26893: 26892: 26890: 26886: 26880: 26877: 26875: 26872: 26870: 26867: 26865: 26862: 26860: 26857: 26855: 26852: 26850: 26847: 26846: 26844: 26840: 26834: 26831: 26827: 26826:United States 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26804: 26800: 26797: 26796: 26795: 26792: 26791: 26790: 26789: 26785: 26783: 26780: 26778: 26775: 26773: 26770: 26766: 26763: 26761: 26758: 26756: 26753: 26751: 26748: 26744: 26741: 26740: 26739: 26736: 26735: 26734: 26733: 26729: 26727: 26724: 26723: 26721: 26717: 26713: 26706: 26701: 26699: 26694: 26692: 26687: 26686: 26683: 26671: 26668: 26666: 26663: 26661: 26658: 26656: 26653: 26651: 26650:War on terror 26648: 26647: 26645: 26641: 26635: 26632: 26631: 26629: 26623: 26611: 26608: 26606: 26603: 26602: 26601: 26598: 26596: 26593: 26591: 26588: 26586: 26583: 26581: 26578: 26577: 26575: 26571: 26565: 26562: 26560: 26557: 26555: 26552: 26550: 26547: 26546: 26544: 26540: 26532: 26529: 26528: 26527: 26524: 26523: 26521: 26517: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26502: 26501: 26498: 26497: 26495: 26491: 26483: 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26470: 26469: 26468: 26465: 26464: 26462: 26458: 26452: 26449: 26447: 26444: 26442: 26439: 26437: 26434: 26433: 26431: 26427: 26419: 26416: 26415: 26414: 26411: 26407: 26404: 26402: 26399: 26398: 26397: 26394: 26393: 26391: 26387: 26379: 26376: 26374: 26371: 26369: 26366: 26364: 26361: 26359: 26356: 26355: 26354: 26351: 26347: 26344: 26343: 26342: 26339: 26338: 26336: 26332: 26326: 26323: 26319: 26316: 26314: 26311: 26309: 26306: 26305: 26304: 26301: 26297: 26294: 26293: 26292: 26289: 26287: 26284: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26270: 26267: 26266: 26265: 26262: 26261: 26259: 26255: 26249: 26246: 26245: 26243: 26239: 26231: 26228: 26226: 26225:2016 conflict 26223: 26221: 26218: 26217: 26216: 26213: 26212: 26210: 26206: 26203: 26199: 26189: 26186: 26184: 26181: 26180: 26178: 26174: 26168: 26165: 26163: 26160: 26159: 26157: 26153: 26147: 26144: 26142: 26139: 26137: 26134: 26133: 26131: 26127: 26121: 26118: 26117: 26115: 26111: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26097:2001–2021 War 26095: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26081: 26078: 26077: 26075: 26074: 26073: 26070: 26068: 26065: 26064: 26062: 26058: 26055: 26051: 26041: 26038: 26033: 26029: 26026: 26022: 26021: 26020: 26017: 26015: 26012: 26010: 26007: 26006: 26004: 26000: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25984: 25981: 25980: 25978: 25974: 25968: 25965: 25963: 25960: 25959: 25957: 25953: 25945: 25942: 25940: 25937: 25935: 25932: 25930: 25927: 25926: 25925: 25922: 25921: 25919: 25915: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25901: 25899: 25896: 25895: 25893: 25889: 25883: 25880: 25879: 25877: 25873: 25870: 25866: 25856: 25853: 25852: 25850: 25846: 25838: 25835: 25833: 25830: 25828: 25825: 25824: 25823: 25820: 25819: 25817: 25808: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25792: 25789: 25788: 25786: 25782: 25779: 25775: 25765: 25762: 25760: 25757: 25755: 25752: 25751: 25749: 25745: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25725: 25723: 25719: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25696: 25693: 25691: 25688: 25686: 25683: 25681: 25678: 25676: 25673: 25672: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25663: 25662: 25660: 25656: 25650: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25640: 25637: 25635: 25632: 25628: 25625: 25623: 25620: 25618: 25615: 25613: 25610: 25608: 25605: 25604: 25603: 25600: 25599: 25597: 25593: 25590: 25586: 25582: 25579: 25571: 25566: 25564: 25559: 25557: 25552: 25551: 25548: 25538: 25537: 25526: 25520: 25517: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25505: 25502: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25483: 25480: 25479: 25478: 25475: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25454: 25452: 25448: 25442: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25429: 25425: 25422: 25421: 25420: 25417: 25413: 25410: 25409: 25408: 25405: 25401: 25398: 25397: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25382: 25380: 25376: 25370: 25367: 25363: 25360: 25358: 25357:kafala system 25355: 25354: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25345: 25343: 25340: 25338: 25335: 25333: 25330: 25328: 25325: 25323: 25320: 25318: 25315: 25313: 25310: 25308: 25305: 25304: 25302: 25298: 25293: 25283: 25280: 25278: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25263: 25260: 25258: 25255: 25254: 25252: 25250:Member states 25248: 25244: 25237: 25232: 25230: 25225: 25223: 25218: 25217: 25214: 25204: 25203: 25192: 25186: 25183: 25181: 25178: 25177: 25175: 25171: 25165: 25162: 25160: 25157: 25155: 25152: 25150: 25147: 25146: 25144: 25140: 25134: 25131: 25129: 25126: 25122: 25119: 25117: 25114: 