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274:. Following a decline in demand due to changing European tastes, he got out of the fur trade in 1830, diversifying by investing in New York City real estate. Astor was highly wealthy and became a prominent patron of the arts. In proportion to GDP, he was one of the richest people in modern history.
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real estate. Astor correctly predicted the city's rapid growth northward on
Manhattan Island, and he purchased more and more land beyond the then-existing city limits. Astor rarely built on his land, but leased it to others for rent and their use. After retiring from his business, Astor spent the
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Astor imported furs from
Montreal to New York and shipped them to Europe. By 1800, he had amassed over a quarter of a million dollars (the equivalent of 229 million dollars in 2024) and had become one of the leading figures in the fur trade. His agents worked throughout the western areas and were
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around March of the following year. There, he rented a room from Sarah Cox Todd, a widow, and began a flirtation with his landlady's daughter, also named Sarah Cox Todd. The young couple married in 1785. His intent had been to join his brother Henry, who had established a butcher shop in New York
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In the 1830s, Astor foresaw that the next big boom would be the build-up of New York, which would soon emerge as one of the world's greatest cities. Astor sold his interests in the
American Fur Company, as well as all his other ventures, and used the money to buy and develop large tracts of
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law that barred foreign fur traders from U.S. territories. The
American Fur Company came to dominate trading in the area around the Great Lakes, absorbing competitors in a monopoly. Astor had a townhouse at 233 Broadway in Manhattan and a country estate, Hellgate, in Northern New York City.
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At the time of his death in 1848, Astor was the wealthiest person in the United States, leaving an estate estimated to be worth at least $ 20 million, or 0.9% of estimated US GDP at the time, which is equivalent to $ 598 million in 2020. By comparison, the fortune of
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Astor left the bulk of his fortune to his second son
William, because his eldest son, John Jr., was sickly and mentally unstable. Astor left enough money to care for John Jr. for the rest of his life. William continued building the family fortune, and was an ancestor of
303:. He was the youngest son of Johann Jacob Astor and Maria Magdalena vom Berg. His three older brothers were George, Henry, and Melchior. In his childhood, Johann worked in his father's butcher shop and as a dairy salesman. In 1779, at the age of 16, he moved to
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Jacob was always written with a 'c' in the records of
Walldorf's Reformed Church, but Walldorf's Rev. Georg Speyer spelled the name with a 'k' in his laudatio for Astor's 50th death-ceremony. From then on that spelling was used in Astor's hometown
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of only $ 300, she possessed a frugal mind and a business judgment that he declared better than that of most merchants. She assisted him in the practical details of his business, and managed Astor's affairs when he was away from New York.
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is now operated as a museum honoring Astor. It is a renowned and popular fest hall for marriages. Astor donated gifts totaling $ 20,000 to the German
Society of the City of New York, during his term as president, from 1837 until 1841.
344:, prepare them himself, and resell them in London and elsewhere at great profit. He opened his own fur goods shop in New York in the late 1780s and also served as the New York agent of his uncle's musical instrument business.
776:, is named after Astor. In 1835, John Jacob Astor founded the Town of Astor in Wisconsin. After the Town of Astor was united with the Town of Navarino to form the Borough of Green Bay, one neighborhood was named after him.
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profits, he became more systematic, ambitious, and calculating by investing in New York real estate. In 1803, he bought a 70-acre farm on which he built the Astor
Mansion at Hellgate. The property ran west of
435:(established in April 1811) was the first United States community on the Pacific coast. He financed the overland Astor Expedition in 1810–1812 to reach the outpost. Members of the expedition were to discover
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507:. Astor's commercial connections extended over the entire globe, and his ships were found in every sea. He and Sarah moved to a townhouse on Prince Street in Manhattan, New York.
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On
September 19, 1785, Astor married Sarah Cox Todd (April 9, 1762 – August 3, 1842). Her parents were Scottish immigrants Adam Todd and Sarah Cox. Although she brought him a
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762:, is named after Astor, as well as an elementary school named in his honor. The background to the founding of this town is described in Washington Irving's
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228:; July 17, 1763 – March 29, 1848) was a German-born American businessman, merchant, real estate mogul, and investor. Astor made his fortune mainly in a
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Astor began buying land in New York City in 1799 and acquired sizable holdings along the waterfront. After the start of the 19th century, flush with
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Ponciano, Jonathan. "Jeff Bezos
Becomes The First Person Ever Worth $ 200 Billion". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 26, 2020.
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258:, Astor immigrated to England as a teenager and worked as a musical instrument manufacturer. He moved to the United States after the
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729:, who founded the library from his own collection. Next, they were called Lord Astor and Lady Lenox (both lions are males). Mayor
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Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey
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in Michigan as headquarters for the reorganized American Fur Company, making the island a metropolis of the fur trade.
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in Manhattan. Many members of his family had joined its congregation, but Astor remained a member of the local German
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was formed in Astor's birthplace in Germany, the group added "Astoria" to its name in his, and the family's, honor.
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disrupted Astor's import/export business because it closed off trade with Canada. With the permission of President
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and 46th streets. That same year, and the following year, he bought considerable holdings from the disgraced
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1106:"John Jacob Astor Biography – life, family, childhood, death, mother, son, old, information, born, house"
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John Jacob Astor Business Records at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School
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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "American Fur Company". Encyclopedia Britannica (2018),
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was worth approximately $ 200 billion in 2020, similar to Astor at approximately 0.9% of US GDP.
