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1295:, literally means 'the state of being possessed by a fox'. The victim is usually said to be a young woman, whom the fox enters beneath her fingernails or through her breasts. In some cases, the victims' facial expressions are said to change in such a way that they resemble those of a fox. Japanese tradition holds that fox possession can cause illiterate victims to temporarily gain the ability to read. Though foxes in folklore can possess a person of their own will,
1942:
1240:
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1929:, however, kitsune do not share human morality, and a kitsune who has adopted a house in this manner may, for example, bring its host money or items that it has stolen from the neighbors. Accordingly, common households thought to harbor kitsune are treated with suspicion. Oddly, samurai families were often reputed to share similar arrangements with kitsune, but these foxes were considered
1471:. These families are said to have been able to use their fox to gain fortune, but marriage into such a family was considered forbidden as it would enlarge the family. They are also said to be able to bring about illness and curse the possessions, crops, and livestock of ones that they hate, and as a result of being considered taboo by the other families, it has led to societal problems.
2354:
1321:
of its own. Prick it with a needle, and it glides instantly to another place. By no grasp can it be so tightly compressed by a strong hand that it will not slip from under the fingers. Possessed folk are also said to speak and write languages of which they were totally ignorant prior to possession. They eat only what foxes are believed to like –
1027:; in fact, some folktales say that a fox will only grow additional tails after it has lived 100 years. (In the wild, the typical lifespan of a real fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten years in captivity.) One, five, seven, and nine tails are the most common numbers in folktales. These
1621:"Confound you!" snapped the fox. "Give me back my ball!" The man ignored its pleas till finally it said tearfully, "All right, you've got the ball, but you don't know how to keep it. It won't be any good to you. For me, it's a terrible loss. I tell you, if you don't give it back, I'll be your enemy forever. If you
1966:
Kitsune are commonly portrayed as lovers, usually in stories involving a young human male and a kitsune who takes the form of a human woman. The kitsune may be a seductress, but these stories are more often romantic in nature. Typically, the young man unknowingly marries the fox, who proves a devoted
1913:
My father lived here before me, sir, and by now I have many children and grandchildren. They get into a lot of mischief, I'm afraid, and I'm always after them to stop, but they never listen. And now, sir, you're understandably fed up with us. I gather that you're going to kill us all. But I just want
2315:
and drove him to suicide after a "humiliating and spurious" peace conference, after which
Shingen forced marriage on Suwa Yorishige's beautiful 14-year-old daughter Lady Koi—Shingen's own niece. Shingen, Turnbull writes, "was so obsessed with the girl that his superstitious followers became alarmed
1320:
Strange is the madness of those into whom demon foxes enter. Sometimes they run naked shouting through the streets. Sometimes they lie down and froth at the mouth, and yelp as a fox yelps. And on some part of the body of the possessed a moving lump appears under the skin, which seems to have a life
2207:
The historical Abe no Seimei later developed a fictional reputation of being the scion of fox-kind, and his extraordinary powers became associated with that mixed bloodline. Seimei was purported to have been born a hybrid between the (non-historical) Abe no Yasuna, and a white fox rescued by him
1933:
and the use of their magic a sign of prestige. Abandoned homes were common haunts for kitsune. One 12th-century story tells of a minister moving into an old mansion only to discover a family of foxes living there. They first try to scare him away, then claim that the house "has been ours for many
1908:
Kitsune keep their promises and strive to repay any favor. Occasionally a kitsune attaches itself to a person or household, where they can cause all sorts of mischief. In one story from the 12th century, only the homeowner's threat to exterminate the foxes convinces them to behave. The kitsune
1694:
deity of rice. This association has reinforced the fox's supernatural significance. Originally, kitsune were Inari's messengers, but the line between the two is now blurred so that Inari Ōkami may be depicted as a fox. Likewise, entire shrines are dedicated to kitsune, where devotees can leave
1185:
retain—and have difficulty hiding—their tails when they take human form; looking for the tail, perhaps when the fox gets drunk or careless, is a common method of discerning the creature's true nature. A particularly devout individual may even be able to see through a fox's disguise merely by
1937:
Tales distinguish kitsune gifts from kitsune payments. If a kitsune offers a payment or reward that includes money or material wealth, part or all of the sum will consist of old paper, leaves, twigs, stones, or similar valueless items under a magical illusion. True kitsune gifts are usually
1589:. Some stories identify them as magical jewels or pearls. When not in human form or possessing a human, a kitsune keeps the ball in its mouth or carries it on its tail. Jewels are a common symbol of Inari and representations of sacred Inari foxes without them are rare.
1170:('fox-faced') refers to human females who have a narrow face with close-set eyes, thin eyebrows, and high cheekbones. Traditionally, this facial structure is considered attractive, and some tales ascribe it to foxes in human form. Variants on the theme have the
2759:(Ōno-gun) lies in the north central part of the prefecture, whereas the actual setting of the tale occurs in Ibi District, at the southwest end of the prefecture, a completely different location. Hamel's book mistook "Ono (Ōno)" to be the man's name (surname).
2025:
construed to mean "wild fox". Although the husband and wife become separated (during the day), she fulfills the promises to come sleep with him every night, hence the
Japanese name of the creature, meaning "come and sleep" or "come always", according to the
1967:
wife. The man eventually discovers the fox's true nature, and the fox-wife is forced to leave him. In some cases, the husband wakes as if from a dream, filthy, disoriented, and far from home. He must then return to confront his abandoned family in shame.
