1422:
332:
656:, Myanmar was annexed as a province of British India in 1886. Baptist missionaries introduced Christianity to Myanmar beginning in 1830, and they were successful in converting many Karen. Christian Karens were favoured by the British colonial authorities and were given opportunities not available to the Burmese ethnic majority, including military recruitment and seats in the legislature. Some Christian Karens began asserting an identity apart from their non-Christian counterparts, and many became leaders of Karen ethno-nationalist organisations, including the
126:
549:
39:
144:
1399:
108:
533:
1138:
1002:
them if they do. Employment for the Karen refugees is scarce and risky. Former refugee Hla Wah said, "No jobs So if adults wanted to work, they had to leave quietly without getting caught by Thai police." Wah is a Karen refugee who lived in a camp where she went to school and helped her family because her parents sought to go out to work, but they earned little money. Wah suffered from malnutrition because her parents did not have money to buy food for her nine siblings.
1407:
235:
565:
90:
1574:
72:
1385:
541:
1276:
54:
162:
268:
458:. According to the legends, the Karen took a long time to cook shellfish at the river of flowing sand, until the Chinese taught the Karens to open the shells so as to acquire the meat. It is estimated by linguists Luce and Lehman that the Tibeto-Burman peoples such as the Karen migrated into present-day Myanmar between 300 and 800 CE.
896:, the KNLA had accepted those demonstrators in their bases along the border. The dictatorship expanded the army and launched a series of major offensives against the KNLA. By 2006, the KNLA's strength had shrunk to less than 4,000, opposing what is now a 400,000-man Burmese army. However, the political arm of the KNLA – the
1461:. A small amount of rice and some shreds of meat or seafood may also be added. The soup was traditionally used as a supplement to rice, which was not readily or cheaply available to them. Talabaw is one of the most well known soups in Myanmar, and widely considered to be the essential dish of Karen cuisine.
1328:
Alongside orthodox
Christianity, some of those who identify themselves as Christian also have syncretised elements of animism with Christianity. The Karen of the Irrawaddy delta are mostly Christians, whereas Buddhists tend to be found mainly in Kayin state and surrounding regions. An estimated 15 to
720:(BIA) troops who helped the Japanese invade the country. Among the victims were a pre-war Cabinet minister, Saw Pe Tha, and his family. A government report later claimed the "excesses of the BIA" and "the loyalty of the Karens towards the British" as the reasons for these attacks. The intervention by
1417:
The don dance is a traditional Karen performance. "Don" roughly translates to "in agreement". The dance is a series of uniform movements accompanied by music played from traditional Karen instruments. During the performance, a "Don Koh" leads the troupe of dancers. The don dance originated from the
1001:
Around 400,000 Karen people are without housing, and 128,000 are living in camps on the
Thailand-Burma border. According to BMC, "79% of refugees living in these camps are Karen ethnicity." Their lives are restricted in the camps because they usually cannot go out, and the Thai police might arrest
967:
Using victims' statements, photographs, maps and film, and advised by legal counsel to the UN tribunal on the former
Yugoslavia, he purports to have documented slave labour, systematic rape, the conscription of child soldiers, massacres and the deliberate destruction of villages, food sources and
1005:
There is an established governance system in the camps, which are funded by the United
Nations, and other donors. The Karen Refugee Committee governs the day-to-day administration of the camp under the authority of the Thai government which guards entrances and exits to the camp. Within the camp
856:
The Karen
National Union has maintained its structure and purpose from the 1950s onward. The KNU acts as a governmental presence for the Karen people, offering basic social services for those affected by the insurgency, such as Karen refugees or internally displaced Karen. These services include
464:
refers to a heterogeneous lot of ethnic groups that do not share a common language, culture, religion, or material characteristics. A pan-Karen ethnic identity is a relatively modern creation, established in the 19th century with the conversion of some Karen to
Christianity and shaped by British
836:
After the war ended, Myanmar was granted independence in
January 1948, and the Karen, led by the KNU, attempted to co-exist peacefully with the Burman ethnic majority. Karen people held leading positions in both the government and the army. In the fall of 1948, the Burmese government, led by
2246:
An estimated 15-20 percent of Pwo and Sgaw Karen are
Christian historical confrontation of Buddhism and Christianity which was a crucial part of the colonial conquest of Burma. This confrontation, which began with Christian conversion in 1830, created an internal opposition among the
829:. The meeting called for a Karen state with a seaboard, an increased number of seats (25%) in the Constituent Assembly, a new ethnic census, and a continuance of Karen units in the armed forces. The deadline of 3 March passed without a reply from the British government, and
869:. Simultaneously a commission was looking into the Karen problem and this commission was about to report their findings to the Burmese government. The findings of the report were overshadowed by this political shift at the top of the Burmese government. The
1049:. Aye said, "After growing up in a place like I did, I wanted to become a nurse. I wanted to help sick people travel to refugee camps in Thailand and care for people who cannot afford medication." Additionally, Eh De Gray, who graduated from San Diego's
1433:
The sae klee dance or bamboo dance is a traditional Karen performance held during celebrations such as
Christmas and New Year's. Performers are typically divided into two groups. One group creates a platform by holding bamboo sticks in a
873:, formed in July 1947, then rose up in an insurgency against the government. They were helped by the defections of the Karen Rifles and the Union Military Police (UMP) units which had been successfully deployed in suppressing the earlier
444:, although they have lived in Myanmar for centuries. Most scholars dismiss the notion of a Gobi desert crossing, but rather translate the legend as describing "rivers of water flowing with sand". This could refer to the sediment-laden
1320:
A popular legend among the Karen people concerns a prophecy about a book which had been lost and would be returned by a "white brother". This is held to have been fulfilled when the first
American Baptist missionaries brought the
1491:) commemorates the Karen soldiers who have died fighting for Karen self-determination. It is observed annually on 12 August, the anniversary of the death of Saw Ba U Gyi, the first President of the Karen National Union.
1743:
667:
Karens to represent Karen interests with the British. Despite its Christian leadership, the KNA sought to unite all Karens of different regional and religious backgrounds into one organisation. They argued at the 1917
367:-speaking people. The group as a whole is heterogeneous and disparate as many Karen ethnic groups do not associate or identify with each other culturally or linguistically. These Karen groups reside primarily in
3942:
meaning "a land without evil", is the Karen name of the land of Karen people. An independent and impartial media outlet aimed to provide contemporary information of all kinds — social, cultural, educational and
1029:. Many Karen have problems fitting in and adjusting to the new country. "90% of the Karen refugees reported no knowledge of English or French on arrival." An estimated 8,500 Karen live in Minnesota, primarily
821:(KNU) was formed at a Karen Congress attended by 700 delegates from the Karen National Associations, both Baptist and Buddhist (KNA, founded 1881), the Karen Central Organisation (KCO) and its youth wing, the
1348:
in Insein. The seminary runs a theology program as well as a secular degree program (Liberal Arts Programme) to fulfill young Karens' intellectual and vocational needs. The Pwo Karen Baptist Convention is in
1244:, and is no longer associated with Buddhism (as followers do not venerate Buddhist monks). Followers believe that the future Buddha will return to Earth if they maintain their moral practices (following the
1329:
20 percent of Karen identify themselves as Christian today and about 90 percent of Karen people in the US are Christians. Though other estimates put the Karen Christian population as high as 30 percent.
857:
building school systems in Thailand and inside Burma, providing medical services, regulating trade and commerce, and providing security through the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), the KNU's army.
333:
1071:. Nearly all of them are Baptist Protestant Christians. They retain their language to intercommunicate within community, but use Hindi as a second language to communicate with non-Karen neighbours.
809:
states were given the right to secession after 10 years, the Kachin their own state, and the Chin a special division. The Mon and Arakanese of Ministerial Myanmar were not given any consideration.