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as well. After working at his brother's shop for a time, Astor began to purchase raw hides from
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at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street were originally named Leo Astor and Leo Lenox, after Astor and
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described this at length, based on contemporary documents, diaries, etc., in his travelogue
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between Great Britain and the United States, which opened new markets in Canada and the
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881:"The Wealthiest Historical Figures and How Much They Would be Worth in Today's Dollars"
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for the New York public, which was later consolidated with other libraries to form the
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City. A chance meeting with a fur trader on his voyage had inspired him to join the
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street in Manhattan, New York City, was named after Astor, soon after his death.
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Johann Jacob Astor – Ein Lebensbild aus dem Volke, für das Volk und seine Jugend
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600:(1792–1875), who married Margaret Alida Rebecca Armstrong, daughter of Senator
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1568:"Annual report of the German Society of the city of New York for the year ..."
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Guardian on the Hudson: The German Society of the City of New York, 1784–1984
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478:. Astor later left the Chinese opium trade and sold opium solely in Britain.
1754:, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 737
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1774:, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 793–794
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American Dynasties: A History of Founding and Influential American Families
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used Astor as a symbol of men who made the earliest fortunes in New York.
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manufacturer, Astor & Broadwood. While there, he learned English and
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New York, N.Y. : Burr Printing House – via Internet Archive.
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Dorothea Astor (1795–1874), who married Walter Langdon. They owned the
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in his studies, artwork, and travels, and the presidential campaign of
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Life of John Jacob Astor: To which is appended a Copy of his last will
462:, when the British captured his trading posts. In 1816, he joined the
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Astor's business rebounded in 1817 after the U.S. Congress passed a
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1834:. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 156.
1806:
The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans
1206:"John Jacob Astor | Real Estate Mogul, Fur Trader, Philanthropist"
1132:
A Place That I Love: A Tour Drivers Perspective of Mackinac Island
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Unnamed son (1802–1802), who died within a few days of his birth.
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1453:
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies
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John Jacob Astor Jr. (1791–1869), sickly and mentally unstable.
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ruthless in competition. In 1800, following the example of the
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in 1807, secondly John Bristed in 1820. She was the mother of
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1904:
John Jacob Astor: Business and Finance in the Early Republic
1728:. Fussball.de. December 8, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
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rest of his life as a patron of culture. He supported the
331:, Astor boarded a ship for the United States, arriving in
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The pair of marble lions that sit by the entrance of the
439:, through which hundreds of thousands of settlers on the
239:
into China, and by investing in real estate in or around
152:
First multi-millionaire businessman in the United States
458:
Astor's fur trading ventures were disrupted during the
1892:
The Life and Ventures of the Original John Jacob Astor
1882:
John Jacob Astor and the First Great American Fortune
1703:"Astor Street neighborhood home to Green Bay history"
1274:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Fur-Company
660:
In his will, Astor bequeathed $ 400,000 to build the
307:
to join his brother George in working for an uncle's
2007:
Part 3: vol. 16, no. 8 (Oct. 1908), pp. 514–530
2002:
Part 2: vol. 16, no. 7 (July 1908), pp. 436–441
1997:
Part 1: vol. 16, no. 6 (June 1908), pp. 345–368
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1470:
1074:. New York: Cosimo (orig. Blue Ribbon). p. 27.
423:
on April 6, 1808. He later formed subsidiaries: the
378:. In London, Astor at once made a contract with the
733:renamed them "Patience" and "Fortitude" during the
1935:
1924:John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire
1889:
1793:(in German), Walldorf, Germany: Astor-Stiftungsrat
1783:(in German), Walldorf, Germany: Astor-Stiftungsrat
1345:John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire
931:John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire
1959:More Colonial Women: 25 Pioneers of Early America
1716:"Warum heiĂźen die so? Heute: FC Astoria Walldorf"
1467:
466:. His American Fur Company purchased ten tons of
322:
5149:
1630:
614:Henry Astor II (1797–1799), who died as a child.
591:Sarah Todd Astor (1790–1790), who was stillborn.
270:, and later expanded into the American West and
1982:, Harper's Magazine Co., 1865, pp. 308–323
1809:, Boston: The Biographical Society, p. 159
1364:"Astor, John Jacob. An American merchant"
1357:
580:Magdalena Astor (1788–1832), who married first
470:-produced opium, and shipped the contraband to
1338:
1336:
299:, which is in the present-day German state of
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1942:. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
1877:(in German). Walldorf: Astor-Stiftung (2004).
1504:
510:
19:For other people named John Jacob Astor, see
1971:
1185:"Astor, John Jacob, American merchant"
1067:
925:
923:
769:a book whose writing was financed by Astor.
327:In November 1783, just after the end of the
16:German-born American businessman (1763–1848)
1651:
1584:. Department of Labor data. March 20, 2019.
1433:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1416:
1333:
1313:"The Opium Kings: Opium Throughout History"
1032:The Legendary Mountain Men of North America
772:The historic neighborhood of Astor Park in
431:region. His Columbia River trading post at
243:. He was the first prominent member of the
5213:Immigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain
2505:
2491:
2214:
2200:
2048:, Author Washington Irving full text (pdf)
1642:. New York: The American News Comp. p. 81.
