2473:
2455:
2437:
2419:
2401:
2383:
3554:
280:
448:
Afterward a new alphabet was created by ALKI (Kichwan
Language Academy). It comprises 21 characters; including three vowels (a, i, u); two semi-vowels (w, y); and 16 consonants (ch, h, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, p, r, s, sh, t, ts, z, zh), according to Muyulema's article "Presente y Futuro de la lengua
2830:
2671:
Conejo
Muyulema, Arturo. “Presente y futuro de la lengua quichua desde la perspectiva de la experiencia vasca (Kichwa sisariy ñan)” Voces E Imagenes De Las Lenguas En Peligro. Ed. Marleen Haboud and Nicholas Ostler. 1st ed. Abya-Yala, 2014.
519:
Additionally, Kichwa in both
Ecuador and Colombia has lost possessive and bidirectional suffixes (verbal suffixes indicating both subject and object), as well as the distinction between the exclusive and inclusive first person plural:
545:
On the other hand, other particularities of
Quechua have been preserved. As in all Quechuan languages, the words for 'brother' and 'sister' differ depending on to whom they refer. There are four different words for siblings:
2490:"Hernando de Alcocer y la Breve declaración del Arte y Bocabulario de la lengua del Ynga conforme al estilo y vso de la provincia de Quito. El más antiguo manuscrito de quichua del Ecuador"
2804:
4354:
3998:
422:
According to linguist Arturo
Muyulema, the first steps to teach Kichwa in public schools dates to the 1940s, when Dolores Cacuango founded several indigenous schools in
2779:
Quechua Real Words is a video dictionary of
Amazonian Kichwa ideophones (performative, imitative utterances) constructed by Professor Janis Nuckolls of BYU.
2798:
4556:
2758:
2715:
2868:
1645:
The missionary organization FEDEPI (2006) lists eight dialects of
Quechua in Ecuador, which it illustrates with "The men will come in two days."
3396:
2573:
1649:
16 (2009) lists nine, distinguishing Cañar from Loja
Highland Quechua. Below are the comparisons, along with Standard (Ecuadorian) Kichwa and
445:
provided the catalysts for the standardization of Kichwa. This was initiated by DINEIB (National Board of
Intercultural Bilingual Education).
426:. Later, indigenous organizations initiated self-governed schools to provide education in Kichwa in the 1970s and 1980s (Muyulema 2011:234).
4306:
3590:
4551:
368:
The most widely spoken dialects are
Chimborazo, Imbabura and Cañar Highland Quechua, with most of the speakers. Kichwa belongs to the
1410:
939:
566:(if she referred to her brother). If Pedro has a brother Manuel and the sisters Sisa and Elena, their mother could refer to Pedro as
456:
was published in 2009 by the linguist Fabián Potosí, together with other scholars sponsored by the Ministry of Education of Ecuador.
2793:
2343:
The Ecuadorian band "Yarina", which sings in Kichwa and Spanish, won Best World Music Recording with their album "Nawi" in the 2005
2824:
2799:
Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu, Runa Shimi – Mishu Shimi, Mishu Shimi – Runa Shimi. Kichwa – Spanish, Spanish – Kichwa Dictionary
2336:
A band from Ecuador, "Los Nin", which raps in Kichwa and Spanish, has toured internationally. The band hails from the town of
2666:
Hernando de Alcocer y la Breve declaración del Arte de la lengua del Ynga. El más antiguo manuscrito de quichua de Ecuador.
3337:
2861:
1472:
1452:
917:
897:
302:
3389:
464:
In contrast to other regional varieties of Quechua, Kichwa does not distinguish between the original (Proto-Quechuan)
407:), has been developed. It is similar to Chimborazo but lacks some of the phonological peculiarities of that dialect.
4299:
2494:
la Breve declaración del Arte y Bocabulario de la lengua del Ynga conforme al estilo y vso de la provincia de Quito
1321:
1228:
825:
786:
4432:
3964:
3583:
3363:
978:
292:
4566:
2854:
4561:
3382:
1969:
1894:
1819:
1744:
1362:
1280:
861:
2588:
2344:
1623:
1314:
1307:
1221:
818:
811:
779:
255:
3625:
3211:
1617:
1610:
1504:
1490:
995:
991:
984:
972:
966:
959:
955:
485:
481:
477:
469:
465:
4576:
4292:
3505:
3419:
1565:
1560:
1337:
834:
4571:
4373:
4023:
3576:
2819:
1598:
1593:
1445:
1388:
1113:
1106:
890:
694:
687:
3827:
3804:
2991:
1967:
1892:
1817:
1742:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1494:
1355:
1330:
976:
853:
2814:
2472:
2454:
2436:
2418:
2400:
2382:
4266:
4173:
4079:
4033:
3539:
3156:
3110:
1579:
1574:
2636:
3358:
1185:
1178:
1124:
703:
449:
Quichua desde la perspectiva de la experiencia vasca (Kichwa sisariy ñan)" (Muyulema 2011:234).
