History of the Jews in Iraq

4915:

the influence of further pressures including the property-freezing law, and continued anti-Jewish disturbances which raised the fear of large-scale pogroms. In addition, it is highly unlikely the Israelis would have taken such measures to accelerate the Jewish evacuation given that they were already struggling to cope with the existing level of Jewish immigration. Gat also raises serious doubts about the guilt of the alleged Jewish bombthrowers. Firstly, a Christian officer in the Iraqi army known for his anti-Jewish views, was arrested, but apparently not charged, with the offences. A number of explosive devices similar to those used in the attack on the Jewish synagogue were found in his home. In addition, there was a long history of anti-Jewish bomb-throwing incidents in Iraq. Secondly, the prosecution was not able to produce even one eyewitness who had seen the bombs thrown. Thirdly, the Jewish defendant Shalom Salah indicated in court that he had been severely tortured in order to procure a confession. It therefore remains an open question as to who was responsible for the bombings, although Gat argues that the most likely perpetrators were members of the anti-Jewish Istiqlal Party. Certainly memories and interpretations of the events have further been influenced and distorted by the unfortunate discrimination which many Iraqi Jews experienced on their arrival in Israel.

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thanks to a $ 1-million grant from the U.S. and local authorities, as well as private donations. In 2020, the synagogue beside Ezekiel's Tomb was converted into a mosque. On March 15, 2021, one of the last Jews in Iraq, Dr. Dhafer Fouad Eliyahu, died. In November 2021, Israeli police recovered a Baghdad Torah scroll from an Arab village. In December 2021, Iraqi Jews received Hanukkah kits. On May 27, 2022, Iraq passed a law making contact with Israel a capital offense. By 2022, the number of living Jews in Iraq had dwindled to three. However, many sources have different data of the Jewish population. According to the Chaldaean News, around 100 Jews live in Iraq today. A large number of Kurdish Jews have been living in the Kurdistan Region, since the region has been stablised. In 2018,

4719:, Iraq was placed under martial law. Courts martial were used to intimidate wealthy Jews, Jews were again dismissed from civil service, quotas were placed on university positions, and Jewish businesses were boycotted. In sweeps throughout urban areas, the Iraqi authorities searched thousands of Jewish homes for secret caches of money they were presumed to be sending to Israel. Walls were frequently demolished in these searches. Hundreds of Jews were arrested on suspicion of Zionist activity, tortured into confessing, and subjected to heavy fines and lengthy prison sentences. In one case, a Jewish man was sentenced to five years' hard labor for possessing a Biblical Hebrew inscription which was presumed to be a coded Zionist message. 4756: 4940: 7155:, p. 29: "The government – particularly after Nuri as-Said came to power in October 1941 – took swift action to suppress pro-Nazi elements and other supporters of Rashid Ali. They were placed on trial, many of them were exiled, hundreds were incarcerated in concentration camps and a very small minority were even executed. In parallel, the government acted swiftly to defend Jewish quarters and was resolved to prevent any similar events from occurring in the future. On the decision of the Iraqi government, a committee of enquiry was set up on 7 June a few days after the pogrom, to examine the facts and find who was culpable." 3345:, fell into the hands of the Parthians, who, according to their custom, cut off his ears in order to render him unfit for rulership. The Jews of Babylonia, it seems, had the intention of founding a high-priesthood for the exiled Hyrcanus, which they would have made quite independent of Judea. But the reverse was to come about: the Judeans received a Babylonian, Ananel by name, as their high priest which indicates the importance enjoyed by the Jews of Babylonia. Philo speaks of the large number of Jews resident in that country, a population which was no doubt considerably swelled by new immigrants after the 5251:. He compared the Jewish experience in Iraq to "living in a prison," reporting that most Jews stayed in their homes "out of fear of kidnapping or execution" amid ongoing sectarian violence. Despite numerous death threats, Levy remained in Iraq for four more years. He moved to Israel in 2010, subsequently marrying and starting a family. Levy was the last Iraqi Jew to emigrate. Nonetheless, he stayed in contact with Iraq's remaining Jewish community. In a 2018 interview, he said that there were five Jews still in the country, with a woman serving as the community director. 8007: 4712:"With very few exceptions, only Jews wore watches. On spotting one that looked expensive, a policeman had approached the owner as if to ask the hour. Once assured the man was Jewish, he relieved him of the timepiece and took him into custody. The watch, he told the judge, contained tiny wireless; he'd caught the Jew, he claimed, sending military secrets to the Zionists in Palestine. Without examining the "evidence" or asking any questions, the judge pronounced his sentence. The "traitor" went to prison, the watch to the policeman as a reward." 2772:, persecution against Jews culminated in increased government oppression and cultural discrimination. The Iraqi government, while maintaining a public policy of discrimination against Iraqi Jews, simultaneously forbade Jews from emigrating to Israel out of concern for strengthening the nascent Israeli state. In 1950, the Iraqi government reversed course and permitted Jews to emigrate in exchange for renouncing their Iraqi citizenship. From 1950 to 1952, nearly the entire Iraqi Jewish population emptied out from Iraq to Israel through 4952: 4201: 4218: 7404:

observation by Mr. de Boisanger, who wondered whether Tel Aviv was interested in the fate of the Jews of Iraq, the Prime Minister explained that he was not thinking in terms of persecution; he did not wish the Commission to receive a false impression with regard to his personal sentiments towards the Jews. But if the Jews continued to show the bad faith that they had demonstrated until the present moment, events might take place. (The Prime Minister did not clarify this warning)

4245:, was a Jew, and Jews were important in developing the judicial and postal systems. Records from the Baghdad Chamber of Commerce show that 10 out of its 19 members in 1947 were Jews and the first musical band formed for Baghdad's nascent radio in the 1930s consisted mainly of Jews. Jews were represented in the Iraqi parliament, and many Jews held significant positions in the bureaucracy. Between 1924 and 1928, some Jews fled persecution in Russia, arriving in Iraq as refugees. 4353:

deteriorate. There are more Jews in the Arab world outside of Palestine than there are in Palestine. In Iraq alone, we have about one hundred and fifty thousand Jews who share with Muslims and Christians all the advantages of political and economic rights. Harmony prevails among Muslims, Christians and Jews. But any injustice imposed upon the Arabs of Palestine will disturb the harmony among Jews and non-Jews in Iraq; it will breed inter-religious prejudice and hatred.

4895:

unresolved: Iraqi activists still regularly charge that Israel used violence to engineer the exodus, while Israeli officials of the time vehemently deny it. Historian Moshe Gat reports that "the belief that the bombs had been thrown by Zionist agents was shared by those Iraqi Jews who had just reached Israel". Sociologist Phillip Mendes backs Gat's claims, and further attributes the allegations to have been influenced and distorted by feelings of discrimination.

12471: 10975: 4378: 3578:, where he and his family already owned property, and which was known as a Jewish city. Rav's move created an environment in which Babylon had two contemporary leading academies that competed with one another, yet were so far removed from one another that they could never interfere with each other's operations. Since Rav and Samuel were acknowledged peers in position and learning, their academies likewise were considered of equal rank and influence. 5259:, the Vicar of St. George's Church in Baghdad, urged the remaining Jews to flee. White also requested help saving the few Torah scrolls that remained in Iraq. In 2014, around 100 Jews remained in the country. The hope of return of the Jews to Iraq came after the downfall of Saddam. During the 2013–2017 Iraqi Civil War, large swaths of the country fell to extremists, prompting another Jewish exodus. Few Jews have returned since the end of the war. 12481: 10985: 4836: 51: 4060:

in the Far East. The still small and reemerging Jewish community of Baghdad became a migration destination with Jewish families settling in Baghdad from Istanbul, Aleppo, Damascus, Ana and Basra. A key driver of this was decline of the old caravan route running between these cities. There was also migration from the communities of Palestine, the villages of Kurdistan, and it is said that a handful of Jews settled in Baghdad from Germany.

5128: 4274: 99: 5232: 3927: 5543: 4764: 9855: 5557: 3402:, the Jews had every reason to hate the Romans, the destroyers of their sanctuary, and to side with the Parthians, their protectors. Possibly it was recognition of services thus rendered by the Jews of Babylonia, and by the Davidic house especially, that induced the Parthian kings to elevate the princes of the Exile, who until then had been little more than mere collectors of revenue, to the dignity of real princes, called 3149: 117: 6065:'What lends our story some broader interest is the fact that we belonged to a branch of the global Jewish community that is now almost extinct. We were Arab-Jews. We lived in Baghdad and we were well-integrated into Iraqi society. We spoke Arabic at home, our social customs were Arab, our lifestyle was Arab, our cuisine was exquisitely Middle Eastern and my parents' music was an attractive blend of Arabic and Jewish'. 10995: 11005: 4182:

over a quarter of the city's total population. Large-scale Jewish immigration from Kurdistan to Baghdad continued throughout this period. By the mid-19th century, the religious infrastructure of Baghdad grew to include a large yeshiva which trained up to sixty rabbis at time. Religious scholarship flourished in Baghdad, which produced great rabbis, such as Joseph Hayyim ben Eliahu Mazal-Tov, known as the

4875:, Said had attempted to justify allowing the exodus by explaining to him that: "The Jews have always been a source of evil and harm to Iraq. They are spies. They have sold their property in Iraq, they have no land among us that they can cultivate. How therefore can they live? What will they do if they stay in Iraq? No, no my friend, it is better for us to be rid of them as long as we are able to do so." 6681:. One reason for this is the immigration of Bedouins to Lower Mesopotamia after the Mongol invasion, which changed the cultural, ethnic and linguistic landscape of the region. The old Judeo-Arabic dialect of Lower Mesopotamia in cities such as Fallujah, Baghdad, Karbala, Basra and Ramadi, and to a lesser extent, the dialect of Iraqi Christians, preserve features of the older medieval language of Iraq. 5067:. In the early 1970s, facing mounting international pressure and recognizing that the ban was ineffective, the government legalized Jewish emigration. Most of the country's Jews fled shortly thereafter; those who stayed were typically elderly. The community was subsequently pressured to cede $ 200 million worth of Jewish property to the government without compensation. 3800:(a Buddhist), the destroyer of the Caliphate (1258) and the conqueror of Palestine (1260), was tolerant toward Muslims, Jews and Christians; but there can be no doubt that in those days of terrible warfare the Jews must have suffered much with others. Under the Mongolian rulers, the priests of all religions were exempt from the poll-tax. Hulagu's second son, 5002:, Jewish property was expropriated, bank accounts were frozen, Jews were dismissed from public posts, their businesses were closed, trading permits owned by Jews were cancelled, they were not allowed to use telephones, they were placed under house arrest for extended periods of time, and were under constant surveillance and restricted to the cities. 4726:, a Jewish automobile importer who was the single wealthiest Jew in the country. Ades, who had displayed no interest in Zionism, was arrested on charges of sending military equipment to Israel and convicted by a military tribunal. He was fined $ 20 million and sentenced to death. His entire estate was liquidated and he was publicly hanged in 7082:

appealed a Manifesto by the Arab Revolutionary Committee in 1915, two years before the Balfour Declaration, 'join ranks with your Moslem brethren. Do not listen to those who say that they prefer the Turks without religion to Arabs of different beliefs; they are ignorant people who have no understanding of the vital interests of the race.'

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rulings and practices were held in higher esteem. The historian Zvi Yehuda says the period saw the wheels turn in the relationship between the Babylonian Jewish communities and those of Iraq and Persia: "Before the 18th century, the Baghdadi Community needed the support of those communities; now the Baghdadi Community influenced them."

4931:

draws on the recollections given to Shlaim by an elderly former member of the Zionist undergroundi. The other is a contempèorary Baghdad police report on the incident, which contains Basri's confession. He believed these actions were intended to quicken the transfer of 110,000 Jews in Iraq to the then-newly created state of Israel.

4674:, and the Jewish population there fled to Baghdad. Large Jewish "donations" for the Palestinian Arab cause were regularly extorted, with the names of "donors" read out on the radio to encourage more. In spite of this, Iraqi Jews still mostly continued to view themselves as loyal Iraqis and believed that the hardship would pass. The 3835:"These events which befell the Jews after they had attained a high standing in the state caused them to lower their voices. we have not heard from them anything worthy of recording because they were prevented from participation in its government and politics. They were neglected and their voice was only heard after a long time." 3904:

surroundings, in Basra, Hilla, Kifil, ‘Ana, Kurdistan, even in Persia and the Persian Gulf. The organized Jewish community of Iraq appears to have disappeared in this period for more than four generations. This is behind the discontinuity between the present traditions of Iraqi Jewry and the Babylonian traditions of

5203:, or kosher slaughterer, emigrated in 2002. At this point, around 200 Jews remained, most of whom lived in Baghdad, with few in Basra and Mosul. In 2003, Emad Levy emerged as the leader of the Iraqi Jewish community. He functioned as the country's sole rabbi, kosher slaughterer, and advisor regarding Jewish issues. 3585:, albeit Rav and Samuel agreed with each other far more often than did the houses of Hillel and Shammai. Thus, both Babylonian rabbinical schools opened a new era for diaspora Judaism, and the ensuing discussions in their classes furnished the earliest stratum and style of the scholarly material deposited in the 4860:

the airport. Jews were allowed to bring out a maximum of five pounds weight in property, which was to consist of personal effects only, as well as a small amount of cash. At the airport, Iraqi officials body searched every emigrant for cash or jewelry, and they also beat and spat on the departing Jews.

3723:(717–720), issued orders to his governors: "Tear down no church, synagogue, or fire-temple; but permit no new ones to be built". Isaac Iskawi II (about 800) received from Harun al-Rashid (786–809) confirmation of the right to carry a seal of office. At the court of the Harun an embassy from the emperor 4930:

unveils what he argues is "undeniable proof of Zionist involvement in the terrorist attacks" which prompted a mass exodus of Jews from Iraq between 1950 and 1951. The historian based his conclusion that most of the bombings against Jews in Iraq were the work of Mossad on two piedces of evidence: one

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Overall, between 1948 and 1951, 121,633 Iraqi Jews were airlifted, bused, or smuggled out of the country, including 119,788 between January 1950 and December 1951. About 15,000 Jews remained in Iraq. In 1952, emigration to Israel was again banned, and the Iraqi government publicly hanged two Jews who

4859:

In Baghdad, the daily spectacle of Jews carrying nothing but their clothes and a bag of their remaining possessions being loaded onto trucks for transport to the airport caused public jubilation. Jews were mocked every step of the way during their departure and crowds stoned the trucks taking Jews to

4851:

In March 1951, he engineered a law which would permanently freeze all assets of denaturalized Jews. Officially, the assets were merely frozen and not confiscated; under international law assets can theoretically remain frozen for perpetuity, making it impossible for them to ever be reclaimed. The law

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informed British diplomat Douglas Busk "that he had nothing against Iraqi Jews who were a long established and useful community. He felt bound to tell me, however, that the Arab League meeting might decide that if a satisfactory solution of the Palestine case was not reached severe measures should be

3998:

This was not the revival of a community so much as the establishment of a new one. According to the historian Zvi Yehuda, an analysis of the tens of thousands of Iraqi Jewish family trees stored at the Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center have indicate that families of Baghdadi Jews do not possess family

5219:

attempted to locate all remaining Iraqi Jews and offer them the opportunity to emigrate to Israel. The agency identified 34 Jews in Baghdad, half of whom were over the age of 70. While generally impoverished, some of the community members were middle class, such as two doctors. Ultimately, six Iraqi

4914:

Historian Moshe Gat argues that there was little direct connection between the bombings and exodus. He demonstrates that the frantic and massive Jewish registration for denaturalization and departure was driven by knowledge that the denaturalisation law was due to expire in March 1951. He also notes

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states, Iraq forbade any legal emigration of its Jews on the grounds that they might go to Israel and could strengthen that state. At the same time, increasing government oppression of the Jews fueled by anti-Israeli sentiment together with public expressions of antisemitism created an atmosphere of

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Partition imposed against the will of the majority of the people will jeopardize peace and harmony in the Middle East. Not only the uprising of the Arabs of Palestine is to be expected, but the masses in the Arab world cannot be restrained. The Arab-Jewish relationship in the Arab world will greatly

4181:

During the 19th century, the influence of the Jewish families of Aleppo of the previous century faded as Baghdad emerged as a strong Jewish and economic center in its own right. The Jewish population has grown so rapidly that by 1884, there were 30,000 Jews in Baghdad and by 1900, 50,000, comprising

4059:

As this process of cultural assimilation saw the Jews of Baghdad come to more closely resemble the Jews of Aleppo, economic decline in Syria, Kurdistan and Persia worsened. The 18th century saw a growing number of Jews leave from there to Baghdad, Basra or the Baghdadi-led outposts being established

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family who were frustrated with the dimming prospects of Aleppo and attracted to Baghdad and Basra's booming trade with India. This process saw the leading Jewish families of Baghdad, Basra and Aleppo grow to be heavily interlinked through marriages, religious life, partnership and trade in the 18th

3994:

This period of Mameluk rule in Iraq, under the aegis of the Ottoman Empire, united most of the future territory of Iraq into a single unit for the first time. As it ceased to be a warring frontier, opportunities for trade increased, especially due to the growing European presence on the ocean routes

3831:

also became a Muslim, and made the Jews second class citizens. The Egyptian sultan Naṣr, who also ruled over Iraq, reestablished the same law in 1330, and saddled it with new limitations. During this period attacks on Jews greatly increased. The situation grew dire for the Jewish community as Muslim

3815:

It proved a false dawn. The power of Sa’ad al-Dawla was so vexatious to the Muslim population the churchman Bar Hebraeus wrote so "were the Muslims reduced to having a Jew in the place of honor." This was exacerbated by Sa’d al-Dawla, who ordered no Muslim be employed by the official bureaucracy. He

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in 1975, under the supervision of Saddam and with donations from the Jews. Jews were now allowed to practice their religion freely; however, they were still barred from employment in state enterprises and the army. But later they were also allowed to hold jobs in the government and the military, as

5087:

in 1973. Few synagogues continued to operate, which were protected. In 1971, the Grand Rabbi of Iraq, the late Sassoon Khdouri, issued a statement declaring that Iraqi Jews enjoy “full civil and citizenship rights” and appealed to Israel to allow Iraqi Jews in Palestine to return to their homeland.