575:, foxes have come to be regarded as sacred by the Japanese because they are the natural enemies of rats that eat up rice or burrow into rice paddies. Because fox urine has a rat-repelling effect, Japanese people placed a stone with fox urine on a
1387:
until the early 20th century. Possession was the explanation for the abnormal behavior displayed by the afflicted individuals. In the late 19th century, Shunichi
Shimamura noted that physical diseases that caused fever were often considered
2282:, in reference to a folktale describing a wedding ceremony between the creatures being held during such conditions. The event is considered a good omen, but the kitsune will seek revenge on any uninvited guests, as is depicted in the 1990
2129:, which is no longer a fox-wife tale strictly speaking, since the man is a Buddhist monk, and though he and the bewitching fox-woman spend a night of sensuality together, he is not taking on a spouse, and he merely suffers humiliation.
1863:, greedy merchants, and boastful commoners, while the crueler ones abuse poor tradesmen and farmers or devout Buddhist monks. Their victims are usually men; women are possessed instead. For example, kitsune are thought to employ their
1681:
refer to the kitsune myth in their lyrics and include the use of fox masks, hand signs, and animation interludes during live shows. Western authors of fiction have also made use of the kitsune legends although not in extensive detail.
1789:. They possess the power to ward off evil, and they sometimes serve as guardian spirits. In addition to protecting Inari shrines, they are petitioned to intervene on behalf of the locals and particularly to aid against troublesome
1132:, an ability learned when it reaches a certain age—usually 100 years, although some tales say 50. As a common prerequisite for the transformation, the fox must place reeds, a leaf, or a skull over its head. Common forms assumed by
1201:
include possession, generating fire or lightning, willful manifestation in the dreams of others, flight, invisibility, and the creation of illusions so elaborate as to be almost indistinguishable from reality. Some tales speak of
1604:
holds a portion of its magical power. Another tradition is that the pearl represents the kitsune's soul; the kitsune will die if separated from it for too long. Those who obtain the ball may be able to extract a promise from the
1871:. Another tactic is for the kitsune to confuse its target with illusions or visions. Other common goals of trickster kitsune include seduction, theft of food, humiliation of the prideful, or vengeance for a perceived slight.
1914:
you to know, sir, how sorry I am that this is our last night of life. Won't you pardon us, one more time? If we ever make trouble again, then of course you must act as you think best. But the young ones, sir – I'm
1882:, but the three hand positions signify a fox, a hunter, and a village headman. The headman beats the hunter, whom he outranks; the hunter beats the fox, whom he shoots; the fox beats the headman, whom he bewitches.
2052:
The fox-wife's descendants were also depicted as doing evil things by taking advantage of their power. According to the foregoing story, the fox-wife's child became the first ancestor of the surname
Kitsune-no-atae
1918:
they'll understand when I explain to them why you're so upset. We'll do everything we can to protect you from now on, if only you'll forgive us, and we'll be sure to let you know when anything good is going to
1733:
named for Inari Ōkami that consists of rice-filled pouches of fried tofu. There is speculation among folklorists as to whether another Shinto fox deity existed in the past. Foxes have long been worshipped as
1419:. Those who suffer from the condition believe they are possessed by a fox. Symptoms include cravings for rice or sweet adzuki beans, listlessness, restlessness, and aversion to eye contact. This sense of
365:, possibly a sign of good omen. And in 659, a fox bit off the end of a creeping vine plant held by the laborer (shrine construction worker), interpreted as an inauspicious omen foreshadowing the death of
2012:
found and married a fox-wife, and bore a child by him. But the household dog born the same time as the baby always harassed the wife, until one day frightened her so much she transformed back into a
101:
468:("The Story of Lady Ren", c. 800), and the possibility has been suggested that this is a remake of the Chinese version. A composite fashioned from the confluence of Tang dynasty wonder tales (
2519:
for renovating the hrine were that a fox had appeared in the Ou district, bitten off a piece of vine, and then disappeared.. a dog had bitten off the forearm.. and left it at Iuya Shrine"
2086:(c. 11–12th century), Book 16, tale number 17, concerning the marriage of a man named Kaya Yoshifuji, but the same narrative about this man and the fox had already been written down by
855:
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217:
has been labeled as a "witch animal" (presumably due to its "bewitching") by one scholar, who also qualifies the supernatural foxes as being "goblin foxes" or "fox spirits". The
2147:, to whom was attached a legend that he was born from a fox-woman (named Kuzunoha), and taken up in a number of works during the early modern period, commonly referred to as "
170:
has—they may have as many as nine—the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make sacrifices to them as to a deity.
458:, an anthology of Buddhist tales compiled around 822. The plotline involves a man who takes a wife, whose identity is later revealed to be a fox pretending to be a woman (cf.
5218:
2667:) referring to seductive fox spirits, though he altered the meaning somewhat. The original Chinese meaning refers specifically to foxes that transform into beautiful women.
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can also be exposed while in human form by their fear and hatred of dogs, and some become so rattled by their presence that they revert to the form of a fox and flee.
1370:
might be badly burned or beaten in hopes of driving out the fox spirits. The whole family of someone thought to be possessed might be ostracized by their community.