797:. While the situation of the Karen was discussed, nothing practical was done before the British left Myanmar. The 1947 Constitution, drawn without Karen participation due to their boycott of the
716:
occupied the region, long-term tensions between the Karen and Burma turned into open fighting. As a consequence, many villages were destroyed and massacres committed by both the Japanese and the
930:
Reports as recently as February 2010, state that the Burmese army continues to burn Karen villages, displacing thousands of people. Many Karen, including people such as former KNU secretary
1033:. In 2014, Ler Htoo was sworn in after graduating from the St. Paul Police Academy in Minnesota as the first Karen police officer in the United States. More than 5,000 Karen live in
1747:
430:
782:, when an agreement was signed between Aung San as head of the interim Burmese government and the Shan, Kachin and Chin leaders, the Karen were present only as observers; the
2793:
2528:
1157:. Lowland Pwo-speaking Karens tend to be more orthodox Buddhists, whereas highland Sgaw-speaking Karens tend to be heterodox Buddhists who profess strong animist beliefs.
2758:
2445:
421:, but since 1976 they have shifted towards calling for a federal system in Myanmar instead. Even so, the KNU has declined invitations to speak with the Burmese junta.
1780:
2328:
1006:
there is a robust school system for children up to high school. In some camps there are college courses organized by the Karen Refugee Committee – Education Entity.
1711:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand
1256:, hold Saturday services and construct distinct pagodas. Several Buddhist socioreligious movements, both orthodox and heterodox, have arisen in the past century.
4417:
1267:
title by the Burmese government in 2004. The Karen of Thailand have their own religion, but some have converted to Buddhism through the efforts of missionaries.
2131:
4347:
923:, estimates that up to 200,000 Karen have been driven from their homes during decades of war, with 160,000 more refugees from Myanmar, mostly Karen, living in
4357:
3924:, shares the information of Karen interacting in the world from the past, struggling in Burma in the present and transiting in the world again in the future
2585:
865:
In late January 1949, the Army Chief of Staff, Gen. Smith Dun, a Karen, was removed from office and imprisoned. He was replaced by the Burmese nationalist
1189:
Karen Buddhists are the most numerous of the Karens and account for around 65 percent of the total Karen population. The Buddhist influence came from the
4881:
1067:
There is a population of 2,500 Karen in India, mostly restricted to Mayabunder Tehsil of the Northern Andaman Islands within the union territory of the
4277:
3991:
1053:, wants to go back to the camps and share his knowledge with the school children. Gray said, "I want to share my knowledge and experiences with them."
2078:
4312:
4198:
1309:. Today there are Christians belonging to the Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations. Some of the largest Protestant denominations are
2844:
735:
The Karen people aspired to have the regions where they formed the majority turned into a subdivision or "state" within Myanmar similar to what the
4377:
4033:
622:
article cites an estimate of seven million Karen in Myanmar. There are another 400,000 Karen in Thailand, where they are by far the largest of the
485:), whose etymology is unclear. The word may have originally been a derogatory term referring to non-Buddhist ethnic groups, or it may derive from
5124:
4297:
4193:
4144:
4048:
4043:
1368:
The Seventh-day Adventists have built several schools in the Karen refugee camps in Thailand to convert the Karen people. Eden Valley Academy in
1224:
became the leading center of Karen language Buddhist literature. Many millennial sects were founded throughout the 1800s, led by Karen Buddhist
4623:
4594:
4579:
4531:
4506:
4462:
4287:
4262:
4109:
4038:
3406:
3841:"Two Versions of Buddhist Karen History of the Late British Colonial Period in Burma: Kayin Chronicle (1929) and Kuyin Great Chronicle (1931)"
3380:
5445:
4773:
4604:
4452:
4227:
4183:
4178:
4129:
3564:
Core, Paul. "Burma/Myanmar: Challenges of a ceasefire accord in Karen state." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 28.3 (2009): 95–105.
2546:
927:
on the Thai side of the border. The largest camp is the one in Mae La, Tak province, Thailand, where about 50,000 Karen refugees are hosted.
3106:
1709:
5232:
4753:
4748:
4653:
4511:
4222:
4203:
2230:
Gravers, Mikael (2007). "Conversion and Identity: Religion and the Formation of Karen Ethnic Identity in Burma". In Gravers, Mikael (ed.).
4673:
4412:
4257:
4168:
4163:
4139:
904:
2288:
Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung, The "Other" Karen in Myanmar: Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle without Arms (UK: Lexington Books, 2012), 29.
2260:
1438:, while the other group dances on top of the platform. Dancers must be careful to avoid stepping into one of the platform's many holes.
727:, the Japanese commander of the BIA, after meeting a Karen delegation led by Saw Tha Din, appears to have prevented further atrocities.
5029:
4763:
4678:
4422:
4302:
2488:
2395:
Schooling, Identity, and Nationhood: Karen Mother-Tongue-Based Education in the Thai–Burmese Border Region Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(3), 163;
2506:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4457:
4437:
4307:
4282:
4134:
1717:(in English and Thai). United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 28 July 2011. p. 13. Archived from
4738:
4521:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4292:
2648:"War trauma and torture experiences reported during public health screening of newly resettled Karen refugees: a qualitative study"
1306:
1687:
853:
and outside the control of the regular army. In January 1949, some of these militias went on a rampage through Karen communities.
629:
Some Karen have left the refugee camps in Thailand to resettle elsewhere, including in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and
4874:
4402:
4392:
4372:
4342:
3326:
2728:
2532:
417:
against the Burmese government since early 1949. The original aim of the KNU was to create an independent Karen homeland called
3984:
3157:
3040:
2750:
801:, also failed to address the Karen question specifically and clearly, leaving it to be discussed only after independence. The
3829:
3810:
3791:
3772:
3699:
3673:
3650:
3593:
3137:
2900:
2239:
2030:
2002:
3311:
2438:
1353:, Yangon and also operates the Pwo Karen Theological Seminary. There are other schools for Karen people in Myanmar, such as
3956:
literally "Karen Traditional Horn", the only online Karen language news outlet based in Mergui/Tavoy District of Kawthoolei
1769:
3215:
2873:
2466:
2343:
1357:
in Taungoo, Kothabyu Bible School in Pathein, and Yangon Home Mission School. The Thailand Karen Baptist Convention is in
440:
Karen legends refer to a "river of running sand" which ancestors reputedly crossed. Many Karen believe this refers to the
3555:
Rand, Nelson. "Martyr's Day in Myanmar: Karen rebellion." Asia Times. Asia Times Online, 14 Aug. 2003. Web. 28 Apr. 2016.
1062:
870:
285:
281:
252:
248:
5693:
4867:
3745:
3722:
3416:
2421:
2377:
2211:
1538:
1345:
496:
In pre-colonial times, the low-lying Burmese and Mon-speaking kingdoms recognised two general categories of Karen, the
3275:
892:(KNLA) fighting force numbered approximately 20,000. After an uprising of the people of Myanmar in 1988, known as the
5688:
3977:
3248:
339:
1877:
Zhang; et al. (2019). "Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic".
1473:(ကညီနံၣ်ထီၣ်သီ) is one of the major holidays that the Karen people celebrate. The date of the Karen New Year on the
2705:
2577:
1805:
778:
Treaty, but none of the ethnic minority groups was included by the British government. The following month at the
2155:
1173:(soul), thirty-seven spirits that embody every individual. Misfortune and sickness are believed to be caused by
5637:
3201:
1937:
1484:
Karen Wrist Tying (ကညီလါခူးကံၢ်စု) is an important Karen holiday. This holiday is observed annually in August.
889:
884:
Years later, the Karen had become the largest of 20 minority groups participating in an insurgency against the
669:
4859:
1851:
1263:
There are several prominent Karen Buddhist monks, including Thuzana (S'gaw) and Zagara, who was conferred the
798:
1213:. There are Buddhist monasteries in most Karen villages, and the monastery is the centre of community life.
989:. According to refugee accounts, the camps suffered from overcrowding, disease, and periodic attacks by the
2156:
Ethnicity without Meaning, Data without Context- The 2014 Census: Identity and Citizenship in Burma/Myanmar
2047:
1298:
1245:
1050:
982:
642:
2976:
1548:
1426:
1228:
rebels. Two sects, Telakhon (or Telaku) and Leke, were founded in the 1860s. The Telaku sect, founded in
1118:
1110:
1068:
986:
384:
380:
3458:
3665:
2646:
Cook, Tonya L.; Shannon, Patricia J.; Vinson, Gregory A.; Letts, James P.; Dwee, Ehtaw (8 April 2015).