25112: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25098: 25097: 25094: 25093: 25091: 25087: 25081: 25078: 25077: 25075: 25071: 25065: 25062: 25061: 25059: 25055: 25049: 25046: 25044: 25041: 25039: 25036: 25035: 25033: 25029: 25018: 25004: 24999: 24997: 24992: 24990: 24985: 24984: 24981: 24971: 24970: 24959: 24953: 24952: 24948: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24931: 24928: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24889: 24886: 24885: 24884: 24881: 24879: 24876: 24874: 24871: 24869: 24866: 24865: 24863: 24859: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24843: 24840: 24838: 24835: 24833: 24830: 24828: 24825: 24823: 24820: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24802: 24801: 24798: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24777: 24775: 24771: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24738: 24735: 24734: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24718: 24715: 24713: 24710: 24709: 24707: 24703: 24697: 24694: 24692: 24689: 24687: 24684: 24682: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24673: 24671: 24667: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24642: 24637: 24635: 24630: 24628: 24623: 24622: 24619: 24609: 24608: 24597: 24591: 24590: 24586: 24584: 24581: 24579: 24576: 24574: 24571: 24569: 24566: 24564: 24561: 24557: 24554: 24553: 24552: 24549: 24547: 24544: 24542: 24539: 24537: 24534: 24533: 24531: 24527: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24492: 24490: 24486: 24480: 24477: 24475: 24472: 24470: 24467: 24465: 24464:Otto Warmbier 24462: 24458: 24455: 24454: 24453: 24452: 24451:The Interview 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24436: 24433: 24431: 24430:Dennis Rodman 24428: 24426: 24423: 24421: 24420:Aijalon Gomes 24418: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24400: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24384: 24381: 24379: 24376: 24374: 24373:Evan Hunziker 24371: 24369: 24366: 24364: 24361: 24359: 24356: 24354: 24351: 24349: 24346: 24344: 24341: 24339: 24336: 24335: 24333: 24329: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24311: 24308: 24306: 24303: 24302: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24288: 24286: 24283: 24281: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24265:Iran–Iraq War 24263: 24259: 24256: 24254: 24251: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24241: 24239: 24236: 24234: 24231: 24230: 24229: 24226: 24224: 24221: 24220: 24218: 24214: 24208: 24205: 24201: 24198: 24196: 24193: 24191: 24188: 24184: 24181: 24180: 24179: 24176: 24175: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24160: 24158: 24154: 24148: 24145: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24114: 24112: 24108: 24102: 24097: 24092: 24083: 24078: 24076: 24071: 24069: 24064: 24063: 24060: 24050: 24049: 24038: 24032: 24031: 24027: 24025: 24024: 24020: 24018: 24017: 24013: 24011: 24010: 24006: 24004: 24003: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23927: 23924: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23914: 23912: 23909: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23827: 23824: 23822: 23819: 23817: 23814: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23797: 23794: 23792: 23789: 23787: 23784: 23782: 23779: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23767: 23764: 23762: 23759: 23757: 23754: 23752: 23749: 23747: 23744: 23742: 23739: 23737: 23734: 23733: 23731: 23727: 23721: 23718: 23716: 23713: 23711: 23708: 23706: 23703: 23701: 23698: 23696: 23693: 23692: 23690: 23686: 23678: 23675: 23674: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23613: 23612:Have Doughnut 23610: 23606: 23603: 23602: 23601: 23598: 23596: 23593: 23591: 23588: 23586: 23583: 23582: 23580: 23578: 23574: 23568: 23565: 23563: 23560: 23558: 23555: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23533: 23530: 23526: 23523: 23521: 23518: 23517: 23516: 23513: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23486: 23485:Rachel Corrie 23483: 23479: 23476: 23475: 23474: 23471: 23469: 23466: 23464: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23445: 23443: 23439: 23433: 23430: 23428: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23391: 23388: 23387: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23346: 23343: 23341: 23338: 23336: 23333: 23331: 23328: 23326: 23323: 23321: 23318: 23316: 23313: 23311: 23308: 23306: 23303: 23299: 23296: 23294: 23293:Oslo I Accord 23291: 23290: 23289: 23286: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23258: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23248: 23246: 23242: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23226: 23223: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23192: 23190: 23186: 23180: 23175: 23170: 23161: 23156: 23154: 23149: 23147: 23142: 23141: 23138: 