1361:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1034:. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Co. pp. 154–158.
627:
38:
1907:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
1606:, retrieved for Q4 2020 on April 6, 2021.
1510:
1410:
1385:Gotham A History of New York City to 1898
1383:Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (1998).
1234:"The Relative Worth of $ 250,000 in 1800"
1175:
920:
408:in China, and greatly benefited from it.
347:
2040:The "Astorhaus" in Germany, now a museum
1788:
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1574:
1446:
1154:
1134:. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation.
858:
672:and orphanage in his German hometown of
559:
351:
2221:
2133:Astor, John Jacob. An American merchant
2073:Astor, John Jacob, an American merchant
1896:. Hudson, N.Y., Bryan printing company.
1887:
1820:
1604:https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP/
1447:Emmerich, Alexander (January 1, 2016).
1255:
1253:
1251:
748:, New York City, is named after Astor.
287:Johann Jakob Astor was born in 1763 in
176: 1785; died 1842)
5183:American businesspeople in real estate
5150:
1950:John Jacob Astor, Landlord of New York
1933:
1921:
1900:
1831:The Biographical Dictionary of America
1552:. MWGLNY. January 2014. Archived from
1511:Dickinson, Rachel (February 1, 2021).
1342:
1285:
1155:Morrison, David A (October 18, 2013).
1129:
1071:John Jacob Astor: Landlord of New York
1029:
642:German Society of the City of New York
555:
4268:
4084:Bibliography of the American frontier
2512:
2486:
2195:
1990:. "The Fortune of John Jacob Astor,"
1947:Smith, Arthur Douglas Howden (1929).
1946:
1373:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1181:
1100:
1098:
5208:Emigrants from the Holy Roman Empire
5168:19th-century American businesspeople
4140:Cuisine of the Western United States
2088:Astor, John Jacob, American merchant
1798:
1791:Johann Jakob Astor zum 150. Todestag
1654:"Bartleby the Scrivener Study Guide"
1248:
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875:
873:
822:List of richest Americans in history
1405:Johann Jakob Astor – Ein Lebensbild
1387:. Oxford University Press. p. 337.
1351:
1157:"The North West Company, 1779–1821"
1056:Johann Jakob Astor – Ein Lebensbild
723:New York Public Library Main Branch
386:rivaled the trade interests of the
13:
5233:Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery
3876:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
1888:Gebhard, Elizabeth Louisa (1915).
1853:
1781:Johann Jakob Astor: Ein Lebensbild
1758:
1741:
1123:
1095:
1011:
974:
903:"America's First Multimillionaire"
14:
5254:
5203:American people of German descent
5193:Businesspeople from New York City
4124:Timeline of the American Old West
2014:
1873:Ebeling, Herbert C.; Horn, W. O.
1182:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1068:Howden Smith, Arthur D. (2005) .
1020:
870:
708:to his death. In the short story
617:Eliza Astor (1801–1838), married
370:Astor took advantage of the 1794
5132:
5131:
2174:Richest man in the United States
2108:The New Student's Reference Work
2062:
1953:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
1934:Porter, Kenneth Wiggins (1931).
1814:
1286:Morris, Larry (March 24, 2022).
211:
5243:19th-century American merchants
5228:Pre-statehood history of Oregon
5218:Immigrants to the United States
3780:First transcontinental railroad
1977:Harper's New Monthly Magazine,
1799:Johnson, Rossiter, ed. (1904),
1709:
1695:
1670:
1645:
1609:
1597:
1588:
1560:
1542:
1397:
1377:
1305:
1279:
1266:
1226:
1198:
1148:
1061:
1048:
489:In 1822, Astor established the
451:used to later pass through the
173:
2138:New International Encyclopedia
2021:Astor family papers, 1792–1916
1938:John Jacob Astor: Business Man
1370:New International Encyclopedia
1288:"Astor Expedition (1810–1813)"
944:"Richest Americans in History"
936:
895:
850:
668:. He also left $ 50,000 for a
323:Migration to the United States
1:
1992:Journal of Political Economy,
1844:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1789:Ebeling, Herbert C. (1998b),
1779:Ebeling, Herbert C. (1998a),
1735:
1455:. German Historical Institute
361:
282:
44:John Jacob Astor portrait by
5223:People from Walldorf (Baden)
3955:Battle of the Little Bighorn
1826:Astor, John Jacob (merchant)
883:. TitleMax. January 30, 2019
524:to the Hudson River between
277:
7:
5198:American Fur Company people
3980:First Battle of Adobe Walls
3924:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
3919:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
2184:William Backhouse Astor Sr.
1965:
1742:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878),
1682:The New York Public Library
790:
598:William Backhouse Astor Sr.
21:John Astor (disambiguation)
10:
5259:
3735:Great Western Cattle Trail
2078:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1957:Waldrup, Carole Chandler.
1619:. New York: The Society.