4526:
4511:
4261:
3822:
3704:
3019:
1518:
1025:
613:
4521:
3742:
3450:
2877:
2752:
2709:
1065:
1058:
648:
641:
4193:
3679:
3674:
3842:
3767:
3727:
3694:
3405:
2815:
Pieter Muysken: Semantic transparency in Lowland Ecuadorian Quechua morphosyntax (PDF file)
1196:
1074:
761:
655:
89:
3748:
3138:
8:
4464:
4273:
4041:
3850:
3120:
2948:
1377:
1254:
1243:
1160:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1030:
737:
728:
721:
714:
3722:
3226:
4445:
4315:
4144:
4098:
3977:
3926:
3865:
3762:
3657:
3630:
3523:
3287:
3186:
3181:
3148:
3133:
3034:
2966:
2961:
2910:
2567:
1496:
1082:
1020:
1010:
663:
608:
603:
344:
84:
4106:
3931:
3495:
3480:
247:
4438:
4223:
4187:
4183:
3972:
3955:
3945:
3916:
3878:
3873:
3781:
3689:
3684:
3599:
3257:
3196:
3161:
2971:
2923:
2891:
2354:
works to revive use of the Kichwa language, music, and culture in the United States.
1463:
1432:
1346:
1269:
1171:
1045:
1035:
908:
879:
843:
748:
628:
618:
417:
3455:
3267:
298:
4501:
4493:
4403:
4384:
4360:
4233:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4152:
4121:
4069:
4061:
4008:
4002:
3940:
3921:
3911:
3903:
3891:
3615:
3607:
3513:
3490:
3485:
3470:
3445:
3231:
3206:
3128:
3105:
3052:
3042:
3014:
2999:
2956:
2928:
2739:
2696:
2505:
1650:
1402:
1015:
931:
497:
423:
411:
389:
369:
335:
3297:
3047:
2637:"Meet the Young Ecuadorians Behind the First Kichwa-Language Radio Show in the US"
410:
The earliest grammatical description of Kichwa was written in the 17th century by
392:, perhaps because of partial creolization with the pre-Inca languages of Ecuador.
4346:
4228:
4198:
4157:
4134:
4129:
4111:
3935:
3855:
3832:
3794:
3789:
3666:
3465:
3342:
3327:
3302:
3262:
3236:
3221:
3216:
3191:
3176:
3082:
3024:
2981:
2938:
2918:
1052:
1040:
635:
623:
76:
268:
263:
4340:
4238:
4178:
3993:
3886:
3817:
3714:
3699:
3620:
3558:
3518:
3475:
3429:
3307:
3292:
3277:
3241:
3201:
3171:
3166:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3009:
2976:
2933:
2725:
2612:
2510:
2489:
2337:
1093:
674:
377:
57:
2744:
2727:
2701:
2684:
562:(brother of a man). A woman reading "Ñuka wawki Pedromi kan" would read aloud
4545:
4506:
4483:
4368:
4074:
4046:
4013:
3812:
3732:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3004:
2789:
Map of the regional varieties of Kichwa in Ecuador (quichua.net / FEDEPI.org)
2460:
2442:
2424:
2406:
2388:
2370:
2351:
1542:
1300:
1212:
1099:
804:
680:
162:
152:
4516:
4378:
4084:
4018:
3460:
3067:
2810:
Kansas University: Quichua Open Educational Resources (by Nina Kinti-Moss)
230:
223:
216:
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:
174:
167:
157:
147:
4475:
3272:
1554:
1537:
1426:
873:
357:
2846:
388:
Kichwa syntax has undergone some grammatical simplification compared to
3374:
3332:
2465:
2447:
2429:
2411:
2393:
2375:
1587:
1547:
373:
2841:
2825:
Free Quichua audiocourse in Spanish offered by public radio of Ecuador
2682:
4323:
4284:
2782:
2478:(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
1294:
1206:
798:
771:
473:
240:
138:
3568:
2805:
Otavalos Online: Basic Kichwa Course for Beginners, in Spanish (PDF)
2776:
352:
310:
43:
418:
First efforts for language standardization and bilingual education
348:
306:
124:
39:
3638:
2809:
958:
only occurs rarely phonemically, and is mostly an allophone of
994:, are heard in free variation as fricatives . A combination
2788:
362:
47:
429:
Muyulema says that the creation of literary works such as
309:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
279:
452:
Later, the bigger and much more comprehensive dictionary
2726:
Masaquiza, Fanny Chango and Marlett, Stephen A. (2008).