23128: 23118: 23112: 23111: 23107: 23105: 23104: 23100: 23097: 23093: 23091: 23088: 23086: 23083: 23081: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23068: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23051: 23048: 23044: 23041: 23040: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22994: 22991: 22989: 22986: 22984: 22981: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22971: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22945: 22943: 22939: 22931: 22928: 22927: 22926: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22880:Maryam Rajavi 22878: 22876: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22856: 22855:Siamak Namazi 22853: 22851: 22850:Baquer Namazi 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22805:Sirous Asgari 22803: 22801: 22800:Shahram Amiri 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22790:Saeed Abedini 22788: 22786: 22785:Roxana Saberi 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22765:Jason Rezaian 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22750:Robert Malley 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22719: 22716: 22715: 22714: 22711: 22709: 22706: 22704: 22701: 22699: 22696: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22659: 22656: 22655: 22653: 22649: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22637: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22525: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22507: 22504: 22503: 22502: 22499: 22498: 22496: 22494: 22490: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22463: 22459: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22415: 22412: 22411: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22324: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22312: 22311:Maersk Tigris 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22273: 22270: 22269: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22226: 22225: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22175: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22166: 22164: 22161: 22160: 22158: 22156: 22152: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22120: 22119: 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22083: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22065: 22062: 22060: 22057: 22055: 22052: 22050: 22047: 22045: 22042: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22025: 22022: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22011: 22010: 22009:Iran–Iraq War 22007: 22006: 22004: 22000: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21958: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21910: 21907: 21906: 21905: 21902: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21890: 21887: 21886: 21884: 21880: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21825: 21823: 21819: 21813: 21808: 21803: 21794: 21789: 21787: 21782: 21780: 21775: 21774: 21771: 21761: 21760: 21749: 21743: 21742: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21719: 21716: 21715: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21657: 21654: 21653: 21652: 21649: 21648: 21646: 21642: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21609: 21606: 21605: 21604: 21601: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21568: 21567: 21564: 21563: 21561: 21559: 21555: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21507: 21504: 21503: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21483: 21481: 21477: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21392: 21390: 21388: 21384: 21376: 21373: 21372: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21365:2014 Gaza War 21363: 21361: 21358: 21357: 21355: 21353: 21349: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21329: 21327: 21325: 21321: 21315: 21312: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21289: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21227: 21226: 21223: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21195: 21194: 21191: 21190: 21188: 21186: 21182: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21159: 21156: 21155: 21154: 21151: 21150: 21148: 21146: 21142: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21130:Iran–Iraq war 21128: 21126: 21123: 21122: 21120: 21118: 21114: 21110: 21103: 21098: 21096: 21091: 21089: 21084: 21083: 21080: 21068: 21064: 21061: 21060: 21058: 21054: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21029: 21027: 21023: 21017: 21014: 21013: 21011: 21007: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20907: 20905: 20901: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20731: 20729: 20725: 20719: 20718:United States 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20695: 20693: 20689: 20681: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20617: 20615: 20611: 20607: 20602: 20593: 20588: 20586: 20581: 20579: 20574: 