640:. He was president of the
511:Real estate and retirement
329:American Revolutionary War
260:American Revolutionary War
18:
5127:
5096:
5063:
5045:
4997:
4944:
4876:
4803:
4775:
4722:
4664:
4632:
4589:
4571:
4548:
4500:
4447:
4414:
4366:
4313:
4275:
4264:
4132:
4071:
4018:
3937:
3894:
3856:
3823:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
3788:
3695:
3645:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
3560:
3450:
3367:Frederick Russell Burnham
3357:
3207:
3101:
2970:
2807:
2800:
2527:
2520:
2448:
2382:
2326:
2270:
2229:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2058:National Portrait Gallery
2035:The Waldorf Astoria Hotel
1765:"Astor, John Jacob"
1721:January 22, 2014, at the
1427:"Astor, John Jacob"
1276:. Accessed April 5, 2021.
1161:The Canadian Encyclopedia
647:
576:They had eight children:
210:
205:
194:
183:
156:
148:
122:
112:
102:
86:
53:
37:
30:
3164:"Mysterious Dave" Mather
2440:François Benjamin Pillet
2349:William Wallace Matthews
2123:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
1901:Haeger, John D. (1991).
1858:
1745:"John Jacob Astor"
1519:Rowman & Littlefield
1436:. New York: D. Appleton.
1347:. John Wiley & Sons.
843:
797:Russian-American Company
609:Langdon Estate Gatehouse
474:onboard the packet ship
419:, Astor established the
390:, then based in London.
338:North American fur trade
3965:Battle of Washita River
3950:Battle of Glorieta Pass
3828:Lost Ship of the Desert
3770:Southern Emigrant Trail
3730:Great Platte River Road
3397:George Armstrong Custer
3189:William "Bill" Tilghman
2702:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
2153:The American Cyclopædia
2025:New York Public Library
1771:Encyclopædia Britannica
1751:Encyclopædia Britannica
1211:Encyclopædia Britannica
1130:Kitter, Walter (2015).
711:Bartleby, the Scrivener
702:Trinity Church Cemetery
666:New York Public Library
638:Grand Lodge of New York
628:Fraternal organizations
582:Adrian Benjamin Bentzon
107:Trinity Church Cemetery
4175:Rocky Mountain oysters
2093:Encyclopedia Americana
1582:"Inflation calculator"
1191:Encyclopedia Americana
1030:Walker, J. P. (2015).
632:Astor belonged to the
565:
367:
348:Fortune from fur trade
251:in the United States.
4010:Wounded Knee Massacre
3960:Battle of San Jacinto
3929:Variety Hall shootout
3904:Battle of Coffeyville
3886:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
3866:Black Hills Gold Rush
3543:Thomas William Sweeny
3407:Samuel P. Heintzelman
3184:John Horton Slaughter
3078:Richens Lacey Wootton
2612:Five Civilized Tribes
2067:Texts on Wikisource:
1922:Madsen, Axel (2001).
1880:Emmerich, Alexander.
1636:James Parton (1865).
1556:on November 10, 2013.
1343:Madsen, Axel (2002).
832:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
706:Reformed congregation
586:Charles Astor Bristed
563:
464:opium smuggling trade
356:John Jacob Astor, by
355:
319:to John Jacob Astor.
5173:American fur traders
5065:Washington Territory
4805:New Mexico Territory
4170:Pacific Northwestern
4089:Cowboys and cowgirls
3871:California Gold Rush
3848:Seven Cities of Gold
3833:Montezuma's treasure
3640:One-room schoolhouse
3488:George E. Goodfellow
3382:Texas Jack Omohundro
3225:"Curly Bill" Brocius
3023:Liver-Eating Johnson
2998:Tomás VĂ©lez CachupĂn
2552:Assiniboine (Nakota)
1652:Course Hero (2019).
1615:Wust, Klaus (1984).
1403:Herbert C. Ebeling.
1054:Herbert C. Ebeling:
781:association football
774:Green Bay, Wisconsin
758:The coastal town of
740:The neighborhood of
687:John Jacob Astor III
421:American Fur Company
388:Hudson's Bay Company
297:Electoral Palatinate
247:and the first multi-
76:Electoral Palatinate
5238:American Freemasons
4053:Pleasant Valley War
3995:Sand Creek massacre
3945:Battle of the Alamo
3818:Long Tom's treasure
3513:Octaviano Larrazolo
3427:Ranald S. Mackenzie
3377:"Buffalo Bill" Cody
3088:"Old Bill" Williams
3038:William John Murphy
2223:Pacific Fur Company
1705:. February 3, 2008.
1678:"The Library Lions"
1486:"The Astor Dynasty"
1292:Oregon Encyclopedia
1110:Notable Biographies
785:FC Astoria Walldorf
731:Fiorello La Guardia
700:Astor is buried in
695:John Jacob Astor VI
691:John Jacob Astor IV
644:from 1837 to 1841.
556:Marriage and family
491:Robert Stuart House
425:Pacific Fur Company
413:Embargo Act of 1807
317:anglicized his name
97:New York City, U.S.