1208:
with even greater powers, able to bend time and space, drive people mad, or take fantastic shapes such as an incredibly tall tree or a second moon in the sky. Other
2159:
2208:
that gratefully assumed the shape of the widower's sister-in-law, Kuzunoha to become his wife, a piece of fantasy with the earliest known example being the
1741:
Actually, the favorite food of the fox, used as bait for trapping or luring them, is purported to be the fried mouse/rat, according to the scenario in the
2170:
1760:
and other works. A scholar has surmised that whether the food be fried rodent or fried bean curd, the association with fox can be traced to the document
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laborer from this Ou
District who was holding the vine, which was a construction material for rebuilding the shrine, according to Ujitani's translation.
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years, and … we wish to register a vigorous protest." The man refuses, and the foxes resign themselves to moving to an abandoned lot nearby.
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were introduced into
Japanese folklore through similar Chinese stories, but she maintains that some fox stories contain elements unique to Japan.
1138:
include beautiful women, young girls, elderly men, and less often young boys. These shapes are not limited by the fox's own age or gender, and a
2199:
tale gave rise to the ancestral line of the
Kitsune-no-atae clan, and a woman of great strength named "Mino kitsune" belonged to that heritage.
2169:("Study of the Shrines of our Country", 1645) records the lore concerning a man from the Tarui clan, who wedded a fox and begot the historical
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employing this ability to trick others—as foxes in folklore often do—other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends, and lovers.
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2070:. Here, the woman nicknamed "Mino kitsune" (Mino fox), was tall and powerful and engaged in open banditry seizing goods from merchants.
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which gives a list of votive offerings to be made to the Dakini-ten (associated with foxes), since the list includes something called
4777:
2188:
A number of stories of this type tell of fox-wives bearing children. When such progeny are human, they possess special physical or
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they have the ability to shapeshift into human or other forms, and to trick or fool human beings. While some folktales speak of
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The great amount of faith given to foxes can be seen in how, as a result of the Inari belief where foxes were believed to be
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is used to reflect a state of knowledge or enlightenment, all long-lived foxes were believed to gain supernatural abilities.
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Other kitsune use their magic for the benefit of their companion or hosts as long as the humans treat them with respect. As
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gain the abilities to see and hear anything happening anywhere in the world. Other tales credit them with infinite wisdom (
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retain other foxy traits, such as a coating of fine hair, a fox-shaped shadow, or a reflection that shows its true form.
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452:) tale type (concerning a wife whose identity as fox is revealed after being frightened by the house pet dog) occurs in
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2328:, Turnbull writes, "wise old heads nodded, remembering the unhappy circumstances of his birth and his magical mother".
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seems to have become widespread in the fifteenth century, though it has already been attested during the Heian period.
1394:. The superstition has lost favor, but stories of fox possession still occur, such as allegations that members of the
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ascribed supernatural abilities, though commonly referred to as the "badger" by
Western orientalists, e.g. de Visser.
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1046:). After reaching 1,000 years of age and gaining its ninth tail, a kitsune turns a white or golden color, becoming a
7843:
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2066:, a story was told about a ruffian female descendant; the tale was also placed in the repertoire of the later work
1793:, those spirit foxes who do not serve Inari. Black foxes and nine-tailed foxes are likewise considered good omens.
2755:
in medieval geography. Although translated as "Ōno district", it probably should be clarified that the modern day
2629:
The
Chinese wife or concubine (Lady Ren or Lady Jen) also exposes her fox identity after being barked at by a dog,
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casts a fox's shadow even in human form. Kuzunoha is a popular figure in folklore and the subject of puppet and
1673:
plays derived from folk tales feature them, as do contemporary works such as native animations, comic books and
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1859:, with motives that vary from mischief to malevolence. Stories tell of kitsune playing tricks on overly proud
7226:
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comes from
Buddhist scripture, and in the original context referred to a different animal, perhaps a jackal.
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set up near a rice field. In this way, it is assumed that people in Japan acquired the culture of respecting
322:
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405:) that may have up to nine tails. These fox spirits were adopted into Japanese culture through merchants as
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He goes on to note that, once freed from the possession, the victim would never again be able to eat tofu,
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include in the 23 titles of the Otogi-zōshi "library" proper. It has also been noted that the context in
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developed in the 14th century, claiming that the vixen captivated the Emperor Konoe (reigned 1141–1155)
1611:
to help them in exchange for its return. For example, a 12th-century tale describes a man using a fox's
1337:, etc. – and they eat a great deal, alleging that not they, but the possessing foxes, are hungry.
1021:
have as many as nine tails. Generally, a greater number of tails indicates an older and more powerful
633:
5828:
5602:
2728:Ōno no kōri means roughly "Ōno County", and now corresponds to the village of Ōno, now the town of
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31:
17:
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The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Folklore: Shapeshifters, Transformations, and Duplicities
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Inari Ōkami appears to a warrior accompanied by a kitsune. This portrayal shows the influence of
881:
are believed to possess superior intelligence, long life, and magical powers. They are a type of
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means 'come and sleep', while in a double-entendre, the phrase can also be parsed differently as
5127:
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There are families that tell of protective fox spirits, and in certain regions, possession by a
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872:. The associated game involves matching clues from folklore to pictures of specific creatures.
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Miraculous stories from the Japanese Buddhist tradition - the Nihon ryōiki of the monk Kyōkai
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meaning "spectre" or "goblin", and such capabilities were also ascribed to badgers (actually
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5348:. Translated by Kyoko Nakamura. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 103–104.