4905:

Iraqi authorities eventually charged three members of the Zionist underground with perpetrating some of the explosions. Two of those charged, Shalom Salah Shalom and Yosef Ibrahim Basri, were subsequently found guilty and executed, whilst the third was sentenced to a lengthy jail term. Salah Shalom

4847:

Israel's fragile infrastructure, which already had to accommodate a mass influx of Jewish immigration from war-ravaged Europe and other Arab and Muslim countries, was heavily strained, and the Israeli government was not certain that it had enough permanent housing units and tents to accommodate the

4827:

and renounced all property, were now stateless and destitute, and many were now homeless and sleeping on the streets. The Iraqi government announced that if the Jews were not removed more swiftly, they would be placed in concentration camps. As a result, more airlines were chartered to speed up the

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Jewish communities of Asia between 1845 and 1859, wrote of Baghdad that "in no other place in the east have I found my Israelitish brothers in such perfectly happy circumstances." One distinguishing feature of the communities of Baghdad and Basra remarked upon by Ashkenazi travelers was the extreme

3670:

The two academies among others, and the Jewish community they led, lasted until the middle of the 11th century. Pumbedita faded after its chief rabbi was murdered in 1038, and Sura faded soon after. Which ended the centuries-long great scholarly reputation given to Babylonian Jews, as the center of

3199:

According to the biblical account, the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great was "God's anointed", having freed the Jews from Babylonian rule. After the conquest of Babylonia by the Persian Achaemenid Empire Cyrus granted all the Jews citizenship and by decree allowed the Jews to return to Israel (around

7081:

It is not without significance that, in their earliest phase and when they were still under the influence of racial theories, Arab nationalists or, at least some of them, considered the Jews of the Arab countries as an indivisible part of the Arab "race." 'Arabs of the Christian and Jewish faith,'

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Talmud Yerushalmi, vol. 1, B’rachot, Friedman’s Oz ve-Hadar edition, New-York 2010, Introduction, p. 17; Geonic Responsa from the Geniza (Simha Assaf), pp. 125–126. The original Hebrew and Aramaic: ומילתא דפסיקא בתלמוד דילנא לא סמכינן בה על תלמודא דבני ארץ ישראל הואיל ושנים רבות איפסיקא הוראה מתמן

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Estimate based on the 1947 census, amounting to 2.6% of the total population. Ben-Yaacob et al. note that some studies suggest that the total population of Iraqi Jews "in the late 1940s" could have been as high as 135,000, given that 123,500 were estimated to have immigrated to Israel between 1948

4831:

On September 18, 1950, Nuri al-Said summoned a representative of the Jewish community and claimed Israel was behind the emigration delay, threatening to "take them to the borders" and forcibly expel the Jews. The law expired in March 1951 but was later extended after the Iraqi government froze the

4791:

Hoping to stem the flow of assets from the country, in March 1950 Iraq passed a law of one-year duration allowing Jews to emigrate on condition of relinquishing their Iraqi citizenship. They were motivated, according to Ian Black, by "economic considerations, chief of which was that almost all the

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on June 1, in which approximately 200 Iraqi Jews were murdered (some sources put the number higher), and up to 2,000 injured – damages to Jewish-owned property were estimated at $ 3 million (US$ 62 million in 2024). There were also instances of looting of Jewish properties in many other cities at

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Organized Zionist activity began in Iraq in the 1920s. The Jewish population was generally sympathetic toward the movement, although not at that time as a solution for Iraqi Jews. The Zionist organization in Baghdad was initially granted a permit by the British, in March 1921, but in the following

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By the early 19th century, Baghdad had been reestablished as a leading Jewish center in the Middle East. There were over 6,000 Jews in city, two synagogues and strong community institutions. This was not a golden age, however. Over time, the centralized Ottoman control over the region deteriorated

3635:

The three centuries in the course of which the Babylonian Talmud was developed in the academies founded by Rav and Samuel were followed by five centuries during which it was intensely preserved, studied, expounded in the schools, and, through their influence, discipline and work, recognized by the

3522:, and Raba's friendship with Shapur II enabled him to secure a relaxation of the oppressive laws enacted against the Jews in the Persian Empire. In addition, Raba sometimes referred to his top student Abaye with the term Shvur Malka meaning "Shapur King" because of his bright and quick intellect. 3411:

In religious matters the Babylonians, like the whole diaspora, were in many regards dependent upon Judea. They went on pilgrimages to Jerusalem for the festivals, and were dependent on Judean authorities to fix the calendar. The early rabbis took for granted that their rulings would be followed in

4909:

Gat reports that much of the previous literature "reflects the universal conviction that the bombings had a tremendous impact on the large-scale exodus of the Jews... To be more precise it is suggested that the Zionist emissaries committed these brutal acts in order to uproot the prosperous Iraqi

4855:

With Iraq's Jews effectively stripped of their assets permanently, Said demanded Israel accept 10,000 Iraqi Jewish refugees per month. He threatened to prohibit Jewish emigration from May 31, 1951, and to set up concentration camps for stateless Jews still in Iraq. Israel attempted to negotiate a

5266:

to the Iraqi government instead of the Iraqi Jewish community. This archive was digitized and can be viewed online.Later it came to known that, the Jews agreed with Saddam to keep the archive with them, as it was more secure. In Al-Qosh, the Jewish prophet Nahum's tomb was being restored in 2020

5254:

There are numerous estimates for the number of Jews living in Baghdad. They include thirty-four (2003) (of whom six went to Israel), eight (2007), seven (2008), ten (2008), five (2013), eight (2016), five (2018), or ten (2018). In 2020–2021, the Jewish population in Iraq was reported to be four.

4046:

Further driving this process was the high esteem in which Rabbi Sadka Bekhor Hussein was held as a halakhic authority. This saw him accepted as a halakhic authority by the Jews of Persia, Kurdistan and the fledgling Baghdadi trading outposts being established in India. Sephardic Rabbis and their

3495:

Although there were some tensions between the Jewish community and Zoroastrian priests who sought to unify the entire empire under one religion and were less tolerant than their forebears during the early Sasanian era, the Jewish community's stature and their religious and communal autonomy were

4810:

From the start of the emigration law in March 1950 until the end of the year, 60,000 Jews registered to leave Iraq. In addition to continuing arrests and the dismissal of Jews from their jobs, this exodus was encouraged by a series of bombings starting in April 1950 that resulted in a number of

3435:

The Jews of northern Babylonia appear to have suffered severely from the Roman-Parthian and Roman-Sasanian wars; this, and possibly the growing power of Christianity in the area, appear to have led to a weakening of the Jewish community in northern Mesopotamia while the center of Jewish culture

4269:

as the new minister of economics and communications, tens of Jews were dismissed from their posts in that ministry; and, subsequently, there were unofficial quotas of Jews that could be appointed in the civil service or admitted to secondary schools and colleges. Zionist activity had continued

4233:

Early Labor Zionism mostly concentrated on the Jews of Europe, skipping Iraqi Jews because of their lack of interest in agriculture. The result was that "Until World War II, Zionism made little headway because few Iraqi Jews were interested in the socialist ideal of manual labor in Palestine."

4050:

The 18th century saw the Jewish community of Aleppo exert a significant influence over the Jewish communities of Baghdad and Basra not only culturally but economically. Syrian Jewish families establishing themselves in Iraq were often formerly Spanish Sephardic families from Aleppo. These were

5156:

neighborhood, which had once been Baghdad's main Jewish neighborhood. The synagogue was further restored by the government. It was also further expanded and upgraded. Before its restoration, the synagogue's large library was raided by the secret police and all Jewish archive were confiscated.

3903:

The cumulative effect of the Mongol rampage and the social collapse that followed was that of the pre-existing Jewish community of Baghdad either died or fled. Jewish life entered a Dark Age. According to historian Zvi Yehuda, the fifteenth century sees no reports on Jews in Baghdad or in its

3666:

are designated according to the titles of the teachers at Sura and Pumbedita; thus we have the time of the Geonim and that of the Saboraim. The Saboraim were the scholars whose diligent hands completed the Talmud and the first great Talmudic commentaries in the first third of the 6th century.

7403:

It would also be necessary to put an end to the bad treatment that the Jews had been victims of in Iraq during the recent months. The Prime Minister referred to the increasing difficulty of assuring the protection of the Jews resident in Iraq, under the present circumstances. In answer to an

4894:

are a subject of controversy. A secret Israeli inquiry in 1960 found no evidence that they were ordered by Israel or any motive that would have explained the attack, though it did find out that most of the witnesses believed that Jews had been responsible for the bombings. The issue remains

4739:

The Iraqi Jewish community gradually became impoverished because of persecution. Jewish businesses were forced to close in the face of boycotts and arrests of Jewish businessmen. After Jews were prohibited from working in the civil service, skilled and formerly well-paid Jewish civil service

4783:

and from there proceeded to Israel. By 1949, the Iraqi Zionist underground had become well-established (despite many arrests), and they were smuggling Iraqi Jews out of the country illegally at a rate of 1,000 a month. The fleeing Jews took money and some possessions with them, and this

3500:, which led to a large Jewish migration from Roman-controlled territory into the only Roman-independent region, the Sasanian Empire. While occasionally there were disputes between Jews and the authorities, the Talmudic texts mainly show respect for the Sasanian government, and the Amora 3654:

and were considered the highest authorities on religious matters in the Jewish world. Their decisions were sought from all sides and were accepted wherever diaspora Jewish communal life existed. They even successfully competed against the learning coming from the Land of Israel itself.

4792:

property of departing Jews reverted to the state treasury" and also that "Jews were seen as a restive and potentially troublesome minority that the country was best rid of." Iraqi politicians candidly admitted that they wanted to expel their Jewish population for reasons of their own.

3480:. During the 3rd to 7th centuries, the Babylonian Jewish community is estimated to have reached about one million, potentially making it the largest Jewish diaspora population of the time and possibly surpassing the Jewish population in the Land of Israel during the same period. The 3999:

trees tracing their lineage prior to the end of the 17th century. They were migrants from smaller Mesopotamian communities and from across the Middle East. Yehuda calls the Jewish community that reestablished itself in Baghdad, Basra and other cities the "new Babylonian Diaspora".

4669:

In the months leading up to the November 1947 Partition vote, violence against Iraqi Jews increased. In May 1947, a Jewish man in Baghdad was lynched by an angry mob after being accused of giving poisoned candy to Arab children. Rioters ransacked homes in the Jewish Quarter of

4974:, the military coup, overthrew the Hashemite monarchy and installed a republican government in Iraq. During the time of coup, tensions were high among Iraqis, regardless of any religion. Most of the 15,000 Jews remaining after Operation Ezra and Nehemiah stayed through the 4852:

was prepared in secret, as it was being ratified, Baghdad's telephone network suspended operations to prevent Jews from learning of it and attempt to transfer or withdraw their money. Iraq's Banks were closed for three days to ensure that Jews could not access their funds.

3390:

Accustomed in Jerusalem from early times to look to the east for help, and aware, as the Roman procurator Petronius was, that the Jews of Babylon could render effectual assistance, Babylonia became with the fall of Jerusalem the very bulwark of Judaism. The collapse of the

4832:

assets of departing Jews, including those who had already left. During the next few months, all but a few thousand of the remaining Jews registered for emigration, spurred on by a sequence of further bombings that caused few casualties but had great psychological impact.

3816:

was also known as a fearsome tax collection and rumours swirled he was planning to create a new religion of which Arghun was supposed to be the prophet. Sa’d al-Dawla was murdered two days before the death of his Arghun, then stricken by illness, by his enemies in court.

4178:

young age of marriage: between eight and twelve years old for girls to men usually eighteen to twenty. Another was the traditional face veils and long flowing garments wore by Jewish women who were not expected to show their face in public like their Muslim neighbors.

3946:

During Ottoman rule (1534–1917) Jewish life prospered in Iraq. Jews were afforded religious liberties, enabling them to administer their own affairs in Jewish education. Tolerance towards Jews and Jewish customs, however, depended on local rulers. Ottoman ruler Sultan

3047:

has become a valuable source in reconstructing Babylonian history within recent times. The inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar are almost exclusively devoted to building operations; and but for the Book of Jeremiah, little would be known of his campaign against Jerusalem.

3245:, or in Jewish sources "minyan sheṭarot" (era of contracts), which was also officially adopted by the Parthians. Nicator's foundation of a city, Seleucia, on the Tigris is mentioned by the Rabbis; both the "Large" and the "Small Chronicle" contain references to him. 4848:

Iraqi Jews. When Israel attempted to negotiate a more gradual influx of Iraqi Jews, Said realized that the Jews could be turned into a demographic weapon against Israel. He hoped that a rapid influx of totally penniless Jews would collapse Israel's infrastructure.

2799:. According to government data as of 2014, there were 227,900 Jews of Iraqi descent in Israel, with other estimates as high as 600,000 Israelis having some Iraqi ancestry. Smaller communities upholding Iraqi Jewish traditions in the Jewish diaspora exist in the 4685:

In July 1948, the government passed a law making Zionism a capital offense, with a minimum sentence of seven years imprisonment. Any Jew could be convicted of Zionism-based only on the sworn testimony of two Muslim witnesses, with virtually no avenue of appeal

3990:

led to a much worse situation, so that the re-conquest of Iraq by the Turks in 1638 included an army with a large population of Jews. Some sources say they made up 10% of the army. The day of the reconquest was even given a holiday, "Yom Nes" (day of miracle).

5147:

and pressured Saddam to adopt further measures to protect the remaining community. A department within the Ministry of National Security was set up to ensure their safety. In 1985, one synagogue in Baghdad continued to function as Iraq's main synagogue, the

4260:

In the 1930s, the situation of the Jews in Iraq deteriorated. Previously, the growing Iraqi Arab nationalist sentiment included Iraqi Jews as fellow Arabs, but these views changed with the ongoing conflict in the Palestinian Mandate and the introduction of

3120:

of the Judaeans took place, perhaps encouraged by the close proximity of the Egyptian army. The city was razed to the ground, and a further deportation ensued. Five years later, Jeremiah records a third captivity. After the overthrow of Babylonia by the

5720:

Not shown on the map as maritime borders are not displayed "The situation of the remaining 6,000 Jews became increasingly precarious. Many were arrested on charges of spying for Israel, nine being sentenced to death and hanged publicly for this alleged

7460:

At times, Iraqi politicians candidly acknowledged that they wanted to expel their Jewish population for reasons of their own, having nothing to do with the palestinian exodus...Nuri Said described a plan to expel Jews from Iraq ...head of Jordanian

4015:

to send them a new Chief Rabbi, leading to the appointment of Rabbi Sadka Bekhor Hussein. Culturally, it would prove a decisive moment when Chief Rabbi Shmuel Laniyado of Aleppo picked his protege for Baghdad. It is said he was accompanied by fifty

12046: 5014:

of 14 men, 9 of them Jews, who were accused of spying for Israel. Other suspected spies for Israel died under torture. After Baghdad Radio invited Iraqi citizens to "come and enjoy the feast", half a million people paraded and danced past the

4856:

compromise to enable the Iraqi Jews to leave gradually in a way that did not put as much pressure on Israel's absorptive capacity, but Said was adamant that the Jews had to leave as fast as possible. As a result, Israel increased the flights.

5181:, was restricted, as was contact with Jewish groups abroad. The Tweig Synagogue in Basra was preserved by the government until 1991, when situation deteriorated. It became in poor condition after the war and the uprisings in southern Iraq. 2688:

in the 3rd century CE. Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish population of the third to seventh centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period. The area became home to many important

4730:

in September 1948. The Jewish community's general sentiment was that if an assimilated and non-Zionist Jew as powerful and well-connected as Ades could be eliminated, other Jews would not be protected any longer. Additionally, like most

3866:, after obstinate resistance. Many Jews who had fled to Baghdad were slaughtered. Others escaped the city to Kurdistan and Syria. Many were not so fortunate, with one report mentioning 10,000 Jews killed in Mosul, Basra, and Husun Kifa. 12436: 4819:

was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as possible, and on August 21, 1950, he threatened to revoke the license of the company transporting the Jewish exodus if it did not fulfill its daily quota of 500 Jews.

3549:

The Sasanian period witnessed the flourishing of Jewish culture in Babylonia, and the beginning of a long period in which Babylonian Jewry took the lead in Jewish culture worldwide. A landmark in this process was the emigration of

3233:'s campaign, some accurate information concerning the Jews in the East reached the western world. Alexander's army contained numerous Jews who refused, from religious scruples, to take part in the reconstruction of the destroyed 3838:

Baghdad, reduced in importance, ravaged by wars and invasions, was eclipsed as the commercial and political centre of the Arab world. The Jewish community, shuttered out of political life, were reduced too and the status of the

5074:

assumed more power. In 1974, about 400 to 1,000 Jews still lived in Iraq. Most of them were living in Baghdad, with few in Basra, Mosul, Kirkuk and the Kurdistan Region. The remaining Jews were mostly notable figures such as

4978:

era when conditions improved and began to return to normal. As Qasim took power, the Jews were re-integrated into the society. Though Qasim, likewise other Arab leaders, maintained anti-Zionist and anti-Imperial stance.

12446: 2780:. The remainder of the Jewish population continued to dwindle in the ensuing decades; as of the 2020s, less than a handful of Jews still reside in Iraq. As of 2024, the total number of Jews living in Iraq number three. 3873:: "Baghdad is in ruins. It has no mosque, no congregation of believers, no call to prayer and no markets. Most of the date palms have withered. Most of the irrigation canals are blocked. It cannot be called a city." 8681: 4577: 2744:

The Iraqi Jewish community formed a homogeneous group, maintaining communal Jewish identity, culture and traditions. The Jews in Iraq distinguished themselves by the way they spoke in their old Arabic dialect,

12016: 3727:

included which a Jew, Isaac, took part. Like the Arabs, the Jews were zealous promoters of knowledge, and by translating Greek and Latin The caliph Al-Mu'tadhel (892–902) ranked the Jews as "state servants".

5104:. Though few of Jews returned to the country. However, the decree couldn't attracted large swath of Jews and became a failure. Few Jews also returned to Iraq from Israel, as their was discrimination against 6526: 5946: 8775: 4270:

covertly even after 1929, but in 1935 the last two Palestinian Jewish teachers were deported, and the president of the Zionist organization was put on trial and ultimately required to leave the country.

2725:, the Jews of Iraq fared better. The community established modern schools in the second half of the 19th century. Driven by persecution, which saw many of the leading Jewish families of Baghdad flee for 4315:

monarchist regime quickly implemented measures to prevent the outbreak of similar anti-Jewish violence and established a committee of enquiry on 7 June "to examine the facts and find who was culpable."

5255:

Among the American forces stationed in Iraq, there were only three Jewish chaplains. In 2011, a leaked US embassy cable named eight Jews left in Baghdad, one of whom, Emhad Levy, emigrated to Israel.