2186:
1627:
1618:
697:
3431:
4890:
4794:
3951:
3240:
2444:. Asian Research Center for Migration – Institute of Asian studies (IAS), Chulalongkorn University.
1836:
5566:
4000:
3927:
1533:
1333:
874:
822:
3921:
3293:
2554:
1282:
Memorial Baptist Church is the main place of worship for the Karen community in Mandalay, Myanmar.
5602:
3581:
3577:
3098:
2618:
2317:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 50–51, 62–63, 72–73, 78–79, 82–84, 114–118, 86, 119.
1718:
1600:
1122:
1090:
931:
717:
191:
5662:
5657:
5134:
5092:
5060:
4816:
4272:
4119:
2780:
1831:
1505:
1481:. The Karen New Year usually falls on a date in December or January on the Gregorian calendar.
1314:
1094:
833:, the first president of the KNU, resigned from the Governor's Executive Council the next day.
455:
364:
20:
1220:
Buddhism was brought to Pwo-speaking Karens in the late-1700s, and the Yedagon Monastery atop
762:
In January 1947 a delegation of representatives of the Governor's Executive Council headed by
5683:
5622:
5264:
4894:
4843:
3764:
3354:
3234:
3041:"Pagodas and Prophets: Contesting Sacred Space and Power among Buddhist Karen in Karen State"
1543:
1421:
1340:
with 20 member associations throughout Myanmar. The KBC operates the KBC Charity Hospital in
1030:
943:
885:
623:
557:
360:
223:
2480:
375:. The Karen account for around 6.69% of the Burmese population. Many Karen have migrated to
5632:
4979:
4789:
4733:
2916:
Matisoff, James A. (1991). "Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects".
2599:
2502:
1886:
1558:
1354:
1106:
1102:
897:
818:
657:
410:
44:
3538:
8:
5652:
5642:
5627:
5607:
5209:
4104:
3714:
2779:
Saint Paul Public Library. Children's Books in Karen, Amharic, and Oromo. Retrieved from
2729:"Karen Refugees After Five Years in Canada-Readying Communities for Refugee Resettlement"
1523:
1098:
779:
685:
583:. The Karen people live mostly in the hills bordering the eastern mountainous region and
195:
3936:, a new website documenting the human rights situation of Karen villagers in rural Burma
3906:
2929:
1890:
506:), generally lowlanders who were recognised as the "original settlers" and essential to
3757:
3573:
3079:
3071:
2889:
2674:
2647:
2070:
2048:"Making a Name for Themselves: Karen Identity and Politicization of Ethnicity in Burma"
1975:
1910:
1826:
Maiti, Sameera. "The Karen – A Lesser Known Community of the Andaman Islands (India)".
1474:
1210:
1146:
756:
692:
Karens were not organised until 1939 with the formation of a Buddhist KNA. In 1938 the
653:
604:
553:
215:
199:
3883:
1197:
until the middle of the 18th century. Buddhist Karen are found mainly in Kayin State,
1109:. The Karen languages are almost unique among the Tibeto-Burman languages in having a
548:
5409:
5101:
4989:
4242:
3887:
3825:
3806:
3787:
3768:
3741:
3718:
3695:
3669:
3646:
3589:
3436:
3411:
3244:
3219:
3172:
3133:
2896:
2679:
2417:
2373:
2235:
2207:
2074:
2026:
1998:
1979:
1933:
1914:
1902:
1563:
1080:
947:
881:, nine miles from Yangon, where they held out in a 111-day siege till late May 1949.
681:
615:
600:
569:
3865:
3083:
1688:"Party Mergers: Falling Short of Expectation (YMG Season 2 Episode 2) | ISP-Myanmar"
532:
5547:
5404:
5350:
5004:
4911:
4683:
4407:
4382:
4232:
4053:
3879:
3852:
3639:
Living at the Edge of Thai Society: The Karen in the Highlands of Northern Thailand
3153:
3063:
3055:
2925:
2669:
2659:
2462:
2174:
Living at the Edge of Thai Society: The Karen in the Highlands of Northern Thailand
2062:
2023:
Living at The Edge of Thai Society: The Karen in The Highlands of Northern Thailand
1967:
1894:
1648:
1636:
1454:
1214:
1042:
939:
878:
633:. In 2011, the Karen diaspora population was estimated to be approximately 67,000.
619:
473:
304:
256:
242:
203:
38:
3307:
2946:
5500:
5332:
5310:
5296:
5283:
4848:
4833:
4821:
4806:
4584:
4427:
4173:
1435:
1395:
agriculture has been a part of Karen culture for at least several hundred years.
1350:
1341:
1302:
1279:
1236:, is a mixture of spirit worship, Karen customs and worship of the future Buddha
1086:
1020:
677:
584:
187:
171:
4397:
877:
rebellions, and came close to capturing Yangon itself. The most notable was the
5584:
5527:
5480:
5455:
5345:
5251:
5237:
5157:
5024:
5009:
4974:
4889:
4838:
4826:
4811:
4728:
4723:
4688:
4668:
4658:
4638:
4562:
4477:
4367:
4322:
4237:
4124:
4114:
4068:
4010:
3912:
3308:"The Heavens – World Treasures: Beginnings – Exhibitions – Library of Congress"
3004:
2869:
1578:
1528:
1478:
1470:
1325:
to the Karen people, but this legend is probably of nineteenth-century origin.
1241:
1221:
955:
794:
787:
775:
575:
The Karen constitute the third largest ethnic population in Myanmar, after the
414:
399:
289:
275:
3964:
3483:
3059:
2664:
2370:
A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism
2120:
in colonial literature, especially natural history texts such as Evans (1932).
1971:
1898:
663:
In 1881 the Karen National Associations (KNA) was founded by western-educated
5677:
5552:
5542:
5490:
5432:
5175:
5148:
5019:
4768:
4743:
4643:
4482:
4472:
4362:
4088:
4058:
4028:
4019:
3891:
3822:
The 'Other' Karen in Myanmar: Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle Without Arms
3629:
3513:
2818:
2204:
The "Other" Karen in Myanmar: Ethnic Minorities and the Struggle without Arms
1958:
Cheesman, Nick (2 September 2002). "Seeing 'Karen' in the Union of Myanmar".
1654:
1553:
1392:
1253:
1249:
1233:
1126:
1046:
893:
740:
693:
608:
469:
113:
3759:
The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia
5574:
5537:
5532:
5519:
5505:
5423:
5259:
5222:
5217:
5119:
4994:
4984:
4633:
4589:
4497:
4447:
4352:
4267:
4083:
3969:
3271:
2977:"Faith at a Crossroads; Religions and Beliefs of the Karen People of Burma"
2845:"In Struggle and Success, California's Karen Refugees Remember Their Roots"
2683:
2095:
1906:
1450:
1373:
1369:
1290:
1137:
1114:
990:
960:
924:
920:
830:
748:
724:
709:
490:
445:
219:
2066:
985:
within the Karen state. The refugees were concentrated in camps along the
5647:
5465:
5460:
5440:
5340:
5227:
5185:
5180:
5165:
5114:
5109:
5073:
5068:
5046:
5039:
5034:
4919:
4902:
4758:
4663:
4648:
4628:
4614:
4536:
4526:
4442:
4387:
4213:
4078:
4073:
3946:
3737:
3616:
2396:
2117:
1930:
The Karen Bronze Drums of Burma: Types, Iconography, Manufacture, and Use
1398:
1206:
1194:
1025:
Beginning in 2000, the Karen started resettling in the United States and
806:
744:
736:
630:
592:
588:
580:
441:
433:
403:
391:
368:
3075:
2697:
5579:
5495:
5475:
5318:
5291:
5195:
5190:
5170:
5129:
5078:
5014:
4929:
4718:
4599:
4552:
4516:
4487:
4252:
4188:
3856:
3067:
1358:
1260:, a type of pagoda worship, with animistic origins, is also practised.