395:
A standardized language, with a unified orthography (
2827:(36 of 110 audio lesson files available via website)
2794:
Kichwa-English-Spanish Dictionary, 2nd Edition (PDF)
528:("Our Father", the Lord's Prayer) Kichwa people say
2842:Lower Napo Kichwa language documentation materials
2732:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2689:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4543:
2589:"Hip-hop Kichwa: Sounds of indigenous modernity"
2033:Chai c'aricunaca ishcai punzhallapimi shamunga.
1953:Chai c'aricunaca ishqui punllallapimi shamunga.
1878:Chi c'arigunaga ishqui p'unllallabimi shamunga.
2350:In the Ecuadorian diaspora, the radio station
2319:tʃæy qʰarikunaqa iskæy p'untʃawllapim hamunqa.
2316:Chay qharikunaqa iskay p'unchawllapim hamunqa.
2257:Chay karikunaka ishkay punllallapimi shamunka.
1803:Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga.
1728:Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga.
365:. It has an estimated half million speakers.
4300:
3584:
3390:
2862:
2801:(Education Ministry of Ecuador) (PDF, 7,4 MB)
2560:Bosquejo gramatical del quichua de Chimborazo
2496:. The oldest Quichua text from Ecuador].
2487:
2255:
402:
396:
338:
329:
323:
27:
2757:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2543:Gualapuro, Santiago David Gualapuro (2017).
2340:, which is known for its traditional music.
2233:Chi carigunaga ishcai punzhallaimi shamunga.
2165:Chi carigunaga ishcai punchallaimi shamunga.
2683:O'Rourke, Erin and Swanson, Tod D. (2013).
2664:Ciucci, Luca & Pieter C. Muysken 2011.
2557:
2097:Chi cariunaga ishqui punzhallaimi shamunga.
4307:
4293:
3591:
3577:
3397:
3383:
2869:
2855:
2572:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2558:Guacho, Juan N.; Burns, Donald H. (1975).
2036:tʃay kʰarikunaka iʃkay punʒaλapimi ʃamuŋga
969:, are often voiced after nasal sounds as .
278:
2876:
2743:
2700:
2542:
2509:
2488:Ciucci, Luca; Muysken, Pieter C. (2011).
2236:tʃi karigunaga iʃkay punʒallaimi ʃamunga.
2168:tʃi karigunaga iʃkay puntʃaλaimi ʃamunga.
1956:tʃay kʰarikunaka iʃki punʒaʒapimi ʃamuŋga
1881:tʃi kʰarigunaga iʃki pʰunʒaʒabimi ʃamuŋga
1806:tʃay xarikunaka iʃkay punʒapiʒami ʃamuŋga
1731:tʃay xarikunaka iʃkay punʒapiʒami ʃamuŋga
472:, which are both pronounced . and , the
16:Quechuan language of Ecuador and Colombia
4557:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
3404:
2586:
347:that includes all Quechua varieties of
303:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4544:
4314:
2763:, with supplementary sound recordings.
2720:, with supplementary sound recordings.
4288:
3598:
3572:
3378:
2850:
2820:Openoffice v3.2+ Kichwa Spellchecker
2100:tʃi kariunaga iʃki punʒaλaimi ʃamuŋga
1613:can become lax as in free variation.
2266:Standard Southern Quechua (Qhichwa)
284:Distribution of the Kichwa language.
454:Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu
13:
2785:(from the World Loanword Database)
2676:
2364:
1628:, and can also be heard as a back
1515:before a voiceless obstruent, and
459:
14:
4588:
4552:Indigenous languages of the Andes
2777:https://quechuarealwords.byu.edu/
2770:
1597:
1592:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1471:
1451:
1444:
1409:
1387:
1361:
1354:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1279:
1253:
1227:
1220:
1195:
1184:
1177:
1159:
1148:
1141:
1123:
1112:
1105:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1057:
938:
916:
896:
889:
860:
852:
833:
824:
817:
810:
785:
778:
760:
736:
727:
720:
702:
693:
686:
662:
654:
647:
640:
530:ñukanchik yaya / ñukanchik tayta.
3552:
2783:Imbabura Quechua Vocabulary List
2547:. University of Texas at Austin.
2471:
2453:
2435:
2417:
2399:
2381:
439:Ñucanchic Causaimanta Yachaicuna
199: – Chimborazo Highland
3364:Providence Island Sign Language
2658:
2629:
2605:
2580:
2551:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2481:
361:), as well as extensions into
227: – Salasaca Highland
206: – Imbabura Highland
185: – Calderón Highland
1:
2617:nativeamericanmusicawards.com
2492:[Hernando de Alcocer and
2357:
1668:Orthography (SIL or official)
1003:Chimborazo Kichwa consonants
590:
431:Caimi Ñucanchic Shimuyu-Panca
220: – Northern Pastaza
178: – Southern Pastaza
2730:. Illustrations of the IPA.