5178:American investors
4878:Oklahoma Territory
4063:Sutton–Taylor feud
4043:Lincoln County War
4038:Johnson County War
3938:Military conflicts
3881:Klondike Gold Rush
3682:Westward expansion
3503:Zephaniah Kingsley
3277:John Wesley Hardin
3174:George Scarborough
3154:"Wild Bill" Hickok
3043:John Wesley Powell
2415:Michel Laframboise
1973:"John Jacob Astor"
1961:. McFarland, 2004
1801:"John Jacob Astor"
1492:. December 7, 2018
1449:"John Jacob Astor"
1163:. Historica Canada
827:List of Freemasons
779:In 1908, when the
602:John Armstrong Jr.
566:
546:John James Audubon
380:North West Company
376:Great Lakes region
368:
264:Great Lakes region
226:Johann Jakob Astor
58:Johann Jakob Astor
46:John Wesley Jarvis
5145:
5144:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5098:Wyoming Territory
4666:Montana Territory
4502:Florida Territory
4315:Arizona Territory
4202:Western lifestyle
4033:Earp-Clanton feud
3975:ChimayĂł Rebellion
3909:Battle of Lincoln
3715:Butterfield Trail
3665:Vigilante justice
3556:
3555:
3483:John Joel Glanton
3468:Jonathan R. Davis
3463:William H. Boring
3068:Trinidad Swilling
2657:Lenape (Delaware)
2582:Chippewa (Ojibwe)
2514:American frontier
2480:
2479:
2425:Ovide de Montigny
2405:Marie Aioe Dorion
2400:Pierre Dorion Jr.
2339:Gabriel Franchère
2293:Wilson Price Hunt
2190:
2189:
2181:Succeeded by
2148:Astor, John Jacob
2118:Astor, John Jacob
2103:Astor, John Jacob
1840:cite encyclopedia
1822:Johnson, Rossiter
1627:. pp. 26–27.
1528:978-1-4930-4815-1
1393:978-0-19-511634-2
499:Washington Irving
449:California Trails
301:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
219:
218:
135:real estate mogul
80:Holy Roman Empire
5250:
5135:
5134:
4946:Oregon Territory
4883:Indian Territory
4449:Dakota Territory
4273:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4165:New Mexico chile
4048:Mason County War
4005:Texas Revolution
3970:Bear Flag Revolt
3720:California Trail
3630:Manifest destiny
3562:Frontier culture
3458:John Jacob Astor
3432:Charley Reynolds
3332:Younger Brothers
3312:Joaquin Murrieta
3199:Harry C. Wheeler
3194:James Timberlake
3083:Henry Wickenburg
3028:Meriwether Lewis
2947:Touch the Clouds
2809:Native Americans
2805:
2804:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2435:François Payette
2313:Duncan McDougall
2308:Robert McClellan
2303:Donald Mackenzie
2278:John Jacob Astor
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2166:Preceded by
2163:
2162:
2157:
2142:
2127:
2112:
2097:
2082:
2066:
1983:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1918:
1897:
1895:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1818:
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1810:
1794:
1784:
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1707:
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1395:
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1355:
1349:
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1330:
1328:
1326:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1261:John Jacob Astor
1257:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1236:. MeasuringWorth
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
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1152:
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1127:
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1120:
1118:
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1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
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1027:
1018:
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996:
987:
981:
972:
959:
958:
956:
954:
940:
934:
927:
918:
917:
915:
913:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
877:
862:
854:
735:Great Depression
417:Thomas Jefferson
397:Empress of China
366:
363:
342:Native Americans
222:John Jacob Astor
215:
177:
175:
93:
67:
65:
42:
32:John Jacob Astor
28:
27:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5115:
5092:
5059:
5041:
4993:
4940:
4880:
4872:
4799:
4771:
4718:
4660:
4628:
4585:
4567:
4550:Idaho Territory
4544:
4496:
4443:
4410:
4362:
4309:
4260:
4155:Native American
4128:
4079:Arizona Rangers
4067:
4022:
4014:
3933:
3914:Frisco shootout
3890:
3852:
3798:Dead man's hand
3784:
3697:
3691:
3687:Wild West shows
3595:Cattle rustling
3552:
3538:Sedona Schnebly
3523:Sylvester Mowry
3446:
3437:Philip Sheridan
3387:James C. Cooney
3359:
3353:
3245:Dalton Brothers
3203:
3114:Charlie Bassett
3097:
3018:John C. Frémont
2972:
2966:
2932:Snapping Turtle
2796:
2747:Southern Paiute
2712:Pend d'Oreilles
2697:Northern Paiute
2523:
2516:
2511:
2481:
2476:
2444:
2378:
2344:Donald McGillis
2322:
2298:Alexander McKay
2266:
2262:Clearwater Post
2225:
2220:
2186:
2177:
2169:
2145:
2130:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2017:
1968:
1915:
1861:
1856:
1854:Further reading
1837:
1836:
1824:, ed. (1906). "
1815:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1723:Wayback Machine
1714:
1710:
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1566:
1565:
1561:
1550:"Famous Masons"
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1521:. p. 114.
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1424:, eds. (1900).
