815:, he took a liberal stance "on the left" and spoke out in the Chamber in support of constitutional monarchy, liberty of the press, freedom of enterprise, competence in state administration and transparency in government financial affairs. As the Bourbon regime became more and more conservative and royalist after 1820, Laffitte became increasingly dissatisfied and outspoken in opposition. With Casimir Perier, he led a spirited opposition in the Chamber in the 1820s against Comte VillÚle's handling of the finances of the government's canal construction program. He lost favor in 1825 by voting for VillÚle's plan for indemnifying notables for lands confiscated during the Revolution, but regained popular support in 1828 when his daughter, Albine Laffitte, was married to Napoleon-Joseph Ney, the son of the honored Maréchal Michel Ney, duc d'Elchingen, the prince de Moskowa. Things began to go wrong rapidly after Charles X became king in 1824. Fearful of growing liberal and even republican opposition to his government, the king finally acted disastrously in 1829 by installing the ultra-royalist ministry of Prince Jules de Polignac. When the ultra-royalists were defeated in the elections of 1830 the King issued his infamous ordinances of 25 July 1830, suspending freedom of the press, dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, and changing election laws in favor of the landed nobility. The upshot was the
826:, the duc d'OrlĂ©ans, whose father, Philippe ĂgalitĂ©, had supported the Revolution of 1789. Laffitte's home in Paris became a headquarters for the "Party of Movement" to make Louis-Philippe the "Citizen King" of a reformed constitutional monarchy. Against the background of popular insurrection in Paris and growing unrest in the provinces, the plan succeeded. Charles X fled to England, his ministers were arrested, Louis-Philippe I assumed the throne and Laffitte became president of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Finances (2 November 1830 â 13 March 1831). As it proved, Laffitte was much better as a banker and financier than as a king maker or political leader. His government, torn between the necessity for preserving order in France and the need to conciliate the Parisian populace, succeeded in doing neither. To moderate liberals in the Chamber of Deputies like Casimir Perier, and even for the king himself, his dealings with popular revolutionary figures such as General Lafayette were moving France dangerously toward the establishment of a republic. Perier refused to have anything to do with Laffitte's ministry. After 131 days of turmoil and indecision, Laffitte was forced to resign and Perier's "Party of Order" formed a new ministry. Laffitte would keep his seat in the Chamber after 1831, but he would never lead or be part of another ministry.
830:
Laffitte talked the governor of the Bank of France into arranging an unprecedented bank loan of 7 million francs. He put his Paris home on the rue d'Artois (now the rue
Laffitte) and his art collection up for sale. Most importantly, for 6 million francs. he sold off family woodlands at Breteuil to the king, Louis-Philippe, which helped greatly but hurt Laffitte politically and financially when the king made the sale public. Laffitte at least managed to protect the ChĂąteau de Maisons from sale, but he divided up its extensive parklands into lots for building country villas to sell to rich Parisians. This actually became a remarkably creative early experiment in suburban real estate development, as described in a brochure prepared by M. de RouviĂšres entitled
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2637:
40:
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966:(1967), Chap. IV, provides a valuable survey of the French banking structure, 1800â1870. The bank's name was changed to "Jacques Laffitte and Company" in December 1817, at which time Laffitte's brother, Pierre Laffitte (1765â1846), Alphonse Perregaux and Jean Charles Clarmont were associates. The bank's capital was increased from 2 million to 6 million francs. See Monnier,
657:). Virginie Monnier observes: "For the first time in the history of banks in France, a clerk took over his patron's position directly." When Perregaux died in 1808, Laffitte also took over his place as one of the fifteen regents of the Bank of France. He became president of the Chamber of Commerce of Paris (1810â1811) and was appointed as a judge of the
745:. Before the Revolution, the beautiful chĂąteau was the property of Louis XVI's brother, the comte d'Artois, who would come to the throne in 1824 as Charles X. Possessing Maisons, and being able to entertain notables of French society there in the former royal chĂąteau, was a personal triumph for Laffitte, the son of a Bayonne carpenter. It was "
538:
633:, one of four sons and six daughters of Pierre Laffitte, a master carpenter. He apprenticed with his father for a time, but also found clerking positions with a local notary and merchant. In 1788, at 21 years of age and on the eve of the Revolution in France, he arrived in Paris at the offices of the prominent Swiss banker
858:
could not be employed), but otherwise the venture's approval went forward successfully. Laffitte's principal associates were his brother, Martin
Laffitte (1783â1840), and the sugar industrialist François Lebaudy (1799â1863). Was this company the prototype for the great joint-stock investment banks of
829:
Laffitte's foray into the complicated politics of 1830 in France cost him dearly financially. The revolution had worsened an already troubled French economy. Laffitte & Co. suffered losses of 13 million francs and the bank had to be liquidated (January 1831). To help cover his bank's losses,
810:
Laffitte viewed the return of the
Bourbons favorably at first. He provided financial assistance for the incoming Louis XVIII (1814â1824) and kept his position as governor of the Bank of France during 1814â1820. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1815 and continued as a deputy throughout the
889:
was continued for a few years under the direction of the banker
Alexandre GoĂŒin (1792â1872), but failed to survive the Revolution of 1848 in France. GoĂŒin wrote in his unpublished autobiography that, in his experience, the design failure of the company was that it could not cope adequately with both
867:
He wrote in his MĂ©moires: "If I was never able to create a great credit establishment like the one I would have wished, I at least built a great banking house that will be useful to
Commerce and my family for a long time. That's a manly enough achievement for a 70-year old. Although others after me
801:
was ill-timed politically: Laffitte was then a leader of the liberal opposition to the government of
Charles X. Also, the plan was seen as too ambitious, even audacious, by the conservative regents and government administrators of the influential Bank of France. Laffitte would need to wait and try
760:
members to help finance a major canal construction program initiated by the government. Laffitte's consortium obtained one-half of the total value of the loans made to the government. The top four lenders for the Four Canals
Company were Jacques Laffitte & Co. (11,736,000 francs), H. Hentsch,
652:
in 1800 and president of its directing
Council of Regents. Laffitte became Perregaux's right-hand man in the private bank and was promoted to a partnership in 1806. In 1807, because of Perregaux's declining health, he was named managing director and effective head of the bank. The bank's name was
737:. Practically all of the members of the board of regents of the Bank of France, where Laffitte was then governor, were listed as administrators of the new bank. Laffitte was reaching the peak of his good fortune by 1818. He was sufficiently wealthy by then to be able to purchase the 17th century
723:
The capital resources of such early 19th century banks were limited, but they associated for underwriting major government loans and for financing promising private business ventures. Laffitte associated with
Delessert, Hottinguer, James de Rothschild and others to compete in 1817â18 with the
637:(1744â1808), rue du Sentier, where he was hired as a bookkeeper. It was a starting position that offered Laffitte valuable learning experiences and great potential for advancement. Perregaux was a banker with a wealthy clientele, important foreign connections and friends in high places.