2687:. Illustrations of the IPA.
2345:Native American Music Awards
585:
414:priest Hernando de Alcocer.
7:
2271:
2252:
2183:
2115:
2051:
1983:
1907:
1832:
1757:
1682:
1651:Standard (Southern) Quechua
1640:
1616:In the Chimborazo dialect,
1507:can be heard as fricatives
596:Imbabura Kichwa consonants
383:
192: – Cañar Highland
10:
4593:
2511:10.18441/ind.v28i0.359-393
1665:Speakers per SIL (FEDEPI)
1523:before a voiced obstruent.
534:In Kichwa, you do not say
504:in Southern Quechua), and
397:
339:
264:Lowland Ecuadorian Quichua
213: – Loja Highland
4492:
4457:
4425:
4416:
4396:
4333:
4322:
4258:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
4251:
4166:
4143:
4120:
4097:
4060:
4032:
3986:
3963:
3954:
3902:
3864:
3841:
3803:
3780:
3755:
3741:
3713:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3606:
3548:
3532:
3504:
3438:
3412:
3351:
3320:
3250:
3147:
3119:
3081:
3033:
2990:
2947:
2909:
2900:
2884:
2745:10.1017/S0025100308003332
2702:10.1017/S0025100312000266
2545:Imbabura Kichwa Phonology
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1591:
1527:
1501:before a velar consonant.
1425:
1401:
1293:
1205:
1092:
1051:
1007:
930:
872:
797:
770:
673:
634:
600:
435:Ñucanchic Llactapac Shimi
289:
277:
254:
238:
234: – Tena Lowland
171: – Napo Lowland
136:
131:
115:
110:
73:
63:
53:
35:
26:
21:
4267:Inmaculada Sign Language
3540:Ecuadorian Sign Language
2331:
538:("I wait for you"), but
376:, according to linguist
69:450,000 (2008–2012)
29:Kichwa Shimi, Runa Shimi
3359:Colombian Sign Language
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
558:(sister of a man), and
492:can mean both "tooth" (
4262:Peruvian Sign Language
3338:San Andrés–Providencia
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2256:
1908:1,000,000 (2,500,000)
1620:is heard as a central
554:(brother of a woman),
508:can mean both "moon" (
403:
330:
324:
291:This article contains
28:
4567:Languages of Colombia
2878:Languages of Colombia
2831:Kichwa internet radio
2533:(Muyulema 2011:234-5)
1753:Calderón (Pichincha)
983:before a front vowel
564:Ñuka turi Pedromi kan
550:(sister of a woman),
4562:Languages of Ecuador
3439:Indigenous languages
3406:Languages of Ecuador
2668:Indiana 28: 359–393.
1683:300,000 (1,000,000)
4274:Sivia Sign Language
2524:(Muyulema 2011:234)
1004:
597:
404:Shukyachiska Kichwa
117:Recognised minority
4577:Quechuan languages
4316:Quechuan languages
4167:Isolates and other
3559:Ecuador portal
3413:Official languages
2885:Official languages
2728:"Salasaca Quichua"
2593:Al Jazeera English
1964:⟨ll⟩
1889:⟨ll⟩
1814:⟨ll⟩
1739:⟨ll⟩
1002:
975:is often heard as
595:
526:yayayku / taytayku
4572:Languages of Peru
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4433:Cajamarca–Cañaris
4426:Northern Peruvian
4412:
4411:
4282:
4281:
4247:
4246:
4093:
4092:
3965:Cajamarca–Cañaris
3776:
3775:
3635:
3608:Spanish varieties
3600:Languages of Peru
3566:
3565:
3506:Spanish varieties
3372:
3371:
3316:
3315:
2562:. Quito, Ecuador.
2469:(24th ed., 2021)
2451:(24th ed., 2021)
2443:Calderón Highland
2433:(24th ed., 2021)
2415:(24th ed., 2021)
2397:(24th ed., 2021)
2379:(24th ed., 2021)
2329:
2328:
2186:& 2,000 Peru
2179:Northern Pastaza
2118:& 8,000 Peru
1607:
1606:
1487:
1486:
998:can be heard as .
965:Affricate sounds
952:
951:
574:. And to Sisa as
443:Antisuyu-Punasuyu
345:Quechuan language
317:
316:
299:rendering support
295:phonetic symbols.