20573: 20570: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20515: 20513: 20509: 20501: 20498: 20497: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20467: 20465: 20461: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20441: 20439: 20435: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20415: 20413: 20409: 20403: 20400: 20399: 20397: 20393: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20257: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20104: 20101: 20100: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20065: 20063: 20059: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20041: 20038: 20037: 20036: 20035:United States 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19991: 19986: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19917: 19915: 19911: 19907: 19902: 19893: 19888: 19886: 19881: 19879: 19874: 19873: 19870: 19860: 19859: 19848: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19766: 19764: 19760: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19730: 19728: 19726:member states 19725: 19718: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19636: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19621: 19619: 19615: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19561: 19560: 19557: 19556: 19555: 19554:Yemeni crisis 19552: 19550: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19497: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19479: 19476: 19472: 19469: 19468: 19467: 19466:Iran–Iraq War 19464: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19439: 19438: 19435: 19434: 19432: 19430: 19426: 19420: 19417: 19416: 19414: 19410: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19384: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19359: 19354: 19352: 19347: 19345: 19340: 19339: 19336: 19330: 19323: 19313: 19312: 19301: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19248: 19245: 19244: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19228: 19225: 19224: 19222: 19218: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19188: 19186: 19184:member states 19183: 19176: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19094: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19079: 19077: 19073: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19019: 19018: 19015: 19014: 19013: 19012:Yemeni crisis 19010: 19006: 19003: 19002: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18970: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18948: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18930: 18927: 18923: 18920: 18919: 18918: 18917:Iran–Iraq War 18915: 18914: 18912: 18908: 18898: 18895: 18894: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18878: 18875: 18874: 18872: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18855: 18850: 18848: 18843: 18841: 18836: 18835: 18832: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18809: 18806: 18801: 18793: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18764: 18763: 18758: 18751: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18721: 18706: 18705: 18700: 18693: 18685: 18684: 18679: 18672: 18670: 18661: 18657: 18651: 18643: 18642:VOA Indonesia 18639: 18633: 18625: 18624: 18619: 18612: 18604: 18603: 18598: 18591: 18576: 18575: 18570: 18563: 18548: 18547: 18542: 18535: 18533: 18525: 18520: 18504: 18498: 18482: 18475: 18459: 18455: 18449: 18434: 18433: 18428: 18421: 18405: 18399: 18384: 18380: 18373: 18357: 18351: 18336: 18332: 18325: 18310: 18306: 18299: 18284: 18280: 18273: 18266: 18254: 18250: 18244: 18229: 18225: 18219: 18211: 18207: 18201: 18185: 18181: 18177: 18171: 18163: 18157: 18141: 18137: 18133: 18127: 18119: 18115: 18108: 18092: 18088: 18082: 18067: 18063: 18056: 18048: 18044: 18038: 18030: 18024: 18016: 18009: 18001: 17994: 17979: 17978:Fair Observer 17975: 17968: 17953: 17949: 17942: 17927: 17923: 17916: 17914: 17897: 17893: 17892: 17887: 17881: 17874: 17863: 17859: 17852: 17844: 17838: 17823: 17816: 17810: 17802: 17796: 17788: 17782: 17775: 17774: 17766: 17764: 17747: 17740: 17725: 17721: 17714: 17698: 17691: 17675: 17668: 17653: 17649: 17642: 17634: 17628: 17612: 17606: 17590: 17584: 17568: 17561: 17546: 17542: 17535: 17520: 17516: 17509: 17493: 17489: 17483: 17468: 17464: 17457: 17442: 17438: 17431: 17423: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17396: 17388: 17384: 17377: 17362: 17358: 17351: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17320: 17305: 17301: 17294: 17279: 17275: 17268: 17253: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17237: 17233: 17226: 17219: 17203: 17199: 17192: 17185: 17170: 17166: 17159: 17143: 17136: 17121: 17117: 17110: 17095: 17091: 17084: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17054: 17049: 17038: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17015: 17011: 17007: 16995: 16994: 16989: 16985: 