4823:

The available planes initially did not match the demand, and as a result many Jews had to wait for extended periods of time in Iraq while awaiting transport to Israel. These Jews, having already been

3379:. These events caused a wide dispersion of Jews in which many probably ended up in Babylonia. The Jews of Babylon would for the first time write prayers in a language other than Hebrew, such as the 12441: 5220:

Jews chose to emigrate; among them was Ezra Levy, Emad Levy's father. After the Ba'athist regime fell, the process of establishing a new democratic government began. During deliberations over the

11727: 4779:

With Iraqi Jews enduring oppression and being driven into destitution, the Iraqi Zionist underground began smuggling Jews out of Iraq to Israel starting in November 1948. Jews were smuggled into

4747:

acknowledged the bad treatment that the Jews had been victims of in Iraq during the recent months. He warned that unless Israel behaved itself, events might take place concerning the Iraqi Jews.

8594: 5221: 9477: 4163:. These were all led by leading Iraqi Jewish families such as the Sassoons, Ezras, Eliases, Gubbays and Judahs. These families were active sponsors of religious life and charity back in Iraq. 4692:

In September 1948, Jews were dismissed from the railways, the post office, the telegraph department, and the Finance Ministry on the ground that they were suspected of "sabotage and treason".

3600:, two successive leaders of the Babylonian Jewish community, around the year 520, though rougher copies had already been circulated to the Jews of the Byzantine Empire. Editorial work by the 12275: 12034: 5275:, seeking votes on Iraqi Jewish right of return to Iraq. Around 72% voted in favor. Most comments supported the return of Iraq's Jews in exchange for Palestinian refugees' right of return. 3484:

was written during this time and is a source of information for the political, religious, social, and linguistic facets of the empire. Under the Sasanians, Babylonia became the province of

4265:

propaganda. Despite protestations of their loyalty to Iraq, Iraqi Jews were increasingly subject to discrimination and anti-Jewish actions. In September 1934, following the appointment of

3217:

The continuity of Jewish culture in Babylonia across the centuries is indicated by certain names which appear among Babylonian Jews in Ezra-Nehemiah and centuries later among Babylonian

8184: 3364:

to Judaism. These instances show not only the tolerance, but the weakness of the Parthian kings. The Babylonian Jews wanted to fight in common cause with their Judean brethren against

2893:

and the country of Babylonia are not always clearly distinguished; in most cases, the same word is used in reference to both places. In some passages, the land of Babylonia is called

4799:" to bring as many of the Iraqi Jews as possible to Israel, and sent agents to Iraq to urge the Jews to register for immigration as soon as possible. Iraqi Jews mainly left Iraq for 3912:

times. It remains the case that most Jewish Iraqis are of indigenous Middle Eastern ancestry rather than migrants from Spain, as in the case of parts of North Africa and the Levant.

12051: 3264:. The last-named settled a large number of Babylonian Jews as colonists in his western dominions, with the view of checking certain revolutionary tendencies disturbing those lands. 3164:) shed light into the social lives of the deportees; certain sources seek to supply this deficiency from the realms of legend and tradition. Thus, the so-called "Small Chronicle" ( 4678:'s emissary to Iraq reported that "No attention is paid to the frightful manifestations of hostility around them, which place all Jews on the verge of a volcano about to erupt." 3518:'s mother was Jewish, and this gave the Jewish community a relative freedom of religion and many advantages. Shapur was also the friend of a Babylonian rabbi in the Talmud called 4035:. This brought the leading Jewish families of Baghdad, and with it, their Jewish practice into the network of Sephardic scribes and later printing presses established in Aleppo, 12165: 12160: 4878:

Iraqi Jews left behind them extensive property, often located in the heart of Iraq's major cities. A relatively high number found themselves in refugee camps in Israel known as

3658:

According to the rabbis, God created these two academies in order to ensure the fulfillment of the Biblical promise that the word of God would never depart from Israel's mouth (

3241:, 312 BCE, to whose extensive empire Babylonia belonged, was accepted by the Jews and Syrians for many centuries as the commencement of a new era for reckoning time, called the 12456: 8853: 8467: 5079:, who died in 1973 in Iraq. Though most had already fled, the remaining Jews were granted protection. Their religious and historic sites, synagogues, were likewise protected. 4705:

estimated that as a result of arrests, trials, and sequestration of property, the Iraqi treasury collected some 20 million dinars or the equivalent of 80 million U.S. dollars.

6467: 4656: 8685: 7387:

UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE, A/AC.25/SR/G/9, 19 February 1949, MEETING BETWEEN THE CONCILIATION COMMISSION AND NURI ES SAID, PRIME MINISTER OF IRAQ

10237: 6795: 6694: 6612: 9501:, Iraqi Jews who were stripped of their citizenship and their homes over the past half century may finally get a chance to reclaim them, By Sarah Sennott, Newsweek, MSNBC 3958:

After Dauod's death in 1851, Jewish involvement in commerce and politics increased, with religious influence also transforming. The Iraqi Jewish community introduced the

12011: 8776:

https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-12-17/ty-article/.premium/decades-after-fleeing-iraqi-jews-plan-to-return-to-their-homeland/0000017f-f968-dcea-a7ff-fdfa60530000

5144: 1218: 4923:, later smaller attacks were staged by Yosef Beit-Halahmi, on his own initiative, in an attempt to make it seem as if the activists on trial were not the perpetrators. 4241:, beginning in 1920, and in the early days after independence in 1932, well-educated Jews played an important role in civic life. Iraq's first minister of finance, Sir 3372:

that they made their hatred felt; so that it was in a great measure owing to the revolt of the Babylonian Jews that the Romans did not become masters of Babylonia too.

6847: 3566:), to Babylonia in 219 CE. The Jewish community of Babylonia was already learned, but Rav focused and organised their study. Leaving an existing Babylonian academy at 9534: 2960:), though the lack of a clear distinction between the city and the country is sometimes puzzling. Allusions to it are confined to the points of contact between the 5185:, a British-Iraqi Jewish entreprenuer, donated a large amount of money for the needies, when Iraq faced international sanctions, during the Gulf War. In 1997, the 3160:

The earliest accounts of the Jews exiled to Babylonia are furnished only by scanty biblical details, although a number of archaeological discoveries (such as the

11495: 6661:

For example, Iraqi Jews use the Tiberian vowel symbols and a form of the Sephardic pronunciation of Hebrew, somewhat influenced by the local Arabic dialect: see

4998:

to power in 1963, restrictions were placed on the remaining Iraqi Jews. Sale of property was banned, and Jews had to carry yellow identity cards. After the 1967

4257:

during anti-Zionist demonstrations, Zionist activities were banned and teachers from Palestine, who had taught Hebrew and Jewish history, were forced to leave.

3843:

and the Rabbis of the city diminished. Great numbers of Jews began to depart, seeking tranquility elsewhere in the Middle East beyond a now troubled frontier.

3497: 1796: 7373:

the general sentiment was chat if a man as well connected and powerful as Adas could he eliminated by the state, other Jews would not be protected any longer.

3819:

After the death of the great khan and the murder of his Jewish favorite, the Muslims fell upon the Jews, and Baghdad witnessed a regular battle between them.

3788:, or Rabbinic academies. Jews participated in commerce, artisanal labor and medicine. Under Mongol rule (1258–1335) Jewish physician Sa’ad Al-Dawla served as 6796:"The Jewish Community in Baghdad in the Eighteenth Century, Zvi Yehuda, Nehardea, Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center, 2003. - Center for Online Judaic Studies" 6695:"The Jewish Community in Baghdad in the Eighteenth Century, Zvi Yehuda, Nehardea, Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center, 2003. - Center for Online Judaic Studies" 3496:

generally maintained. The Jewish communities in Mesopotamia flourished, particularly in the fourth century CE, as a result of Shapur's tolerant rule and the

1451: 1146: 5224:, lawmakers debated whether Jews should be considered a minority group or left out of the constitution altogether. During the process, Iraqi-Israeli author 7716: 4811:

injuries and a few deaths. Two months before the expiration of the law, by which time about 85,000 Jews had registered, another bomb at the Masuda Shemtov

7692:, notes that Gat "argues that the attacks, which he presumes were the work of Iraqis of extreme nationalist persuasion, did not spur the exodus" (p. 67). 3966:

leading the community. The chief rabbi was also president of the community and was assisted by a lay council, a religious court, and a schools committee.

3408:. Thus, then, the numerous Jewish subjects were provided with a central authority which assured an undisturbed development of their own internal affairs. 1338: 11950: 10266: 4582: 6896: 5031:

to become increasingly prevalent in the Jewish community. Between 1970 and 1972, 18 Jews were hanged in secret. In April 1973, five members of a single

3468:

A new ruling family from an ancient dynasty of Iranian priests took control of the region around 223 CE and imposed a new system of government based on

3210:

During the Second Temple period two large Jewish communities developed in Mesopotamia: one in northern Mesopotamia who attributed their ancestry to the

10536: 2546: 9471: 9465: 12067: 6165: 4649: 3824: 310: 3892:

filled the vacuum, rendering the caravan trade all but impossible. Denied authority of any kind and severed from its historic trading ties with the

12079: 10150: 8032: 5166:

well. The Jews had their old businesses back, mainly in the import �export trade and hold jobs as teachers, doctors, enginners and civil servants.

1333: 7385: 7192: 4069:

and the situation of the Jews worsened, but the population continued to grow very rapidly. An example of this deterioration is the persecution of

3592:

The key work of these semi-competing academies was the compilation of the Babylonian Talmud (the discussions from these two cities), completed by

12515: 12360: 11440: 11135: 6187: 4740:

employees were driven into poverty and forced to become street peddlers to avoid being arrested for vagrancy. Jewish home values dropped by 80%.

1581: 8751: 8080: 5905: 9609: 4592: 4541: 2684:

The Jewish community of Babylonia rose to prominence as the center of Jewish scholarship following the decline of the Jewish population in the

5019:

where the men were hanged, which resulted in international criticism. An Iraqi Jew who later left wrote that the stress of persecution caused

3288:(174–136 BCE) subjugated, about the year 160, the province of Babylonia, and thus the Jews for four centuries came under Parthian domination. 12405: 11574: 11041: 5730:"In 1969, Saddam and his mentor, al-Bakr, staged a show-trial of nine Jewish Iraqis who were later hanged in public for 'spying for Israel'". 3387:– a harbinger of the many languages in which Jewish prayers in the diaspora would come to be written in, such as Greek, Arabic, and Turkish. 1835: 12039: 3708:

Ali made Kufa, in Iraq, his capital, and it was there that Jews expelled from the Arabian Peninsula went (about 641). The capture by Ali of

11850: 11151: 8535: 7512:

in mid September 1950, Nuri al-Said replaced...as prime minister. Nuri was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as...

6134: 5987: 5807: 5040: 4642: 4361: 9053: 6758: 4325: 820: 783: 5271:

welcomed and favored a Jewish "right of return" to Iraq. Following Sadr's remarks, an online poll was conducted on an Iraqi platform in

4910:

Jewish community and bring it to Israel". However, Gat argues that both claims are contrary to the evidence. As summarized by Mendes:

7760: 5191:

reported that in the previous five years, some 75 Jews had fled Iraq, of whom about 20 moved to Israel and the rest mostly went to the

4471: 3739:. This in turn led to greater wealth and international influence, as well as a more cosmopolitan outlook from Jewish thinkers such as 11910: 11630: 10154: 9522:, a documentary showing the history of Iraqi Jews from the 1940s to the 1960s as remembered by Iraqi Jews who lived there at the time 8826: 5862: 1759: 4681:

In 1948, the year of Israel's independence, there were about 150,000 Jews in Iraq. Persecution of Jews greatly increased that year:

12195: 10526: 7739: 5675: 1782: 8897: 12385: 11722: 11473: 4546: 3987: 1132: 9483: 4173:

Jewish traveller and scholar from Moldova, who conducted extensive journeys to visit even the most furthest flung Sephardic and

12400: 12305: 11769: 11618: 4476: 2539: 1709: 1644: 1526: 8735: 6720: 4011:

in which many of the Jews of Baghdad, including all the rabbis, died. The remaining Baghdad community asked the community of

3352:

How free a hand the Parthians permitted the Jews is perhaps best illustrated by the rise of the little Jewish robber-state in

11835: 11478: 11156: 9842: 9067: 8500: 8094:"In Iraq, respect for the Jews Baghdad: A tiny minority that has seen good days and bad is treated well under Saddam Hussein" 7848: 7535: 7505: 7453: 7366: 7321: 7176: 6546: 6425: 6365: 6083: 6005: 5966: 5783: 5739:"."A show trial culminated in the public hanging of twelve Jews on fabricated charges of spying for Israel in January 1969" 5605: 4919:

Many years later, the widow of the Zionist emissary Yehuda Tager stated that while the main bombings were carried out by the

4392: 3412:

Babylonia as well as locally. That said, the influence was to some extent mutual: a number of early notable rabbis including

830: 9820: 7241: 6851: 3986:

and Baghdad from the Persians, leading to an improvement in the life of the Jews. The Persian reconquest in 1623 during the

3295:

influence; the very name "Parthian" does not occur, unless "Parthian" is meant by "Persian", which occurs now and then. The

12410: 12112: 10278: 10185: 8669: 7064: 6219: 5389: 4708:

On December 2, 1948, the Iraq government suggested to oil companies operating in Iraq that no Jewish employees be accepted.

4587: 4507: 3472:

and local Iranian identity, which often suppressed dissident factions and heterodox views. It dominated the area until the

1268: 8723: 3995:

to India. Following this uptick in trade and security, Jewish communities began to be reestablished in Baghdad and Basra.

3504:'s remark – "dina demalchuta dina" (The law of the kingdom, the governing empire, must be upheld) reflects this attitude. 12355: 12320: 11665: 11433: 11120: 10180: 8813: 7838: 7685: 5630: 4369: 1536: 1353: 1343: 583: 6319: 5650: 3043:

stands preeminent in the Hebrew literature. With numerous important allusions to events in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar,

12245: 12240: 12135: 11985: 11759: 11065: 10531: 10447: 10170: 10135: 9602: 8879: 7788: 6906: 5177:

noted that there was no recent evidence of overt persecution of Jews. That said, international travel, particularly to

5157:

However, later the Jews agreed with Saddam, to keep the archive within the authority's protection, to preserve it. The

4902:, which was settled in an out-of-court compromise with an apology of the journalist who described the charges as true. 3712:, where 90,000 Jews are said to have dwelt, is mentioned by the Jewish chroniclers. Mar Isaac, chief of the academy of 1932: 1882: 1847: 1541: 1406: 1273: 8980: 5215:. The coalition forces bombed intelligence headquarters and founded Iraqi Jewish Archive. In the war's aftermath, the 4807:, from where they were airlifted to Israel, though for a time direct flights between Israel and Baghdad were allowed. 4755: 12365: 12340: 12255: 12235: 12185: 12155: 12145: 11732: 11606: 11321: 11244: 11034: 10575: 9288: 9246: 9193: 9167: 9115: 9089: 9057: 9040: 8451: 8394: 8128: 7562: 7272: 7074: 6933: 6876: 6831: 6730: 6646: 6389: 6050: 5174: 4698:

On October 19, 1948, the discharge of all Jewish officials and workers from all governmental departments was ordered.

4143:

speaking communities, following mostly Iraqi Jewish customs, would be formed along the so-called opium route between

3207:(fl. 480–440 BCE) returned from Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem (Ezra 7–10 and Nehemiah 8). 2532: 1624: 1586: 1561: 1481: 1466: 1313: 1253: 1208: 17: 11742: 6821: 5070:

Despite reports of persecution, by the 1970s, situation of the remaining Jews living in Iraq improved gradually, as

3608:(post-Talmudic rabbis), continued on this text's grammar for the next 250 years; much of the text did not reach its 12451: 12330: 12325: 12205: 11686: 11271: 11192: 10663: 10648: 10244: 10232: 9555: 4865: 4461: 3930: 1917: 1899: 1805: 1699: 1551: 1546: 1471: 1436: 1303: 3951:

appointed 10,000 Jewish officers in his government, as he valued the Baghdadi Jews. In contrast, Murad's governor

3794:, or assistant director of the financial administration of Baghdad, as well as Chief Vizier of the Mongol Empire. 2761:. In the 20th century, Iraqi Jews played an important role in the early days of Iraq's independence. According to 12395: 12345: 12300: 12280: 12270: 12170: 11812: 11764: 11752: 11747: 11623: 11579: 11554: 11110: 10521: 10507: 10259: 9909: 7289:

The Arab refugee problem: How it can be solved; proposals submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations

5834: 4615: 3445: 2848: 2840: 2690: 2435: 2334: 1889: 1872: 1825: 1724: 1634: 1571: 1521: 1501: 1496: 1416: 1390: 1365: 1243: 1233: 1223: 1203: 1198: 7713: 4906:

claimed in his trial that he was tortured into confessing, and Yosef Basri maintained his innocence throughout.

3648:

were considered the seats of diaspora learning; and the heads of these authorities were referred to later on as

3318:

Not long after this, the Partho-Babylonian country was trodden by the army of a Jewish prince. The Syrian king,

3187:

occupied an exalted position among their brethren in Babylonia, as they did at that period in Judea. During the

2657:, significant changes in Jewish religious tradition were made, and the Judeans were led by individuals who made 12530: 12370: 12285: 12265: 12150: 12140: 11840: 11791: 11708: 11681: 11584: 11569: 11426: 11171: 11100: 11070: 10125: 9486:

Iraq's recent hatred for Jews makes it an odd place to celebrate Passover for American GIs, By T. Trent Gegax,

8927:"Sadr welcomes return of Iraqi Jews - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012" 7166: 6923: 6866: 6070: 5571: 4531: 4486: 4466: 4445: 1908: 1894: 1862: 1842: 1810: 1754: 1729: 1704: 1684: 1674: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1629: 1619: 1614: 1591: 1506: 1491: 1411: 1370: 1323: 1318: 1238: 1183: 8926: 7094: 3771:

remarks, these Mongol tribes knew no distinction between heathens, Jews, and Christians; and their Great Khan

2783:

The religious and cultural traditions of Iraqi Jews are kept alive today in strong communities established by

12510: 12505: 12415: 12350: 12315: 12250: 12230: 12220: 12180: 11935: 11660: 11655: 11645: 11095: 11090: 9595: 8081:

https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/12/archives/iraqi-offer-to-let-jews-return-fails-to-stir-much-enthusiasm.html

5893: 3921: 3369: 2946: 2329: 1867: 1852: 1815: 1777: 1749: 1739: 1734: 1719: 1714: 1694: 1679: 1664: 1639: 1605: 1576: 1476: 1461: 1385: 1375: 1293: 1263: 1188: 1174: 9447: 9008: 8093: 7697: 4307:

around the same time, with the pogrom lasting for two days until June 2. Afterwards, Jewish emissaries from

3253: 12375: 12335: 12310: 12290: 12225: 12200: 12190: 12175: 12001: 11737: 11691: 11601: 11483: 11130: 11125: 11115: 11075: 11027: 10271: 9571: 9508: 6148: 5670: 5620: 5158: 4630: 4625: 3582: 3081: 1937: 1857: 1820: 1744: 1689: 1556: 1531: 1456: 1431: 1421: 1360: 1283: 1278: 1258: 1248: 1228: 1213: 1106: 810: 574: 569: 4795:

Israel was initially reluctant to absorb so many immigrants, but mounted an airlift in March 1951 called "

4293: 12295: 12260: 12210: 11716: 11105: 11080: 10585: 10548: 10480: 10249: 9403: 8271: 5685: 5660: 5108:. However, those Jews went back to Israel and were arrested by the Israeli authorities. According to the 4796: 4536: 3609: 3089: 2875: 2773: 1927: 1922: 1877: 1830: 1516: 1486: 1441: 1298: 604: 155: 7391: 7198: 6722:

The New Babylonian Diaspora: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Community in Iraq, 16th-20th Centuries C.E.