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559:(1999) notes that the idea of the fox as seductress and the connection of the fox myths to
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The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship
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The translator Aston's footnoted opinion that this was a good omen is endorsed by Smyers.
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1878:('fox-fist') references the kitsune's powers over human beings. The game is similar to
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because they were believed to be so small, or become so small as to fit inside a tube.
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Japanese Political Theatre in the 18th Century: Bunraku Puppet Plays in Social Context
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Embedded in Japanese folklore as they are, kitsune appear in numerous Japanese works.
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2534:) was ordered to repair the "Istuki Shrine", modern scholarship identify this as the
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proved to be a disastrous leader and led the clan to their devastating defeat at the
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1806:), the fox's power over evil is such that a mere statue of a fox can dispel the evil
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5574:. Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 14–15.
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Other stories tell of kitsune marrying one another. Rain falling from a clear sky—a
1827:, goddesses conflated with Inari's female aspect. Dakiniten is depicted as a female
1481:
1266:. From a clinical standpoint, those possessed by a fox are thought to suffer from a
1222:, and feed on the life or spirit of human beings, generally through sexual contact.
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Many etymological suggestions have been made, though there is no general agreement:
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1812:, or energy, that flows from the northeast. Many Inari shrines, such as the famous
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2307:, relates the tale of the Takeda clan's involvement with a fox-woman. The warlord
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The oldest relationship between the Japanese people and the fox dates back to the
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909:, nor that they are fundamentally different from regular foxes. Because the word
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229:, capable of trickery or bewitching; these terms are related to the generic term
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1102:('Little Fox') at the end of the 10th century. The legend is the subject of the
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abilities that increase as they get older and wiser. According to folklore, the
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genre, and according to Nakata, it emphasizes human emotions like the Japanese
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2692:) she is attracted by the smell of a fried mouse (the idea is also found in
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1364:. If a priest was not available or if the exorcism failed, alleged victims of
1158:
was that any woman encountered alone, especially at dusk or night, could be a
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are particularly renowned for impersonating beautiful women. Common belief in
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Fox spirits are said to be particularly fond of a fried slice of tofu called
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697:
582:
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3249:, p. 34: "prototype of a recurring motif.. the theme of the 'fox wife'
3153:出雲国造に命ぜられて神の宮(意宇郡〔おうのこおり〕の熊野大社)を修造させられた。その時狐が、意宇郡の役夫の採ってきた葛(宮造りの用材)を噛み切って逃げた
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6682:
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A compilation of terms for sun showers from various cultures and languages.
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The Kaya Yoshifuji was later also included in the Buddhist historical text
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899:', which is actually a broader folkloric category. This does not mean that
803:
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below). The tale bears close resemblance to the Tang dynasty Chinese story
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or spirit, and serve as its messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's
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The fox later saves his life by leading him past a band of armed robbers.
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5383:"Chapter 3. A Courtly Mirror of Ashiya Dōman: Echoes of a shadowy domain"
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357:, compiled 720), the fox is mentioned twice, as omens. In the year 657 a
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30:
This article is about the Japanese word for the fox. For other uses, see
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5342:"Volume I, Tale 2. On Taking a Fox as a Wife and Bringing Forth a Child"
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182:
120:-foxes (or perhaps the "fox spirits") can bewitch people, just like the
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7642:
7505:
7433:
7424:
7296:
7253:
7190:
7181:
7136:
7082:
6891:
6810:
6736:
6718:
6655:
6527:
6500:
6320:
6284:
6088:
5855:
5568:, ed. (2013). "On Taking a Fox as a Wife and Producing a Child (1:2)".
5451:
5118:
2491:
2381:
2039:
1674:
1456:
1402:
1009:
is an invisible fox spirit that human beings can only perceive when it
964:
896:
719:
334:
113:
58:
44:
7588:
7262:
6972:
6381:
5738:
4803:
4215:
Nakamura, Miri (2014). "Kitsune". In Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.).
2793:, p. 89: "So every evening she stole back and slept in his arms".
534:) was really a nine-tailed fox that led to the destruction of the Yin/
7732:
7660:
7552:
7217:
7199:
7172:
6900:
6646:
6610:
6372:
6302:
6293:
6115:
6025:
6016:
5953:
4573:, Old Japanese, pp. 42–43 vs. modern Japanese translation, pp. 43–45.
3751:
Shifting Shape, Shaping Text: Philosophy and Folklore in the Fox Koan
2642:(11–12th cent.) who mentioned two classical Chinese instances in his
2389:
2316:
and believed her to be an incarnation of the white fox-spirit of the
2269:
2140:
1941:
1864:
1856:
1802:
1713:
1678:
1584:
1529:
1327:
799:
636:
of the word (when rendered into a Latin-alphabet transliteration) as
380:
266:
7244:
6471:
6390:
6070:
5608:
5110:
1743:
1489:
854:
815:
represented a fox's yelp and came to be the general word for 'fox';
682:
Myōgoki (1268) suggests that it is so called because it is "always (
7723:
7678:
7669:
7606:
7523:
7305:
7145:
7109:
6909:
6828:
6801:
6709:
6563:
6554:
6489:
6480:
6444:
6435:
6329:
6230:
6178:
5971:
5783:
5756:
1946:
1552:
or people possessed by them may feature round white balls known as
1357:
1219:
560:
344:
necklace made by piercing the canine teeth and jawbone of the fox.