1190:
1154:
1038:
802:
783:
664:
596:
564:
507:
418:
3173:"The WFB's Dhammaduta Activity in Om-koi District, Chiangmai Province"
614:
The total number of Karen is difficult to estimate. The last reliable
5485:
5470:
4999:
4969:
4954:
4939:
4713:
4247:
3642:
1518:
1217:
activities, such as alms giving, are central to Karen Buddhist life.
1198:
935:
900:– continued efforts to resolve the conflict through political means.
395:
131:
3840:
3197:
1418:
Pwo Karen, who developed it as a way to reinforce community values.
1406:
1097:
language family, consist of three mutually unintelligible branches:
5612:
4959:
4949:
4799:
3682:
Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, 'Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples' in:
2372:(Reprint. ed.). London : Tauris Academic Studies. p. 72.
1806:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada"
1612:
1449:
or bamboo soup is a traditional Karen dish typically prepared with
1384:
1362:
1310:
1275:
1237:
1121:
order. This anomaly is likely due to the influence of neighbouring
1034:
912:
846:
771:
763:
689:
450:
376:
95:
977:
Throughout the insurgency, hundreds of thousands of Karen fled to
903:
The conflict continues as of 2006, with a new KNU headquarters in
747:
peoples had been given. A goodwill mission led by Saw Tha Din and
4944:
4708:
4467:
1744:"Jobs and housing lure karen refugees to spread across minnesota"
1446:
1410:
1294:
1286:
1166:
1150:
978:
841:, began raising and arming irregular political militias known as
793:
The British promised to consider the case of the Karen after the
721:
540:
372:
77:
4924:
3613:
The Karen People of Burma. A Study in Anthropology and Ethnology
1852:"The Karen National Union in Post-Coup Myanmar • Stimson Center"
53:
5617:
5396:
5382:
5377:
5364:
4964:
4934:
4573:
4432:
4063:
3686:
Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
1337:
1229:
1202:
1026:
866:
850:
826:
767:
752:
680:". Three years later, after submitting a criticism of the 1920
429:
149:
3939:
3236:
Baptizing Burma: Religious Change in the Last Buddhist Kingdom
2234:. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. p. 228.
2132:"The Karen people's pursuit for survival in Northern Thailand"
963:
against the Karen and other groups in eastern Myanmar stated:
5372:
1500:
1458:
1322:
908:
713:
673:
576:
521:
448:
of China, the upper reaches of which is considered to be the
387:, India, and other Southeast Asian and East Asian countries.
167:
3588:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
2781:
https://sppl.org/childrens-books-in-karen-amharic-and-oromo/
755:
in August 1946 failed to receive any encouragement from the
3851:(3). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University.
3711:
Little Daughter: a Memoir of Survival in Burma and the West
3514:"ကရင်မိသားစုတွေရဲ့ထမင်းဝိုင်းမှာ မပါမဖြစ်တာလပေါဟင်းတစ်ခွက်"
1388:
Mid-19th century manuscript, possibly of Sgau Karen origin.
959:
article on a report by Guy Horton into depredations by the
838:
520:), highlanders who were subordinated or assimilated by the
319:
310:
3959:
2484:
1376:
are the two largest Seventh-day Adventist Karen schools.
1177:
that wander away, and death occurs when all thirty-seven
946:
has also cited the Burmese government for suppression of
916:
3933:
2751:"St. Paul swears in nation's first Karen police officer"
2720:
1425:
Karen traditional musical instruments on display at the
1240:. The Leke sect was founded on the western banks of the
398:
worn by their women, but they are just one sub-group of
390:
The Karen groups as a whole are often confused with the
3662:
True Love and Bartholomew: Rebels of the Burmese Border
2794:"Lincoln's growing Karen community celebrates new year"
3289:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2463:"Burma army burns more than 70 houses of Karen people"
1336:(KBC) was established in 1913. Its headquarters is in
1141:
Buddhist Karen pilgrims at Ngahtatgyi Pagoda in Yangon
2436:
2414:
Undaunted: A Memoir of Survival in Burma and the West
2261:"Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation"
1045:. Mu Aye is a young Karen woman who has resettled in
938:, have accused the military government of Myanmar of
340:
322:
307:
316:
3784:
Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation
2636:
313:
3756:
2888:
2481:"Asia-Pacific – Burma Karen families 'on the run'"
3694:. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
3549:
2192:, updated 6 October 2016, accessed 2 January 2020
1927:
5675:
5100:
3803:Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
2315:Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
1995:Managing Fragile Regions: Method and Application
1992:
1037:, and the Karen have also resettled in Southern
4910:
981:camps while many others (numbers unknown) were
688:of 130 (expanded to 132) members. The majority
2187:Home/Background/Thailand-Burma Border/Overview
1117:, Tibeto-Burman languages typically feature a
4875:
3985:
3878:(4). 日本民族学会 (Japanese Society of Ethnology).
3539:"Kayin New Year Day 2024 and 2025 in Myanmar"
3327:"Karen fight to keep farms in parks conflict"
1702:
676:that Myanmar was not "yet in a fit state for
515:
501:
480:
409:Karen insurgent groups, led primarily by the
5431:
3999:
3198:"Karen Seventh-day Adventist Church Website"
2407:
2405:
1682:
1680:
626:. Others live in refugee camps in Thailand.
3870:[Folktales of the Karen in Burma].
3781:
3626:Guerrillas: Journeys in the Insurgent World
3459:"Traditional Foods of Kayin State, Myanmar"
3232:
3127:
3103:The Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies
2951:Karen Culture and Social Support Foundation
2201:
2110:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1056:
16:Ethnolinguistic group indigenous to Myanmar
4882:
4868:
3992:
3978:
3819:
2886:
2736:Immigrant Services Society of BC (ISSofBC)
2202:Thawnghmung, Ardeth Maung (22 June 2013).
2116:This area is generally referred to as the
1798:
1509:, is named in honour of the Karen people.
871:Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO)
52:
37:
3909:by David Tharckabaw, Roland Watson (2003)
3381:"World Refugee Day – a time to celebrate"
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2970:
2968:
2842:
2726:
2673:
2663:
2652:BMC International Health and Human Rights
2616:
2547:"U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs"
2411:
2402:
1835:
1677:
684:, they won 5 (and later 12) seats in the
652:Following British victories in the three
402:(Karenni), one of the tribes of Kayah in
4891:Ethnic and linguistic groups in Thailand
3623:
3610:
3096:
2941:
2939:
2915:
2391:
2389:
2367:
2329:"The First Karen New Year Message, 1938"
2045:
2039:
2016:
2014:
1957:
1946:
1812:. Government of Canada. 9 February 2022.
1420:
1405:
1397:
1383:
1307:American Baptist Foreign Mission Society
1274:
1153:, while approximately 15–30 percent are
1136:
996:
563:
547:
539:
536:A Karen boy wearing traditional clothing
531:
428:
3689:
3507:
3505:
3451:
3324:
2999:
2997:
2619:"A witness's plea to end Myanmar abuse"
2575:
2439:"Karen Refugees in Thailand (abridged)"
2258:
2229:
2206:. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 84.
1821:
1819:
812:
286:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
253:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
58:Karen woman in traditional attire, 1912
5676:
3636:
3399:
3325:Ekachai, Sanitsuda (20 January 2016).
3038:
3015:
2965:
2469:from the original on 25 December 2010.
2397:https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030163
2171:
2129:
1611:
1014:
611:and in northern and western Thailand.
5156:
4863:
3973:
3872:民族學研究 (Japanese Journal of Ethnology)
3838:
3800:
3754:
3731:
3659:
3511:
3314:from the original on 4 February 2009.
3278:from the original on 28 January 2012.
2936:
2791:
2386:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2225:
2223:
2020:
2011:
1993:Guo, Rongxing; Carla Freeman (2010).
1876:
1786:from the original on 30 December 2016
1647:
849:were under the command of Major Gen.
799:elections to the Constituent Assembly
591:(formerly Karen State), with some in
3805:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books.
3786:. Ithaca: Cornell University press.
3708:
3502:
3432:"Ethnic recipe: Karen Tarlapaw soup"
3429:
3423:
3407:"Top Ten Kayin things to experience"
2994:
2876:from the original on 13 August 2006.