16984: 16980: 16965: 16961: 16954: 16939: 16935: 16928: 16912: 16908: 16907: 16902: 16895: 16879: 16875: 16868: 16852: 16845: 16830: 16826: 16819: 16804: 16800: 16793: 16778: 16774: 16767: 16752: 16748: 16741: 16726: 16722: 16715: 16707: 16701: 16694: 16689: 16683: 16676: 16671: 16665: 16657: 16651: 16643: 16639: 16633: 16625: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16607: 16603: 16599: 16592: 16577: 16570: 16563: 16555: 16549: 16541: 16537: 16531: 16523: 16519: 16513: 16505: 16499: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16467: 16458: 16454: 16448: 16440: 16436: 16430: 16422: 16418: 16411: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16381: 16373: 16369: 16363: 16348: 16344: 16337: 16322: 16318: 16311: 16296: 16292: 16285: 16269: 16262: 16246: 16242: 16236: 16228: 16227: 16222: 16216: 16200: 16196: 16192: 16185: 16169: 16165: 16159: 16151: 16147: 16141: 16125: 16119: 16111: 16105: 16089: 16083: 16067: 16061: 16046: 16042: 16035: 16020: 16016: 16009: 16001: 15997: 15991: 15975: 15968: 15952: 15945: 15930:. 5 June 2017 15929: 15925: 15919: 15904: 15900: 15893: 15877: 15870: 15855: 15851: 15844: 15828: 15821: 15813: 15809: 15803: 15795: 15788: 15780: 15776: 15769: 15761: 15757: 15751: 15735: 15731: 15725: 15709: 15705: 15699: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15669: 15661: 15657: 15650: 15635: 15628: 15622: 15606: 15602: 15596: 15588: 15584: 15578: 15571: 15566: 15551: 15547: 15541: 15533: 15529: 15523: 15517: 15516: 15512: 15507: 15500: 15495: 15480: 15476: 15470: 15463: 15459: 15456: 15450: 15434: 15430: 15424: 15408: 15404: 15400: 15393: 15377: 15373: 15367: 15360: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15337: 15329: 15313: 15306: 15300: 15292: 15290:0-8444-0791-7 15286: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15273: 15268: 15262: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15231: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15200: 15185: 15181: 15174: 15159: 15155: 15148: 15133:. 7 June 2016 15132: 15128: 15122: 15114: 15110: 15104: 15096: 15092: 15086: 15078: 15071: 15055: 15051: 15044: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15013: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14979: 14978: 14977:The Economist 14973: 14967: 14965: 14956: 14952: 14945: 14943: 14934: 14930: 14924: 14908: 14902: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14881: 14865: 14861: 14855: 14849: 14846: 14841: 14833: 14829: 14823: 14808: 14804: 14798: 14790: 14786: 14780: 14765: 14761: 14755: 14739: 14735: 14729: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14699: 14683: 14679: 14678: 14673: 14667: 14659: 14655: 14649: 14634: 14628: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14589: 14581: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14552: 14548: 14543: 14536: 14532: 14526: 14510: 14506: 14500: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14476: 14473: 14468: 14460: 14456: 14450: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14416: 14412: 14406: 14390: 14386: 14384: 14376: 14360: 14356: 14350: 14342: 14338: 14332: 14324: 14323:The Economist 14320: 14314: 14299: 14295: 14288: 14280: 14279:resrep17468.6 14276: 14272: 14265: 14258: 14250: 14244: 14237: 14236:aljazeera.net 14234: 14229: 14214: 14211: 14205: 14190:. 12 May 2022 14189: 14185: 14179: 14163: 14159: 14153: 14137: 14133: 14127: 14111: 14107: 14101: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14033: 14029: 14023: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13958: 13956: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13915: 13908: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13861: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13814: 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10917: 10913: 10906: 10890: 10883: 10868: 10864: 10857: 10841: 10835: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10792: 10786: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10740: 10733: 10717: 10711: 10696: 10692: 10685: 10683: 10667: 10663: 10656: 10641: 10637: 10630: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10589: 10585: 10578: 10563: 10559: 10552: 10536: 10529: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10488: 10484: 10477: 10461: 10455: 10439: 10433: 10417: 10411: 10395: 10388: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10346: 10342: 10341:The Telegraph 10338: 10331: 10315: 10308: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10241: 10237: 10230: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10202: 10187: 10183: 10176: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10148: 10133: 10129: 10122: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10072: 10065: 10050: 10046: 10039: 10037: 10021: 10017: 10010: 9992: 9987: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9912: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9792:Riedel, Bruce 