6638:

The New Babylonian Diaspora: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Community in Iraq, 16th-20th Centuries C.E.

6042:

The New Babylonian Diaspora: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Community in Iraq, 16th-20th Centuries C.E.

12006: 11967: 10998: 10673: 10653: 10495: 10485: 10475: 10175: 10165: 9944: 9661: 9656: 9328: 9107: 6110: 5600: 5240: 4891: 4205: 3808:(1284–1291), hated the Muslims and was friendly to Jews and Christians; his chief counselor was a Jew, 3376: 3346: 3300: 2973: 2634:", traces its origins to the early sixth century BCE, when a large number of Judeans from the defeated 2401: 2246: 1954: 1348: 544: 534: 270: 60: 8804:"Iraq's Jews fled long ago, heritage struggles on," AFP, (September 6, 2020). (Jewish Virtual Library) 8247: 4253:, was unable to renew it. Nevertheless, its activities were tolerated until 1929. In that year, after 3782:

Iraq's Jewish community reached an apex in the 12th century, with 40,000 Jews, 28 synagogues, and ten

2938: 11945: 11640: 11613: 11366: 10625: 10470: 10040: 9835: 9394: 9339: 9185: 9159: 8574: 8556: 7642: 6674: 6533:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805, 5953:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805, 5625: 5515: 5056: 4939: 4419: 4345: 4132: 4078: 4020:

families from Aleppo. Many of them were Rabbis who were to sit on the Beth Din of Baghdad and Basra.

3541:, were not exposed to such general discrimination as broke out against the more isolated Christians. 3473: 3117: 3013: 2930: 2769: 2710: 2515: 2208: 2059: 2000: 891: 5059:, it helped them to emigrate. While many emigrated to Israel, others moved elsewhere, primarily the 4043:

shows a great number of books purchased from Sephardic scribes and some even originally from Spain.

3109: 3001: 12127: 12105: 11356: 10712: 10683: 10327: 9310: 7671:(London: Frank Cass, 1997), p. 187f; and "Between Terror and Emigration: The Case of Iraqi Jewry," 5665: 5216: 5092:. It stated about allowing the expelled Jews returning to Iraq, who would enjoy full rights as the 4675: 4311:

were sent to teach Iraqi Jews self-defense, which they were eager to learn. The newly restored pro-

4052: 3979: 3510:(Shvor Malka, which is the Aramaic form of the name) was a friend to the Jews. His friendship with 3285: 3133:(537 BCE), and more than forty thousand are said to have availed themselves of the privilege. (See 3036: 3032: 3020: 2977: 2776:. Historians estimate that 120,000–130,000 Iraqi Jews (around 75% of the entire community) reached 2218: 2198: 1308: 788: 329: 11786: 7897: 6755: 3248:

The important victory which the Jews are said to have gained over the Galatians in Babylonia (see

12525: 11975: 11774: 11675: 11397: 11306: 11249: 11229: 10940: 10688: 10352: 10085: 9436: 9418: 7958: 7744: 4695:

On October 8, 1948, the issuance of export and import licenses to Jewish merchants was forbidden.

3384: 2952:

In the historical books, Babylonia is frequently referred to (there are no fewer than thirty-one

2359: 2349: 2314: 2193: 2183: 1966: 1137: 1079: 913: 592: 549: 264: 8543: 6320:"52 Iraqi Jews Were Killed By The Secret Police. 50 Years Later, Their Descendants Come Forward" 5991: 3271:(168 BCE) appear to have been limited to Judea, and likely were not imposed on Babylonian Jews. 3229:

Information regarding the early period of Jewish history in Iraq is extremely limited. But with

11878: 11402: 11301: 10643: 10502: 10372: 10347: 10217: 9969: 9543: 9012: 6245: 5109: 4598: 4551: 4312: 4166: 4140: 4136: 4070: 3952: 3399: 3009: 2478: 2213: 2127: 1193: 745: 364: 334: 8956: 8441: 8384: 8118: 7443: 7311: 7262: 6040: 4689:

On August 28, 1948, Jews were forbidden to engage in banking or foreign currency transactions.

11868: 11845: 11801: 11166: 11008: 10747: 10615: 10227: 10100: 10079: 9999: 9959: 9850: 9453: 9280: 9032: 8634: 8350: 7552: 7018: 6270: 6075: 5774: 5581: 5576: 5256: 5212: 5149: 5132: 5039:, ostensibly in retaliation for an Israeli assassination of a Palestinian leader. In 1970, a 5011: 5010:

In late 1968, scores of Jews were jailed on charges of spying for Israel, culminating in the

4964: 4722:

The greatest shock to the Jewish community came with the arrest and execution of businessman

4716: 4715:

Following the Israeli Declaration of Independence and Iraq's subsequent participation in the

4286: 4096:

was said to be entirely in the hands of the Jewish community. Though Jewish traders from the

3755:

region, contributing to the spread of Babylonian Jewish customs throughout the Jewish world.

3735:

land tax, which led to mass migration of Babylonian Jews from the countryside to cities like

3421: 3319: 3307:) of Alexander. Among other Asiatic princes, the Roman rescript in favor of the Jews reached 3071: 2969: 2836: 2643: 2369: 2364: 2309: 2097: 1012: 740: 727: 622: 339: 8386:

They Say We Are Infidels: On the Run from ISIS with Persecuted Christians in the Middle East

7983: 6592: 5047:

and Kurds, granting autonomy to them. As a result, Jews escaped the country by traveling to

3888:

systems collapsed, seeing precious farmland in the delta region sink below water. Rapacious

3869:

The ruins of Baghdad after Timur's conquests was described in 1437 by the Muslim chronicler

10842: 10724: 10658: 10620: 10516: 10442: 10437: 10362: 10210: 9828: 9804: 9651: 9618: 9217: 8736:

https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/vicar-s-plea-to-save-torah-scroll-of-iraq-s-last-jews-1.33767

6342: 5615: 5610: 5359: 5263: 5101: 4254: 4073:, which began in 1814 and lasted until 1831. Many leaders of the Jewish community, such as 3720: 3101: 3057: 2784: 2765:, they were deeply integrated into the wider Iraqi society, culturally and linguistically. 2674: 2639: 2610: 2440: 2392: 2132: 1990: 803: 668: 657: 615: 72: 9504: 6580: 8: 12520: 12425: 12098: 11589: 11224: 10784: 10742: 10668: 10543: 10465: 9994: 9964: 9949: 9741: 9639: 9458: 8831: 8599: 7246: 5867: 5036: 4899: 4491: 4481: 4333:

taken against all Jews in Arab countries. He would be unable to resist such a proposal."

4308: 3429: 3257: 3230: 3097: 2651: 2493: 2188: 866: 733: 636: 629: 559: 447: 322: 141: 9442: 3326:, against the Parthians. When the allied armies defeated the Parthians (129 BCE) at the 10915: 10910: 10895: 10857: 10832: 10769: 10630: 10565: 10200: 10009: 9924: 9644: 9424: 9274: 9232: 9081: 8579: 8185:"New report urges 'urgent' action to preserve remaining Jewish sites in Syria and Iraq" 8036: 7194:

U.N General Assembly, A/PV.126,28 November 1947, discussion on the Palestinian question

6670: 5635: 5521: 5383: 5302: 5187: 5097: 4975: 4971: 4920: 4768: 4559: 4424: 3571: 3511: 3501: 2985: 2344: 2294: 2241: 2236: 2150: 2020: 1288: 1117: 876: 796: 650: 216: 150: 11701: 10757: 9519: 7049:

Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther (2009). "Jews in Iraq and Zionism." In M. A. Ehrlich (Ed.),

3880:

tribesmen who were unable to establish a government of any kind. Ravaged by conquest,

3846:

Mongolian fury once again devastated the localities inhabited by Jews, when, in 1393,

3039:). In the number and importance of its references to Babylonian life and history, the 2831:

What Jewish sources called "Babylon" and "Babylonia" may refer to the ancient city of

12480: 12072: 11957: 11883: 11563: 10984: 10935: 10900: 10737: 10678: 10580: 10490: 10460: 10455: 10322: 10317: 10301: 10190: 10130: 10050: 10045: 9954: 9736: 9731: 9580: 9284: 9242: 9189: 9163: 9129: 9111: 9085: 9063: 9036: 8447: 8390: 8124: 7844: 7740:"Avi Shlaim says he has 'proof of Zionist involvement' in 1950s attack on Iraqi Jews" 7643:

The Forgotten Refugees: the Causes of the Post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries

7558: 7531: 7501: 7449: 7362: 7317: 7268: 7172: 7070: 6929: 6902: 6872: 6827: 6726: 6642: 6542: 6421: 6385: 6361: 6195: 6157: 6096: 6079: 6046: 5962: 5779: 5765: 5140: 5093: 4991: 4222: 4074: 4040: 4028: 4024: 3809: 3744: 3625: 3624:(the "Babylonian Talmud"). Jewish tradition to this day overwhelmingly relies on the 3617: 3586: 3581:

Their relationship can be compared to that between the Jerusalemite academies of the

3481: 3449: 3392: 3357: 3161: 3153: 3122: 3061: 2706: 2698: 2488: 2430: 2410: 2227: 1787: 1426: 886: 757: 687: 564: 477: 344: 8652: 3884:

fell into lawlessness and became close to uninhabitable. Roads became dangerous and

2619:. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant 11860: 11161: 10827: 10762: 10752: 10426: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10337: 10312: 9626: 6978: 6949: 6534: 6478: 5954: 5680: 5423: 5377: 5365: 5044: 4987: 4824: 4517: 4250: 4082: 4017: 4008: 3629: 3413: 3238: 3234: 3188: 3165: 3085: 3077: 3040: 2993: 2965: 2730: 2694: 2635: 2458: 2339: 2299: 2263: 1961: 1511: 1022: 778: 682: 597: 487: 279: 9498: 8682:"The Last Four Jews of Iraq the last representatives of a community 30 March 2021" 8508: 6538: 6013: 5958: 4951: 3533:

and Jews at first seemed at a disadvantage, especially under Sasanian high-priest

11940: 11873: 11594: 11488: 11333: 11294: 11187: 10925: 10890: 10779: 10774: 10693: 10604: 10342: 10195: 10107: 10095: 10019: 10014: 10004: 9939: 9914: 9899: 9886: 9874: 9809: 9666: 9559: 9398: 9294: 9252: 8615: 7720: 7645:." Paper presented at the 14th Jewish Studies Conference, Melbourne, March 2002. 7525: 7495: 7356: 6762: 6636: 6355: 5645: 5503: 5499: 5463: 5443: 5342: 5268: 5228:, a supporter of Saddam, was also invited to write the new constitution of Iraq. 5048: 4995: 4840: 4512: 4341: 4266: 4187: 4135:

and many of the other leading Jewish families in Baghdad fled the persecution of

3477: 3455: 3280: 3211: 3126: 3019:

In the poetical literature of Israel, Babylonia plays an insignificant part (see

2997: 2906: 2871: 2754: 2681:, scholars believe the community was still thriving and prospering at that time. 2596: 2564: 2420: 2379: 2374: 2354: 2276: 2270: 2203: 2155: 1995: 1976: 1127: 856: 768: 751: 295: 64: 11927: 11898: 11888: 11807: 11458: 11449: 11328: 10905: 10880: 10160: 10090: 9413: 8595:"The Iraqi Jewish archive: Should the U.S. send it back? - The Washington Post" 8561: 8248:"U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1993 - Iraq" 8050: 6678: 6662: 6417:

Judeans in Babylonia: A Study of Deportees in the Sixth and Fifth Centuries BCE

5690: 5548: 5338: 5236: 5192: 5113: 5080: 5071: 5060: 4785: 4397: 4242: 4238: 4127:

This was the beginning of primarily Iraqi Jewish diaspora in Asia known as the

4112:

saw many Jews from Iraq establish themselves permanently in India, at first in

4105: 3538: 3469: 3417: 3335: 3331: 3130: 3105: 3065: 3028: 3005: 2981: 2957: 2934: 2879: 2800: 2722: 2685: 2647: 2520: 2319: 2174: 2054: 2033: 2010: 2005: 1983: 1971: 1566: 1047: 981: 946: 924: 861: 699: 677: 539: 518: 494: 260: 242: 188: 184: 56: 12090: 3743:, who now deeply engaged with Western philosophy for the first time. When the 3659: 12499: 12474: 11779: 11696: 11543: 11536: 11371: 11311: 11289: 11256: 11239: 11214: 11209: 11197: 10978: 10930: 10920: 10885: 10837: 10814: 10789: 10553: 10382: 10377: 10254: 10055: 9904: 9788: 9751: 9634: 9480:

The story of the Iraqi Jews told through the life of the author's grandmother

9270: 9029:

The Sephardim of Sydney: Coping with Political Processes and Social Pressures

8415: 7765: 6666: 6665:. The previous Babylonian system was quite different, being more akin to the 6608: 6527:"The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE" 6199: 6161: 5947:"The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE" 5655: 5586: 5487: 5457: 5429: 5371: 5055:

with the help of Kurdish smugglers. Since Iraqi Kurds was given autonomy and

5052: 5032: 5024: 4983: 4407: 4337: 4200: 4128: 3764: 3752: 3261: 2820: 2738: 2654: 2468: 2463: 1669: 1596: 1122: 971: 966: 961: 951: 929: 881: 643: 482: 387: 349: 300: 68: 9514: 7898:"Baghdad hangings: When Jews were snatched and accused of spying for Israel" 6753:. Issue 73, p. 11. Abridged from Zvi Yehuda's article of the same title, in 6188:"Iraq-born refugee could become first Arabic speaker to head Britain's Jews" 4217: 3168:) endeavors to preserve historic continuity by providing a genealogy of the 2729:, and expanding trade with British colonies, the Jews of Iraq established a 11905: 11361: 11266: 11204: 11050: 10804: 10570: 10367: 10075: 10070: 10060: 9894: 9778: 9746: 9298: 9256: 6613:

Baghdad in the West: Migration and the Making of Medieval Jewish Traditions

6451: 5791:

and 1951, and that 6,000 still remained in Iraq after the mass immigration.

5769: 5640: 5527: 5493: 5475: 5469: 5451: 5417: 5401: 5395: 5225: 5182: 5084: 5076: 4879: 4872: 4864:

had been falsely charged with throwing a bomb at the Baghdad office of the

4816: 4772: 4744: 4402: 4329: 4183: 4174: 4101: 3963: 3775:

showed himself just toward the Jews who served in his army, as reported by

3768: 3740: 3709: 3694: 3575: 3559: 3519: 3268: 3249: 3242: 3191:, these Judean descendants of the royal house had immigrated to Babylonia. 3184: 2989: 2918: 2847:(the region between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers) where a number of 2746: 2702: 2498: 2324: 2165: 2160: 2118: 2071: 1165: 1032: 1017: 976: 941: 554: 396: 200: 196: 192: 6531:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

6490: 5951:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

3926: 12484: 11650: 11418: 10988: 10950: 10799: 10635: 10560: 10357: 9919: 9724: 9709: 9408: 9238: 9151: 8710: 8329: 8312: 8295: 8225: 8208: 8166: 8144: 6746: 5778:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 16. 5562: 5481: 5407: 5347: 5196: 4999: 4732: 4723: 4522: 4434: 4429: 4290: 4109: 4097: 3975: 3893: 3772: 3724: 3713: 3637: 3551: 3428:("Netzivin") was such a center of rabbinic scholarship that figures like 3404: 3342: 3312: 3183:

returned to Judea in the Greek period. Certainly, the descendants of the

2898: 2844: 2718: 2627: 2483: 2425: 2090: 996: 991: 986: 956: 204: 11515: 6501: 6415: 3662:). The periods of Jewish history immediately following the close of the 3203:

Subsequently, successive waves of Babylonian Jews emigrated to Israel.

2749:; the way they dressed; observation of Jewish rituals, for example, the 11915: 11635: 11529: 11261: 10065: 9587: 9563: 9550: 8827:"On Passover 2021, Iraq's Jewish community dwindles to fewer than five" 8440:

Hann, Geoff; Dabrowska, Karen; Townsend-Greaves, Tina (7 August 2015).

7554:

Living the Luxe Life: The Secrets of Building a Successful Hotel Empire

6066: 5863:"On Passover 2021, Iraq's Jewish community dwindles to fewer than five" 5509: 5435: 5353: 5313: 5295: 5117: 5028: 4927: 4377: 3885: 3870: 3776: 3690: 3526: 3323: 3180: 3093: 2961: 2925:

are located – cities that are declared to have formed the beginning of

2796: 2762: 2673:. Though not much is known about the community in Babylonia during the 2662: 2141: 1155: 1084: 1042: 871: 851: 410: 317: 237: 50: 11019: 7873: 7118:

Cohen, Hayyim J. (1966). "The Anti-Jewish 'Farhud' in Baghdad, 1941."

5247:

In October 2006, Rabbi Emad Levy announced that he planned to move to

3876:

After the death of Timur, the region fell into the hands of marauding

3628:, composed by Babylonian scholars during this period, rather than the 11508: 11316: 11219: 10875: 10847: 10794: 10332: 10024: 9984: 9693: 9688: 9683: 8914: 8787: 8475: 7709: 5700: 5162: 5121: 5105: 5064: 5016: 4956: 4835: 4812: 4759:

Iraqi Jews arriving in Israel on a flight from Cyprus, September 1950

4170: 4156: 4152: 4077:, were forced to flee. One of the foremost leaders of the community, 4027:

mode of observance. Jewish culture revived, with communal leaders as

3955:

was cruel and was responsible for the emigration of many Iraqi Jews.