4584:
4494:Southern Quechua
4478:
4458:Northern Quechua
4448:
4441:
4423:
4422:
4387:
4363:
4349:
4331:
4330:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4285:
3961:
3960:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3633:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3212:Tanimuca-Retuarã
2907:
2906:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2840:ELAR archive of
2762:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2719:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2458:
2457:
2440:
2439:
2425:Southern Pastaza
2422:
2421:
2404:
2403:
2386:
2385:
2368:
2259:
2247:Standard Kichwa
1973:
1965:
1898:
1890:
1823:
1815:
1748:
1740:
1670:+ Pronunciation
1656:
1655:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1601:
1596:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1475:
1466:
1455:
1448:
1435:
1413:
1391:
1380:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1283:
1272:
1257:
1246:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1199:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1163:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1127:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1085:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
982:
974:
968:
961:
957:
942:
920:
911:
900:
893:
882:
864:
856:
846:
837:
828:
821:
814:
807:
789:
782:
764:
751:
740:
731:
724:
717:
706:
697:
690:
683:
666:
658:
651:
644:
598:
594:
498:Southern Quechua
488:, do not exist.
487:
483:
479:
471:
467:
406:
400:
398:Kichwa Unificado
390:Southern Quechua
370:Northern Quechua
342:
333:
327:
282:
250:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
160:
150:
141:
119:language in
79:
31:
19:
18:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4531:
4488:
4474:
4453:
4444:
4437:
4418:
4408:
4397:Other Quechua I
4392:
4383:
4359:
4345:
4334:Central Quechua
4326:
4318:
4313:
4283:
4278:
4243:
4174:Candoshi-Shapra
4162:
4139:
4116:
4089:
4056:
4028:
3982:
3950:
3898:
3883:Achuar–Shiwiar
3860:
3837:
3799:
3772:
3751:
3737:
3709:
3649:
3643:
3602:
3597:
3567:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3544:
3528:
3500:
3434:
3408:
3403:
3373:
3368:
3347:
3312:
3246:
3157:Barasana-Eduria
3143:
3115:
3111:Northern Embera
3077:
3029:
2986:
2943:
2902:
2896:
2880:
2875:
2835:New York Times,
2773:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2707:
2706:
2679:
2677:Further reading
2661:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2459:
2452:
2441:
2434:
2423:
2416:
2405:
2398:
2387:
2380:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2334:
2323:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2240:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2187:
2185:
2172:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2119:
2117:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2052:5,000 (10,000)
2040:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1888:
1885:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1813:
1810:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1738:
1735:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1669:
1643:
1530:
1462:
1431:
1376:
1345:
1299:
1268:
1242:
1211:
1170:
1134:
1098:
1029:
1019:
907:
878:
842:
803:
747:
713:
679:
617:
593:
588:
568:Manuelpak wawki
462:
460:Characteristics
420:
386:
297:Without proper
285:
273:
246:
229:
228:
222:
221:
215:
214:
208:
207:
201:
200:
194:
193:
187:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
166:
165:
156:
155:
146:
145:
137:
127:
120:
118:
111:Official status
106:
80:
77:Language family
75:
66:
65:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4527:South Bolivian
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:North Bolivian
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4429:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4376:
4374:Yauyos–Chincha
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4252:Sign languages
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4024:Yauyos–Chincha
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3828:Nüpode Huitoto
3825:
3820:
3818:Minica Huitoto
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3533:Sign languages
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3352:Sign languages
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Minica Huitoto
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2837:16 August 2014
2828:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2771:External links
2769:
2765:
2764:
2738:(2): 223–227.
2722:
2721:
2695:(1): 107–120.
2685:"Tena Quichua"
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2628:
2604:
2587:Manuela Picq.
2579:
2550:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2500:(in Spanish).
2480:
2461:Cañar Highland
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2304:p'untʃawllapim
2301:p'unchawllapim
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1886:
1869:
1863:p'unllallabimi
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1811:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1736:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1502:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1008:
1000:
999:
988:
970:
963:
950:
949:
947:
945:
943:
936:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
921:
914:
912:
904:
903:
901:
894:
887:
885:
883:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
858:
849:
847:
839:
838:
831:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
783:
776:
774:
768:
767:
765:
758:
756:
754:
752:
744:
743:
741:
734:
732:
725:
718:
710:
709:
707:
700:
698:
691:
684:
677:
671:
670:
668:
659:
652:
645:
638:
632:
631:
626:
621:
611:
606:
601:
592:
589:
587:
584:
576:Manuelpak pani
543:
542:
540:kanta shuyani.