9787: 9771: 9764: 9748: 9742: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9675: 9671: 9664: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9569: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9527: 9520: 9505:on 7 May 2016 9504: 9500: 9493: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9432: 9426: 9425:Karsh, Efraim 9420: 9412: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9364: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9235: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9097: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9047: 9039: 9037:0-7391-0304-0 9033: 9029: 9028: 9020: 9013: 9010:Halliday, F. 9007: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8954: 8948: 8945:. Routledge. 8944: 8943: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8853: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8827: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8784: 8777: 8762: 8758: 8751: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8657: 8656:Belfer Center 8653: 8646: 8644: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8606: 8602: 8597: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8570: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8502: 8495: 8479: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8301: 8294: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8240: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8185: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8053:on 4 May 2016 8052: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8011:Gerges, Fawaz 8006: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7949: 7947: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7897: 7890: 7874: 7867: 7852:. 21 May 2014 7851: 7847: 7841: 7825: 7818: 7802: 7794: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7766: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7668: 7662: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7621:. 4 July 2017 7620: 7616: 7610: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7382: 7380: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7299: 7293: 7285: 7279: 7271: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7227: 7220: 7218: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7126: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7098: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7055:. 16 May 2019 7054: 7050: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7019: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6925: 6917: 6902:. 16 May 2022 6901: 6897: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6731: 6726: 6718: 6702: 6696: 6681:. Radio Farda 6680: 6674: 6672: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6644: 6636: 6634: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6369: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6311: 6305: 6290:. 17 May 2020 6289: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6181: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6139: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5695:. No. 24 5694: 5690: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5616: 5611: 5608: 5597: 5594: 5583: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5565:Ali Shamkhani 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553:Ebrahim Raisi 5551: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5263:Libyan Crisis 5260: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5096:In 2001, the 5094: 5092: 5088: 5087:Hezb-e Wahdat 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5053: 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3739: 3735: 3732: 3731:Sanaa airport 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3716:Sanaa airport 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3697:Bab al-Mandeb 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633:United States 3630: 3626: 3625:Baqir Brigade 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3588:via Algeria. 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562:proxy warfare 3559: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543:Côte d'Ivoire 3540: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3443:in favour of 3442: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3305:United States 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159:Major general 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3123:Houthi rebels 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3080:New York City 3077: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2958:Dhahi Khalfan 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2862:Ebrahim Raisi 2859: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2649:Shia crescent 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:rapprochement 