3645: 3597: 3530: 3515: 3489: 3485: 3365: 3327: 3134: 3024: 2812: 2808: 2792: 2788: 2714: 2631: 2304: 2289: 1379: 1327: 1089: 1037: 1027: 708: 704: 694: 609: 369: 11381: 9505:

Guide to the Robert Shasha Collection of Iraqi Jewish Oral Histories

6599:. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. Online version. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 5127: 4273: 3214:, and one in central Mesopotamia associated with the Judean exiles. 3084:

in three waves. These three separate occasions are mentioned in the

1057: 11501: 11467: 11338: 10392: 10222: 10205: 9979: 9974: 9678: 9488: 9371: 9134: 8008:"واشنطن "تتلاعب" بموعد تسليم "الكنز".. أين أرشيف العراقيين اليهود؟" 7098: 7097:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 5594: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5272: 5231: 5170: 5153: 4671: 4160: 3948: 3934: 3897: 3877: 3840: 3820: 3784: 3751:

declined in the 10th century, many Babylonian Jews migrated to the

3641: 3601: 3593: 3567: 3507: 3463: 3361: 3353: 3304: 3173: 3169: 3142: 3113: 3096:

in 597 BCE, when, in retaliation for a refusal to pay tribute, the

3044: 2953: 2942: 2670: 2473: 2083: 2015: 846: 354: 305: 7959:"Few Remain of Iraq's Once-Thriving Jewish Community - 2003-05-07" 5450:

channel by the same name. The Klein family is of mixed Libyan and

4763: 4344:, New York, on Friday, 28 November 1947, Iraq's Foreign Minister, 4039:

and Salonica. Surviving records of the contents of the library of

3620:(the discussions at and around these academies) together form the 3303:, is mentioned in the "Small Chronicle" as one of the successors ( 3148: 11893: 11522: 11376: 10852: 10809: 9989: 9934: 9783: 9766: 9761: 9719: 9180:

Simon, Reeva S.; Laskier, Michael Menachem; Reguer, Sara (2013).

9078:

Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems

8880:"Hundreds of Hanukkah kits sent to Jews living in Arab countries" 8711:"American Soldiers in Iraq Enlist in a Different Kind of Service" 8504: 7725: 7034:

Between Iran and Zion: Jewish Histories of Twentieth-Century Iran

6576: 6354:

Hasegawa, Shuichi; Levin, Christoph; Radner, Karen, eds. (2018).

5889: 5887: 5885: 5839: 5447: 5289: 5285: 5262:

Despite Jewish protests, the United States opted to transfer the

5200: 5199:. The community's only ordained rabbi died in 1996, and the last 4944: 4815:

killed 3 or 5 Jews and injured many others. Iraqi Prime Minister

4414: 4303: 4226: 4117: 4036: 3889: 3801: 3763:

The Caliphate hastened to its end before the rising power of the

3748: 3736: 3613: 3563: 3555: 3544: 3459: 3425: 3380: 3308: 3296: 3292: 3218: 2910: 2902: 2890: 2867: 2863: 2832: 2804: 2758: 2750: 2678: 2646:. A few decades later, some had returned to Judah, following the 2449: 2415: 2284: 2078: 1067: 1062: 934: 825: 720: 716: 712: 461: 456: 433: 415: 290: 285: 275: 253: 228: 172: 3616:, which had been completed in the early 3rd century CE, and the 12047:

Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

10732: 10387: 9756: 9714: 7445:

No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation

7313:

No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation

6747:

Ties between the Jews of Aleppo and of Iraq in the 18th century

5695: 5439: 5413: 5248: 5178: 5089: 5020: 4960: 4800: 4620: 4455: 4298: 4278: 4229:. The area was inhabited by Iraqi Jews who appear in the photo. 4121: 4032: 4012: 3983: 3978:

and Iraq came into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, when Sultan

3909: 3905: 3863: 3828: 3805: 3797: 3732: 3716:, paid homage to the caliph, and received privileges from him. 3702: 3698: 3680: 3663: 3650: 3537:; but the Jews, dwelling in more compact masses in cities like 3534: 3424:

had ancestry in Babylonia or further east. In the 2nd century,

3330:(Lycus), the king ordered a halt of two days on account of the 2926: 2922: 2894: 2852: 2816: 2777: 2658: 2620: 2109: 2104: 2064: 2049: 1160: 1052: 472: 438: 424: 359: 137: 104: 9104:

Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries

7761:"A shocking claim about the Baghdad bombings of 1950 and 1951" 7066:

The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq

7000: 6998: 5934:] (in Hebrew). הוצאת האוניברסיטה הפתוחה. pp. 176–179. 5882: 5835:"With Jews largely gone from Iraq, memories survive in Israel" 11817: 10945: 9929: 9493: 8468:"Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post" 8439: 7242:"The expulsion that backfired: When Iraq kicked out its Jews" 6512: 6006:""Conference asks: Iraqi Israeli, Arab Jew or Mizrahi Jew?", 5590: 5318: 4727: 4148: 4144: 4113: 4093: 4086: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3686: 2914: 2886: 2726: 1072: 501: 405: 374: 9430: 9182:

The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times

8663: 7789:"Memories of the 1958 Iraqi revolution - Point of No Return" 7022:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd edition. p. 41. 6823:

Rites of Return: Diaspora Poetics and the Politics of Memory

6220:"Lost history: understanding the unseen story of Iraqi Jews" 4023:

This led to an assimilation of Iraqi Judaism to the general

3395:

no doubt added to the number of Jewish refugees in Babylon.

11980: 11407: 10140: 10117: 9860: 9854: 8898:"iraq-passes-law-contact-with-israel-punishable-with-death" 8854:"Israel Police Uncover Ancient Sefer Torah In Arab Village" 7441: 7409: 7309: 7053:(Vol. 2, pp. 771-776). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 771. 6995: 4898:

The affair has also been the subject of a libel lawsuit by

4804: 4780: 4262: 3881: 3204: 3138: 3004:), though the retrospect still deals with the conquests of 2734: 2666: 224: 122: 8981:"A Story of Successful Absorption : Aliyah from Iraq" 5410:, translator (best known for his translation of the Koran) 3360:). Still more remarkable is the conversion of the king of 3051: 9391: 8645: 8057:, Stanford University Press, pp. 183–228, 2020-12-31 6756:

Nehardea: Journal of the Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center

9466:

Iraqi Jews in Israel: Two Iraqi Jewish Museums in Israel

9354:

Last Days in Babylon: The History of the Jews of Baghdad

8120:

Iraq then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People

7939: 7493: 7437: 7435: 7433: 6848:"Religion ||| sotheby's n09239lot7p38xen" 5211:

The last active synagogue closed a few weeks before the

4031:

being renown for his work as an astronomer, library and

3731:

In the 7th century, the new Muslim rulers institute the

3035:), though at that time it still seemed a "far country" ( 3027:), but it fills a very large place in the Prophets. The 8884:

Israel365 News | Latest News. Biblical Perspective

7045: 7043: 6925:

Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era

5806:

Glanz, James; Garshowitz, Irit Pazner (27 April 2016).

3900:, the ancient city of Baghdad had become a minor town. 9409:

Iraqi Jews who left Baghdad during the 1960s and 1970s

8814:

Synagogue at Ezeliels Tomb dismantled October 20, 2020

8752:"The Jewish Community of Iraq - History and Influence" 5906:"The Jewish Community of Iraq - History and Influence" 5124:

created fear among the Jews, like rest of the Iraqis.

5005: 9535:

Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs – The Iraqi Connection

9336:

The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland

9156:

The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland

7497:

Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s

7430: 7303: 4092:

By the early 19th century, trade between Baghdad and

3315:

15:22); it is not, however, specified which Arsaces.

8626: 8051:"6. An End? Iraqi Jews and the Iraqi State, 1946–51" 7487: 7040: 5764:

Ben-Yaacob, Abraham; et al. (2007). "Iraq". In

5538: 4104:

since antiquity, the deteriorating situation in the

3789: 3697:

after the conquests of the 630s were the poll-tax ("

3076:

During the 6th century BCE, the Jews of the ancient

2604: 2573: 2088: 2069: 492: 6353: 6294: 5808:"In Israel, Iraqi Jews Reflect on Baghdad Heritage" 4319: 9472:A Story of Successful Absorption: Aliyah from Iraq 9179: 7415: 7378: 7036:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 34. 7004: 6147: 5854: 3476:in the seventh century CE and became known as the 3221:, but never in Judean sources, such as Shereviah. 9231:Haddad, Heskel M.; Rosenteur, Phyllis I. (1986). 7527:New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq 7358:New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq 7146: 6868:Almost Englishmen: Baghdadi Jews in British Burma 6820:Hirsch, Marianne; Miller, Nancy K. (2011-11-22). 6360:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1. 5057:Pahlavi Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel 3514:gained many advantages for the Jewish community. 2826: 12497: 7927: 7442:Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). 7310:Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). 6979:"EIGHT YEARSI NASIA AND AFRICAFROM 1846 TO 1855" 6950:"EIGHT YEARSI NASIA AND AFRICAFROM 1846 TO 1855" 6382:The Assyrian Exile: Israel's Legacy in Captivity 6185: 4986:increased during the rule of the Arif brothers ( 12120: 9230: 7517: 5805: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7480: 7478: 7348: 5829: 5827: 5589:(Jews of Iraqi origin who are now resident in 4750: 4302:("violent dispossession") pogrom broke out in 3545:Babylonian academies and the Babylonian Talmud 3377:Jerusalem and the Second Temple were destroyed 2909:, Babylonia is described as the land in which 12106: 11434: 11035: 9836: 9603: 9427:Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 9361:Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew 8670:Sitt Marcelle dies, leaving four Jews in Iraq 8116: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7236: 7234: 6525:Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 5945:Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 5035:were killed on the orders of the head of the 4934: 4885: 4650: 3299:prince Sanatroces, of the royal house of the 2540: 71:immediately to his left. The tycoon, Senator 11851:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 11152:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 9149: 8344: 8342: 7945: 7667:Mendes cites two references from Moshe Gat: 7523: 7448:. Columbia University Press. pp. 365–. 7354: 7316:. Columbia University Press. pp. 237–. 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 6819: 4108:and the rise of commercial opportunities in 3632:composed in the same period in the Galilee. 39: 9478:The Last Days in Babylon by Marina Benjamin 8443:Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan 8330:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8313:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8296:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8226:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8209:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8167:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8145:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 7550: 7475: 5824: 4326:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 3962:, or Chief Rabbinate, in 1849, with Hakham 2580: 784:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 12113: 12099: 11448: 11441: 11427: 11042: 11028: 9843: 9829: 9610: 9596: 8422: 7915: 7836: 7805: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7530:. Stanford University Press. p. 277. 7494:Esther Meir-Glitzenstein (2 August 2004). 7134: 5763: 5088:In November 1975, the government issued a 4657: 4643: 4051:typically high-class families such as the 3116:—who had been enthroned by Nebuchadnezzar— 2547: 2533: 49: 10151:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 9439:(mostly Hebrew, with links to recordings) 9075: 8957:"Iraqis want their Jewish neighbors back" 8632: 8613: 8348: 8339: 7933: 7637: 7635: 7608:Morris and Black, p. 93; Gat, p. 186–187. 7551:Bego, Mark; Harkham, Efrem (7 May 2019). 7361:. Stanford University Press. p. 90. 7211: 7087: 7031: 6456:The Jews of Babylonia in the Talmudic Era 4926:In Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew, 3432:could consider traveling there to study. 2858: 2721:eventually led to its decline. Under the 9975:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 9617: 8954: 8915:Point of No return Jewish population map 8635:"The last Jew who made aliyah from Iraq" 8575:"Baghdad Jews have become a fearful few" 8351:"The last Jew who made aliyah from Iraq" 8161: 8159: 8157: 7786: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6890: 6888: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6689: 6687: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 5676:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East 5230: 5126: 4950: 4938: 4843:to help his Zacho, Iraq, community, 1951 4839:Rabbi Moshe Gabai petitioning President 4834: 4762: 4754: 4272: 4216: 4199: 3925: 3176:. Jeconiah himself is made an exilarch. 3147: 75:is seated on the far right of this shot. 11049: 9421:Thinktorah.org by Rabbi Menachem Levine 9379:When the Grey Beetles took over Baghdad 8091: 7758: 7641:Mendes, Philip (posted 5 March 2007). " 7571: 7260: 7164: 6894: 6751:The Scribe: Journal of Babylonian Jewry 6413: 6317: 6034: 6032: 6030: 5980: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5122:anti-Zionist and authoritarian policies 3969: 3823:also had a Jewish minister of finance, 3112:). After eleven years, in the reign of 3052:Babylonian captivity and return to Zion 3031:resounds with the "burden of Babylon" ( 14: 12516:History of the Jews in the Middle East 12498: 9419:Babylonian Jewry and the Rise of Islam 9318:The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times 9279:. Translated by Ina Friedman. London: 9269: 9225:The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951 9127: 9059:The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951 8950: 8948: 8946: 8746: 8744: 8705: 8703: 8557:Baghdad Jews Have Become a Fearful Few 8495: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8428: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8117:Dabrowska, Karen; Hann, Geoff (2008). 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7632: 7062: 6921: 6864: 6718: 6634: 6357:The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel 6038: 5392:, Lord Mayor of London and businessman 5350:, television executive and broadcaster 5100:panned the decree, by calling it as a 4882:before being given permanent housing. 3832:chronicler Abbas al-’Azzawi recorded: 3674: 3492:, becoming the capital of the Empire. 3102:number of the leading citizens removed 12094: 11836:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 11422: 11157:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 11023: 10710: 10602: 10424: 10299: 9872: 9824: 9591: 9130:"Iraq Jews' spiritual move to Israel" 9101: 8824: 8322: 8305: 8288: 8218: 8201: 8154: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7669:The Jewish Exodus from Iraq 1948–1951 7264:Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood 7140: 6966: 6885: 6769: 6684: 6617: 6524: 6434: 6243: 6145: 6097:"Israelis from Iraq remember Babylon" 6072:Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew, 5944: 5925: 5860: 5606:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 5301:Shmuel Yarchina'ah, "Mar Samuel", or 5206: 5116:in Iraq took place in 1978; the last 4393:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 4063: 4002: 3804:, embraced Islam, but his successor, 3291:Jewish sources contain no mention of 3224: 2713:and Islamic discrimination under the 2609:) is documented from the time of the 11004: 10946:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 9026: 9006: 8501:"Baghdad's last rabbi to leave Iraq" 8382: 8137: 7921: 7688:Iraqi Jews: A History of Mass Exodus 7588: 6268: 6135:Point of No return 28 Setpember 2024 6027: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5794: 5390:Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted 4871:According to Palestinian politician 4348:, included the following statement: 4338:United Nations General Assembly Hall 4212: 3498:Christianization of the Roman Empire 3237:temple in Babylon. The accession of 3194: 91:Regions with significant populations 12035:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies 10994: 9320:(Jewish Publication Society, 1991). 9052: 8943: 8741: 8700: 8633:Pohoryles, Yaniv (April 19, 2018). 8614:Rosenberg, David (March 13, 2016). 8482: 8403: 8367: 8235: 8067: 8033:"IRAQI JEWS LEAVE IN A STEADY FLOW" 7773: 7675:7(1), p. 1–24, specifically, p. 20. 7152: 7051:Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora 6299:Iraqi Jewish Association Of Ontario 6271:"Singapore, a tiny heaven for Jews" 6149:"Remembering the last Jews of Iraq" 6099:. May 7, 2007 – via BBC News. 5631:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 5512:, scholar, linguist, and researcher 5006:Ba'athism and Saddam-era: 1968–2003 4370:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 4255:conflict and bloodshed in Palestine 2870:, originated from Mesopotamia. The 2600: 2568: 40: 24: 11986:Sephardim and Oriental Communities 9515:Personal Stories of Jews from Iraq 9392:Iraqi Jews Community By Kobi Arami 9206: 8616:"Living in fear: Iraq's last Jews" 7857: 7524:Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). 7355:Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). 5518:, merchant, and the Sassoon family 5161:of Baghdad was built in Baghdad's 4277:Mass grave for the victims of the 3974:After various changes of fortune, 3439: 3341:In 40 BCE the Jewish puppet-king, 3274: 3179:The "Small Chronicle" states that 86:156,000 (residing in Iraq in 1947) 25: 12542: 11322:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect) 9385: 8272:"basra synagogue - Google Search" 8182: 8092:LoLordo, Ann (13 November 1998). 7171:. Archive Editions. p. 591. 7165:Burdett, Anita L.P., ed. (1995). 5912: 5404:, entrepreneur and philanthropist 4963:to the nine Jews executed in the 3436:shifted to the center and south. 575:Historical population comparisons 12479: 12470: 12469: 11003: 10993: 10983: 10974: 10973: 10279:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 9853: 9414:Foundation for Sephardic Culture 9128:Murphy, Verity (July 29, 2003). 8973: 8919: 8908: 8890: 8872: 8846: 8818: 8807: 8798: 8780: 8769: 8728: 8717: 8674: 8607: 8587: 8567: 8550: 8528: 8522: 8460: 8433: 8264: 8176: 8110: 8085: 8043: 8025: 8000: 7976: 7951: 7840:The Left, the Right and the Jews 7837:Rubinstein, W. D. (2015-10-16). 7759:Marozzi, Justin (17 June 2023). 7416:Simon, Laskier & Reguer 2013 7005:Simon, Laskier & Reguer 2013 6800:Center for Online Judaic Studies 6699:Center for Online Judaic Studies 6269:Shay, Ayelet Mamo (2015-04-20). 6246:"Iraqi refugee's survival story" 5733: 5724: 5555: 5541: 4376: 4320:Persecution by Iraqi authorities 3758: 3092:). The first was in the time of 1219:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1133:Historical population by country 115: 97: 12052:Institute for Sephardic Studies 10758:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 10181:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 10171:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 9910:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 9425:The Jewish Community of Baghdad 8738:Vicar plea to save Torah scroll 8542:. July 27, 2007. Archived from 8349:Pohoryles, Yaniv (2018-04-19). 7890: 7752: 7732: 7703: 7696:, Democratiya 7, Winter issue, 7686:review of Abbas Shiblak's book 7678: 7661: 7652: 7623: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7544: 7466: 7421: 7339: 7330: 7294: 7281: 7261:Marozzi, Justin (29 May 2014). 7254: 7185: 7158: 7125: 7112: 7056: 7025: 7010: 6942: 6915: 6858: 6840: 6813: 6739: 6712: 6679:that of their Muslim neighbours 6655: 6602: 6585: 6570: 6560: 6518: 6506: 6495: 6484: 6472: 6461: 6407: 6394: 6374: 6347: 6336: 6311: 6287: 6262: 6237: 6212: 6186:Harriet Sherwood (2018-05-05). 6179: 6168:from the original on 2022-01-12 6139: 6128: 6103: 6089: 6059: 5998: 5894:Jewish Chronicle March 14, 2021 5746: 5714: 4943:Children in a Jewish school in 4701:In October, the Egyptian paper 4616:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 3988:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) 3915: 3701:"), the tax upon real estate (" 3446:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 2996:the interest is transferred to 2941:); and it was also the seat of 2839:; or, very often, it means the 12437:British Indian Ocean Territory 11841:Antisemitism in the Arab world 11172:Antisemitism in the Arab world 10041:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 8955:Rapoport, Meron (2018-08-30). 8825:Faraj, Salam (28 March 2021). 7684:Rayyan Al-Shawaf (2006), in a 7095:"The Jews of Babylon and Iraq" 6922:Roland, Joan G. (2018-01-16). 6567:בשמאדא והכא הוא דאיתבררי מסקני 5938: 5932:Gateway to Rabbinic literature 5898: 5861:Faraj, Salam (28 March 2021). 5757: 5707: 5572:Antisemitism in the Arab world 5175:United States State Department 4446:Antisemitism in the Arab world 4249:year, under the government of 4193: 4081:, was forced to flee first to 3685:The first legal expression of 3172:("Reshe Galuta") back to King 3131:to return to their native land 3100:was partially despoiled and a 2855:period (6th–11th century CE). 2630:, known in Jewish sources as " 13: 1: 10300: 9356:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007) 8641:– via www.ynetnews.com. 8383:Belz, Mindy (18 April 2017). 6865:Cernea, Ruth Fredman (2007). 6826:. Columbia University Press. 6539:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033 5959:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033 5278: 5120:took place in 1984. Although 4767:Jewish refugees from Iraq at 3922:History of the Jews in Turkey 2613: 790:Christianity and Judaism 12002:American Sephardi Federation 11995:Major communal organizations 10537:in ISIL-controlled territory 10425: 9509:American Sephardi Federation 8657:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5671:Racism in Muslim communities 5472:, astronaut and physiologist 5145:United States supported Iraq 4626:Historical Jewish population 4328:vote, Iraq's prime minister 3583:Houses of Hillel and Shammai 3558:, where he had studied with 7: 12121:History of the Jews in Asia 11717:Western Europe and overseas 10711: 10603: 10448:Council of Representatives 10186:Weapons of mass destruction 9873: 9575:. Directed by Nissim Dayan. 9437:Tradition of the Iraqi Jews 7069:. Saqi Books. p. 258. 7032:Sternfeld, Lior B. (2019). 6318:Feldman, Ari (2019-02-06). 5686:Freedom of religion in Iraq 5661:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 5534: 5416:Yosef Chayyim of Baghdad, " 5159:Al-Habibiya Jewish Cemetery 4797:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 4751:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 3941: 3790: 3322:, marched, in company with 3256:) must have happened under 2774:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 2605: 2574: 2561:history of the Jews in Iraq 2089: 2070: 1797:Latin America and Caribbean 493: 10: 12547: 12007:Sephardi Community Council 10176:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 9789:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks) 9329:Cambridge University Press 9108:Greenwood Publishing Group 8536:"The Last Jews of Baghdad" 8416:"Struggle for the Scrolls" 7500:. Routledge. p. 205. 7168:The Arab League: 1946-1947 6719:Yehuda, Zvi (2017-08-28). 6039:Yehuda, Zvi (2017-08-28). 5601:Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic 4935:Republican Iraq: 1958–1968 4892:1950-1951 Baghdad bombings 4886:1950-1951 Baghdad bombings 4788:harmed the Iraqi economy. 4285:Following the collapse of 4206:Great Synagogue of Baghdad 3919: 3812:, a physician of Baghdad. 3678: 3612:until around 600–700. The 3453: 3443: 3375:At the height of the war, 3370:Trajan's Parthian campaign 3278: 3080:were exiled to Babylon by 3069: 3055: 2849:Jewish religious academies 2402:Jewish political movements 2099:Conversion to Judaism 55:Seated in the centre: Sir 12465: 12424: 12384: 12126: 12060: 12027: 12012:World Sephardi Federation 11994: 11966: 11926: 11859: 11828: 11553: 11457: 11390: 11367:Sephardic law and customs 11349: 11282: 11180: 11144: 11058: 10969: 10868: 10723: 10719: 10706: 10611: 10598: 10433: 10420: 10308: 10295: 10116: 10033: 9885: 9881: 9868: 9797: 9702: 9625: 9381:(Halban Publishers, 2003) 9340:University of Texas Press 9311:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 9186:Columbia University Press 9160:University of Texas Press 7793:www.jewishrefugees.org.uk 7122:, 3(1), 2-17; here: p. 5. 6901:. Yale University Press. 6146:Shute, Joe (2017-11-22). 5626:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic 5386:, statesman and financier 5374:, diplomat and politician 5169:Immediately prior to the 4771:preparing to leave for a 4346:Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali 3129:gave the Jews permission 3098:First Temple in Jerusalem 2901:literature, it is called 805:Hinduism and Judaism 183: 178: 171: 166: 136: 131: 113: 95: 90: 85: 80: 48: 37: 12186:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11357:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 10527:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 10438:Administrative divisions 9584:. Directed by Duki Dror. 9526: 9076:Kalpakian, Jack (2004). 7946:Rejwan & Beinin 2010 7700:. Retrieved 15 May 2015. 7649:. Retrieved 15 May 2015. 7287:Anderson, H. D. (1951). 6895:Gilbert, Martin (2010). 6404:, (1964) 1972 pp. 344–45 6086:'Chapter One:Arab Jews.' 5666:Racism in the Arab world 5621:Islamic–Jewish relations 5506:, advertising executives 5241:finance minister of Iraq 5063:, the United States and 4994:). With the rise of the 4631:Islamic–Jewish relations 4208:circa early 20th century 3980:Suleiman the Magnificent 2709:was compiled there. The 2661:from Babylonia, such as 2650:. During this time, the 2642:in several waves by the 2626:The Jewish community in 631:Temple in Jerusalem 324:Bar and bat mitzvah 12447:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11496:Expulsion from Portugal 11230:Jewish tribes of Arabia 10086:Mandate for Mesopotamia 9960:First Babylonian Empire 9520:Remember Baghdad (2016) 9363:, Ibis, Jerusalem, 2007 9007:Bard, Mitchell (2013). 8446:. Bradt Travel Guides. 8012:الترا عراق | Ultra Iraq 7787:bataween (2022-08-03). 7745:Middle East News Agency 7617:Morris and Black; Gat; 7599:A. al-Arif, p. 893 7016:Tripp, Charles (2002). 5446:, best known for their 5051:and then slipping into 5043:was signed between the 4866:U.S. Information Agency 3368:; but it was not until 2866:, the patriarch of the 593:Twelve Tribes of Israel 10245:Insurgency (2011–2013) 10166:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 9970:Middle Assyrian Empire 9544:The Forgotten Refugees 9448:Jewish Virtual Library 9349:(Souvenir Press, 2007) 9102:Levin, Itamar (2001). 9013:Jewish Virtual Library 8546:on September 30, 2007. 7984:"Iraqi Jewish Archive" 7120:Middle Eastern Studies 7063:Batatu, Hanna (2004). 6766:, no. 12, autumn 1999. 6414:Alstola, Tero (2019). 5651:List of Jews from Iraq 5432:, painter and sculptor 5244: 5136: 5110:Jewish Virtual Library 4967: 4948: 4917: 4890:The agents behind the 4844: 4776: 4760: 4736:fear and uncertainty. 4599:The Forgotten Refugees 4355: 4282: 4230: 4209: 4167:Israel Joseph Benjamin 4100:had been crossing the 3938: 3488:, with its main city, 3347:First Jewish-Roman War 3157: 2859:Early Biblical history 2851:functioned during the 2606:al-Yahūd al-ʿIrāqiyyūn 12531:Ethnic groups in Iraq 11846:Antisemitism in Islam 11564:Eastern Mediterranean 11167:Antisemitism in Islam 10532:in post-invasion Iraq 10238:U.S. troop withdrawal 10000:Neo-Babylonian Empire 9779:Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati 9033:Sussex Academic Press 7988:exhibit.ijarchive.org 7484:Anderson, 1951 p. 100 7336:E. Black, p. 347 7131:Cohen (1966), p. 4-5. 6468:Sefaria Search: שרביה 6250:ajn.timesofisrael.com 6111:"משרד העלייה והקליטה" 6076:Oneworld Publications 5994:on November 21, 2008. 5775:Encyclopaedia Judaica 5582:Baghdad Jewish Arabic 5577:Antisemitism in Islam 5484:, wealthy businessman 5442:husband and wife duo 5438:, member of American- 5426:, rabbi and kabbalist 5234: 5213:2003 invasion of Iraq 5150:Meir Taweig Synagogue 5133:Meir Taweig Synagogue 5130: 4965:1969 Baghdad hangings 4954: 4942: 4912: 4838: 4766: 4758: 4743:On 19 February 1949, 4717:1948 Arab-Israeli War 4420:Arab–Israeli conflict 4350: 4287:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 4276: 4220: 4203: 4186:(1834–1909) or Rabbi 4116:, then especially in 4007:In 1743, there was a 3937:, northern Iraq, 1905 3929: 3679:Further information: 3454:Further information: 3422:Nathan the Babylonian 3320:Antiochus VII Sidetes 3279:Further information: 3151: 3072:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3070:Further information: 2972:(Berodach-baladan of 2837:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2770:1948 Arab-Israeli war 2644:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1339:São Tomé and Príncipe 1334:Republic of the Congo 728:Second Temple Judaism 599:Kingdom of Judah 570:Modern historiography 179:Related ethnic groups 12511:Jewish Iraqi history 12506:Jewish ethnic groups 12361:United Arab Emirates 11951:Sephardi chief rabbi 11928:Religion and culture 11484:Expulsion from Spain 11350:Religion and culture 10481:Council of Ministers 10363:Mesopotamian Marshes 9619:Demographics of Iraq 9538:. Directed by Samir. 9499:'It Is Now or Never' 9443:Iraqi Jews genealogy 9404:Iraqi Jews Worldwide 9027:Gale, Naomi (2005). 8788:"Point of No Return" 8620:Israel National News 8039:. December 12, 1971. 7647:Palestine Remembered 6635:Yehuda, Zvi (2017). 5926:בלברג, מירה (2013). 5616:Iraqi Jews in Israel 5611:Iraqi Jewish Archive 5360:Binyamin Ben-Eliezer 5264:Iraqi Jewish Archive 5102:political propaganda 3970:Early Ottoman period 3721:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 3719:The Umayyad caliph, 3574:, Rav founded a new 3267:The persecutions of 3058:Babylonian captivity 2872:Ten Israelite Tribes 2827:The term "Babylonia" 2785:Iraqi Jews in Israel 2611:Babylonian captivity 2441:World Agudath Israel 1582:United Arab Emirates 669:Second Temple period 659:Babylonian captivity 73:Menahem Saleh Daniel 12388:limited recognition 11236:North African Jews 10743:Mesopotamian Arabic 10549:Freedom of religion 9995:Neo-Assyrian Empire 9965:Old Assyrian Period 9950:Neo-Sumerian Empire 9459:Jewish Encyclopedia 9450:on the Jews of Iraq 9234:Flight from Babylon 9227:(Frank Cass, 1997). 9201:– Total pages: 432 9175:– Total pages: 242 9123:– Total pages: 265 9097:– Total pages: 213 9048:– Total pages: 188 8886:. December 2, 2021. 8832:The Times of Israel 8600:The Washington Post 7300:Haddad, p. 176 7247:The Times of Israel 6871:. Lexington Books. 6673:, also, is akin to 6597:Jewish Encyclopedia 5988:"Nehardea Magazine" 5868:The Times of Israel 5333:(Abana), rav, amora 5037:Iraqi secret police 5012:1969 public hanging 4900:Mordechai Ben Porat 4336:In a speech at the 4221:1932 photograph of 3705:") was instituted. 3675:Islamic Arab period 3430:Eleazar ben Shammua 3258:Seleucus Callinicus 3231:Alexander the Great 3012:is mentioned once ( 3000:(see, for example, 2652:Temple in Jerusalem 2569:יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים 734:Hellenistic Judaism 312:Land of Israel 271:Principles of faith 142:Mesopotamian Arabic 61:Minister of Finance 41:יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים 34: 10674:Telecommunications 10649:Foreign Investment 10586:Wars and conflicts 10522:in pre-Saddam Iraq 10486:Presidency Council 10272:2019–2021 protests 10201:Invasion of Kuwait 10025:Sassanid Asorestan 10020:Parthian Babylonia 10015:Seleucid Babylonia 10010:Achaemenid Assyria 9925:Jemdet Nasr period 9558:2017-07-21 at the 9397:2014-03-02 at the 9214:Banking on Baghdad 9082:Ashgate Publishing 9009:"The Jews of Iraq" 8931:www.al-monitor.com 8860:. 