834:(1838). Laffitte and his brother, Jean-Baptiste Laffitte, established a stage coach line for the 15-kilometer trip from Paris to Maisons. His nephew, Charles Laffitte (1803â1875), and his son-in-law, the Prince de Moskowa, added a grassland horse racing track â the first in France.
880:
enthusiastically into the risky business of financing railroad construction in France. Bonin has noted that by 1843 the company had already edged into the field with a 10 million franc loan for railroad construction by the
732:
were among the administrators of this capital mobilizing venture. In 1818, along with fellow banker and industrialist
Benjamin Delessert, Laffitte was a key figure in the establishment of the first French savings bank, the
1039:, pp.188â90. Laffitte was married in 1801 to Marine-Françoise Laeut (1783â1849), the young daughter of a merchant at Havre. Albine-Ătiennette Laffitte (d.1881), who became the princess Ney of Moskowa, was the only child.
672:(15 June 1815), reportedly deposited 6 million francs in Laffitte's bank. When Napoleon's estate was being contested later in 1826, Laffitte calculated his bank's obligation at 3,856,121 francs, interest included.
3500:
724:
powerful foreign banks of Baring Brothers (London) and Hope & Company (Amsterdam) for underwriting shares in France's loans of liberation. Earlier, in 1816, he took the lead with Delessert in founding the
885:. Laffitte's nephew, Charles Laffitte, was involved with the investment. But Jacques Laffitte was seriously ill with pulmonary disease at the time. He died in Paris on 26 May 1844, at 77 years of age. The
3404:
4989:
890:
its long-term investments and its short-term commercial loans during times of financial crisis. The demise of the company during the economic crisis of 1847â48 in France was a case in point.
3410:
3332:
3314:
2407:
5019:
5014:
5009:
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4999:
4994:
3470:
684:, "Jacques Laffitte and Company" was one of the wealthiest private banks in Paris and a leading firm among the select group of twenty or so banking houses known collectively as the "
761:
Blanc & Co. (11,736,000), Pillet-Will & Co. (10,976,000) and André & Cottier (7,870,000). Laffitte's bid for an even larger share in the loans had been rejected by the
569:. He was an important figure in the development of new banking techniques during the early stages of industrialization in France. In politics, he played a decisive role during the
584:
Laffitte was named president of the new Citizen King's Council of Ministers and Minister of Finances (2 November 1830 â 13 March 1831). After a brief ministry of 131 days, his "
854:
rather than the joint-stock form of association was employed. The venture was capitalized at 55 million francs. The Bank of France imposed some annoying restrictions (the term
3440:
3302:
4984:
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2596:
797:(the spirit of association), which was a broad slogan of the time among liberals for promoting economic progress, would have been exemplified by the company. But the
2400:
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1375:
1360:
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3326:
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the second half of the 19th century in France? Historians continue to research and ponder this question. Laffitte himself appears to have understood that the
4742:
3266:
3200:
3002:
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197:
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Knowledge (in French) has valuable articles for: Jacques Laffitte, Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, Banque de France, Caisse générale du commerce et de l'industrie.
423:
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920:(Bruxelles, 2013). In 2007 a colloquium on Jacques Laffitte was held at the ChĂąteau de Maisons and the papers delivered were published subsequently in the
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Laffitte was one of the earliest and most determined advocates for ousting Charles X and his ministers and establishing a new government under
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2055:
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1121:, p.266. Charles Laffitte became a banker in Paris during the July Monarchy. He was a promoter of the Paris-Rouen railroad, 1841â47.
5029:
4959:
3380:
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1385:
777:, with Laffitte as its president, was to be capitalized at 100 million francs. It had the backing of French industrialists, many
596:. Laffitte left office discredited politically and financially ruined. He rebounded financially in 1836 with his creation of the
3893:
3144:
3458:
1316:
769:. In 1825, Laffitte's ambitious financial planning was frustrated a second time when VillĂšle refused to authorize his proposed
2385:
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changed to "Perregaux, Laffitte and Company". Perregaux's son, Alphonse (1785â1841), and his sister, were sleeping partners (
3374:
2738:
2515:
2451:
728:,a pioneer joint-stock insurance company with a capitalization of 10 million francs. Laffitte was president and Casimir and
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2988:
2757:
1433:
664:
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, he was named provisional governor of the Bank of France by the incoming Bourbon king
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Caisse générale du commerce et de l'industrie: statuts et constitution définitive. Assemblée générale des actionnaires
2709:
1443:
1408:
1339:
916:
There is no biography of Laffitte in English. The excellent, most recent biography in French is by Virginie Monnier,
537:
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4289:
4271:
3857:
1862:
773:, a private investment bank designed to provide bank credit for large-scale industrial development in France. The
3557:
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2373:
3422:
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749:" (the dream of a newly rich) at a time when family history, titles and property holdings mattered so much.
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succeed in creating great credit establishments, for me there will remain the pride in having tried."