2451:from the original on 7 January 2016.
1816:
1344:, Yangon. The KBC also operates the
636:
64:Regions with significant populations
3863:
3692:Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma
3484:"ရာသီစာကရင့်ရိုးရာမျှစ်တာလပေါ့ဟင်း"
3415:. 11 September 2019. Archived from
3296:from the original on 29 April 2011.
3204:from the original on 27 April 2011.
3154:"The Karen Hilltribe in Chiang Mai"
2930:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345
2887:Lewis, Paul; Lewis, Elaine (1984).
2708:from the original on 8 January 2017
2232:Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma
1477:varies as the Karen people use the
1063:Karen people in the Andaman Islands
13:
3611:Marshall, Harry Ignatius (1997) .
3603:
3476:
3216:"Adventist Southeast Asia Project"
3170:
3160:from the original on 20 June 2012.
3128:Thawnghmung, Ardeth Maung (2011).
2974:
2870:"The Sino-Tibetan Language Family"
2792:Reist, Margaret (4 January 2014).
2761:from the original on 29 March 2017
2491:from the original on 30 June 2006.
2412:Phan, Zoya; Lewis, Damien (2013).
2291:
2220:
2130:Yumnam, Jiten (11 November 2018).
1539:Karen Baptist Theological Seminary
1346:Karen Baptist Theological Seminary
825:(KYO), at Vinton Memorial Hall in
383:. A few Karen have settled in the
14:
5705:
3900:
3884:10.14890/minkennewseries.23.4_315
3820:Thawngmung, Ardeth Maung (2012).
3586:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
3361:. Karen Organization of Minnesota
2895:. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
2748:
2727:Marchbank, Jennifer (July 2014).
2588:from the original on 7 June 2009.
2509:from the original on 18 July 2011
2084:from the original on 4 July 2013.
1966:(2). Carfax Publishing: 199–220.
1825:
1113:word order; other than Karen and
1009:
972:
888:in Yangon. During the 1980s, the
647:
493:name of a vanished civilisation.
465:colonial policies and practices.
3637:Delang, Claudio O., ed. (2003).
3290:"Pwo karen Theological Seminary"
3099:"Elements of Pwo Karen Buddhism"
3097:Andersen, Kirsten Ewers (1978).
2505:. Christian Solidarity Network.
2172:Delang, Claudio O., ed. (2003).
2021:Keyes, Charles F. (March 2004).
1572:
1402:Karen traditional don dance team
303:
266:
233:
160:
142:
124:
106:
88:
70:
3839:Ikeda, Kazuto (December 2012).
3824:. Lanham, UK: Lexington Books.
3567:
3558:
3531:
3373:
3347:
3318:
3300:
3282:
3264:
3233:Kaloyanides, Alexandra (2023).
3226:
3208:
3190:
3164:
3146:
3121:
3109:from the original on 1 May 2012
3090:
2909:
2880:
2862:
2843:Yan Naing, Saw (11 June 2015).
2836:
2811:
2785:
2773:
2742:
2690:
2617:Macgregor, John (19 May 2005).
2610:
2592:
2569:
2539:
2521:
2495:
2473:
2455:
2430:
2361:
2321:
2282:
2252:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2149:
2123:
2088:
2025:. Routledge. pp. 210–212.
1986:
1921:
1372:and Karen Adventist Academy in
1270:
703:
696:recognised Karen New Year as a
694:British colonial administration
527:
379:, having settled mostly on the
2891:Peoples of the Golden Triangle
2437:Fratticcioli, Alessio (2011).
2399:by Hayso Thako and Tony Waters
1870:
1844:
1762:
1736:
1591:
1169:is defined by a belief in ကလၤ
890:Karen National Liberation Army
618:was conducted in 1931. A 2006
544:A woman of the "Big Ear" Karen
1:
3928:Karens Around the World Unite
3430:Kyaw, Min Ye (17 July 2018).
2918:Annual Review of Anthropology
2576:Jacques, Adam (10 May 2009).
1670:
860:
568:Entrance of a Karen house in
3130:The 'Other' Karen in Myanmar
3048:The Journal of Asian Studies
983:internally displaced persons
817:In early February 1947, the
759:for any separatist demands.
643:Internal conflict in Myanmar
371:, southern and southeastern
7:
3947:Adventist World Radio Karen
3782:Silverstein, Josef (1977).
3624:Anderson, Jon Lee (2004) .
2529:"Refugeesinternational.org"
2503:"Countries of Focus: Burma"
2368:Christie, Clive J. (1996).
1770:"Burmese Community Profile"
1549:Karen Teacher Working Group
1512:
1464:
1413:, a traditional bamboo soup
1184:
1132:
1074:
1069:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
730:
670:Montagu–Chelmsford hearings
385:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
10:
5710:
3960:Karen Women's Organization
3666:Cambridge University Press
2046:Harriden, Jessica (2002).
1928:Richard M. Cooler (1995).
1631:
1622:
1604:
1494:
1441:
1427:National Museum of Myanmar
1379:
1160:
1145:The majority of Karen are
1078:
1060:
1018:
640:
424:
394:tribe, best known for the
18:
5694:Ethnic groups in Thailand
5595:
5565:
5518:
5422:
5395:
5363:
5331:
5309:
5282:
5250:
5208:
5147:
5091:
5059:
4901:
4782:
4613:
4561:
4545:
4496:
4212:
4153:
4097:
4018:
4007:
3965:Karen Don Dance (YouTube)
3907:the Karen people of Burma
3732:Craig, Charmaine (2017).
3310:. loc.gov. 29 July 2010.
3241:Columbia University Press
3060:10.1017/S0021911811001574
2665:10.1186/s12914-015-0046-y
2162:, accessed 7 January 2020
1972:10.1080/14631360220132736
1899:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z
1658:
1640:
587:of Myanmar, primarily in
516:
502:
481:
214:
209:
186:
181:
158:
140:
122:
104:
86:
68:
63:
51:
36:
5689:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
4001:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
3934:Karen Human Rights Group
3866:
3755:Scott, James C. (2009).
3690:Gravers, Mikael (2007).
3660:Falla, Jonathan (1991).
2604:U.S. Department of State
2416:. New York: Free Press.
2055:Journal of Burma Studies
1997:. Springer. p. 19.
1584:
1534:Karen Baptist Convention
1334:Karen Baptist Convention
1265:Agga Maha Saddammajotika
1057:Andaman Karen population
823:Karen Youth Organisation
4120:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
3845:Southeast Asian Studies
3512:Duwun (4 August 2021).
3385:San Diego Union-Tribune
2098:. Myanmar.com. May 2006
1289:, the first convert to
987:Myanmar–Thailand border
932:Padoh Mahn Sha Lah Phan
718:Burma Independence Army
381:Myanmar–Thailand border
3801:Smith, Martin (1991).
2313:Smith, Martin (1991).
1649:[kəjɪ̀ɰ̃lùmjó]
1506:Hemidactylus karenorum
1430:
1414:
1403:
1389:
1315:Seventh-day Adventists
1283:
1142:
970:
572:
561:
545:
537:
456:Sino-Tibetan languages
437:
365:Tibeto-Burman language
274:This article contains
241:This article contains
4783:Unrecognised / Others
3864:OTA, Tsunezo (1959).
3765:Yale University Press
3039:Hayami, Yoko (2011).
3009:Minority Rights Group
2067:10.1353/jbs.2002.0003
1932:. BRILL. p. 26.
1544:Karen of the Andamans
1424:
1409:
1401:
1387:
1278:
1252:), and they practice
1193:who were dominant in
1140:
997:Life in refugee camps
965:
944:U.S. State Department
915:border. In 2004, the
886:military dictatorship
770:to negotiate for the
641:Further information:
567:
558:Mae Hong Son Province
551:
543:
535:
432:
361:ethnolinguistic group
347:), also known as the
3915:Burma and the Karens
3715:Simon & Schuster
3596:. ("Karen", p. 138).
2259:Silverstein, Josef.
2176:. London: Routledge.