257:
245:
7750:
7714:
7705:
7127:
7064:
6275:
4598:
4596:
3675:(in Japanese). Tōkyōdō shuppan. pp. 137–138. NCID BN01703544.
2320:, who had bewitched him in order to gain revenge." When their son
2033:
Alternate versions of the fox-wife tale appeared later during the
1925:
884:
834:
is now archaic; in modern Japanese, a fox's cry is transcribed as
7570:
7235:
7208:
7055:
6774:
6628:
6462:
6426:
6408:
6311:
6061:
6052:
6007:
5962:
2707:
1860:
1666:
1349:
1215:
809:
Nozaki also suggests that the word was originally onomatopoetic:
6239:
4880:
4878:
3134:
3132:
3078:
Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697
1717:, which is accordingly found in the noodle-based dishes kitsune
1512:
can be seen as having developed in such a religious background.
7696:
7687:
7397:
7388:
7154:
6846:
6819:
6765:
6727:
6700:
6572:
6399:
6257:
6212:
5998:
5597:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4593:
2399:
1950:
1897:
1824:
1691:
1670:
1662:
1644:
861:
577:
316:
270:
or lay monks training in the wild have the reputation of using
150:
139:; this companionship gave rise to legends about the creatures.
4857:
4722:
On a Contest between Two Women of Extraordinary Strength (2:4)
4068:
Yonebayashi, T. (1964). "Kitsunetsuki (Possession by Foxes)".
609:
is unknown. The oldest known usage of the word is in the text
287:. In some cases, the fox or fox-spirit summoned is called the
7624:
7579:
7406:
7379:
7100:
7037:
6963:
6927:
6581:
5300:"Kitsune nyōbō kō: Nihon ryōiki jō-kan dai-ni-en wo megutte"
4875:
3129:
2854:
2384:, a general overview about this being in East Asian folklore
1817:
1730:
1625:
give it back though, I'll stick to you like a protector god."
1448:
906:
320:
A nine-tailed fox, from the Qing edition of the ancient text
289:
5149:
The Book of Yokai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore
5095:"The Goblin Fox and Badger and Other Witch Animals of Japan"
4758:
4608:
3660:
3465:
3463:
3461:
7615:
7118:
5320:(1978). "Kitsune wo me to shite k wo umashimeshi en dai-2"
4217:
The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters
4174:
4172:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3204:
3113:
3111:
3071:
3069:
3056:
3054:
3052:
2893:
Kaizuka no jūkotsu no chishiki: hito to dōbutsu no kakawari
2311:, in 1544, defeated in battle a lesser local warlord named
2250:
1977:
As aforementioned, the earliest example of the "fox wife" (
1823:
Kitsune are connected to the Buddhist religion through the
1786:
1722:
1718:
1322:
525:
155:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4662:
4403:
3924:
The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan
1938:
intangibles, such as protection, knowledge, or long life.
1532:
on New Year's Night under the Enoki Tree near Ōji" in the
1356:
Attempting to rid someone of a fox spirit was done via an
959:; they are sometimes simply called Inari foxes in English.
618:
Other old sources include the aforementioned story in the
6981:
6873:
5419:
as supervising editor. Miyai shoten. pp. 52–53, 60.
5366:
Kitsuné — Japan's Fox of Mystery, Romance, and Humor
4746:
4475:
4196:
4157:
3458:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3034:. National Gallery of Victoria, Australia. Archived from
2212:
printed 1662, and later adapted into puppet plays (and
2139:
A well-known example of the fox woman motif involves the
1893:
1820:, feature such statues, sometimes large numbers of them.
1658:
1105:
109:
5270:(1992). "Dai-2 shō. Kitsune no Atai setsuwa (jō 2 kan)"
4823:
4821:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4511:
4169:
3576:
3574:
3521:
3422:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3256:
3108:
3066:
3049:
1301:
is often attributed to the malign intents of hereditary
4727:
4103:
4101:
4099:
3779:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3098:
3096:
1808:
866:('monster card') from the early 19th century depicts a
7757:
7748:
7739:
7730:
7721:
7712:
7703:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7640:
7631:
7622:
7613:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7577:
7568:
7559:
7550:
7541:
7530:
7521:
7512:
7503:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7467:
7458:
7449:
7440:
7431:
7422:
7413:
7404:
7395:
7386:
7377:
7368:
7357:
7348:
7339:
7330:
7321:
7312:
7303:
7294:
7285:
7269:
7260:
7251:
7242:
7233:
7224:
7215:
7206:
7197:
7188:
7179:
7170:
7161:
7152:
7143:
7134:
7125:
7116:
7107:
7098:
7089:
7080:
7071:
7062:
7053:
7044:
7035:
7024:
7015:
7006:
6997:
6988:
6979:
6970:
6961:
6952:
6943:
6934:
6925:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6844:
6835:
6826:
6817:
6808:
6799:
6790:
6781:
6772:
6763:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6725:
6716:
6707:
6698:
6689:
6680:
6671:
6662:
6653:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6597:
6588:
6579:
6570:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6534:
6525:
6516:
6507:
6498:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6433:
6424:
6415:
6406:
6397:
6388:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6343:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5951:
5942:
5933:
5909:
5900:
5891:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5844:
5835:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5718:
5709:
5700:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5664:
5655:
5571:
Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon ryoiki
5471:. Berlin: Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–89.