4760:
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2231:
1617:
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Landes, David. "Vieille banque et banque nouvelle: Le révolution financiÚre du dix-neuviÚme siÚcle,"
641:
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248:
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1962:
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2539:
2436:
1418:
812:
689:
593:
5034:
3659:
3238:
3162:
1752:
1203:
Bonin, Hubert. "Jacques Laffitte banquier d'affaires sans créer de modÚle de banque d'affaires,"
585:
515:
4535:
2168:
1091:
Hubert Bonin, "Jacques Laffitte banquier d'affaires sans créer de modÚle de banque d'affaires,"
4844:
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2281:
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600:, a forerunner of French investment banks of the second half of the 19th century such as the
2661:
1478:
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281:
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By 1836â37 Laffitte had his affairs sufficiently in order to revive his 1825 plan for the
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8:
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1842:
1717:
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1301:
Redlich, Fritz. "Jacques Laffitte and the Beginnings of Investment Banking in France,"
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1390:
693:
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178:
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2188:
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Restoration except for the years 1824â27. Like his fellow elected deputy and banker
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1807:
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20:
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1942:
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190:
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39:
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1747:
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709:
566:
553:(24 October 1767 â 26 May 1844) was a leading French banker, governor of the
488:
4643:
4613:
2158:
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4838:
4820:
4673:
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4367:
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3995:
3968:
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3926:
3622:
3244:
2321:
2045:
2030:
2017:
2002:
1972:
1917:
1782:
1597:
1130:
A. Gouin, Autobiographie (MS., family archives), p.45, quoted in Monnier,
508:
89:
4451:
2080:
1992:
1982:
1191:
Banquiers, négociants et manufacturiers parisiens du Directoire à l'Empire
4862:
4709:
4667:
4649:
4507:
4325:
4277:
4151:
3689:
3677:
3665:
2336:
2173:
2148:
1662:
1637:
1607:
752:
In 1821â1822, Laffitte was the moving spirit behind the formation of the
665:
577:, the duc d'Orléans, to the throne, replacing the unpopular Bourbon king
4067:
4049:
4031:
4013:
1134:, p.268. After January 1845 the company name was "A. GoĂŒin et Cie," or "
2178:
741:(Department of Yvelines),near Paris, designed by the famous architect
2817:
1165:
Charles Laffitte, nephew (1803â1875), son of Jean-Baptiste Laffitte
789:
and Frankfort. Casimir Perier and the famous woolens industrialist
645:
1175:
Baude, J.J. "Notice sur la Société Commanditaire de l'Industrie,"
2466:
1007:
De L'esprit d'association dans tous les intĂ©rĂȘts de la communautĂ©
640:
He was a shrewd, cosmopolitan businessman who prospered from the
626:
467:
463:
291:
850:
to help provide long-term credit for industrial enterprise. The
3015:
786:
782:
1296:
Histoire de la Banque de France d'aprĂšs les sources originales
1052:(1972). For Casimir Perier's position, see Madeleine Bourset,
876:
Undoubtedly, had he lived longer, Laffitte would have led the
4990:
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
756:, a joint-stock company that mobilized the capital assets of
99:
5020:
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
5015:
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
5010:
Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
5005:
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
5000:
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
4995:
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
1266:
Marec, Jacques. "Le banquier Jacques Laffitte, 1767â1844,"
1054:
Casimir Perier. Un Prince Financier au Temps du Romanticism
1212:
Casimir Perier. Un Prince Financier au Temps du Romantisme
996:(1994).Table 3, p. 167, shows "1822 Canal Loan Contracts."
675:
1282:
Jacques Laffitte. Roi des banquiers et banquier des rois
918:
Jacques Laffitte. Roi des banquiers et banquier des rois
832:
Histoire et description pittoresque de Maisons-Laffitte
1268:
Bulletin de la Société des amis du chùteau de Maisons,
1205:
Bulletin de la Société des amis du chùteau de Maisons
1093:
Bulletin de la Société des amis du chùteau de Maisons
922:
Bulletin de la Société des amis du chùteau de Maisons
688:". Besides Laffitte, the group included the banks of
668:. Napoleon, when on his way into final exile after
608:did not survive the financial crisis caused by the
4985:Members of the Chamber of Representatives (France)
1338:
4936:
2562:Ministry of Casimir de Rochechouart de Mortemart
1226:Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization
964:Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization
3010:
781:members in Paris and leading banking houses in
2996:
2765:
2590:
2401:
1324:
1233:La banque et le crédit en France, 1815 à 1848
1184:La Caisse d'Ăpargne et de PrĂ©voyance de Paris
848:Caisse Générale du Commerce et de l'Industrie
648:'s rise to power and became a founder of the
598:Caisse Générale du Commerce et de l'Industrie
2417:Paris Municipal Commission Ministry of 1830
1303:Bulletin of the Business Historical Society
793:were to have been its two vice-presidents.
3003:
2989:
2772:
2758:
2597:
2583:
2408:
2394:
1331:
1317:
1273:Mathiez, Albert. "Le banquier Perregaux,"
735:Caisse d'Ăpargne et de PrĂ©voyance de Paris
210:21 August 1830 â 11 November 1830
38:
1261:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
871:
802:again after the July Revolution of 1830.
1224:Cameron, Rondo. "France, 1800â1870," in
1156:Jean-Baptiste Laffitte, brother (1775-?)
158:2 November 1830 â 13 March 1831
726:Compagnie Royale d'Assurances Maritimes
316:8 February 1838 â 2 March 1839
112:21 June 1834 â 8 February 1838
4937:
2958:Public Education and Religious Affairs
676:Business career during the Restoration
557:(1814â1820) and liberal member of the
361:8 May 1815 â 25 February 1824
2984:
2753:
2578:
2389:
1312:
1162:Albine Laffitte, daughter (1803â1881)
261:29 March 1827 â 21 June 1834
2949:Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout
1153:Martin Laffitte, brother (1773â1840)
1150:Pierre Laffitte, brother (1765â1846)
863:did not fulfill his dream of a real
771:Société Commanditaire de l'Industrie
198:President of the Chamber of Deputies
4965:Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
2705:Public Education, Religious Affairs
2608:(11 August 1830 to 2 November 1830)
2566:French Provisional Ministry of 1830
1196:Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume de.
805:
704:, Adolphe Mallet, François Cottier
69:2 March 1839 â 26 May 1844
13:
5045:19th-century French businesspeople
2783:(2 November 1830 to 13 March 1831)
2739:Louis Pierre Ădouard, Baron Bignon
2516:Louis Pierre Ădouard, Baron Bignon
2452:Pierre-François Audry de Puyraveau
1240:La banque en France au XIXe siĂšcle
960:La banque en France au XIXe siĂšcle
14:
5056:
5040:Burials at PĂšre Lachaise Cemetery
5025:Governors of the Banque de France
3992:(September 1870â19 February 1871)
3674:(December 29, 1818âNovember 1819)
1159:Marine Laffitte, wife (1783â1849)
1108:(1932),quoted in Monnier, p. 269.
299:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
244:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
52:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
2859:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
2816:
2810:
2650:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
2635:
2606:First ministry of Louis-Philippe
2480:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
2465:
1082:, 2 octobre 1837 (Google books).
846:. He created (15 July 1837) the
659:Tribunal de commerce de la Seine
536:
382:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
5030:Regents of the Banque de France
4960:French people of Basque descent
4628:(5 Septemberâ11 September 1948)
2419:(31 July 1830 to 1 August 1830)
1219:Le banquier Laffitte, 1767â1844
1169:
1144:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1059:
1042:
4538:(November 1943âSeptember 1944)
3998:(19 Februaryâ25 February 1871)
3755:(10 Novemberâ18 November 1834)
3662:(September 1815âDecember 1818)
3033:Controller-General of Finances
2734:André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin
1029:
1012:
999:
986:
973:
952:
940:
927:
910:
401:Governor of the Bank of France
1:
4688:(1 Februaryâ14 February 1956)
4682:(February 1955âFebruary 1956)
4634:(September 1948âJanuary 1949)
4088:(16 April 1885âDecember 1886)
3668:(7 Decemberâ29 December 1818)
3515:(10 Augustâ21 September 1792)
3303:de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson
2686:Joseph Dominique, baron Louis
2492:Joseph Dominique, baron Louis
1340:Heads of government of France
1289:The French Revolution of 1830
1200:(Univ of Pennsylvania, 1966).