1559:Paku Divinity School
1487:Karen Martyrs' Day (
1355:Paku Divinity School
1051:Crawford High School
819:Karen National Union
813:Karen National Union
658:Karen National Union
510:court life, and the
411:Karen National Union
45:Karen National Union
19:For other uses, see
3709:Phan, Zoya (2009).
3543:PublicHolidays.asia
3171:Studio, Zubvector.
3132:. Lexington Books.
2342:(1). Archived from
1891:2019Natur.569..112Z
1524:Taung Galay Sayadaw
1147:Theravada Buddhists
1119:subject–object–verb
1111:subject–verb–object
1015:American population
780:Panglong Conference
686:Legislative Council
224:Karen folk religion
33:
4169:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
3867:ビルマにおける Karen 人の説話
3684:Ancient Chiang Mai
3419:on 27 August 2022.
2953:. 20 December 2015
2947:"The Karen People"
2704:. 21 August 2015.
2623:The New York Times
2578:"Credo: Zoya Phan"
2557:on 10 October 2006
1690:. 15 December 2020
1579:Myanmar portal
1475:Gregorian calendar
1431:
1415:
1404:
1390:
1301:, an associate of
1284:
1211:Tanintharyi Region
1149:who also practice
1143:
934:and his daughter,
790:were also absent.
757:British government
654:Anglo-Burmese wars
605:Tanintharyi Region
573:
562:
554:Khun Yuam District
546:
538:
438:
216:Theravada Buddhism
31:
5671:
5670:
5561:
5560:
5514:
5513:
5418:
5417:
5391:
5390:
5359:
5358:
5327:
5326:
5305:
5304:
5278:
5277:
5246:
5245:
5204:
5203:
5143:
5142:
5102:Malayo-Polynesian
5087:
5086:
5055:
5054:
4857:
4856:
4468:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
3831:978-0-7391-6852-3
3812:978-0-86232-868-9
3793:978-0-8014-0911-0
3774:978-0-300-15228-9
3701:978-87-91114-96-0
3675:978-0-521-39019-4
3652:978-0-415-32331-4
3594:978-1-4214-0135-5
3437:Myanmore Magazine
3412:The Myanmar Times
3139:978-0-7391-6852-3
2902:978-0-500-97472-8
2535:on 11 March 2007.
2241:978-87-91114-96-0
2190:www.burmalink.org
2158:24 February 2014
2032:978-1-134-35907-3
2004:978-1-4419-6435-9
1885:(7754): 112–115.
1810:Statistics Canada
1724:on 9 October 2016
1628:Pwo Eastern Karen
1619:Pwo Western Karen
1436:checkered pattern
1305:, founder of the
1232:and considered a
1089:, members of the
1081:Karenic languages
968:medical services.
948:religious freedom
875:Burmese Communist
637:Political history
616:census of Myanmar
601:Ayeyarwady Region
570:northern Thailand
282:rendering support
249:rendering support
229:
228:
5701:
5516:
5515:
5429:
5428:
5393:
5392:
5361:
5360:
5329:
5328:
5307:
5306:
5280:
5279:
5248:
5247:
5206:
5205:
5154:
5153:
5098:
5097:
5057:
5056:
4912:Southwestern Tai
4908:
4907:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4759:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
4448:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
4383:Mro-Khimi people
4278:Kaung Saing Chin
3994:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3895:
3860:
3835:
3816:
3797:
3778:
3762:
3751:
3728:
3705:
3679:
3656:
3633:
3620:
3597:
3582:Grayson, Michael
3578:Watkins, Michael
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3218:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3054:(4): 1083–1105.
3045:
3036:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2823:www.karenksn.org
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2702:Multnomah County
2694:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2553:. Archived from
2543:
2537:
2536:
2531:. Archived from
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2349:on 19 March 2009
2348:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1746:. Archived from
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1613:[kɲɔklɯ]
1610:
1606:
1595:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1181:leave the body.
940:ethnic cleansing
879:Battle of Insein
682:Craddock Reforms
620:Voice of America
519:
518:
505:
504:
484:
483:
344:
338:
337:
336:
335:
328:
325:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
288: instead of
270:
269:
255: instead of
237:
236:
166:
164:
163:
148:
146:
145:
130:
128:
127:
112:
110:
109:
94:
92:
91:
76:
74:
73:
56:
41:
34:
30:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5591:
5557:
5510:
5414:
5387:
5355:
5323:
5301:
5274:
5242:
5200:
5139:
5083:
5051:
4897:
4895:language family
4888:
4858:
4853:
4778:
4609:
4600:Mru (Taung Mro)
4564:
4557:
4541:
4492:
4363:Meithei (Kathe)
4313:Lai (Haka Chin)
4208:
4149:
4093:
4064:Lashi (La Chit)
4014:
4003:
3998:
3903:
3898:
3874:(in Japanese).
3868:
3832:
3813:
3794:
3775:
3748:
3725:
3702:
3676:
3653:
3606:
3604:Further reading
3601:
3600:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3510:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3463:MyLocal Passion
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3428:
3424:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3359:www.mnkaren.org
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3231:
3227:
3222:on 7 July 2012.
3214:
3213:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3091:
3043:
3037:
3016:
3011:. 19 June 2015.
3003:
3002:
2995:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2885:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2798:JournalStar.com
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2644:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2582:The Independent
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:. 16 May 2006.
2479:
2478:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2311:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1987:
1960:Asian Ethnicity
1956:
1947:
1940:
1926:
1922:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1837:10.1.1.517.7093
1824:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1750:on 24 July 2020
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1644:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1573:
1571:
1515:
1497:
1467:
1444:
1382:
1303:Adoniram Judson
1299:George Boardman
1273:
1187:
1163:
1135:
1087:Karen languages
1083:
1077:
1065:
1059:
1023:
1021:Karen Americans
1017:
1012:
999:
975:
863:
815:
766:was invited to
733:
706:
678:self-government
650:
645:
639:
585:Irrawaddy delta
552:Karen girls in
530:
427:
342:
331:
330:
306:
302:
295:
294:
293:
280:Without proper
271:
267:
262:
261:
260:
247:Without proper
238:
234:
188:Karen languages
172:Andaman Islands
161:
159:
143:
141:
125:
123:
107:
105:
89:
87:
71:
69:
59:
47:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5707:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5596:Non-Indigenous
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5256:
5254:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4498:Bamar (Burman)
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4263:Gunte (Lyente)
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:Maru (Lawgore)
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4011:Burmese people
4008:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3922:Karenvoice.net
3919:
3910:
3902:
3901:External links
3899:
3897:
3896:
3861:
3836:
3830:
3817:
3811:
3798:
3792:
3779:
3773:
3752:
3747:978-0802126450
3746:
3729:
3724:978-1847374202
3723:
3706:
3700:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3657:
3651:
3634:
3621:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3530:
3501:
3475:
3450:
3422:
3398:
3387:. 22 June 2014
3372:
3346:
3317:
3299:
3281:
3272:"Karen people"
3263:
3249:
3243:. p. 24.
3225:
3207:
3189:
3163:
3145:
3138:
3120:
3105:. Copenhagen.
3089:
3014:
2993:
2984:Karen Heritage
2975:Keenan, Paul.
2964:
2935:
2924:(1): 469–504.
2908:
2901:
2879:
2861:
2835:
2810:
2784:
2772:
2749:Walsh, James.