4890:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4184:
3863:
3861:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3767:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3434:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3370:
3187:
2995:
2585:
1516:
1353:
or "red bean rice"), or other foods favored by foxes.
361:
or "white fox" was reported to have been witnessed in
5250:
Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre
5020:
Japanese Ghosts & Demons: Art of the Supernatural
4833:
4818:
4576:
4535:
4415:
4376:
3971:
3571:
3328:
3230:
3228:
2959:
2870:
2436: – Cycle of medieval, allegorical, Belgian fable
1262:) can be found in all lands of Japan, as part of its
5406:"Kyōgen 'Tsurigitsune' no enshutsu to inari shinkō"
5252:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38.
4674:
4650:
4523:
4393:
4391:
4352:
4096:
3983:
3959:
3656:
3654:
3624:
3488:
3093:
2949:
2947:
2335:
1195:
Other supernatural abilities commonly attributed to
4902:
4770:
3858:
3803:
3586:
3446:
3405:
3007:
1478:or its servant, they were employed in practices of
1003:Local traditions add further types. For example, a
5522:
5169:"Foxes in Japanese culture: beautiful or beastly?"
5038:
4451:
4262:
3345:
3268:
3225:
2983:
1990:) motif occurs in the short story included in the
571:According to Hiroshi Moriyama, a professor at the
4713:
4711:
4709:
4547:
4388:
4364:
4340:
3651:
3222:Cf. Nakamura's translation of the narrative. and
2944:
2895:貝塚の獣骨の知識―人と動物とのかかわり. pp. 127–128. Tokyo bijutsu.
2736:, or rather, the eastern portion of Ibi District.
2192:qualities that often pass to their own children.
2078:Another medieval "fox wife" tale is found in the
7810:
3844:(in Japanese). Tōkyōdō shuppan. pp. 97–98.
2407:
1831:wielding a sword and riding a flying white fox.
955:are benevolent, celestial foxes associated with
377:Folktales from China tell of fox spirits called
4789:. Nagoya daigaku shuppankai. pp. 288–299.
4013:
3732:
3730:
3728:
2887:
2885:
1062:
5467:. In Kornicki, P. F.; McMullen, I. J. (eds.).
5283:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Ōfūsha. pp. 46–61.
4706:
2748:
2462:
2453:
2424:
2420:Foxes in popular culture, films and literature
2079:
2055:
2018:
1983:
1766:
1642:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1582:
1558:
1547:
1537:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1466:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1420:
1406:
1389:
1374:
1365:
1342:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1245:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1133:
1123:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1072:
1054:
1035:
1022:
1016:
1004:
992:
970:
932:
917:
900:
890:
882:
876:
867:
859:
841:
835:
829:
816:
810:
793:
783:
782:(1932–1935) proposes that the word comes from
777:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
732:
726:
713:
707:
701:
689:
683:
670:
664:
651:
637:
604:
586:
524:) introduced the story that the queen-consort
513:
445:
413:
406:
301:
276:
225:or transforming its shape and appearance, and
165:
153:
140:
127:
79:
71:
48:
5624:
5469:Religion in Japan: Arrows to Heaven and Earth
5219:"Nihon ryōiki jō-kan dai-ni-en to Ninshiden"
5128:"The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore"
4289:
4219:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 358–360.
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3641:
3639:
2661:
2605:
2579:
2528:Although Aston translated that the governor (
2387:
1785:Inari's kitsune are white, a color of a good
1146:duplicate the appearance of a specific person
659:As aforementioned, the fox-wife narrative in
543:
529:
378:
5411:. In Koki kinen ronshū kankō iinkai (ed.).
5369:. Tokyo: The Hokuseidô Press. Archived from
5132:Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan
4260:
3725:
3485:. pp.80–84. Rural Culture Association Japan.
3085:London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. 1924 .
2882:
2397:
2260:. The reverse side depicting the bride in a
2233:("A Courtly Mirror of Ashiya Dōman", 1734).
2121:genre under the broader definition, and the
1867:to lead travelers astray in the manner of a
260:to do the biddings of their masters, called
5461:"An early anthropologist? Ōe no Masafusa's
5377:
4957:Blust, Robert (1999). "The Fox's Wedding".
4884:
4409:
4067:
3949:
3947:
3883:(d. 1046), recording that the priestess of
3753:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 153.
3715:
3713:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3151:. Osaka: Sōgei shuppan. 1986. p. 196.
2681:
2151:" ("Shinoda Forest") material (cf. below).
1564:
1379:was described as a disease as early as the
976:
938:
628:(c. 934). These old sources are written in
419:
5631:
5617:
5316:
5125:
4932:
4845:
4764:
4752:
4668:
4570:
4566:
4319:
4119:(in Japanese). Kōbundō. pp. 250–251.
3679:
3661:Minzokugaku kenkyūsho 民俗学研究所, ed. (1951).
3636:
3534:
3428:
3302:
3262:
3147:(in Japanese). Vol. 2. Translated by
3060:
2876:
2745:The archaic place-name is read Ōno-no-kōri
2600:tale, in contrast to the fox wife tale in
2590:. This story of "Miss Ren" belongs in the
5036:
4851:
4776:
3736:
2910:
2908:
2638:The legend of Miss Ren known in Japan to
2117:) appeared, which may be included in the
999:tend to be mischievous or even malicious.