1050:The French Revolution of 1830
625:Laffitte was born in 1767 at
620:
371:Gaspard Louis Caze de La Bove
122:Jacques Asselin de Villequier
4604:(December 1946âJanuary 1947)
4565:(November 1944âJanuary 1946)
4412:(4 Februaryâ9 February 1934)
4394:(December 1932âJanuary 1933)
4376:(December 1930âJanuary 1931)
3902:(December 1851âJanuary 1852)
3866:(December 1848âOctober 1849)
1228:, Chap. IV (New York, 1967).
615:
436:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
413:6 April 1814 â 1820
7:
4980:Finance ministers of France
4400:(January 1933âJanuary 1934)
3872:(October 1849âJanuary 1851)
2781:Cabinet of Jacques Laffitte
2717:Ministers without portfolio
893:
837:
754:Compagnie des Quatre Canaux
19:For the racing driver, see
10:
5061:
4466:(November 1938âMarch 1940)
4328:(December 1925âMarch 1926)
4232:(December 1913âMarch 1914)
4106:(December 1887âApril 1888)
4076:(August 1882â6 April 1885)
3027:Superintendent of Finances
2698:Horace François Sébastiani
1247:Planning the French Canals
994:Planning the French Canals
18:
4975:Prime ministers of France
4725:
4694:(February 1956âJune 1957)
4658:(March 1952âJanuary 1953)
4616:(November 1947âJuly 1948)
4584:
4559:(SeptemberâNovember 1944)
4545:
4506:
4479:
4418:(February 1934âJune 1935)
3978:
3909:
3822:
3797:(March 1840âOctober 1840)
3717:
3642:
3621:
3600:
3579:
3522:
3127:
3042:
3022:
2957:
2936:
2914:
2893:
2872:
2851:
2829:
2808:
2799:President of the ministry
2798:
2788:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2558:
2546:
2535:Interior and Public Works
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2463:
2424:
2360:
2207:
2089:
2054:
2016:
1573:
1553:
1530:
1487:
1399:
1346:
1305:, Vol 22 (December 1948).
544:
532:
524:
504:
494:
477:
450:
445:
441:
429:
417:
406:
399:
387:
375:
365:
354:
342:
330:
320:
309:
297:
287:
275:
265:
254:
242:
232:
222:
214:
203:
196:
184:
172:
162:
151:
144:
136:
126:
116:
105:
95:
83:
73:
62:
50:
46:
37:
30:
16:French banker (1767â1844)
4706:(November 1957âMay 1958)
4322:(NovemberâDecember 1925)
4298:(June 1924â3 April 1925)
4136:(December 1893âMay 1894)
4094:(December 1886âMay 1887)
4046:(NovemberâDecember 1877)
4040:(May 1877âNovember 1877)
3896:(NovemberâDecember 1851)
3767:(JanuaryâSeptember 1836)
3536:(21 September 1792â1793)
3509:(29 Julyâ10 August 1792)
2929:(Sub-secretary of State)
2844:(Sub-secretary of State)
2368:Chief minister of France
1275:Annales révolutionnaires
903:
795:"L'esprit d'association"
644:. He helped to bankroll
146:Prime Minister of France
4676:(JanuaryâFebruary 1955)
4610:(JanuaryâNovember 1947)
4598:(OctoberâDecember 1946)
4406:(JanuaryâFebruary 1934)
4316:(OctoberâNovember 1925)
4304:(3 Aprilâ17 April 1925)
4148:(JanuaryâNovember 1895)
4142:(May 1894âJanuary 1895)
4082:(6 Aprilâ16 April 1885)
3971:(AugustâSeptember 1870)
3947:(JanuaryâNovember 1867)
3890:(OctoberâNovember 1851)
3860:(OctoberâDecember 1848)
3761:(18 November 1834â1836)
3749:(1832â10 November 1834)
1198:The Bourbon Restoration
962:(1970). Rondo Cameron,
716:and Michel Pillet-Will
686:haute banque parisienne
635:Jean-Frédéric Perregaux
588:" gave way before the "
4547:Provisional Government
4346:(19 Julyâ23 July 1926)
4262:(MarchâSeptember 1917)
4220:(June 1911âMarch 1913)
3731:(AugustâNovember 1830)
3503:(18 Juneâ29 July 1792)
3497:(13 Juneâ18 June 1792)
2901:Ătienne Maurice GĂ©rard
2674:Ătienne Maurice GĂ©rard
2552:Ătienne Maurice GĂ©rard
1078:See Jacques Laffitte,
1069:, pp.232, 241, 256â58.
1022:, pp.114â16; Monnier,
1005:Alexandre De Laborde,
872:Final years and legacy
499:PĂšre Lachaise Cemetery
4871:(MarchâNovember 2004)
4769:(July 1968âJune 1969)
4622:(JulyâSeptember 1948)
4460:(AprilâNovember 1938)
4370:(MarchâDecember 1930)
4364:(FebruaryâMarch 1930)
4244:(9 Juneâ13 June 1914)
4226:(MarchâDecember 1913)
4130:(AprilâDecember 1893)
4070:(JanuaryâAugust 1882)
4010:(AprilâDecember 1872)
3836:(FebruaryâMarch 1848)
3791:(May 1839âMarch 1840)
3656:(JulyâSeptember 1815)
2880:Nicolas Joseph Maison
2837:Camille de Montalivet
2724:Casimir Pierre PĂ©rier
2540:Casimir Pierre PĂ©rier
2437:Casimir Pierre PĂ©rier
2374:Deputy Prime Minister
813:Casimir Pierre PĂ©rier
631:French Basque Country
594:Casimir-Pierre PĂ©rier
337:Emmanuel de Las Cases
4877:(November 2004â2005)
4700:(JuneâNovember 1957)
4652:(JanuaryâMarch 1952)
4532:(JuneâNovember 1943)
4448:(JanuaryâMarch 1938)
4424:(1 Juneâ7 June 1935)
4388:(JuneâDecember 1932)
4358:(1928âFebruary 1930)
4310:(AprilâOctober 1925)
4190:(MarchâOctober 1906)
4154:(November 1895â1896)
4016:(December 1872â1873)
3959:(JanuaryâApril 1870)
3884:(AprilâOctober 1851)
3878:(JanuaryâApril 1851)
3815:(1847âFebruary 1848)
3566:(JulyâNovember 1799)
3491:(Marchâ13 June 1792)
3323:(December 1720â1722)
2790:Head of state: King
2615:Head of state: King
1210:Bourset, Madeleine.
1177:Revue Encyclopédique
958:See Bertrand Gille,
865:"banque d'affaires."