1415:
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886:
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879:
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871:
866:
865:
855:
851:
846:
793:
760:Astoria, Oregon
716:Herman Melville
650:
630:
558:
513:
495:Mackinac Island
453:Rocky Mountains
404:at the port of
364:
350:
325:
285:
280:
235:, by exporting
179:
171:
167:
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144:
117:
98:
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5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5055:Salt Lake City
5051:
5049:
5047:Utah Territory
5043:
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5029:
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4527:
4525:Prospect Bluff
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4230:
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4224:
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4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4187:Gothic Western
4184:
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4182:
4177:
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4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4136:
4134:
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4015:
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4012:
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3997:
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3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Santa Fe Trail
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Chisholm Trail
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
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3670:Western saloon
3667:
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3627:
3622:
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3570:American bison
3566:
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3528:Emperor Norton
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3498:Andrew Jackson
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3105:
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3099:
3098:
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3065:
3060:
3058:Jedediah Smith
3055:
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2801:Notable people
2798:
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2795:
2794:
2792:Yuma (Quechan)
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Tohono OĘĽodham
2749:
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2699:
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2529:Native Nations
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2420:Étienne Lucier
2417:
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2410:Joseph Gervais
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
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2384:
2380:
2379:
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2371:
2366:
2364:Alexander Ross
2361:
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2334:Russel Farnham
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2247:Fort She-whaps
2244:
2239:
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2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2188:
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2167:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2143:
2128:
2113:
2098:
2083:
2060:
2055:
2053:Frontline show
2050:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2016:
2015:External links
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1988:Youngman, Anna
1985:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1944:
1931:
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1913:
1898:
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1864:Brands, H. W.
1860:
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1762:, ed. (1911),
1760:Chisholm, Hugh
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837:Joseph LaBarge
834:
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807:Astoria (book)
804:
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751:The one-block
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619:Vincent Rumpff
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564:Sarah Cox Todd
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429:Columbia River
358:Gilbert Stuart
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94:(aged 84)
90:March 29, 1848
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5078:Port Townsend
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4909:
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4906:Oklahoma City
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4747:Nebraska City
4745:
4743:
4742:Fort Robinson
4740:
4738:
4737:Fort Atkinson
4735:
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4714:Virginia City
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4581:Fort Dearborn
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4530:St. Augustine
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4487:Standing Rock
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4406:San Francisco
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4323:Canyon Diablo
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4254:Snap fastener
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4228:
4227:Texas country
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4209:
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4207:Western music
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4197:Western genre
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4000:Seminole Wars
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3710:Bozeman Trail
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3660:Train robbery
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3590:Cowboy poetry
3588:
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3473:George Flavel
3471:
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3417:Calamity Jane
3415:
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3408:
3405:
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3308:
3305:
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3302:Frank McLaury
3300:
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3236:
3235:Billy Clanton
3233:
3231:
3230:Butch Cassidy
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Billy the Kid
3213:
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3185:
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3162:
3160:
3159:Bat Masterson
3157:
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3147:
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3142:
3140:
3139:Henry Garfias
3137:
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3115:
3112:
3110:
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3094:
3093:Brigham Young
3091:
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3086:
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3079:
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3073:Ora Rush Weed
3071:
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3063:Jack Swilling
3061:
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3009:
3008:Davy Crockett
3006:
3004:
3003:William Clark
3001:
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2937:Standing Bear
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2902:Quanah Parker
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2534:
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2526:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
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2403:
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2398:
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2393:
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2385:
2381:
2375:
2374:Robert Stuart
2372:
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2299:
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2289:
2288:Ramsay Crooks
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Wallace House
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Fort Okanogan
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:Trading posts
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2175:
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2149:
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2139:
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2129:
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2119:
2114:
2110:
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2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1979:Vol. XXX
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1914:9780814318768
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
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1746:
1740:
1739:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1704:
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1679:
1673:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1625:0-917968-11-5
1622:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1534:September 27,
1530:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1496:September 27,
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1418:Wilson, J. G.
1413:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1359:Gilman, D. C.
1354:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1235:
1229:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1141:9781514414552
1137:
1133:
1126:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1041:9781312921511
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
994:
992:
986:
979:
977:
971:
969:
967:
965:
949:
945:
939:
932:
929:Axel Madsen,
926:
924:
908:
904:
898:
882:
876:
874:
869:
861:, p. 2).
860:
859:Ebeling 1998b
853:
849:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
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795:
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788:
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766:
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754:
749:
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738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
714:
712:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Astor Library
658:
656:
645:
643:
639:
635:
622:
620:
616:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
583:
579:
578:
577:
574:
571:
562:
553:
551:
547:
544:
543:ornithologist
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
508:
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
487:
484:
483:protectionist
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
398:
391:
389:
385:
382:, which from
381:
377:
373:
359:
354:
345:
343:
339:
334:
330:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
275:
273:
272:Pacific coast
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
241:New York City
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
214:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
190:
187:8, including
186:
182:
159:
155:
151:
147:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:July 17, 1763
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
5188:Astor family
5111:Fort Laramie
5106:Fort Bridger
4891:Broken Arrow
4642:Independence
4239:Cowboy boots
4234:Western wear
4114:Mountain men
3775:Tanner Trail
3760:Pony Express
3755:Oregon Trail
3750:Mormon Trail
3620:Homesteading
3585:Cattle drive
3548:Peter Lebeck
3533:Annie Oakley
3493:Doc Holliday
3457:
3422:Luther Kelly
3402:Alexis Godey
3392:George Crook
3327:Sundance Kid
3282:Johnny Ringo
3272:Bill Downing
3053:Levi Ruggles
3013:Donner Party
2988:John Bozeman
2983:Daniel Boone
2922:Sitting Bull
2897:Plenty Coups
2832:Chief Joseph
2827:Bloody Knife
2822:Black Kettle
2522:1776 to 1912
2469:
2462:
2455:
2369:Alfred Seton
2354:Thomas McKay
2318:David Stuart
2277:
2252:Fort Spokane
2237:Fort Astoria
2172:
2151:
2136:
2121:
2106:
2091:
2076:
2045:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1958:
1949:
1937:
1923:
1903:
1891:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1829:
1805:
1790:
1780:
1769:
1749:
1711:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1647:
1637:
1632:
1616:
1611:
1599:
1590:
1576:
1562:
1554:the original
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1513:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:The Astorian
1489:
1457:. Retrieved
1452:
1442:
1431:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1384:
1379:
1368:
1353:
1344:
1325:September 4,
1323:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:
1281:
1268:
1260:
1238:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:December 27,
1216:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1189:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1150:
1131:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1087:December 22,
1085:. Retrieved
1070:
1063:
1058:. pp. 63–69.