532:
512:) and "lazy" (
500:) and "wood" (
476:of the vowels
461:
458:
419:
416:
385:
382:
378:Alfredo Torero
315:
314:
301:, you may see
287:
286:
283:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
260:
258:
252:
251:
244:
236:
235:
142:
134:
133:
132:Language codes
129:
128:
123:
121:
116:
113:
112:
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
83:
81:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4589:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Murui Huitoto
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3705:Nomatsiguenga
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:Creoles/Other
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Murui Huitoto
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2352:Kichwa Hatari
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2113:
2111:Napo Lowland
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Tena Lowland
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2018:punzhallapimi
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1938:punllallapimi
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1788:punllapillami
1784:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:punllapillami
1709:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1633:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
989:
980:
971:
964:
954:
953:
948:
946:
944:
941:
937:
935:
933:
929:
926:
924:
922:
919:
915:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
899:
895:
892:
888:
886:
884:
881:
877:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
845:
841:
840:
836:
832:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
775:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
757:
755:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
701:
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
676:
672:
669:
665:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
637:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
599:
583:
581:
580:Elenapak ñaña
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
475:
457:
455:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
415:
413:
408:
405:
399:
393:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
332:
326:
321:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
294:
288:
281:
276:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
243:
242:
237:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
190:
183:
176:
169:
164:
161: –
159:
154:
151: –
149:
143:
140:
135:
130:
126:
122:
114:
109:
99:
96:
95:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4469:
4080:Cusco–Collao
4051:
3743:Upper Amazon
3550:
3461:Media Lengua
3451:Cha'palaachi
3424:
3282:
2834:
2766:
2753:cite journal
2735:
2731:
2710:cite journal
2692:
2688:
2665:
2659:Bibliography
2645:. Retrieved
2643:. 2016-12-23
2640:
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:
2607:
2596:. Retrieved
2592:
2582:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2464:
2446:
2428:
2410:
2407:Napo Lowland
2392:
2374:
2366:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2218:punzhallaimi
2212:
2204:
2196:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2150:punchallaimi
2144:
2136:
2128:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2082:punzhallaimi
2076:
2068:
2060:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:qxl: 15,000
1986:qxr: 100,000
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1866:pʰunʒaʒabimi
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1646:
1644:
1636:in lax form.
1493:is heard as
579:
575:
572:Sisapaj turi
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
539:
535:
529:
525:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
489:
463:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
421:
409:
394:
387:
367:
356:
325:Kichwa shimi
319:
318:
290:
269:Loja Quichua
239:
97:
4522:Santiagueño
4465:Chachapoyas
4042:Chachapoyas
3805:Bora–Witoto
3728:Mashco Piro
3695:Machiguenga
3273:Inga Kichwa
2992:Bora–Witoto
2504:: 359–393.
2389:Jungle Inga
2288:qʰarikunaqa
2285:qharikunaqa
2221:punʒallaimi
2184:4,000 Ecu.
2153:puntʃaλaimi
2116:4,000 Ecu.
2021:punʒaλapimi
2005:kʰarikunaka
2002:c'aricunaca
1978:Cañar–Loja
1941:punʒaʒapimi
1925:kʰarikunaka
1922:c'aricunaca
1903:Chimborazo
1850:kʰarigunaga
1847:c'arigunaga
1791:punʒapiʒami
1716:punʒapiʒami
1427:Approximant
874:Approximant
524:Instead of
305:instead of
163:Jungle Inga
4546:Categories
4446:Lambayeque
4417:Quechua II
3978:Lambayeque
3851:Chayahuita
3843:Cahuapanan
3648:Indigenous
3631:Equatorial
3524:Equatorial
3333:Palenquero
2901:Indigenous
2647:2019-08-27
2622:2019-02-06
2598:2012-08-21
2466:Ethnologue
2448:Ethnologue
2430:Ethnologue
2412:Ethnologue
2394:Ethnologue
2376:Ethnologue
2358:References
2205:karigunaga
2202:carigunaga
2137:karigunaga
2134:carigunaga
2085:punʒaλaimi
1775:xarikunaka
1772:jaricunaca
1700:xarikunaka
1697:jaricunaca
1647:Ethnologue
591:Consonants
474:allophones
374:Quechua II
144:Variously:
90:Quechua II
4439:Cajamarca
4327:(Waywash)
4324:Quechua I
4194:Harákmbut
3973:Cajamarca
3927:Kashinawa
3763:Chamicuro
3680:Ashéninga
3675:Asháninka
3650:languages
3288:Nheengatu
3187:Macaguaje
3182:Koreguaje
3134:Guayabero
3121:Guajiboan
2949:Barbacoan
2903:languages
2568:cite book
2226:shamunga.
2188:(10,000)
2158:shamunga.
2120:(15,000)
2090:shamunga.
2069:kariunaga
2066:cariunaga
2026:shamunga.