767:Jean-Antoine VillĂšle
747:le rĂȘve d'un parvenu
592:" led by the banker
282:Jean Isidore Harispe
4955:People from Bayonne
4739:(October 1958â1960)
4718:(JuneâOctober 1958)
4664:(JanuaryâJune 1953)
4646:(1951âJanuary 1952)
4577:(JuneâOctober 1946)
4571:(JanuaryâJune 1946)
4442:(1937âJanuary 1938)
4382:(January 1931â1932)
4196:(October 1906â1909)
4100:(MayâDecember 1887)
3965:(AprilâAugust 1870)
3953:(1867âJanuary 1870)
3923:(January 1852â1855)
3854:(JuneâOctober 1848)
3803:(October 1840â1842)
3317:(MayâDecember 1720)
3305:(1718âJanuary 1720)
3299:(1718âJanuary 1720)
1280:Monnier, Virginie.
1277:, XII (March 1920).
1252:Laffitte, Jacques.
1249:(Newark, DE, 1994).
1048:See David Pinkney,
1020:La banque en France
712:, Jacques Lefebvre
692:and Scipion Perier
682:Bourbon Restoration
563:Bourbon Restoration
559:Chamber of Deputies
528:Businessman, banker
271:Jean de Nays Candau
132:Jean-François Izarn
79:Jean-François Izarn
4841:(August 1995â1997)
4454:(MarchâApril 1938)
4256:(August 1914â1917)
4250:(JuneâAugust 1914)
3911:House of Bonaparte
3710:(JulyâAugust 1830)
3623:House of Bonaparte
3581:House of Bonaparte
3311:(JanuaryâMay 1720)
2906:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2842:Jean-Jacques Baude
2662:Louis-Mathieu Molé
2447:Auguste de Schonen
1291:(Princeton, 1972).
1284:(Bruxelles, 2013).
1254:MĂ©moirs, 1767â1844
1221:(Abbeville, 1997).
1106:MĂ©moirs, 1767â1844
1104:Jacques Laffitte,
765:ministry of Count
739:ChĂąteau de Maisons
698:Benjamin Delessert
610:Revolution of 1848
571:Revolution of 1830
393:2nd arrondissement
348:6th arrondissement
4932:
4931:
4835:(MayâAugust 1995)
4773:Giscard d'Estaing
4761:Couve de Murville
4749:Giscard d'Estaing
4530:Couve de Murville
4472:(MarchâJune 1940)
4334:(MarchâJune 1926)
4292:(MarchâJune 1924)
4238:(MarchâJune 1914)
4214:(MarchâJune 1911)
4208:(1910âMarch 1911)
4184:(1905âMarch 1906)
4124:(1892âApril 1893)
4112:(April 1888â1889)
3779:(1837âMarch 1839)
3635:(MarchâJuly 1815)
3507:Delaville-Leroulx
3485:(1791âMarch 1792)
3012:Finance ministers
2978:
2977:
2944:Horace SĂ©bastiani
2937:Navy and Colonies
2885:Horace SĂ©bastiani
2747:
2746:
2710:Victor de Broglie
2693:Navy and Colonies
2572:
2571:
2383:
2382:
2232:Couve de Murville
1238:Gille, Bertrand.
1231:Gille, Bertrand.
1189:Bergeron, Louis.
992:See Reed Geiger,
883:Compagnie du Nord
586:Party of Movement
548:
547:
179:Jules de Polignac
5052:
4895:(June 2007â2011)
4662:BourgĂšs-Maunoury
4526:(1942âJune 1943)
4430:(June 1935â1936)
4352:(July 1926â1928)
4340:(JuneâJuly 1926)
3842:(MarchâMay 1848)
3785:(MarchâMay 1839)
3719:House of Orléans
3644:House of Bourbon
3602:House of Bourbon
3560:(1796âJuly 1799)
3129:House of Bourbon
3096:de Cossé-Brissac
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2922:Jacques Laffitte
2823:Jacques Laffitte
2820:
2814:
2804:Jacques Laffitte
2792:Louis Philippe I
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2729:Jacques Laffitte
2639:
2617:Louis Philippe I
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2523:Public Education
2469:
2457:François Mauguin
2432:Jacques Laffitte
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2370:(pre-Revolution)
2184:BourgĂšs-Maunoury
1753:Waldeck-Rousseau
1557:National Defense
1545:Cousin-Montauban
1497:Dupont de l'Eure
1333:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1294:Ramon, Gabriel.
1287:Pinkney, David.
1245:Geiger, Reed G.
1182:Bayard, EugĂšne.
1138:
1132:Jacques Laffitte
1128:
1122:
1119:Jacques Laffitte
1115:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1067:Jacques Laffitte
1063:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1037:Jacques Laffitte
1033:
1027:
1024:Jacques Laffitte
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
990:
984:
981:Jacques Laffitte
977:
971:
968:Jacques Laffitte
956:
950:
944:
938:
935:Jacques Laffitte
931:
925:
914:
824:Louis Philippe I
806:Political career
743:François Mansart
551:Jacques Laffitte
540:
520:
513:
484:
460:
458:
446:Personal details
432:
424:François Jaubert
420:
411:
378:
368:
359:
333:
323:
314:
278:
268:
259:
235:
225:
218:Louis Philippe I
208:
187:
175:
167:Louis Philippe I
156:
129:
119:
110:
86:
76:
67:
57:Seine-Inférieure
42:
32:Jacques Laffitte
28:
27:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5049:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4889:(MayâJune 2007)
4883:(2005âMay 2007)
4829:(1993âMay 1995)
4763:(MayâJuly 1968)
4757:(1966âMay 1968)
4729:
4721:
4712:(MayâJune 1958)
4588:
4586:Fourth Republic
4580:
4549:
4541:
4510:
4502:
4483:
4475:
4290:François-Marsal
4272:François-Marsal
4034:(1875âMay 1877)
4002:Pouyer-Quertier
3982:
3974:
3913:
3905:
3848:(MayâJune 1848)
3826:
3824:Second Republic
3818:
3807:Lacave-Laplagne
3777:Lacave-Laplagne
3721:
3713:
3704:(MayâJuly 1830)
3698:(1829âMay 1830)
3646:
3638:
3625:
3617:
3604:
3596:
3583:
3575:
3526:
3518:
3239:de La Vieuville
3163:de La Vieuville
3131:
3123:
3046:
3044:House of Valois
3038:
3018:
3009:
2979:
2974:
2965:Joseph MĂ©rilhou
2953:
2932:
2910:
2889:
2873:Foreign Affairs
2868:
2864:Joseph MĂ©rilhou
2847:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2794:
2784:
2778:
2748:
2743:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2657:Foreign Affairs
2652:
2640:
2631:
2629:François Guizot
2619:
2609:
2603:
2573:
2568:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2528:François Guizot
2518:
2511:Foreign Affairs
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2461:
2420:
2414:
2384:
2379:
2356:
2203:
2091:Fourth Republic
2085:
2057:
2050:
2012:
1863:François-Marsal
1569:
1556:
1549:
1526:
1489:Second Republic
1483:
1395:
1342:
1337:
1217:Brun, Maurice.