135:Foxes and humans lived close together in
5543:
5339:
5266:
5080:
5059:
4983:
4812:
4740:
4621:
4602:
4214:
4036:
3944:
3822:
3710:
3552:
3511:
3376:
3246:
3210:
3198:
2676:Also early versions of the bunraku play
2515:, p. 87: "The reasons given by the
2512:
2244:
2106:, p. 5 so it is in fact quite old.
1940:
1884:
1838:
1780:
1636:
1523:
1238:
1092:and its fox spirits help the blacksmith
1084:
916:There are two common classifications of
853:
328:
315:
293:. The familiar may also be known as the
38:
5436:"The Abominable Tachikawa Skull Ritual"
5433:
5086:Japan, Its History, Arts and Literature
5045:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio.
4680:
3920:
3540:
3138:
2195:As aforementioned, the fox wife in the
1909:patriarch appears in the man's dreams:
1690:Kitsune are associated with Inari, the
1581:. Tales describe these as glowing with
1225:
650:phonological changes, this soon became
14:
7811:
5564:
5485:
5362:
5297:
5243:
5232:
5142:
5017:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4863:
4839:
4827:
4717:
4640:
4587:
4517:
4505:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4382:
4370:
4346:
4202:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4001:
3977:
3965:
3908:
3896:
3797:
3785:
3704:
3645:
3580:
3546:
3499:
3469:
3364:
3164:
3102:
2905:
5638:
5612:
5517:
5458:
5403:
5216:
5195:
5186:
5092:
4956:
4656:
4541:
4529:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4397:
4358:
4190:
4178:
4043:(10th ed.). Wadsworth. pp.
3989:
3953:
3867:
3773:
3748:
3719:
3692:
3630:
3597:
3565:
3452:
3440:
3416:
3399:
3351:
3117:
3075:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2938:
2790:
2563:
2103:
1243:A depiction of a kitsunetsuki in the
93:
5166:
5088:. Vol. 5. Boston: J. B. Millet.
4696:怪異・きつね百物語. pp. 1, 7, 12. Yuzankaku.
4553:
4107:
3339:
3274:
3234:
2840:(14th century), Book 29 supplement "
2614:"), which is classed in the earlier
2062:. However, in another tale from the
1685:
1500:practitioners and in the oracles of
1383:and remained a common diagnosis for
1214:have characteristics reminiscent of
372:
177:
145:have become closely associated with
5126:de Visser, Marinus Willem (1908a).
1961:
1432:
1077:, and then ascends to the heavens.
551:
538:, having seduced its last monarch,
333:The moon on Musashi Plain (fox) by
53:) scaring Prince Hanzoku; print by
24:
5191:. London: William Rider & Son.
5152:. University of California Press.
2183:
1892:, a legendary kitsune featured in
1851:features numerous kitsune statues.
1796:According to beliefs derived from
1270:or similar condition. The idea of
849:
25:
7875:
5590:
5547:Shinto Art: Ise and Izumo Shrines
5434:Sanford, James H. (Spring 1991).
5239:. Vol. 1. Makino shuppansha.
5105:. Nanzan University Press: 1–93.
3611:"Kitsune, Kumiho, Huli Jing, Fox"
2688:: "in the early bunraku version (
1649:concepts from Buddhism. Print by
566:
459:
173:
5596:
4977:
4950:
4926:
4914:
4869:
4686:
4559:
4499:
4487:
4463:
4439:
4427:
2916:Hakkutsu sareta Nihon retto 2009
2847:
2828:
2812:
2796:
2784:
2762:
2739:
2722:
2366:
2352:
2338:
1515:
1425:is similar to but distinct from
1071:, the most powerful form of the
243:) and occasionally to cats (cf.
181:
27:Fox spirits in Japanese folklore
5167:Goff, Janet (April–June 1997).
4694:Kaii ・ kitsune hyaku monogatari
4313:
4283:
4254:
4233:
4208:
4145:
4133:
4061:
4030:
4007:
3995:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3873:
3791:
3742:
3698:
3603:
3483:「ごんぎつね」がいたころ――作品の背景となる農村空間と心象世界
3475:
3382:
3357:
3240:
3216:
3158:
3030:One hundred aspects of the moon
3019:
2699:
2670:
2649:
2632:
2623:
2569:
2556:
2549:, Izumo Province. And it was a
2522:
2506:
2497:
2441:The Sacred Book of the Werewolf
2414: – a Vietnamese fox spirit
2220:("The Shinoda Wife", 1678) and
1970:
1855:Kitsune are often presented as
1534:One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
632:, which clearly identifies the
573:Tokyo University of Agriculture
482:genre) has also been proposed.
164:significance. The more tails a
5495:. University of Hawaii Press.
5340:Nakamura, Kyoko, ed. (1997) .
5277:Nihon ryōiki setsuwa no kenkyū
5041:Handbook of Japanese Mythology
5010:
3141:Nihon shoki: zenyaku gendaibun
2971:
2932:
2484:
2448:The Sandman: The Dream Hunters
2073:
758:is a possessive particle, and
499:) also originates from China.
252:There are also legends of the
13:
1:
7824:Animals in Japanese mythology
5331:. Vol. 1. Translated by
4783:Mongatari bungei no hyōgenshi
4037:Haviland, William A. (2002).