2741:
2719:
2689:
2635:
2609:
2591:
2568:
2538:
2520:
2494:
2472:
2454:
2429:
2423:978-1439102879
2422:
2401:
2385:
2379:978-1860643545
2378:
2360:
2336:Karen Heritage
2320:
2290:
2281:
2251:
2240:
2219:
2213:978-0739184523
2212:
2194:
2179:
2164:
2148:
2122:
2109:
2087:
2038:
2031:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1945:
1938:
1920:
1869:
1858:. 7 April 2022
1856:Stimson Center
1843:
1815:
1797:
1761:
1735:
1701:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1496:
1493:
1479:lunar calendar
1471:Karen New Year
1466:
1463:
1455:snakehead fish
1443:
1440:
1381:
1378:
1272:
1269:
1242:Thanlwin River
1222:Mount Zwegabin
1186:
1183:
1162:
1159:
1134:
1131:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1061:Main article:
1058:
1055:
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:Karen diaspora
1008:
998:
995:
974:
973:Refugee crisis
971:
956:New York Times
862:
859:
814:
811:
732:
729:
705:
702:
698:public holiday
649:
648:British period
646:
638:
635:
529:
526:
468:"Karen" is an
426:
423:
284:, you may see
272:
265:
264:
263:
257:Burmese script
251:, you may see
243:Burmese script
239:
232:
231:
230:
227:
226:
212:
211:
207:
206:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
156:
155:
152:
138:
137:
134:
120:
119:
116:
102:
101:
100:350,000 (2000)
98:
84:
83:
80:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
42:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5706:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5433:Tibeto-Burman
5430:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Austroasiatic
5146:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Anglo-Burmese
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:Danaw (Danau)
4622:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Kwangli (Sim)
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:Kayin (Karen)
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3918:(London 1928)
3917:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3763:. New Haven:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3664:. Cambridge:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3630:Penguin Books
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3506:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3252:
3250:9780231553315
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3178:
3177:www.wfbhq.org
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2850:
2849:The Irrawaddy
2846:
2839:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2285:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2097:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:List of Karen
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1499:A species of
1492:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:bamboo shoots
1448:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:Crop rotation
1386:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:in 1828, was
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:vegetarianism
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:Buddhist sect
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1127:Tai languages
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:group of the
1092:
1091:Tibeto-Burman
1088:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:San Diego, CA
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
969:
964:
962:
958:
957:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
925:refugee camps
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
894:8888 Uprising
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
661:
659:
655:
644:
634:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:Bago Division
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
566:
559:
555:
550:
542:
534:
525:
523:
513:
509:
499:
498:Talaing Kayin
494:
492:
489:, a possibly
488:
478:
475:
471:
470:Anglicisation
466:
463:
459:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
435:
431:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
334:
327:
300:
291:
287:
283:
279:
277:
258:
254:
250:
246:
244:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
173:
169:
157:
153:
151:
139:
135:
133:
121:
117:
115:
114:United States
103:
99:
97:
85:
81:
79:
67:
62:
55:
50:
46:
40:
35:
26:
22:
5684:Karen people
5450:
5424:Sino-Tibetan
5093:Austronesian
5061:Northern Tai
4649:Khmu (Khamu)
4595:Miram (Mara)
4238:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
4154:
4009:
3952:
3914:
3875:
3871:
3848:
3844:
3821:
3802:
3783:
3758:
3733:
3710:
3691:
3683:
3661:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3585:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:
3492:. Retrieved
3490:(in Burmese)
3487:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3462:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3435:
3425:
3417:the original
3410:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3358:
3349:
3337:. Retrieved
3334:Bangkok Post
3333:
3320:
3302:
3284:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3235:
3228:
3220:the original
3210:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3176:
3166:
3148:
3129:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3092:
3051:
3047:
3008:
2987:
2983:
2955:. Retrieved
2950:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2890:
2882:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:
2787:
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2755:Star Tribune
2754:
2744:
2735:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2701:
2698:"On her own"
2692:
2655:
2651:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2581:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2550:
2541:
2533:the original
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2497:
2475:
2457:
2432:
2413:
2369:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2339:
2335:
2323:
2314:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2270:. p. 16
2267:
2254:
2245:
2231:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:
2125:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2090:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1963:
1959:
1929:
1923:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1828:Man in India
1827:
1809:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1776:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1710:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1632:ပ်ုဖၠုံဆိုဒ်
1593:
1564:
1504:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1468:
1459:basil leaves
1445:
1432:
1429:in Naypyidaw
1416:
1391:
1374:Mae Hong Son
1367:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1291:Christianity
1285:
1271:Christianity
1264:
1262:
1257:
1225:
1219:
1215:Merit-making
1188:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1144:
1095:Sino-Tibetan
1084:
1066:
1041:and central
1024:
1004:
1000:
991:Myanmar Army
976:
966:
961:Myanmar Army
954:
952:
929:
921:aid agencies
902:
883:
864:
855:
842:
835:
831:Saw Ba U Gyi
816:
792:
761:
749:Saw Ba U Gyi
734:
725:Suzuki Keiji
710:World War II
707:
704:World War II
662:
651:
628:
613:
574:
528:Distribution
511:
497:
495:
486:
476:
474:Burmese word
467:
461:
460:
449:
446:Yellow River
439:
413:(KNU), have
408:
389:
356:
352:
348:
298:
296:
290:Karen script
276:Karen script
273:
240:
220:Christianity
190:, including
43:Flag of the
28:Ethnic group
25:
5648:Luk khrueng
5603:Australians
5135:Urak Lawoi’
5130:Phuket Baba
5040:Khorat Thai
4774:Hkun (Khün)
4644:Khamti Shan
4565:(Arakanese)
4527:Kadu (Kado)
4453:Torr (Tawr)
4248:Dai (Yindu)
4179:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
3913:San C. Po,
3857:2433/167312
3738:Grove Press
3617:White Lotus
3574:Beolens, Bo
3523:27 December
3468:27 December
3443:26 December
3339:12 November
3068:2433/152402
2957:28 November
2513:28 February
2160:www.tni.org
2118:Karen Hills
2102:28 February
1754:25 February
1641:ကရင်လူမျိုး
1601:S'gaw Karen
1568:, 2008 film
1195:Lower Burma
1107:Western Pwo
1103:Eastern Pwo
712:, when the
631:Scandinavia
624:hill tribes
595:, southern
593:Kayah State
589:Kayin State
560:, Thailand.
503:တလိုင်းကရင်
442:Gobi Desert
434:Kayin State
406:, Myanmar.
404:Kayah State
369:Kayin State
357:Kawthoolese
192:S'gaw Karen
5678:Categories
5658:Pakistanis
5567:Hmong–Mien
5410:Vietnamese
5015:Tai Gapong
4125:Manu Manaw
4105:Geba Karen
3940:Kawthoolei
3734:Miss Burma
3641:. London:
3494:11 January
3391:8 February
3365:7 February
3182:12 January
2819:"About Us"
2584:. London.
2353:11 January
2141:4 February
2061:: 84–144.
1939:9004099336
1777:dss.gov.au
1671:References
1645:pronounced
1609:pronounced
1359:Chiang Mai
1039:California
1031:Saint Paul
861:Insurgency
597:Shan State
436:in Myanmar
419:Kawthoolei
400:Red Karens
396:neck rings
5548:Cantonese
5543:Hainanese
5486:Phrae Pwo
5210:Palaungic
5005:Tai Daeng
5000:Tai Bueng
4970:Lao Wiang
4955:Lao Ngaew
4940:Lao Krang
4844:Pakistani
4674:Shan Gale
4590:Maramagyi
4413:Saing Zan
4258:Eik-swair
4204:Shu (Pwo)
4164:Pa-Le-Chi
4140:Yin Talai
4098:Kayah (9)
3943:political
3892:2424-0508
3643:Routledge
3330:(Opinion)
3256:2 October
2551:house.gov
2075:144325668
1980:145727605
1915:129946000
1832:CiteSeerX
1728:8 October
1659:กะเหรี่ยง
1623:ၦဖျိၩ့ဆၨၩ
1519:U Thuzana
1199:Mon State
1155:Christian
936:Zoya Phan
919:, citing
907:, on the
905:Mu Aye Pu
843:Sitwundan
788:Arakanese
665:Christian
415:waged war
359:, are an
196:Pwo Karen
182:Languages
132:Australia
82:3,371,100
5638:Japanese
5633:Iranians
5623:Filipino
5613:Chin Haw
5297:Nyah Kur
5265:Northern
5047:Thai Yai
5035:Thai Noi
5030:Tai Wang
4990:Phu Thai
4980:Tai Yuan
4960:Lao Song
4950:Lao Loum
4849:Taungtha
4834:Rohingya
4807:Bayingyi
4769:Maingtha
4764:Maw Shan
4679:Shan Gyi
4585:Daingnet
4563:Rakhine
4428:Tangkhul
4423:Senthang
4303:Kwelshin
4199:Monnepwa
4089:Ngochang
3584:(2011).