1179:, XXXIX (1828).
1172:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1000:
991:
987:
978:
974:
957:
953:
945:
941:
932:
928:
915:
911:
906:
896:
887:Caisse Générale
878:Caisse Générale
874:
861:Caisse Générale
840:
817:July Revolution
808:
791:William Ternaux
702:Jean Hottinguer
678:
623:
618:
606:Caisse Générale
602:Crédit Mobilier
518:
514:
511:
505:Political party
486:
482:
462:
461:24 October 1767
456:
454:
430:
418:
412:
407:
376:
366:
360:
355:
331:
321:
315:
310:
301:
276:
266:
260:
255:
249:Basses-Pyrénées
246:
233:
223:
209:
204:
185:
173:
157:
152:
127:
117:
111:
106:
84:
74:
68:
63:
54:
33:
24:
21:Jacques Laffite
17:
12:
11:
5:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5035:French bankers
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4925:(2024âpresent)
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4733:
4731:
4730:(1958âpresent)
4727:Fifth Republic
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4416:Germain-Martin
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4386:Germain-Martin
4383:
4377:
4374:Germain-Martin
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3980:Third Republic
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3858:Trouvé-Chauvel
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3528:
3524:First Republic
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3321:de La Houssaye
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3182:
3176:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2927:Adolphe Thiers
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2564:â Followed by
2559:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:Henri de Rigny
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Georges Mouton
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2209:Fifth Republic
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Casimir-Perier
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:Third Republic
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:(Paris, 1929).
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1256:(Paris, 1932).
1250:
1243:
1242:(Paris, 1970).
1236:
1235:(Paris, 1959).
1229:
1222:
1215:
1214:(Paris, 1994).
1208:
1207:, No.3 (2008).
1201:
1194:
1193:(Paris, 1978).
1187:
1186:(Paris, 1900).
1180:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:Caisse GoĂŒin."
1123:
1110:
1097:
1095:, No.3 (2008).
1084:
1071:
1058:
1041:
1028:
1011:
1009:(Paris, 1818).
998:
985:
972:
951:
939:
926:
924:, No.3 (2008).
908:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
895:
892:
873:
870:
839:
836:
807:
804:
763:ultra-royalist
730:Scipion Perier
677:
674:
655:commanditaires
650:Bank of France
622:
619:
617:
614:
590:Party of Order
575:Louis-Philippe
555:Bank of France
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
530:
529:
526:
522:
521:
516:Movement Party
506:
502:
501:
496:
492:
491:
485:(aged 76)
479:
475:
474:
452:
448:
447:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
427:
426:
421:
415:
414:
404:
403:
397:
396:
389:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
352:
351:
344:
340:
339:
334:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
307:
306:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
252:
251:
240:
239:
238:Casimir Perier
236:
230:
229:
228:Casimir Perier
226:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
201:
200:
194:
193:
191:Casimir Perier
188:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
149:
148:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
60:
59:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5057:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4026:Mathieu-Bodet
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:de Casabianca
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3840:Garnier-PagĂšs
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3558:Ramel-Nogaret
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:Destournelles
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:de Silhouette
3367:
3364:
3363:de Boullonges
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2567:
2563:
2560:Preceded by:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:Commissioners
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Chaban-Delmas
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:MendĂšs France
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
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2015:
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1613:A. de Broglie
1611:
1609:
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1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:A. de Broglie
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1555:Government of
1552:
1546:
1543:
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1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1532:Second Empire
1529:
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1447:
1445:
1444:V. de Broglie
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:V. de Broglie
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1401:July Monarchy
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
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1369:
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1300:
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1283:
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1269:
1265:
1263:, III (1956).
1262:
1258:
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1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
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1101:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1026:, pp. 173â76.
1025:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1002:
995:
989:
982:
976:
969:
965:
961:
955:
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857:
853:
849:
845:
844:Commanditaire
835:
833:
827:
825:
820:
818:
814:
803:
800:
799:Commanditaire
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Commanditaire
772:
768:
764:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:Antoine Odier
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
573:that brought
572:
568:
567:July Monarchy
564:
560:
556:
552:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
510:
507:
503:
500:
497:
495:Resting place
493:
490:
480:
476:
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469:
465:
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428:
425:
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329:
326:Antoine Odier
325:
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72:
66:
61:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
4845:Strauss-Kahn
4481:Vichy France
4284:de Lasteyrie
4062:Allain-Targé
3795:de la LozĂšre
3734:
3545:
3441:de Fourqueux
3351:de SĂ©chelles
3345:d'Arnouville
3267:Le Pelletier
3169:de Champigny
3157:de Schomberg
3112:de BelliĂšvre
2970:FĂ©lix Barthe
2921:
2822:
2803:
2728:
2431:
2018:Vichy France
1933:Paul-Boncour
1413:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1270:No.3 (2008).