18 November 2021 8792:Point of No Return 8724:Canon Andrew White 8580:The New York Times 8418:. August 23, 2012. 8037:The New York Times 7902:The Jerusalem Post 7719:2008-05-04 at the 7714:Now it can be told 7394:on 20 October 2013 7291:. n.p. pgs 101–102 7201:on 16 October 2013 6898:In Ishmael's House 6761:2014-08-04 at the 6244:Desiatnik, Shane. 6224:The Irish Catholic 5812:The New York Times 5766:Berenbaum, Michael 5636:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic 5522:Yaakov Chaim Sofer 5384:Sir Sassoon Eskell 5356:, Oxford Professor 5303:Samuel of Nehardea 5245: 5222:Iraqi constitution 5207:Post-Saddam period 5137: 5098:Israeli government 4976:Abdul Karim Qassim 4972:14 July Revolution 4968: 4949: 4921:Muslim Brotherhood 4845: 4777: 4761: 4560:Hurum air disaster 4283: 4231: 4210: 4064:Nineteenth century 4003:Eighteenth century 3939: 3850:captured Baghdad, 3570:for his colleague 3502:Samuel of Nehardea 3400:Roman–Persian Wars 3398:In the continuous 3225:Hellenistic period 3158: 3152:Jewish scribes at 2874:from the northern 2295:Jewish Koine Greek 1837:Dominican Republic 1118:Judaism by country 797:Jews and Christmas 652:Assyrian captivity 151:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic 32: 12493: 12492: 12430:other territories 12088: 12087: 11884:Judaeo-Portuguese 11416: 11415: 11017: 11016: 10965: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10951:Mandaean New Year 10702: 10701: 10594: 10593: 10576:Political parties 10471:Foreign relations 10416: 10415: 10323:Lower Mesopotamia 10318:Upper Mesopotamia 10291: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10051:Abbasid Caliphate 10046:Umayyad Caliphate 9955:Isin-Larsa period 9818: 9817: 9798:Foreign nationals 9667:Roman Catholicism 9662:Oriental Orthodox 9581:Shadow in Baghdad 9372:Halban Publishers 9352:Marina Benjamin, 9325:A History of Iraq 9276:Operation Babylon 9202: 9184:(2013 ed.). 9176: 9158:(2010 ed.). 9124: 9106:(2001 ed.). 9098: 9080:(2004 ed.). 9069:978-0-7146-4689-3 9049: 9031:(2005 ed.). 8858:The Yeshiva World 8688:on 27 August 2021 8478:on July 13, 2011. 8098:The Baltimore Sun 7850:978-1-317-38624-7 7537:978-0-8047-8201-2 7507:978-1-135-76862-1 7455:978-0-231-52690-6 7368:978-0-8047-8201-2 7323:978-0-231-52690-6 7178:978-1-85207-610-8 7019:A History of Iraq 6671:dialect of Arabic 6548:978-0-521-77248-8 6427:978-90-04-36542-1 6367:978-3-11-056660-4 6084:978-0-861-54464-6 5968:978-0-521-77248-8 5785:978-0-02-866097-4 5173:(1990–1991), the 4992:Abdul Rahman Arif 4667: 4666: 4500:Exodus by country 4213:The state of Iraq 3745:Abbasid Caliphate 3689:toward the Jews, 3626:Babylonian Talmud 3618:Babylonian Gemara 3606:Rabbanan Savoraei 3587:Babylonian Talmud 3482:Babylonian Talmud 3450:Babylonian Talmud 3393:Bar Kochba revolt 3358:Anilai and Asinai 3195:Achaemenid period 3162:Al-Yahudu Tablets 3062:Al-Yahudu Tablets 3023:, and especially 2880:exiled to Assyria 2876:Kingdom of Israel 2707:Babylonian Talmud 2691:Talmudic yeshivas 2640:exiled to Babylon 2557: 2556: 2506: 2505: 2254: 2253: 2001:Reconstructionist 1945: 1944: 1097: 1096: 904: 903: 741:Jewish–Roman wars 689:Hasmonean dynasty 605:Kingdom of Israel 509: 508: 210: 209: 162: 18:Jews of Babylonia 16:(Redirected from 12538: 12483: 12473: 12472: 12442:Christmas Island 12128:Sovereign states 12115: 12108: 12101: 12092: 12091: 12076: 12043: 12020: 11946:Rite and customs 11919: 11802:Crypto-Sephardim 11443: 11436: 11429: 11420: 11419: 11317:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat 11245:Alexandrian Jews 11225:Musta'arabi Jews 11162:Palestinian Jews 11044: 11037: 11030: 11021: 11020: 11007: 11006: 10997: 10996: 10987: 10977: 10976: 10721: 10720: 10708: 10707: 10639: 10600: 10599: 10451: 10422: 10421: 10408:Sinjar Mountains 10398:Zagros Mountains 10338:Hamrin Mountains 10297: 10296: 10260:Mosul liberation 10233:Iraqi insurgency 10155:National Command 10144: 9980:Simurrum culture 9883: 9882: 9870: 9869: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9822: 9821: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9589: 9588: 9572:Farewell Baghdad 9484:Aiding the Enemy 9347:Farewell Babylon 9307:The Jews of Iraq 9302: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9200: 9199: 9174: 9173: 9150:Rejwan, Nissim; 9146: 9144: 9142: 9122: 9121: 9096: 9095: 9072: 9047: 9046: 9023: 9021: 9019: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8952: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8923: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8822: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8784: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8748: 8739: 8732: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8684:. Archived from 8678: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8571: 8565: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8507:. Archived from 8497: 8480: 8479: 8474:. Archived from 8464: 8458: 8457: 8437: 8431: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8412: 8401: 8400: 8380: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8346: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8244: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8089: 8083: 8078: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7963:Voice of America 7955: 7949: 7948:, p. p. xix 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7878:Remember Baghdad 7870: 7855: 7854: 7834: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7784: 7771: 7770: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7736: 7730: 7729:, April 6, 2006. 7707: 7701: 7682: 7676: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7650: 7639: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7591: 7586: 7569: 7568: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7473: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7439: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7390:, archived from 7382: 7376: 7375: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7238: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7197:, archived from 7189: 7183: 7182: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7123: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7060: 7054: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7023: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6975: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6892: 6883: 6882: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6850:. Archived from 6844: 6838: 6837: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6792: 6767: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6691: 6682: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6632: 6615: 6606: 6600: 6589: 6583: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6522: 6516: 6515:, Deuteronomy 80 6510: 6504: 6499: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6479:Midrash Tehillim 6476: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6449: 6432: 6431: 6411: 6405: 6398: 6392: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6351: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6036: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6012:. Archived from 6002: 5996: 5995: 5990:. Archived from 5984: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5923: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5891: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5803: 5792: 5789: 5761: 5740: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5681:Religion in Iraq 5565: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5424:Yitzchak Kadouri 5402:Sir Naim Dangoor 5366:Dodai ben Nahman 5135:in Baghdad, 2000 5094:citizens of Iraq 5045:Iraqi government 4988:Abdul Salam Arif 4659: 4652: 4645: 4518:Operation Yachin 4472:Oujda and Jerada 4380: 4357: 4356: 4018:Sephardic Jewish 3793: 3747:and the city of 3671:Jewish thought. 3636:whole diaspora. 3630:Jerusalem Talmud 3610:"perfected" form 3414:Hillel the Elder 3239:Seleucus Nicator 3189:Maccabean revolt 3166:Seder Olam Zutta 3086:Book of Jeremiah 3078:Kingdom of Judah 3041:Book of Jeremiah 2970:Merodach-baladan 2966:Babylonian kings 2964:and the various 2787:, especially in 2731:trading diaspora 2679:Mishnaic periods 2636:Kingdom of Judah 2618: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2601:اليهود العراقيون 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2398: 2397: 2279: 2100: 2094: 2075: 2039: 2038: 1986: 1933:New Zealand 1885: 1848:El Salvador 1838: 1770:Northern America 1762: 1356: 1112: 1111: 1023:Crimean Karaites 919: 918: 897: 895: 816: 814: 806: 800: 791: 779:Rabbinic Judaism 760: 754: 748: 736: 724: 690: 683:Maccabean Revolt 660: 653: 647: 639: 632: 626: 618: 600: 524: 523: 498: 393: 392: 325: 313: 212: 211: 145: 121: 119: 118: 103: 101: 100: 81:Total population 53: 43: 42: 35: 31: 21: 12546: 12545: 12541: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12461: 12429: 12420: 12401:Northern Cyprus 12387: 12380: 12122: 12119: 12089: 12084: 12070: 12068:Philosephardism 12056: 12037: 12023: 12014: 11990: 11962: 11922: 11913: 11874:Sephardi Hebrew 11855: 11824: 11549: 11489:Alhambra Decree 11453: 11450:Sephardi Jewish 11447: 11417: 11412: 11386: 11345: 11278: 11188:Babylonian Jews 11176: 11140: 11054: 11048: 11018: 11013: 10957: 10941:Public holidays 10864: 10715: 10698: 10637: 10607: 10590: 10449: 10429: 10412: 10343:Iraqi Kurdistan 10333:Euphrates river 10304: 10283: 10250:War (2014–2017) 10196:Operation Opera 10142: 10112: 10108:Arab Federation 10096:Kingdom of Iraq 10029: 10005:Fall of Babylon 9940:Akkadian Empire 9915:Samarra culture 9900:Hassuna culture 9877: 9864: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9819: 9814: 9793: 9698: 9621: 9616: 9560:Wayback Machine 9529: 9492:Web Exclusive, 9433:at Iraqjews.org 9399:Wayback Machine 9388: 9359:Sasson Somekh, 9334:Nissim Rejwan, 9291: 9261: 9259: 9249: 9209: 9207:Further reading 9196: 9170: 9140: 9138: 9118: 9092: 9070: 9043: 9017: 9015: 8998: 8989: 8987: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8965: 8963: 8953: 8944: 8935: 8933: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8909: 8904:. May 27, 2022. 8902:Israel 365 News 8896: 8895: 8891: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8863: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8823: 8819: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8770: 8761: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8742: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8718: 8713:. 11 July 2008. 8709: 8708: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8664: 8651: 8650: 8646: 8631: 8627: 8612: 8608: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8555: 8551: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8514: 8512: 8499: 8498: 8483: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8438: 8434: 8427: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8404: 8397: 8381: 8368: 8359: 8357: 8347: 8340: 8335:. October 1988. 8332: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8318:. October 1988. 8315: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8301:. October 1988. 8298: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8280: 8278: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8256: 8254: 8246: 8245: 8236: 8231:. October 1988. 8228: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8214:. October 1988. 8211: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8193: 8191: 8181: 8177: 8172:. October 1988. 8169: 8165: 8164: 8155: 8150:. October 1988. 8147: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8115: 8111: 8102: 8100: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8068: 8060: 8058: 8055:New Babylonians 8049: 8048: 8044: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8017: 8015: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7992: 7990: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7968: 7966: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7907: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7882: 7880: 7872: 7871: 7858: 7851: 7835: 7806: 7797: 7795: 7785: 7774: 7757: 7753: 7748:. 17 June 2023. 7738: 7737: 7733: 7721:Wayback Machine 7708: 7704: 7683: 7679: 7666: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7640: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7572: 7565: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7456: 7440: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7397: 7395: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7308: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7240: 7239: 7212: 7204: 7202: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7117: 7113: 7104: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7048: 7041: 7030: 7026: 7015: 7011: 7003: 6996: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6976: 6967: 6958: 6956: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6863: 6859: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6818: 6814: 6805: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6770: 6763:Wayback Machine 6744: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6704: 6702: 6693: 6692: 6685: 6677:rather than to 6669:customs. Their 6660: 6656: 6649: 6633: 6618: 6607: 6603: 6590: 6586: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6462: 6450: 6435: 6428: 6412: 6408: 6399: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6337: 6328: 6326: 6316: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6279: 6277: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6252: 6242: 6238: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6204: 6202: 6184: 6180: 6171: 6169: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6037: 6028: 6019: 6017: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5943: 5939: 5928:פתח לספרות חז"ל 5924: 5913: 5908:. 30 June 2021. 5904: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5859: 5855: 5846: 5844: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5816: 5814: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5762: 5758: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5646:Lishanid Noshan 5561: 5556: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5504:Charles Saatchi 5464:Sylvia Kedourie 5444:h3h3Productions 5298:, "Rabh", amora 5281: 5269:Muqtada al-Sadr 5209: 5049:Iraqi Kurdistan 5008: 4937: 4888: 4753: 4663: 4513:Operation Mural 4342:Flushing Meadow 4322: 4267:Arshad al-Umari 4239:British Mandate 4215: 4196: 4188:Abdallah Somekh 4151:, including in 4066: 4005: 3972: 3944: 3924: 3918: 3825:Reshid al-Dawla 3761: 3683: 3677: 3576:academy at Sura 3562:(author of the 3547: 3478:Sasanian Empire 3474:Muslim conquest 3466: 3456:Sasanian Empire 3452: 3444:Main articles: 3442: 3440:Sasanian period 3283: 3281:Parthian Empire 3277: 3275:Parthian period 3227: 3212:Ten Lost Tribes 3197: 3074: 3068: 3056:Main articles: 3054: 2907:Book of Genesis 2897:, while in the 2861: 2829: 2711:Mongol invasion 2616: 2592: 2590:Babylonian Jews 2589: 2586: 2583: 2553: 2508: 2507: 2395: 2385: 2384: 2375:Judeo-Malayalam 2355:Judaeo-Georgian 2275: 2266: 2256: 2255: 2156:Yiddish theatre 2098: 2036: 2026: 2025: 1984: 1957: 1947: 1946: 1883: 1836: 1760: 1354: 1138:Genetic studies 1109: 1099: 1098: 916: 906: 905: 893: 892: 812: 811: 804: 794: 789: 771:and Middle Ages 769:Rabbinic period 756: 750: 743: 731: 702: 688: 658: 651: 642: 634: 630: 621: 616:in Judaism 613: 598: 521: 511: 510: 390: 380: 379: 323: 311: 256: 161: 144: 140: 116: 114: 98: 96: 76: 44: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12544: 12534: 12533: 12528: 12526:Iraqi diaspora 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12487: 12477: 12466: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12433: 12431: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12392: 12390: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12132: 12130: 12124: 12123: 12118: 12117: 12110: 12103: 12095: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12080:Sephardization 12077: 12064: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12021: 12009: 12004: 11998: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11976:Black Panthers 11972: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11960: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11943: 11938: 11932: 11930: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11920: 11908: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11899:Tetuani Ladino 11896: 11889:Judaeo-Spanish 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11865: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11830: 11829:Modern history 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11730: 11725: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11616: 11611: 11610: 11609: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11559: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11547: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11463: 11461: 11455: 11454: 11446: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11423: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11398:Black Panthers 11394: 11392: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11353: 11351: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11329:Judaeo-Spanish 11326: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11290:Israeli Hebrew 11286: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11250:Sephardic Jews 11247: 11242: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11220:Jews in Arabia 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11062: 11060: 11059:By nationality 11056: 11055: 11047: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11024: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11001: 10991: 10981: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10830: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10735: 10729: 10727: 10717: 10716: 10704: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10679:Transportation 10676: 10671: 10669:Stock Exchange 10666: 10664:Reconstruction 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10644:Infrastructure 10641: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10529: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10503:Prime Minister 10500: 10499: 10498: 10488: 10483: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10445: 10440: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10247: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10220: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10211:1991 uprisings 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10161:Saddam Hussein 10158: 10147: 10146: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10093: 10091:Mandatory Iraq 10088: 10083: 10080:Mamluk dynasty 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9945:Gutian dynasty 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9879: 9878: 9866: 9865: 9848: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9825: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9712: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9615: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9576: 9567: 9562:. Directed by 9547: 9539: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9517: 9512: 9502: 9496: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9451: 9445: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9387: 9386:External links 9384: 9383: 9382: 9375: 9368:The Dove Flyer 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9332: 9321: 9314: 9303: 9289: 9271:Hillel, Shlomo 9267: 9247: 9228: 9221: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9194: 9177: 9168: 9147: 9125: 9116: 9099: 9090: 9073: 9068: 9056:(1 May 1997), 9050: 9041: 9024: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8996: 8985:www.wzo.org.il 8972: 8942: 8918: 8907: 8889: 8871: 8845: 8817: 8806: 8797: 8779: 8768: 8740: 8727: 8716: 8699: 8673: 8662: 8653:"Jews of Iraq" 8644: 8625: 8606: 8586: 8583:. 1 June 2008. 8566: 8562:New York Times 8549: 8527: 8521: 8481: 8459: 8452: 8432: 8421: 8402: 8395: 8366: 8338: 8321: 8304: 8287: 8276:www.google.com 8263: 8234: 8217: 8200: 8183:Judah, Jacob. 8175: 8153: 8136: 8129: 8109: 8084: 8066: 8042: 8024: 7999: 7975: 7950: 7938: 7934:Kalpakian 2004 7926: 7914: 7889: 7856: 7849: 7804: 7772: 7751: 7731: 7702: 7677: 7673:Israel Affairs 7660: 7651: 7631: 7622: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7570: 7563: 7543: 7536: 7516: 7506: 7486: 7474: 7465: 7454: 7429: 7420: 7408: 7377: 7367: 7347: 7338: 7329: 7322: 7302: 7293: 7280: 7273: 7267:. Penguin UK. 7253: 7210: 7184: 7177: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7124: 7111: 7086: 7075: 7055: 7039: 7024: 7009: 6994: 6965: 6941: 6934: 6914: 6908:978-0300170801 6907: 6884: 6877: 6857: 6854:on 2018-07-19. 