3312:Archived
3294:Archived
3276:Archived
3202:Archived
3158:Archived
3113:14 April
3107:Archived
3084:52888240
3076:41349984
2874:Archived
2828:22 April
2803:22 April
2759:Archived
2706:Archived
2684:25881236
2586:Archived
2507:Archived
2489:Archived
2467:Archived
2446:Archived
2079:Archived
1907:31019300
1781:Archived
1605:ကညီကလုာ်
1513:See also
1489:Ma Tu Ra
1465:Holidays
1363:Thailand
1311:Baptists
1297:by Rev.
1295:baptised
1250:precepts
1238:Metteyya
1226:minlaung
1185:Buddhism
1133:Religion
1075:Language
1043:New York
1035:Nebraska
847:militias
845:. These
772:Aung San
764:Aung San
731:Post-war
714:Japanese
690:Buddhist
451:Urheimat
377:Thailand
210:Religion
96:Thailand
5663:Swedish
5653:Nepalis
5643:Koreans
5628:Indians
5608:Burmese
5585:Iu Mien
5553:Hokchew
5533:Hokkien
5528:Teochew
5520:Sinitic
5269:Western
5238:Palaung
5025:Tai Nüa
5010:Tai Dam
4945:Lao Lom
4903:Kra–Dai
4800:Panthay
4795:Chinese
4729:Yin Net
4724:Yin Kya
4714:Wa (Va)
4709:Taungyo
4704:Taishon
4699:Tai-Lay
4694:Tai-Lon
4689:Tai Nua
4684:Tai-Loi
4669:Palaung
4576:(Kaman)
4546:Mon (1)
4458:Yin Gog
4438:Tay-Zan
4308:Kwe Myi
4283:Kaungso
4273:Hualngo
4135:Yin Baw
4115:Karenni
4034:Dalaung
4029:Jingpaw
3953:Kwekalu
3005:"Karen"
2854:28 June
2765:28 June
2712:28 June
2675:4414007
2628:28 June
2600:"Burma"
2561:28 June
2274:28 June
2268:khamkoo
2096:"Kayin"
1887:Bibcode
1862:26 July
1790:28 June
1637:Burmese
1529:Karenni
1495:Eponyms
1447:Talabaw
1442:Cuisine
1411:Talabaw
1380:Culture
1287:Tha Byu
1167:animism
1161:Animism
1151:animism
979:refugee
953:A 2005
909:Burmese
807:Karenni
722:Colonel
708:During
517:ဗမာကရင်
472:of the
425:Origins
392:Padaung
373:Myanmar
353:Kariang
200:Karenni
118:215,000
78:Myanmar
5618:Farang
5491:Phunoi
5397:Vietic
5383:Kensiu
5378:Kintaq
5365:Aslian
5351:Sa'och
5333:Pearic
5311:Katuic
5176:Mlabri
5158:Khmuic
5125:Moklen
5020:Kaleun
4975:Tai Lu
4965:Lao Ti
4935:Lao Ga
4827:Tamils
4822:Indian
4812:Gurkha
4739:Man Zi
4659:Kokang
4574:Kamein
4522:Yabein
4483:Zotung
4478:Zophei
4473:Sizang
4433:Tapong
4418:Saline
4408:Rongtu
4378:Lusayy
4338:Lyente
4333:Lhinbu
4328:Laymyo
4323:Lawhtu
4318:Laizao
4293:Khawno
4194:Monpwa
4145:Zayein
4079:Rawang
4049:Duleng
4044:Hkahku
4020:Kachin
3890:
3828:
3809:
3790:
3771:
3744:
3721:
3698:
3672:
3649:
3592:
3355:"Arts"
3247:
3136:
3082:
3074:
2899:
2682:
2672:
2420:
2376:
2247:Karen.
2238:
2210:
2073:
2029:
2001:
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1936:
1913:
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1879:Nature
1834:
1694:2 June
1351:Ahlone
1342:Insein
1338:Yangon
1280:Judson
1246:Dharma
1230:Kyaing
1203:Yangon
1165:Karen
1105:, and
1027:Canada
942:. The
867:Ne Win
851:Ne Win
827:Yangon
776:Attlee
768:London
753:London
741:Kachin
577:Bamars
487:Kanyan
165:
150:Canada
147:
136:11,000
129:
111:
93:
75:
5575:Hmong
5538:Hakka
5506:Ugong
5501:S'gaw
5456:Kayah
5451:Karen
5373:Maniq
5346:Chong
5284:Monic
5260:Khmer
5252:Khmer
5223:Lamet
5218:Blang
5120:Moken
5115:Malay
4995:Phuan
4985:Nyong
4839:Malay
4634:Intha
4580:Khami
4532:Ganan
4507:Dawei
4463:Zahau
4443:Thado
4403:Panun
4398:Oo-Pu
4393:Ngawn
4373:Mi-er
4353:Marma
4348:Malin
4343:Magun
4288:Kebar
4268:Guite
4243:Cumtu
4174:S'gaw
4110:Gheko
4084:Taron
4039:Gauri
3518:Duwun
3080:S2CID
3072:JSTOR
3044:(PDF)
2980:(PDF)
2732:(PDF)
2658:: 8.
2449:(PDF)
2442:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2136:E-Pao
2082:(PDF)
2071:S2CID
2051:(PDF)
1976:S2CID
1911:S2CID
1784:(PDF)
1773:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1715:(PDF)
1585:Notes
1565:Rambo
1501:gecko
1323:Bible
1258:Duwae
1175:k'lar
1171:k'lar
674:India
581:Shans
522:Bamar
512:Karen
477:Kayin
462:Karen
349:Kayin
329:
299:Karen
177:2,500
168:India
154:6,050
32:Karen
21:Karen
5481:Pa'O
5471:Lolo
5466:Lisu
5461:Lahu
5446:Bisu
5441:Akha
5405:Aheu
5341:Pear
5228:Lawa
5186:Pray
5181:Phai
5166:Khmu
5110:Cham
5074:Nyaw
5069:Saek
4925:Khün
4920:Isan
4817:Mizo
4744:Pyin
4664:Lahu
4639:Pa-O
4629:Danu
4617:(33)
4615:Shan
4605:Thet
4537:Hpon
4512:Beik
4388:Naga
4368:Mgan
4358:Matu
4233:Asho
4228:Anun
4216:(53)
4214:Chin
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4157:(11)
4130:Pale
4074:Lisu
4069:Atsi
4059:Hpon
4022:(12)
3888:ISSN
3826:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3670:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3525:2022
3496:2023
3470:2022
3445:2022
3393:2021
3367:2021
3341:2018
3258:2023
3245:ISBN
3184:2024
3134:ISBN
3115:2012
2990:(1).
2959:2018
2897:ISBN
2856:2017
2830:2020
2805:2020
2767:2017
2714:2017
2680:PMID
2630:2017
2563:2017
2515:2011
2418:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2355:2009
2276:2017
2236:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2143:2021
2104:2011
2027:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1903:PMID
1864:2022
1792:2017
1756:2020
1730:2016
1696:2024
1655:Thai
1469:The
1457:and
1332:The
1313:and
1248:and
1209:and
1207:Bago
1179:klar
1125:and
1099:Sgaw
1085:The
913:Thai
839:U Nu
805:and
803:Shan
786:and
745:Chin
743:and
737:Shan
579:and
482:ကရင်
297:The
204:Pa'O
202:and
5580:Yao
5496:Pwo
5476:Mpi
5319:Kuy
5292:Mon
5233:Mok
5196:Bru
5191:Tin
5171:Lua
5079:Yoy
4930:Lao
4893:by
4754:Son
4749:Eng
4734:Yun
4719:Yao
4654:Kwi
4567:(7)
4553:Mon
4517:Yaw
4500:(9)
4488:Zou
4253:Dim
4223:Anu
4189:Bwe
3880:doi
3853:hdl
3488:BNI
3064:hdl
3056:doi
2926:doi
2670:PMC
2660:doi
2485:BBC
2063:doi
1968:doi
1895:doi
1883:569
1370:Tak
1191:Mon
1123:Mon
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