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1170:Bibliography
1145:Family Names
1135:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1053:
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975:
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942:
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929:
921:
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886:
882:
877:
875:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
831:
828:
821:
809:
798:
794:
779:haute banque
778:
774:
770:
758:haute banque
757:
753:
751:
746:
734:
725:
722:
685:
679:
663:
654:
639:
624:
605:
604:(1852). The
601:
597:
583:
550:
549:
509:Doctrinaires
483:(1844-05-26)
431:Succeeded by
408:
388:Constituency
377:Succeeded by
356:
343:Constituency
332:Succeeded by
311:
288:Constituency
277:Succeeded by
256:
234:Succeeded by
205:
186:Succeeded by
153:
137:Constituency
128:Succeeded by
107:
96:Constituency
90:Henry Barbet
85:Succeeded by
64:
25:
4950:1844 deaths
4945:1767 births
4919:(2017â2024)
4913:(2014â2017)
4907:(2012â2014)
4901:(2011â2012)
4865:(2002â2004)
4859:(2000â2002)
4853:(1999â2000)
4847:(1997â1999)
4823:(1992â1993)
4817:(1988â1992)
4811:(1986â1988)
4805:(1984â1986)
4799:(1981â1984)
4793:(1978â1981)
4787:(1976â1978)
4781:(1974â1976)
4775:(1969â1974)
4751:(1962â1966)
4745:(1960â1962)
4743:Baumgartner
4670:(1953â1955)
4640:(1949â1951)
4589:(1946â1958)
4550:(1944â1946)
4520:(1941â1942)
4511:(1941â1944)
4508:Free France
4499:(1942â1944)
4493:(1940â1942)
4491:Bouthillier
4484:(1940â1944)
4458:Marchandeau
4446:Marchandeau
4436:(1936â1937)
4410:Marchandeau
4286:(1922â1924)
4280:(1921â1922)
4274:(1920â1921)
4268:(1917â1920)
4202:(1909â1910)
4178:(1902â1905)
4172:(1899â1902)
4166:(1898â1899)
4160:(1896â1898)
4118:(1889â1892)
4064:(1881â1882)
4058:(1879â1881)
4052:(1877â1879)
4028:(1874â1875)
4022:(1873â1874)
4004:(1871â1872)
3983:(1870â1940)
3941:(1861â1867)
3935:(1860â1861)
3933:La Roquette
3929:(1855â1860)
3914:(1852â1870)
3827:(1848â1852)
3809:(1842â1847)
3773:(1836â1837)
3743:(1831â1832)
3737:(1830â1831)
3722:(1830â1848)
3692:(1828â1829)
3686:(1821â1828)
3680:(1819â1821)
3647:(1815â1830)
3614:(1814â1815)
3605:(1814â1815)
3593:(1804â1814)
3584:(1804â1814)
3572:(1799â1804)
3554:(1795â1796)
3548:(1794â1795)
3542:(1793â1794)
3527:(1792â1804)
3501:de Beaulieu
3479:(1790â1791)
3467:(1789â1790)
3459:de Breteuil
3455:(1788â1789)
3449:(1787â1788)
3437:(1783â1787)
3425:(1781â1783)
3419:(1777â1781)
3413:(1776â1777)
3401:(1774â1776)
3395:(1769â1774)
3389:(1768â1769)
3383:(1763â1768)
3377:(1759â1763)
3365:(1757â1759)
3359:(1756â1757)
3353:(1754â1756)
3347:(1745â1754)
3341:(1730â1745)
3335:(1726â1730)
3329:(1722â1726)
3293:(1715â1718)
3291:de Noailles
3287:(1708â1715)
3281:(1699â1708)
3275:(1689â1699)
3269:(1683â1689)
3263:(1661â1683)
3257:(1659â1661)
3251:(1653â1659)
3241:(1651â1653)
3235:(1650â1651)
3233:de Longueil
3229:(1649â1650)
3219:(1648â1649)
3217:de La Porte
3213:(1647â1648)
3207:(1643â1647)
3201:de Bailleul
3197:(1640â1643)
3195:Bouthillier
3191:(1632â1640)
3189:Bouthillier
3181:(1626â1632)
3175:(1624â1626)
3173:de Marillac
3165:(1623â1624)
3159:(1619â1622)
3153:(1614â1619)
3147:(1598â1611)
3141:(1589â1594)
3132:(1589â1792)
3120:(1588â1589)
3114:(1574â1588)
3108:(1568â1570)
3102:(1561â1567)
3092:(1559â1560)
3090:de Lorraine
3086:(1556â1559)
3080:(1552â1556)
3074:(1546â1552)
3072:d'Annebault
3068:(1544â1546)
3062:(1524â1544)
3056:(1518â1524)
3047:(1518â1589)
3035:(1661â1791)
3029:(1561â1661)
2056:Provisional
1348:Restoration
680:During the
666:Louis XVIII
561:during the
519:(1830â1844)
512:(1815â1830)
481:26 May 1844
419:Preceded by
367:Preceded by
322:Preceded by
267:Preceded by
224:Preceded by
174:Preceded by
118:Preceded by
75:Preceded by
4970:Orléanists
4939:Categories
4827:Alphandéry
4080:Clamageran
4008:de Goulard
3876:de Germiny
3702:de Montbel
3696:de Crouzol
3684:de VillĂšle
3477:de Lessart
3447:de Brienne
3435:de Calonne
3429:d'Ormesson
3381:de Laverdy
3297:de Caumont
3279:Chamillart
3273:Phélypeaux
3185:de Bullion
3145:de BĂ©thune
3106:de Birague
2058:Government
1838:Clemenceau
1773:Clemenceau
1628:Waddington
1618:Rochebouët
1356:Talleyrand
949:., p. 160.
852:commandite
642:Revolution
621:Early life
525:Profession
457:1767-10-24
4905:Moscovici
4815:Bérégovoy
4803:Bérégovoy
4470:Lamoureux
4344:de Monzie
4302:de Monzie
4296:Clementel
4242:Clémentel
4044:Dutilleul
3852:Goudchaux
3834:Goudchaux
3741:Dominique
3729:Dominique
3708:Dominique
3672:Dominique
3654:Dominique
3612:Dominique
3495:Duranthon
3423:de Fleury
3411:des RĂ©aux
3405:de Clugny
3387:d'Invault
3333:des Forts
3315:des Forts
3285:Desmarets
3227:de Mesmes
3205:de Mesmes
3100:d'Ongnyes
3084:d'Avançon
3066:du Thiers
3054:de Beaune
2376:(defunct)
2327:Cazeneuve
2282:Bérégovoy
2217:De Gaulle
2199:De Gaulle
2066:De Gaulle
1988:Chautemps
1958:Doumergue
1948:Chautemps
1903:Chautemps
1843:Millerand
1808:Doumergue
1733:Bourgeois
1698:Freycinet
1673:Freycinet
1658:FalliĂšres
1648:Freycinet
1633:Freycinet
1507:Cavaignac
1386:Martignac
1376:Richelieu
1366:Dessolles
1361:Richelieu
1117:Monnier,
1065:Monnier,
1056:, p. 199.
1035:Monnier,
983:, p. 136.
979:Monnier,
970:, p. 129.
933:Monnier,
819:of 1830.
661:(1813).