1055:
1050:
1031:
1012:
990:
985:
975:
953:December 27,
951:. Retrieved
947:
938:
930:
912:December 27,
910:. Retrieved
906:
897:
887:December 27,
885:. Retrieved
852:
802:Astor family
778:
771:
763:
757:
750:
739:
720:
709:
699:
683:
677:
659:
651:
631:
575:
567:
534:
514:
502:
488:
480:
475:
457:
433:Fort Astoria
410:
395:
392:
369:
326:
286:
253:
245:Astor family
225:
221:
220:
200:Astor family
103:Burial place
92:(1848-03-29)
25:
5163:1848 deaths
5158:1763 births
5037:San Antonio
4974:Oregon City
4969:McMinnville
4896:Fort Gibson
4828:Fort Sumner
4818:Albuquerque
4785:Carson City
4689:Fort Benton
4647:Kansas City
4619:Leavenworth
4540:Tallahassee
4391:Los Angeles
4376:Bakersfield
4353:Window Rock
4160:New Mexican
4150:Californian
4099:Ghost towns
3990:Mexican War
3985:Indian Wars
3858:Gold rushes
3838:Paul Bunyan
3745:Meek Cutoff
3705:Barlow Road
3575:Barbed wire
3508:Seth Kinman
3322:Soapy Smith
3317:Belle Starr
3307:Tom McLaury
3297:Tom Ketchum
3292:Frank James
3287:Jesse James
3267:Bill Doolin
3240:Ike Clanton
3179:John Selman
3169:Bass Reeves
3144:Pat Garrett
3129:Virgil Earp
3124:Morgan Earp
3109:Elfego Baca
3048:Juan Rivera
2993:Jim Bridger
2872:Ganundalegi
2857:Crazy Snake
2852:Crazy Horse
2283:John Clarke
1726:(in German)
907:Smithsonian
812:Astor Place
753:Astor Place
727:James Lenox
517:China trade
460:War of 1812
365: 1794
249:millionaire
129:Businessman
123:Occupations
113:Nationality
5152:Categories
5022:Fort Worth
4959:The Dalles
4926:Tishomingo
4813:Alamogordo
4704:Livingston
4684:Deer Lodge
4604:Dodge City
4558:Fort Boise
4515:Negro Fort
4482:Rapid City
4477:Pine Ridge
4472:Fort Yates
4396:Sacramento
4368:California
4328:Fort Grant
4244:Cowboy hat
4212:New Mexico
4192:Weird West
4145:Chuckwagon
4058:Sheep Wars
4020:Range wars
3843:Pecos Bill
3813:Johnny Kaw
3808:John Henry
3803:Dime novel
3698:and trails
3675:Tack piano
3655:Stagecoach
3610:Ghost town
3372:Kit Carson
3360:and scouts
3220:Black Bart
3134:Wyatt Earp
2862:Dasoda-hae
2847:Crazy Bear
2817:Black Hawk
1736:References
1115:October 9,
1081:1596057491
655:Jeff Bezos
634:Freemasons
604:, in 1818.
550:Henry Clay
530:Aaron Burr
476:Macedonian
437:South Pass
402:sandalwood
372:Jay Treaty
293:Heidelberg
283:Early life
141:fur trader
64:1763-07-17
5088:Vancouver
4964:La Grande
4931:Tuskahoma
4921:Tahlequah
4901:Fort Sill
4868:Tucumcari
4838:Las Vegas
4767:Whiteclay
4762:Valentine
4694:Fort Peck
4652:St. Louis
4609:Ellsworth
4563:Fort Hall
4535:St. Marks
4520:Pensacola
4434:Telluride
4401:San Diego
4386:Jamestown
4343:Tombstone
4285:Anchorage
4133:Influence
4104:Gunfights
3896:Gunfights
3740:Lolo Pass
3696:Transport
3635:Moonshine
3625:Land rush
3615:Gunfights
3605:Fast draw
3580:Boot Hill
3478:C. S. Fly
3442:Al Sieber
3149:Jack Helm
3033:Joe Mayer
2971:Explorers
2942:Ten Bears
2927:Smallwood
2912:Sacagawea
2907:Red Cloud
2887:Manuelito
2882:Kiliahote
2732:Seminoles
2692:Nez Perce
2557:Blackfoot
2383:Personnel
2359:John Reed
1422:Fiske, J.