1984:(200,000)
1946:shamunga.
1871:shamunga.
1828:Salasaca
1796:shamunga.
1721:shamunga.
1678:Imbabura
1662:ISO code
1378:retroflex
1301:voiceless
1295:Fricative
1244:aspirated
1213:voiceless
1207:Affricate
1136:aspirated
1100:voiceless
1031:Retroflex
1026:Post-alv.
805:voiceless
799:Fricative
772:Affricate
715:aspirated
681:voiceless
614:Post-alv.
586:Phonology
372:group of
331:Runashimi
241:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
54:Ethnicity
4502:Ayacucho
4419:(Wampuy)
4404:Pacaraos
4385:Pacaraos
4361:Huallaga
4224:Taushiro
4184:Ese Ejja
4145:Zaparoan
4099:Tucanoan
4070:Ayacucho
4062:Southern
4009:Pacaraos
4003:Huallaga
3956:Quechuan
3946:Yaminawa
3917:Iskonawa
3879:Huambisa
3874:Aguaruna
3866:Jivaroan
3768:Yanesha'
3749:Resígaro
3690:Caquinte
3685:Axininca
3658:Arawakan
3634:(Tumbes)
3616:Amazonic
3514:Amazonic
3258:Carijona
3197:Pisamira
3162:Carapana
3149:Tucanoan
3139:Macaguán
3035:Chibchan
2972:Mwelyama
2962:Kokonuco
2924:Cabiyari
2911:Arawakan
2641:Remezcla
2613:"NAMA 7"
2312:hamunqa.
2309:hamunqa.
2229:ʃamunga.
2161:ʃamunga.
1659:Dialect
1641:Dialects
1021:Alveolar
1011:Bilabial
609:Alveolar
604:Bilabial
384:Overview
353:Colombia
311:Help:IPA
248:colo1257
94:Northern
85:Quechuan
44:Colombia
4355:Huánuco
4347:Huaylay
4234:Urarina
4219:Puquina
4214:Munichi
4209:Mochica
4205:family)
4190:family)
4188:Tacanan
4153:Arabela
4034:Lowland
3999:Huánuco
3987:Central
3941:Shipibo
3922:Kashibo
3912:Amawaka
3892:Shiwiar
3782:Aymaran
3756:Western
3723:Iñapari
3626:Coastal
3491:Waorani
3486:Tsafiki
3471:Shiwiar
3446:Awa Pit
3420:Spanish
3328:Llanero
3232:Wajiara
3227:Waimajã
3207:Siriano
3129:Guahibo
3106:Eperara
3083:Chocoan
3053:Chimila
3043:Arhuaco
3015:Muinane
3000:Andoque
2957:Awa Pit
2929:Piapoco
2892:Spanish
2498:Indiana
2338:Otavalo
2093:ʃamuŋga
2029:ʃamuŋga
1949:ʃamuŋga
1874:ʃamuŋga
1833:15,000
1799:ʃamuŋga
1758:25,000
1724:ʃamuŋga
1611:/a,i,u/
1543:Central
1464:lateral
1433:central
1046:Glottal
1036:Palatal
990:Sounds
967:/ts,tʃ/
909:lateral
880:central
629:Glottal
619:Palatal
536:suyayki
424:Cayambe
349:Ecuador
343:) is a
340:Quichua
336:Spanish
334:, also
307:Unicode
125:Ecuador
58:Quechua
40:Ecuador
4470:Kichwa
4341:Ancash
4229:Ticuna
4203:Arauan
4199:Kulina
4158:Iquito
4135:Omagua
4130:Cocama
4122:Tupian
4112:Secoya
4107:Orejón
4052:Kichwa
3994:Ancash
3936:Pisabo
3932:Matsés
3904:Panoan
3887:Achuar
3856:Jebero
3833:Ocaina
3795:Jaqaru
3790:Aymara
3639:Loncco
3621:Andean
3519:Andean
3496:Záparo
3481:Tetete
3466:Secoya
3425:Kichwa
3343:Romani
3303:Ticuna
3283:Kichwa
3263:Cocama
3237:Wanano
3222:Tuyuca
3217:Tatuyo
3192:Macuna
3177:Desano
3025:Ocaina
2982:Totoró
2939:Yucuna
2919:Achawa
2672:234-5.