6839: 6832: 6812: 6768: 6738: 6731: 6711: 6683: 6663:Mizrahi Hebrew 6654: 6647: 6616: 6601: 6584: 6569: 6559: 6547: 6517: 6505: 6494: 6483: 6471: 6460: 6433: 6426: 6406: 6400:Georges Roux, 6393: 6373: 6366: 6346: 6343:Genesis 12:4–6 6335: 6310: 6286: 6261: 6236: 6211: 6178: 6138: 6127: 6102: 6088: 6058: 6051: 6026: 5997: 5979: 5967: 5937: 5911: 5897: 5881: 5853: 5823: 5793: 5784: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5691:Sassoon family 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5552: 5549:Judaism portal 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5497: 5496:, entrepreneur 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339:Anan ben David 5336: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5280: 5277: 5237:Sassoon Eskell 5208: 5205: 5193:United Kingdom 5188:Jerusalem Post 5114:Jewish wedding 5081:Jewish schools 5072:Saddam Hussein 5061:United Kingdom 5007: 5004: 4936: 4933: 4887: 4884: 4786:capital flight 4752: 4749: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4610: 4609: 4608:Related topics 4605: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4321: 4318: 4243:Sassoon Eskell 4223:Ezekiel's Tomb 4214: 4211: 4195: 4192: 4106:Ottoman Empire 4075:Solomon Ma’tuk 4065: 4062: 4041:Solomon Ma’tuk 4029:Solomon Ma’tuk 4004: 4001: 3971: 3968: 3943: 3940: 3917: 3914: 3810:Sa'ad al-Dawla 3760: 3757: 3676: 3673: 3546: 3543: 3470:Zoroastrianism 3441: 3438: 3418:Nahum the Mede 3336:Feast of Weeks 3332:Jewish Sabbath 3276: 3273: 3226: 3223: 3196: 3193: 3154:Ezekiel's Tomb 3118:a fresh revolt 3106:Book of Daniel 3082:Nebuchadnezzar 3066:Return to Zion 3053: 3050: 3029:Book of Isaiah 3006:Nebuchadnezzar 2984:. In Books of 2982:Nebuchadnezzar 2958:Books of Kings 2935:Tower of Babel 2882:from 730 BCE. 2860: 2857: 2828: 2825: 2801:United Kingdom 2768:Following the 2723:Ottoman Empire 2703:Sura Academies 2686:Land of Israel 2648:edict of Cyrus 2617: 586 BCE 2575:Yehudim Bavlim 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2436:Territorialism 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2320:Judaeo-Spanish 2317: 2315:Judaeo-Iranian 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761:United Kingdom 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1194:Bilad-el-Sudan 1191: 1186: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1147:Land of Israel 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1006: 1005:Related groups 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 938: 937: 932: 917: 912: 911: 908: 907: 902: 901: 900: 899: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 862:Jewish atheism 859: 854: 849: 841: 840: 836: 835: 834: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813:Islamic–Jewish 808: 801: 786: 781: 773: 772: 765: 764: 763: 762: 738: 725: 697: 692: 685: 680: 678:Yehud Medinata 672: 671: 665: 664: 663: 662: 655: 648: 640: 627: 619: 607: 602: 595: 587: 586: 584:Ancient Israel 580: 579: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 540:Land of Israel 537: 529: 528: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 506: 505: 504: 499: 495:Shulchan Aruch 490: 485: 480: 475: 467: 466: 465: 464: 459: 451: 450: 444: 443: 442: 441: 436: 428: 427: 421: 420: 419: 418: 413: 408: 400: 399: 391: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 320: 315: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 273: 268: 261:God in Judaism 257: 252: 251: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 232: 231: 221: 220: 208: 207: 189:Sephardic Jews 185:Ashkenazi Jews 181: 180: 176: 175: 169: 168: 164: 163: 160: 159: 153: 146: 134: 133: 129: 128: 125: 111: 110: 107: 93: 92: 88: 87: 83: 82: 78: 77: 57:Sassoon Eskell 54: 46: 45: 38: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12543: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12476: 12468: 12467: 12464: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12427: 12423: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12411:South Ossetia 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12383: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12125: 12116: 12111: 12109: 12104: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12018: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11917: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11813:Belmonte Jews 11811: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11780:Paradesi Jews 11778: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11753:New Amsterdam 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11544:New Christian 11541: 11539: 11538: 11537:Maghrebi Jews 11534: 11532: 11531: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11456: 11451: 11444: 11439: 11437: 11432: 11430: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11372:Mizrahi music 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11312:Judeo-Persian 11310: 11308: 11307:Judeo-Aramaic 11305: 11303: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11281: 11273: 11272:Hadhrami Jews 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11257:Yemenite Jews 11255: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11240:Maghrebi Jews 11238: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11215:Bukharan Jews 11213: 11211: 11210:Mountain Jews 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11198:Baghdadi Jews 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11052: 11045: 11040: 11038: 11033: 11031: 11026: 11025: 11022: 11010: 11002: 11000: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10980: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10815:Iraqi Turkmen 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10601: 10597: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10450:(legislative) 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10423: 10419: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10383:Syrian Desert 10381: 10379: 10378:Shatt al-Arab 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10313:Faw peninsula 10311: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10298: 10294: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10265: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10255:Fall of Mosul 10253: 10252: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10228:U.S. invasion 10226: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10191:Iran–Iraq War 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10056:Buyid dynasty 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9905:Halaf culture 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9856: 9846: 9841: 9839: 9834: 9832: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9703:Ethnic groups 9701: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9606: 9601: 9599: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9552:Baghdad Twist 9548: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9530: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9431:Iraq Jews hub 9429: 9426: 9423: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9345:Naim Kattan, 9344: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9316:N. Stillman, 9315: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9290:0-00-217984-9 9286: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9248:9780070254183 9244: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9197: 9195:9780231507592 9191: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9171: 9169:9780292774421 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9148: 9141:September 10, 9137: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9117:9780275971342 9113: 9109: 9105: 9100: 9093: 9091:9780754633389 9087: 9083: 9079: 9074: 9071: 9065: 9062:, Routledge, 9061: 9060: 9055: 9051: 9044: 9042:9781845190354 9038: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9018:September 10, 9014: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8962: 8961:+972 Magazine 8958: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8821: 8815: 8810: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8772: 8757: 8756:Chaldean News 8753: 8747: 8745: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8720: 8712: 8706: 8704: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8590: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8511:on 2006-10-06 8510: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8455: 8453:9781841624884 8449: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8430: 8425: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8398: 8396:9781496425409 8392: 8388: 8387: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8343: 8331: 8325: 8314: 8308: 8297: 8291: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8227: 8221: 8210: 8204: 8190: 8189:www.thejc.com 8186: 8179: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8146: 8140: 8132: 8130:9781841622439 8126: 8122: 8121: 8113: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7936:, p. 134 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7852: 7846: 7843:. Routledge. 7842: 7841: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7768: 7767: 7766:The Spectator 7762: 7755: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7735: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7690:(Saqui, 2005) 7689: 7681: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7655: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7590: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7566: 7564:9781510740877 7560: 7556: 7555: 7547: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7490: 7481: 7479: 7469: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7424: 7418:, p. 365 7417: 7412: 7405: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7306: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7276: 7274:9780141948041 7270: 7266: 7265: 7257: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7161: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7128: 7121: 7115: 7101:on 2018-06-19 7100: 7096: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7076:0-86356-520-4 7072: 7068: 7067: 7059: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7007:, p. 364 7006: 7001: 6999: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6937: 6935:9781351309820 6931: 6928:. Routledge. 6927: 6926: 6918: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6889: 6880: 6878:9780739116470 6874: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6835: 6833:9780231150903 6829: 6825: 6824: 6816: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6732:9789004354012 6728: 6724: 6723: 6715: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6675:that of Mosul 6672: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6650: 6648:9789004354005 6644: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6614: 6610: 6609:Marina Rustow 6605: 6598: 6595:" (1906). In 6594: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6563: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6491:Sanhedrin 11b 6487: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6390:1-60481-173-0 6387: 6383: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6339: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6154:The Telegraph 6150: 6142: 6136: 6131: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6054: 6052:9789004354012 6048: 6044: 6043: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6016:on 2008-05-20 6015: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5770:Skolnik, Fred 5767: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5736: 5727: 5717: 5713: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656:Music of Iraq 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5587:Baghdadi Jews 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5553: 5550: 5539: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516:David Sassoon 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5488:Samir Naqqash 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5458:Elie Kedourie 5456: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5430:Yitzhak Yamin 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5378:Ya'qub Bilbul 5376: 5373: 5372:Shlomo Hillel 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341:, founder of 5340: 5337: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292:, including: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5217:Jewish Agency 5214: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5152:, located in 5151: 5146: 5142: 5141:Iran–Iraq War 5134: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053:Imperial Iran 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5033:Jewish family 5030: 5026: 5025:heart attacks 5022: 5018: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984:anti-Semitism 4980: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4825:denaturalized 4821: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Jewish Agency 4673: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Awareness day 4576: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4296:in 1941, the 4295: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4251:King Faisal I 4246: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4190:(1813–1889). 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133:David Sassoon 4130: 4129:Baghdadi Jews 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110:British India 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079:David Sassoon 4076: 4072: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982:in 1534 took 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765:Mongol Empire 3759:Mongol period 3756: 3754: 3753:Mediterranean 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3385:Judeo-Aramaic 3383:, written in 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3262:Antiochus III 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:Jer. 52:28–30 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974:2 Kings 20:12 2971: 2968:, especially 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2945:'s dominion ( 2944: 2940: 2937:was located ( 2936: 2933:). Here, the 2932: 2931:Genesis 10:10 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841:specific area 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2821:United States 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2739:Baghdadi Jews 2737:known as the 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2675:Second Temple 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2623:communities. 2622: 2612: 2607: 2598: 2578: 2576: 2566: 2562: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2360:Judeo-Aramaic 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2350:Judeo-Italian 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2330:Ghardaïa Sign 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1955:Denominations 1951: 1950: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1783:United States 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 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667: 666: 661: 656: 654: 649: 645: 641: 638: 633: 628: 624: 620: 617: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 596: 594: 591: 590: 589: 588: 585: 582: 581: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 530: 526: 525: 520: 515: 514: 503: 500: 497: 496: 491: 489: 486: 484: 483:Mishneh Torah 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 469: 468: 463: 460: 458: 455: 454: 453: 452: 449: 446: 445: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 430: 429: 426: 423: 422: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 398: 395: 394: 389: 384: 383: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 321: 319: 316: 314: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 281: 277: 274: 272: 269: 266: 262: 259: 258: 255: 250: 249: 244: 243:Who is a Jew? 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 233: 230: 226: 223: 222: 218: 214: 213: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 174: 170: 165: 157: 156:Judeo-Aramaic 154: 152: 148: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 126: 124: 112: 108: 106: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 70: 69:King Faisal I 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 36: 27: 19: 12426:Dependencies 12356:Turkmenistan 12321:Saudi Arabia 12215: 11906:Judeo-Gascon 11879:Judeo-Arabic 11869:Judeo-Berber 11800: 11715: 11687:Gibraltarian 11676:North Africa 11674: 11666:Thessalonian 11562: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11474:Roman Empire 11466: 11362:Ovadia Yosef 11302:Judeo-Arabic 11267:Habbani Jews 11205:Persian Jews 11193:Kurdish Jews 11181:By community 11121:Saudi Arabia 11085: 11051:Mizrahi Jews 10843:Christianity 10820: 10725:Demographics 10659:Oil reserves 10654:Oil Industry 10621:Central Bank 10517:Human rights 10443:Constitution 10388:Tigris river 10368:Persian Gulf 10076:Ottoman Iraq 10061:Qara Qoyunlu 9895:Ubaid period 9805:Palestinians 9773: 9673: 9652:Christianity 9579: 9570: 9551: 9542: 9533: 9487: 9457: 9378: 9377:Mona Yahia, 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9335: 9324: 9317: 9306: 9275: 9260:. Retrieved 9233: 9224: 9213: 9181: 9155: 9152:Beinin, Joel 9139:. Retrieved 9133: 9103: 9077: 9058: 9028: 9016:. Retrieved 8988:. Retrieved 8984: 8975: 8964:. Retrieved 8960: 8934:. Retrieved 8930: 8921: 8910: 8901: 8892: 8883: 8874: 8862:. Retrieved 8857: 8848: 8836:. Retrieved 8830: 8820: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8782: 8771: 8760:. Retrieved 8758:. 2021-06-30 8755: 8730: 8719: 8690:. Retrieved 8686:the original 8676: 8665: 8656: 8647: 8638: 8628: 8619: 8609: 8598: 8589: 8578: 8569: 8560: 8552: 8544:the original 8539: 8530: 8524: 8513:. Retrieved 8509:the original 8476:the original 8472:fr.jpost.com 8471: 8462: 8442: 8435: 8424: 8389:. NavPress. 8385: 8358:. Retrieved 8354: 8324: 8307: 8290: 8279:. Retrieved 8275: 8266: 8255:. Retrieved 8251: 8220: 8203: 8192:. Retrieved 8188: 8178: 8139: 8119: 8112: 8101:. Retrieved 8097: 8087: 8059:, retrieved 8054: 8045: 8027: 8016:. Retrieved 8011: 8002: 7991:. Retrieved 7987: 7978: 7967:. Retrieved 7965:. 2009-10-30 7962: 7953: 7941: 7929: 7924:, p. 38 7917: 7906:. Retrieved 7904:. March 2019 7901: 7892: 7881:. Retrieved 7877: 7839: 7796:. Retrieved 7792: 7764: 7754: 7743: 7734: 7724: 7705: 7693: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7654: 7646: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7553: 7546: 7526: 7519: 7511: 7496: 7489: 7472:Hillel, 1987 7468: 7459: 7444: 7423: 7411: 7402: 7396:, retrieved 7392:the original 7386: 7380: 7372: 7357: 7350: 7341: 7332: 7312: 7305: 7296: 7288: 7283: 7263: 7256: 7245: 7203:, retrieved 7199:the original 7193: 7187: 7167: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7127: 7119: 7114: 7103:. Retrieved 7099:the original 7089: 7080: 7065: 7058: 7050: 7033: 7027: 7017: 7012: 6986:. Retrieved 6982: 6957:. Retrieved 6953: 6944: 6924: 6917: 6897: 6867: 6860: 6852:the original 6842: 6822: 6815: 6804:. Retrieved 6802:. 2007-11-08 6799: 6754: 6750: 6741: 6721: 6714: 6703:. Retrieved 6701:. 2007-11-08 6698: 6657: 6637: 6604: 6596: 6587: 6572: 6562: 6552:, retrieved 6530: 6520: 6508: 6497: 6486: 6474: 6463: 6455: 6452:Isaiah Gafni 6416: 6409: 6402:Ancient Iraq 6401: 6396: 6381: 6376: 6356: 6349: 6338: 6327:. Retrieved 6323: 6313: 6302:. Retrieved 6298: 6289: 6278:. Retrieved 6274: 6264: 6253:. Retrieved 6249: 6239: 6228:. Retrieved 6226:. 2019-06-27 6223: 6214: 6203:. Retrieved 6192:The Observer 6191: 6181: 6170:. Retrieved 6153: 6141: 6130: 6118:. Retrieved 6114: 6105: 6091: 6071: 6061: 6041: 6018:. Retrieved 6014:the original 6007: 6000: 5992:the original 5982: 5972:, retrieved 5950: 5940: 5931: 5927: 5900: 5872:. Retrieved 5866: 5856: 5845:. Retrieved 5843:. 2 May 2018 5838: 5815:. Retrieved 5811: 5773: 5759: 5747:Bibliography 5735: 5726: 5716: 5641:Lishana Deni 5528:Ovadia Yosef 5494:Selim Zilkha 5476:Sami Michael 5470:Jessica Meir 5452:Iraqi Jewish 5418:Ben Ish Chai 5396:Naeim Giladi 5362:, politician 5261: 5257:Andrew White 5253: 5246: 5243:, in Baghdad 5226:Sami Michael 5210: 5186: 5183:Naim Dangoor 5168: 5138: 5085:nationalized 5077:Salima Pasha 5069: 5041:peace treaty 5009: 4996:Ba'ath Party 4981: 4969: 4955:Memorial in 4925: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4877: 4873:Aref al-Aref 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4830: 4822: 4817:Nuri al-Said 4809: 4794: 4790: 4778: 4745:Nuri al-Said 4742: 4738: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4702: 4680: 4668: 4597: 4523: 4477:Tripolitania 4454: 4351: 4335: 4330:Nuri al-Said 4323: 4297: 4284: 4259: 4247: 4236: 4232: 4197: 4184:Ben Ish Chai 4180: 4165: 4141:Judeo-Arabic 4126: 4102:Indian Ocean 4091: 4085:and then to 4067: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4022: 4006: 3997: 3993: 3973: 3964:Ezra Dangoor 3960:Hakham Bashi 3959: 3957: 3945: 3916:Ottoman rule 3902: 3875: 3868: 3845: 3837: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3796: 3783: 3781: 3769:Bar Hebraeus 3762: 3741:Saadiah Gaon 3730: 3718: 3710:Firuz Shabur 3707: 3695:Zoroastrians 3684: 3669: 3660:Isaiah 59:21 3657: 3649: 3634: 3622:Talmud Bavli 3621: 3605: 3591: 3580: 3560:Judah HaNasi 3548: 3525:Christians, 3524: 3506: 3494: 3467: 3434: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3389: 3374: 3351: 3349:(66–73 CE). 3340: 3317: 3290: 3284: 3269:Antiochus IV 3266: 3254:2 Macc. 8:20 3250:II Maccabees 3247: 3243:Seleucid era 3228: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3198: 3185:Davidic line 3178: 3159: 3110:Daniel 5:1–5 3075: 3018: 2951: 2947:Gen. 14:1, 9 2929:'s kingdom ( 2884: 2862: 2830: 2782: 2767: 2747:Judeo-Arabic 2743: 2693:such as the 2683: 2625: 2572: 2560: 2558: 2499:Post-Zionism 2370:Judeo-Berber 2365:Judeo-Arabic 2325:Judeo-Gascon 2072:Pidyon haben 1991:Conservative 1537:Saudi Arabia 1446: 1355:South Africa 1344:Sierra Leone 1166:Israeli Jews 1080:Mosaic Arabs 1033:Kaifeng Jews 894:Arab–Israeli 867:Emancipation 746:Great Revolt 555:Anti-Judaism 550:Antisemitism 545:Name "Judea" 340:Baal teshuva 201:Mizrahi Jews 197:Persian Jews 193:Kurdish Jews 29:Ethnic group 26: 12485:Asia portal 12386:States with 12306:Philippines 12246:South Korea 12241:North Korea 12136:Afghanistan 12071: [ 12038: [ 12015: [ 11914: [ 11636:Palestinian 11066:Afghanistan 10999:WikiProject 10800:Marsh Arabs 10785:Circassians 10466:Foreign aid 10358:Mesopotamia 9920:Uruk period 9742:Circassians 9725:Marsh Arabs 9710:Afro-Iraqis 9657:Evangelical 9305:N. Rejwan, 9239:McGraw-Hill 8864:22 November 8429:Murphy 2003 8014:(in Arabic) 7658:Gat, p. 179 7629:Gat, p. 177 7143:, p. 6 6502:Shabbat 26a 6120:20 February 5708:Annotations 5563:Iraq portal 5482:Shafiq Ades 5466:, historian 5460:, historian 5408:N.J. Dawood 5348:Alan Yentob 5197:Netherlands 5154:Al-Bataween 5139:During the 5112:, the last 5000:Six-Day War 4769:Lod Airport 4733:Arab League 4724:Shafiq Ades 4570:Remembrance 4435:Six-Day War 4430:Suez Crisis 4324:Before the 4294:coup d'état 4237:During the 4194:Modern Iraq 4137:Dawud Pasha 4131:, to which 4098:Middle East 4071:Dawud Pasha 3976:Mesopotamia 3953:Dauod Pasha 3894:Middle East 3827:. The khan 3773:Kublai Khan 3725:Charlemagne 3405:Resh Galuta 3343:Hyrcanus II 3286:Mithridates 3037:Isaiah 39:3 3033:Isaiah 13:1 2939:Gen. 11:1–9 2899:post-exilic 2845:Mesopotamia 2719:Middle Ages 2655:was rebuilt 2628:Mesopotamia 2494:Revisionist 2484:Neo-Zionism 2091:Zeved habat 1884:Puerto Rico 1710:Netherlands 1542:South Korea 1527:Philippines 1407:Afghanistan 1274:Ivory Coast 1048:Crypto-Jews 1013:Bnei Anusim 992:Bene Israel 957:Beta Israel 914:Communities 821:Middle Ages 560:Persecution 335:Bereavement 205:Syrian Jews 12521:Iraqi Jews 12500:Categories 12366:Uzbekistan 12341:Tajikistan 12256:Kyrgyzstan 12236:Kazakhstan 12156:Bangladesh 12146:Azerbaijan 11619:Macedonian 11607:Alexandria 11555:Dispersion 11530:Megorashim 11509:Degredados 11479:Golden Age 11262:Adeni Jews 10916:Television 10896:Literature 10858:Irreligion 10833:Secularism 10770:Minorities 10638:(currency) 10631:Corruption 10476:Government 10267:Insurgency 10066:Aq Qoyunlu 9887:Chronology 9564:Joe Balass 9462:, 1906 ed. 9366:Eli Amir, 9323:C. Tripp, 9262:2023-10-04 9212:E. Black, 9054:Gat, Moshe 9001:References 8990:2021-05-15 8966:2024-08-01 8936:2024-08-01 8762:2024-08-01 8515:2006-10-05 8360:2020-10-19 8281:2024-09-24 8257:2024-08-17 8194:2024-08-17 8103:2020-10-05 8061:2024-09-22 8018:2024-09-22 7993:2024-08-17 7969:2024-08-02 7908:2020-10-05 7883:2024-08-01 7798:2024-09-28 7461:government 7427:p. 91 7398:2013-10-15 7345:Tripp, 123 7205:2013-10-15 7141:Levin 2001 7105:2018-06-19 6988:2018-08-23 6959:2018-08-22 6806:2018-08-22 6749:" (2000). 6705:2018-08-23 6554:2024-09-10 6380:Rea, Cam. 6329:2020-01-20 6304:2020-01-20 6280:2020-01-20 6255:2020-01-20 6230:2020-01-20 6205:2020-01-20 6172:2020-01-20 6067:Avi Shlaim 6020:2008-06-24 5974:2024-09-10 5847:2019-12-10 5817:2018-08-22 5510:Yona Sabar 5490:, novelist 5436:Hila Klein 5354:Avi Shlaim 5314:Rav Chisda 5296:Abba Arika 5279:Iraqi Jews 5118:brit milah 5029:breakdowns 4928:Avi Shlaim 4775:, May 1951 4686:available. 4385:Background 3920:See also: 3886:irrigation 3871:Al-Maqrizi 3777:Marco Polo 3691:Christians 3527:Manicheans 3324:Hyrcanus I 3200:537 BCE). 3181:Zerubbabel 3094:Jehoiachin 3010:Artaxerxes 2986:Chronicles 2976:; compare 2962:Israelites 2819:, and the 2797:Kiryat Gat 2763:Avi Shlaim 2715:Caliphates 2705:, and the 2663:Zerubbabel 2479:Maximalism 2431:Secularism 2411:Autonomism 2228:Literature 2021:Humanistic 1625:Azerbaijan 1587:Uzbekistan 1562:Tajikistan 1482:Kyrgyzstan 1467:Kazakhstan 1314:Mozambique 1289:Madagascar 1209:Cape Verde 1161:New Yishuv 1156:Old Yishuv 1107:Population 1085:Subbotniks 1043:Samaritans 982:Romanyotim 925:Ashkenazim 872:Old Yishuv 852:Sabbateans 839:Modern era 831:Golden Age 758:Bar Kokhba 478:Beit Yosef 345:Philosophy 33:Iraqi Jews 12452:Hong Kong 12406:Palestine 12331:Sri Lanka 12326:Singapore 12206:Indonesia 11861:Languages 11808:Amazonian 11792:Livornese 11770:Hamburger 11614:Hungarian 11580:Bulgarian 11502:Conversos 11283:Languages 10936:Squatting 10901:Education 10848:Mandaeism 10817:/Turkoman 10795:Mandaeans 10780:Assyrians 10775:Armenians 10738:Languages 10626:Companies 10581:Judiciary 10491:President 10461:Elections 10456:Democracy 10302:Geography 10218:Sanctions 10136:2003–2011 10131:1968–2003 10126:1958–1968 9985:Babylonia 9737:Assyrians 9732:Armenians 9694:Shabakism 9689:Mandaeism 9684:Yarsanism 9627:Religions 9454:Babylonia 8692:27 August 7922:Gale 2005 7874:"History" 7710:Tom Segev 7589:Bard 2013 6593:Babylonia 6581:Noach 3:9 6458:, p.26-35 6420:. Brill. 6200:0029-7712 6162:0307-1235 5721:offense". 5701:Mandaeans 5368:, scholar 5239:, former 5235:House of 5163:Sadr City 5106:Arab Jews 5065:Australia 5017:scaffolds 4957:Or Yehuda 4880:Ma'abarot 4813:synagogue 4309:Palestine 4171:Ashkenazi 4157:Hong Kong 4153:Singapore 4056:century. 4025:Sephardic 3791:musharrif 3646:Pumbedita 3554:from the 3531:Buddhists 3516:Shapur II 3490:Ctesiphon 3486:Asoristan 3366:Vespasian 3328:Great Zab 3311:as well ( 3305:diadochoi 3301:Arsacides 3260:or under 3170:exilarchs 3135:Jehoiakim 3025:Psalm 137 3014:Neh. 13:6 2978:Isa. 34:1 2954:allusions 2905:. 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History of the Jews in Iraq

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