616:Biography
579:Charles X
533:Signature
409:In office
357:In office
312:In office
257:In office
206:In office
154:In office
108:In office
65:In office
4917:Le Maire
4809:Balladur
4779:Fourcade
4704:Pflimlin
4698:Gaillard
4692:Ramadier
4680:Pflimlin
4632:Queuille
4524:Diethelm
4422:Caillaux
4350:Poincaré
4338:Caillaux
4320:Loucheur
4314:Painlevé
4308:Caillaux
4248:Noullens
4230:Caillaux
4212:Caillaux
4194:Caillaux
4188:Poincaré
4170:Caillaux
4140:Poincaré
4038:Caillaux
3771:DuchĂątel
3765:d'Argout
3735:Laffitte
3660:Corvetto
3552:Faipoult
3534:ClaviĂšre
3513:ClaviĂšre
3489:ClaviĂšre
3357:de Moras
3078:Guillart
2830:Interior
2624:Interior
2332:Philippe
2307:Villepin
2302:Raffarin
2287:Balladur
2227:Pompidou
2194:Pflimlin
2189:Gaillard
2139:Queuille
2129:Queuille
2119:Queuille
2099:Ramadier
1998:Daladier
1968:Bouisson
1953:Daladier
1938:Daladier
1888:Poincaré
1873:Painlevé
1858:Poincaré
1833:Painlevé
1793:Poincaré
1788:Caillaux
1643:Gambetta
1540:Ollivier
1517:Hautpoul
1414:Laffitte
1391:Polignac
894:See also
856:"Banque"
838:Recovery
670:Waterloo
646:Napoleon
4893:Lagarde
4875:Gaymard
4869:Sarkozy
4851:Sautter
4839:Arthuis
4833:Madelin
4686:Lacoste
4638:Petsche
4620:Reynaud
4608:Schuman
4596:Schuman
4575:Schuman
4557:Lepercq
4497:Cathala
4464:Reynaud
4428:RĂ©gnier
4380:Flandin
4368:Reynaud
4260:Thierry
4236:Renoult
4200:Cochery
4176:Rouvier
4164:Peytral
4158:Cochery
4134:Burdeau
4128:Peytral
4116:Rouvier
4110:Peytral
4098:Rouvier
4092:Dauphin
3888:Blondel
3846:Duclerc
3783:Gautier
3471:Lambert
3261:Colbert
3255:Fouquet
3249:Fouquet
3245:Servien
3223:d'Emery
3211:d'Emery
3179:de Ruzé
3151:Jeannin
2915:Finance
2852:Justice
2681:Finance
2645:Justice
2487:Finance
2475:Justice
2361:Related
2352:Barnier
2317:Ayrault
2277:Cresson
2242:Messmer
2124:Bidault
2114:Schuman
2104:Schuman
2076:Bidault
2036:Flandin
2003:Reynaud
1978:Sarraut
1963:Flandin
1943:Sarraut
1928:Herriot
1923:Tardieu
1908:Tardieu
1898:Tardieu
1883:Herriot
1868:Herriot
1848:Leygues
1818:Viviani
1803:Barthou
1768:Sarrien
1763:Rouvier
1743:Brisson
1688:Floquet
1683:Rouvier
1668:Brisson
1653:Duclerc
1623:Dufaure
1603:Dufaure
1583:Dufaure
1522:Faucher
1439:Mortier
1381:VillĂšle
1371:Decazes
1018:Gille,
937:, p.72.
690:Casimir
629:in the
627:Bayonne
487:Paris,
468:Labourd
464:Bayonne
391:Paris (
346:Paris (
292:Bayonne
215:Monarch
163:Monarch
4923:Armand
4899:Baroin
4887:Borloo
4881:Breton
4857:Fabius
4797:Delors
4791:Monory
4767:Ortoli
4626:Pineau
4602:Philip
4569:Philip
4563:Pleven
4536:France
4518:Pleven
4440:Bonnet
4434:Auriol
4404:Piétri
4398:Bonnet
4392:Chéron
4362:Dumont
4356:Chéron
4326:Doumer
4278:Doumer
4224:Dumont
4182:Merlou
4152:Doumer
4122:Tirard
4104:Tirard
4086:Carnot
4074:Tirard
4056:Magnin
3996:Buffet
3990:Picard
3963:Segris
3957:Buffet
3945:Rouher
3921:Bineau
3801:Humann
3759:Humann
3747:Humann
3633:Gaudin
3626:(1815)
3591:Gaudin
3570:Gaudin
3564:Lindet
3546:Vacant
3473:(1790)
3465:Necker
3461:(1789)
3453:Necker
3443:(1787)
3431:(1783)
3417:Necker
3407:(1776)
3399:Turgot
3393:Terray
3375:Bertin
3371:(1759)
3016:France
2337:Castex
2312:Fillon
2297:Jospin
2272:Rocard
2267:Chirac
2262:Fabius
2257:Mauroy
2247:Chirac
2179:Mollet
2164:Laniel
2144:Pleven
2134:Pleven
2041:Darlan
2026:PĂ©tain
2008:PĂ©tain
1893:Briand
1878:Briand
1853:Briand
1823:Briand
1798:Briand
1778:Briand
1758:Combes
1738:MĂ©line
1703:Loubet
1693:Tirard
1678:Goblet
1598:Buffet
1593:Cissey
1565:Trochu
1512:Barrot
1474:Guizot
1464:Thiers
1449:Thiers
1429:GĂ©rard
1419:Perier
787:Geneva
783:London
489:France
472:France
4911:Sapin
4821:Sapin
4785:Barre
4755:Debré
4737:Pinay
4716:Pinay
4710:Faure
4674:Buron
4668:Faure
4656:Pinay
4650:Faure
4644:Mayer
4614:Mayer
4332:PĂ©ret
4266:Klotz
4254:Ribot
4218:Klotz
4206:Klotz
4146:Ribot
4020:Magne
3969:Magne
3951:Magne
3939:Fould
3927:Magne
3900:Fould
3882:Fould
3870:Fould
3864:Passy
3813:Dumon
3789:Passy
3753:Passy
3483:Tarbé
3327:Dodun
3060:Babou
2347:Attal
2342:Borne
2322:Valls
2292:Juppé
2252:Barre
2222:Debré
2174:Faure
2159:Mayer
2154:Pinay
2149:Faure
2109:Marie
2071:Gouin
2046:Laval
2031:Laval
1973:Laval
1918:Laval
1913:Steeg
1828:Ribot
1813:Ribot
1783:Monis
1748:Dupuy
1728:Ribot
1723:Dupuy
1713:Dupuy
1708:Ribot
1663:Ferry
1638:Ferry
1608:Simon
1502:Arago
1469:Soult
1459:Soult
1434:Maret
1424:Soult
904:Notes
304:Seine
140:Rouen
100:Rouen
4452:Blum
3339:Orry
2499:Navy
2081:Blum
1993:Blum
1983:Blum
1479:Molé
1454:Molé
947:Ibid
565:and
478:Died
451:Born
302:for
247:for
55:for
4863:Mer
4068:Say
4050:Say
4032:Say
4014:Say
3690:Roy
3678:Roy
3666:Roy
3309:Law
3139:d'O
3118:d'O
3014:of
2894:War
2669:War
2547:War
720:.
581:.
4941::
785:,
718:fr
714:fr
708:,
706:fr
700:,
696:,
694:fr
612:.
470:,
466:,
3247:/
3225:/
3203:/
3187:/
3171:/
3098:/
3004:e
2997:t
2990:v
2773:e
2766:t
2759:v
2598:e
2591:t
2584:v
2409:e
2402:t
2395:v
1332:e
1325:t
1318:v
459:)
455:(
395:)
350:)
23:.
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