2210:ishcai
2142:ishcai
2074:ishqui
2010:ishcai
1930:ishqui
1855:ishqui
1780:ishcai
1705:ishcai
1673:Notes
1528:Vowels
1403:Rhotic
1347:voiced
1270:voiced
1172:voiced
1016:Dental
932:Rhotic
844:voiced
749:voiced
578:or as
441:, and
412:Jesuit
320:Kichwa
98:Kichwa
22:Kichwa
4507:Cusco
4484:Lamas
4369:Wanka
4239:Yagua
4179:Culle
4075:Cusco
4047:Lamas
4014:Wanka
3700:Nanti
3667:Campa
3476:Siona
3456:Cofán
3430:Shuar
3308:Yukpa
3293:Nukak
3278:Kakwa
3268:Cofán
3251:Other
3242:Yauna
3202:Siona
3172:Cuiba
3167:Cubeo
3101:Chami
3096:Catio
3091:Baudo
2977:Pasto
2967:Misak
2934:Wayuu
2332:Music
2296:iskæy
2293:iskay
2213:iʃkay
2145:iʃkay
2013:iʃkay
1972:]
1968:[
1897:]
1893:[
1822:]
1818:[
1783:iʃkay
1747:]
1743:[
1708:iʃkay
1634:]
1630:[
1626:]
1622:[
1555:Close
1538:Front
1521:]
1517:[
1513:]
1509:[
1499:]
1495:[
1053:Nasal
1041:Velar
992:/ɾ,w/
981:]
977:[
636:Nasal
624:Velar
560:wawki
514:qilla
510:killa
506:killa
484:near
4517:Puno
4476:Inga
4379:Yaru
4085:Puno
4019:Yaru
3813:Bora
3733:Yine
3715:Piro
3298:Páez
3073:Wiwa
3063:Kuna
3058:Kogi
3048:Barí
3005:Bora
2759:link
2716:link
2574:link
2371:Inga
2280:tʃæy
2277:Chay
2077:iʃki
1997:tʃay
1994:Chai
1933:iʃki
1917:tʃay
1914:Chai
1858:iʃki
1767:tʃay
1764:Chai
1692:tʃay
1689:Chai
1588:Open
1548:Back
1094:Stop
996:/nɾ/
675:Stop
556:pani
552:turi
548:ñaña
502:qiru
494:kiru
490:Kiru
480:and
468:and
363:Peru
358:Inga
351:and
153:Inga
48:Peru
3068:Uwa
2740:doi
2697:doi
2506:doi
2463:at
2445:at
2427:at
2409:at
2391:at
2373:at
2197:tʃi
2194:Chi
2129:tʃi
2126:Chi
2061:tʃi
2058:Chi
1842:tʃi
1839:Chi
1618:/a/
1505:/k/
1491:/n/
1255:tʃʰ
985:/i/
973:/ɸ/
960:/s/
956:/z/
570:or
516:).
496:in
486:/q/
482:/u/
478:/i/
470:/q/
466:/k/
293:IPA
256:ELP
231:quw
224:qxl
217:qvz
210:qvj
203:qvi
196:qug
189:qxr
182:qud
175:qup
168:qvo
158:inj
148:inb
4548::
2833:,
2755:}}
2751:{{
2736:38
2734:.
2712:}}
2708:{{
2693:43
2691:.
2639:.
2615:.
2591:.
2570:}}
2566:{{
2502:28
2347:.
2269:—
2250:—
1966:=
1891:=
1816:=
1741:=
1653::
1599:aː
1580:uː
1566:iː
1281:dʒ
1229:tʃ
1222:ts
1161:kʰ
1150:tʰ
1143:pʰ
1086:)
857:)
787:tʃ
780:ts
738:kʰ
729:tʰ
722:pʰ
667:)
582:.
437:,
433:,
401:,
380:.
328:,
46:,
42:,
4308:e
4301:t
4294:v
4201:(
4186:(
4005:)
4001:(
3934:/
3592:e
3585:t
3578:v
3398:e
3391:t
3384:v
2870:e
2863:t
2856:v
2761:)
2742::
2718:)
2699::
2650:.
2625:.
2601:.
2576:)
2514:.
2508::
1970:ʒ
1895:ʒ
1820:ʒ
1745:ʒ
1632:ɑ
1624:ä
1594:a
1575:u
1561:i
1519:ɣ
1511:x
1497:ŋ
1473:l
1453:w
1446:j
1411:ɾ
1389:ʐ
1363:ʒ
1356:z
1338:h
1331:x
1322:ʃ
1315:s
1308:ɸ
1197:ɡ
1186:d
1179:b
1125:k
1114:t
1107:p
1083:ŋ
1080:(
1075:ɲ
1066:n
1059:m
1028:/
1018:/
987:.
979:f
962:.
940:ɾ
918:l
898:w
891:j
862:ʒ
854:z
851:(
835:h
826:ʃ
819:s
812:ɸ
762:ɡ
704:k
695:t
688:p
664:ŋ
661:(
656:ɲ
649:n
642:m
616:/
355:(
322:(
313:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