2604: 2594: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2424:Iran–Iraq War 2421: 2416: 2414: 2413:Shatt al-Arab 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373:Iran–Iraq War 2368: 2367:Iran-Iraq War 2361:Iran–Iraq War 2358: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301:hajj incident 2297: 2293: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221:Arab Cold War 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2200:in 1982, and 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2051:Sunni Muslims 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1975: 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Doha News 14421:2 September 14395:17 December 13666:Saudi24News 13302:8 September 13062:1 September 11565:17 December 11538:17 December 11533:White House 11512:17 December 11507:Global News 11103:13 December 11077:13 December 11055:21 November 11024:13 November 11001:21 November 10975:14 November 10645:16 December 8584:Der Spiegel 8559:21 February 8257:15 November 8228:15 November 8088:26 February 7879:24 February 7755:15 November 7651:15 November 7625:15 November 7599:15 November 7393:The Majalla 7086:7 September 6235:10 November 5621:Asia portal 5593:Iran portal 5557:King Salman 5464:Gulf states 5162:Balochistan 5072:Afghanistan 5045:Saad Hariri 4840:Paul Bremer 4826:interests. 4793:War in Iraq 4692:Syrian Army 4616:Balochistan 4570:King Salman 4389:Mike Pompeo 4298:Afghanistan 4266:during the 4249:this policy 3798:During the 3570:Arab League 3127:Mike Pompeo 2960:blamed the 2936:Switzerland 2873:Al-Awamiyah 2858:re-election 2697:World War I 2690:King Salman 2637:Arab Winter 2632:with Iran. 2603:Arab Winter 2597:Arab Winter 2559:Arab Spring 2542:Arab Spring 2536:Arab Spring 2500:machine gun 2492:World War I 2474:Afghanistan 2275:King Khalid 2217:Gulf region 2213:US-led coup 2023:Arab League 1988:power (see 1982:Shia Muslim 1939:East Africa 1895:Middle East 1481:(1982–2005) 1458:King Khalid 1327:King Salman 945:Ansar Allah 943:(Leader of 884:commander) 592:(from 2006) 376:North Korea 343:(from 2006) 256:Hüseynçilər 157:(1979–1988) 37:Arab Winter 27700:Proxy wars 27639:Categories 26230:Second War 26208:Azerbaijan 26176:Uzbekistan 26155:Tajikistan 26129:Kyrgyzstan 26113:Kazakhstan 26076:Civil War 25976:East Timor 25814:and South) 25588:South Asia 25482:2011 Games 24935:ISG Dammam 24408:Laura Ling 24280:Foal Eagle 24228:Korean War 24195:DMZ Summit 23617:HAVE DRILL 23422:I2U2 Group 22915:Xiyue Wang 22740:Brian Hook 22688:Farashgard 22462:St Nikolas 22458:Suez Rajan 21117:Background 20754:Bangladesh 20744:Azerbaijan 20428:Yugoslavia 20240:Uzbekistan 20215:Tajikistan 20150:Kyrgyzstan 20140:Kazakhstan 20088:Bangladesh 20078:Azerbaijan 20040:after 1979 18869:Background 18788:Al-Arabiya 18180:Ahval News 18118:Al-Monitor 18071:17 January 17703:8 November 17680:8 November 17657:8 November 17519:Al-Monitor 17441:Al-Monitor 17283:5 December 17174:2 November 17148:14 October 17125:14 October 16906:Yahoo News 16205:4 November 15829:. 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HuffPost 9482:7 November 9316:(3): 486. 9082:Gold, Dore 8766:31 October 8306:26 October 7673:4 February 7571:4 February 7565:AlahedNews 7434:27 January 7408:7 November 7115:4 February 7011:13 January 6759:Al-Monitor 6707:4 February 6660:20 October 6622:2 November 6408:terrorism. 5929:Al Jazeera 5787:4 February 5750:Asia Times 5674:References 5267:See also: 5213:See also: 5189:Boko Haram 5187:See also: 5131:See also: 5015:See also: 4992:King Hamad 4977:intervened 4938:Al Khalifa 4884:soft power 4819:Ba'athists 4817:, and the 4815:Hashemites 4803:See also: 4772:intervened 4747:revolution 4699:John Kerry 4657:government 4485:Al-Jazeera 4454:See also: 4444:Azerbaijan 4424:See also: 4332:Quds Force 4272:Tanker War 4208:See also: 4174:See also: 4068:See also: 3954:See also: 3881:See also: 3810:, and the 3804:Mahdi army 3773:See also: 3677:See also: 3623:, and the 3617:Husayniyun 3483:Gaza Strip 3419:Quds Force 3346:See also: 3335:See also: 3303:, and the 3271:, and the 3176:commander 3172:and Iraqi 3168:commander 3166:Quds Force 3060:See also: 2869:laid siege 2504:human wave 2409:Arvand Rud 2164:became an 2110:theocratic 2008:Background 1957:, and the 1288:(2016–18) 1229:(2014–20) 1185:(1988–98) 1171:(2013–21) 1157:(2021–24) 1143:(2005–13) 1129:(1997–05) 1115:(1989–97) 1076:(1980–81) 1062:(1979–89) 882:Quds Force 803:until 1990 58: Iran 39:, and the 26460:Palestine 26220:First War 26090:1996–2001 26085:1992–1996 26080:1989–1992 25891:Indonesia 25777:East Asia 25721:Sri Lanka 25477:GCC Games 25089:Conflicts 25073:Incidents 25057:Diplomacy 24773:Incidents 24705:Diplomacy 24331:Incidents 24216:Conflicts 24183:Reactions 24156:Diplomacy 23441:Incidents 23244:Diplomacy 23103:Overthrow 23096:Bomb Iran 22698:Jundallah 22528:reactions 22123:reactions 22002:Conflicts 21986:Aftermath 21981:Criticism 21976:Reactions 21971:Framework 21882:Diplomacy 21158:reactions 21016:Australia 20854:Singapore 20834:Palestine 20769:Indonesia 20495:Sanctions 20402:Australia 20205:Sri Lanka 20180:Palestine 20115:Indonesia 20052:Venezuela 20000:Argentina 19617:Incidents 19429:Conflicts 19412:Diplomacy 19075:Incidents 18910:Conflicts 18335:The Times 18190:18 August 17422:159639635 17309:1 October 17252:153595453 16834:6 October 16808:6 October 16782:6 October 16756:6 October 16730:7 October 16693:approach. 