1407:, p. 141.
1318:Frontline
1167:March 23,
817:Astor Row
678:Astorhaus
670:poorhouse
538:Manhattan
411:The U.S.
333:Baltimore
278:Biography
230:fur trade
206:Signature
195:Relatives
48:, c. 1825
5137:Category
5027:Gonzales
4979:Portland
4916:Pawhuska
4911:Okmulgee
4863:Santa Fe
4853:Mogollon
4823:Cimarron
4752:Ogallala
4724:Nebraska
4709:Missoula
4674:Billings
4634:Missouri
4573:Illinois
4462:Deadwood
4457:Bismarck
4439:Trinidad
4416:Colorado
4333:Prescott
4290:Iditarod
4217:Red Dirt
3790:Folklore
3600:Cow town
3518:Nat Love
3412:Tom Horn
3358:Soldiers
3119:Roy Bean
2975:pioneers
2962:Washakie
2957:Victorio
2867:Geronimo
2842:Degataga
2737:Shoshone
2682:Muscogee
2667:Maricopa
2642:Kumeyaay
2632:Kickapoo
2627:Hualapai
2597:Comanche
2572:Cheyenne
2562:Cahuilla
2471:Albatros
2395:John Day
2390:Ross Cox
2271:Partners
1966:Articles
1719:Archived
1687:June 13,
1662:June 13,
1259:Madsen,
1240:June 12,
791:See also
674:Walldorf
522:Broadway
384:Montreal
289:Walldorf
254:Born in
233:monopoly
184:Children
138:investor
132:merchant
118:American
72:Walldorf
5083:Seattle
5073:Everett
5032:Lubbock
5017:El Paso
5012:Abilene
4954:Astoria
4858:Roswell
4848:Mesilla
4843:Lincoln
4732:Chadron
4679:Bozeman
4624:Wichita
4599:Abilene
4492:Yankton
4338:Phoenix
4305:Skagway
4180:Tex-Mex
4119:Outlaws
3208:Outlaws
2917:Seattle
2877:Irataba
2837:Cochise
2787:Yavapai
2757:Tonkawa
2717:Pequots
2647:Kutenai
2617:Hidatsa
2592:Cocopah
2577:Chinook
2547:Arikara
2542:Arapaho
2457:Tonquin
2430:Naukane
2178:?–1848
2168:Unknown
2156:. 1879.
2141:. 1905.
2126:. 1907.
2111:. 1914.
2096:. 1920.
2081:. 1921.
2046:Astoria
2023:at the
1929:excerpt
1884:(2013).
1870:(1999).
1459:July 7,
765:Astoria
742:Astoria
504:Astoria
468:Ottoman
295:in the
256:Germany
189:William
178:
170:
166:
5007:Austin
4936:Wewoka
4833:Gallup
4777:Nevada
4699:Helena
4591:Kansas
4510:Angola
4429:Denver
4424:Creede
4381:Fresno
4348:Tucson
4300:Seward
4277:Alaska
4269:Places
4222:Tejano
4109:Lawmen
3451:Others
3261:Emmett
3102:Lawmen
2892:Massai
2777:Yakama
2772:Washoe
2762:Umpqua
2727:Pueblo
2707:Pawnee
2687:Navajo
2677:Mohave
2662:Mandan
2652:Lakota
2607:Dakota
2567:Cayuse
2537:Apache
2464:Beaver
2327:Clerks
1911:
1819:
1623:
1525:
1391:
1297:May 8,
1263:(2001)
1214:. 2023
1138:
1078:
1038:
1015:(1911)
993:(1904)
978:(1878)
948:Forbes
933:(2001)
746:Queens
693:, and
676:. The
648:Legacy
472:Canton
447:, and
445:Mormon
441:Oregon
406:Canton
305:London
268:Canada
224:(born
157:Spouse
116:German
4999:Texas
4984:Salem
4757:Omaha
4467:Fargo
4249:Jeans
4094:Gangs
4072:Lists
4025:feuds
3650:Rodeo
2782:Yaqui
2742:Sioux
2672:Modoc
2637:Kiowa
2587:Caddo
2449:Ships
1859:Books
1657:(PDF)
1321:. PBS
844:Notes
783:club
570:dowry
313:flute
309:piano
237:opium
172:(
168:
4989:Vale
4881:and
4795:Reno
4614:Hays
4358:Yuma
4295:Nome
4023:and
3348:John
3336:Cole
3253:Bill
3249:Grat
2973:and
2952:Tuvi
2722:Pima
2622:Hopi
2602:Crow
1909:ISBN
1846:link
1689:2022
1664:2022
1621:ISBN
1536:2021
1523:ISBN
1498:2021
1461:2016
1389:ISBN
1327:2011
1299:2023
1242:2024
1220:2023
1169:2024
1136:ISBN
1117:2017
1089:2021
1076:ISBN
1036:ISBN
991:BDNA
955:2023
914:2023
889:2023
526:42nd
311:and
266:and
198:See
87:Died
54:Born
3344:Jim
3340:Bob
3257:Bob
2767:Ute
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2105:".
2090:".
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