16624:150562561 16251:6 October 15812:Al Bawaba 15251:5 January 15220:6 January 15004:Arab News 14718:9 January 14619:145342368 14383:قوات خاصة 14273:: 28–54. 13988:159397471 13974:(4): 30. 13946:156086272 13938:0163-660X 13899:156086272 13891:0163-660X 13852:156086272 13844:0163-660X 13805:237644767 13797:2158-2440 13775:SAGE Open 13755:Arab News 13434:17 August 13407:militias. 13400:17 August 13378:29 August 13267:17 August 13001:Arab News 12983:159397471 12969:(4): 32. 12939:159397471 12925:(4): 31. 12850:Hezbollah 12716:159397471 12675:8 October 12609:237644767 12601:2158-2440 12579:SAGE Open 12549:237644767 12541:2158-2440 12519:SAGE Open 12487:245780309 11999:USA Today 11978:8 January 11973:0362-4331 11946:7 January 11920:8 January 11915:0261-3077 11886:3 January 11860:3 January 11834:3 January 11811:3 January 11486:17 August 11460:17 August 10400:3 January 10351:4 January 10320:4 January 9832:7 October 9806:7 October 9330:143472504 9291:646811483 9192:143066112 9157:143799946 8911:223975151 8864:Arab News 8688:6 October 8630:11 August 8533:23 August 8343:221822752 7460:11 August 7368:4 January 7272:. 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In the 4227:When the 3847:Hezbollah 3722:injuries. 3528:Hezbollah 3519:Hezbollah 3513:Hezbollah 3403:Hezbollah 3309:Joe Biden 3056:2019-2021 2781:President 2683:President 2661:President 2340:Amid the 2258:in 1969. 2204:in 1983. 2196:in 1981, 2188:in 1979, 2062:relations 2041:, due to 1793:al-Shabah 1511:(2011–17) 1498:(2005–15) 1475:King Fahd 1464:(1979–82) 1001:(2007–19) 356:Venezuela 232:Hezbollah 27429:Iraq War 26627:conflict 25955:Thailand 25875:Cambodia 25658:Pakistan 25578:Cold War 25385:Gulf War 24546:38 North 24413:Han Park 24403:Euna Lee 23916:J Street 23127:Category 22327:Timeline 22309:MV 22178:Timeline 22029:Iran Ajr 21730:Quds Day 20945:Holy See 20874:Thailand 20829:Pakistan 20814:Maldives 20809:Malaysia 20691:Americas 20665:Tanzania 20463:Disputes 20346:Portugal 20316:Holy See 20220:Thailand 20175:Pakistan 20160:Malaysia 19993:Americas 18808:france24 18768:10 March 18740:10 March 18710:14 March 18660:The Star 18580:14 March 18552:14 March 18546:The Hill 18509:14 March 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March 11291:20 March 11260:19 March 11179:27 March 11173:BBC News 11098:Newsweek 10588:Politico 10487:BBC News 10422:14 April 10054:24 April 9950:BBC News 9931:BBC News 9856:Politico 9794:(2011). 9753:14 April 9731:14 April 9455:48783766 9427:(2002). 9376:ABC-CLIO 9084:(2003). 8815:12 March 8789:12 March 8761:BBC News 8252:BBC News 8143:BBC News 7966:12 March 7935:29 March 7856:22 March 7515:3 August 7510:BBC News 7484:BBC News 7362:Archived 7322:9 August 7206:19 March 7200:Archived 7141:Archived 7136:The Hill 7080:Archived 6980:HuffPost 6841:2 August 6785:Archived 6654:Archived 6543:Archived 6492:Archived 6451:Archived 6127:BBC News 5817:30 March 5811:Archived 5761:24 April 5579:See also 5561:France24 5515:Malaysia 5507:Pakistan 5404:withdraw 4907:and the 4680:protests 4668:Khamenei 4597:Pakistan 4529:al-Qaeda 4473:Maldives 4370:Al-Qaeda 4342:and the 4334:and the 4279:Iraq War 4131:CJTF-OIR 3787:Various 3190:attacked 3076:blockade 2880:Press TV 2831:election 2799:and the 2531:Timeline 2470:Cold War 2068:such as 2035:Persians 1974:Cold War 1959:Caucasus 1547:(Former 1513:(Former 624:Support: 300:Support: 90:Location 33:Cold War 26821:Revolts 26429:Lebanon 26241:Bahrain 25917:Myanmar 25300:Economy 25257:Bahrain 25173:Related 24861:Related 24578:Stuxnet 24529:Related 23729:Related 23662:Stuxnet 22941:Related 22347:Stuxnet 21644:Related 21620:Stuxnet 21009:Oceania 20995:Ukraine 20970:Romania 20935:Germany 20925:Denmark 20920:Croatia 20910:Austria 20889:Vietnam 20819:Myanmar 20804:Lebanon 20749:Bahrain 20739:Armenia 20670:Tunisia 20650:Senegal 20645:Nigeria 20640:Morocco 20620:Algeria 20532:in Iran 20511:Related 20395:Oceania 20381:Ukraine 20351:Romania 20321:Hungary 20306:Germany 20296:Finland 20291:Denmark 20281:Croatia 20271:Belarus 20266:Albania 20245:Vietnam 20155:Lebanon 20103:History 20098:Georgia 20083:Bahrain 20073:Armenia 20047:Uruguay 20025:Ecuador 20005:Bolivia 19975:Tunisia 19960:Senegal 19955:Morocco 19920:Algeria 19762:Related 19733:Bahrain 19191:Bahrain 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