2864:
2612:In Search of the Supernatural
1834:
1536:by Hiroshige. Each fox has a
802:referring to a servant of an
612:Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki
472:genre, as exemplified by the
323:Classic of Mountains and Seas
5217:Iguro, Kahoko (2005-01-07).
5199:Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan
4933:Vaux, Bert (December 1998).
4299:. Baen Books. pp. 91–.
4293:; Edghill, Rosemary (2001).
3315:. 日本古典文学全集 6. Translated by
2394: – a Chinese fox spirit
1632:
1314:Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan
895:is sometimes translated as '
598:
495:in Japanese literature (cf.
476:) and earlier wonder tales (
306:, lit. "tube fox, pipe fox")
7:
7758:
7749:
7740:
7731:
7722:
7713:
7704:
7695:
7686:
7677:
7668:
7659:
7650:
7641:
7632:
7623:
7614:
7605:
7596:
7587:
7578:
7569:
7560:
7551:
7542:
7531:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7486:
7477:
7468:
7459:
7450:
7441:
7432:
7423:
7414:
7405:
7396:
7387:
7378:
7369:
7358:
7349:
7340:
7331:
7322:
7313:
7304:
7295:
7286:
7270:
7261:
7252:
7243:
7234:
7225:
7216:
7207:
7198:
7189:
7180:
7171:
7162:
7153:
7144:
7135:
7126:
7117:
7108:
7099:
7090:
7081:
7072:
7063:
7054:
7045:
7036:
7025:
7016:
7007:
6998:
6989:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6953:
6944:
6935:
6926:
6917:
6908:
6899:
6890:
6881:
6872:
6863:
6854:
6845:
6836:
6827:
6818:
6809:
6800:
6791:
6782:
6773:
6764:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6717:
6708:
6699:
6690:
6681:
6672:
6663:
6654:
6645:
6636:
6627:
6618:
6609:
6598:
6589:
6580:
6571:
6562:
6553:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6508:
6499:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6398:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6344:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6186:
6177:
6168:
6159:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6033:
6024:
6015:
6006:
5997:
5988:
5979:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5872:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5818:
5809:
5800:
5791:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5656:
5544:Watanabe, Yasutada (1974).
5335:. Kodansha. pp. 42–47.
5326:Nihon ryōiki (zen yaku chū)
5246:"Ashiya Dōman ōuchi kagami"
5233:Kaneko, Junji, ed. (1975).
5037:Ashkenazy, Michael (2003).
4320:Highbridge, Dianne (1999).
4241:"Metal Hammer UK issue 273"
2920:Agency for Cultural Affairs
2705:"On the item of offerings:
2662:
2655:Masafusa borrowed the term
2586:
2463:
2454:
2425:
2404: – a Korean fox spirit
2398:
2388:
2331:
2109:Later the medieval novella
2098:entry for the 9th month of
2080:
1677:. Japanese metal idol band
1643:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1583:
1548:
1542:floating close to its face.
1538:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1467:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1421:
1407:
1390:
1375:
1366:
1343:
1312:describes the condition in
1297:
1291:
1258:Stories of fox possession (
1246:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1073:
1063:
1023:
1017:
1005:
993:
918:
901:
891:
883:
877:
868:
860:
842:
836:
830:
817:
811:
794:
792:for the bark of a fox, and
784:
778:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
733:
727:
714:
708:
702:
690:
684:
671:
665:
652:
638:
605:
587:
544:
530:
407:
379:
166:
154:
141:
128:
72:
49:
10:
7880:
5413:伝承文化の展望 : 日本の民俗・古典・芸能
5312:(in Japanese) (27): 77–91.
5244:Leiter, Samuel L. (2014).
5060:Bathgate, Michael (2004).
5022:. New York: G. Braziller.
4296:Spirits White as Lightning
4243:. Metal Hammer. 2015-07-21
4114:Nihon mukashibanashi jiten
4082:10.1177/136346156400100206
3887:was purportedly possessed.
2853:"Kuzunoha" means "leaf of
1997:In this story, a man from
1874:A traditional game called
1702:
1592:One belief is that when a
821:signified an affectionate
746:(1777–1887) suggests that
311:
29:
7770:
5922:
5884:
5646:
5550:. Weatherhill/Heibonsha.
5228:(in Japanese) (76): 1–20.
4692:Yoshihiko Sasama. (1998)
3930:. Routledge. p. 52.
3481:Hiroshi Moriyama. (2007)
2822:
2806:
2749:
2606:
2580:
2223:Ashiya Dōman ōuchi kagami
2216:) bearing such titles as
2132:The story about the Lady
2056:
2019:
1984:
1767:
1559:
1506:; the customs related to
1398:cult had been possessed.
1283:
1055:
1036:
971:
933:
663:gives the folk etymology
528:(Japanese pronunciation:
514:
446:
439:The earliest "fox wife" (
414:
402:
390:
302:
277:
264:or "fox-possessors". The
81:
80:
5412:
5407:
5363:Nozaki, Kiyoshi (1961).
5328:
5321:
5301:
5279:
5271:
5235:
5220:
5196:Hearn, Lafcadio (2005).
5018:Addiss, Stephen (1985).
4785:
4569:, translation, and also
4326:. New York: Soho Press.
4116:
4070:Transcultural Psychiatry
3921:Blacker, Carmen (1999).
3841:
3829:
3672:
3664:
3311:
3143:
2891:Kaneko, Hiromasa (1984)
2659:(Chinese pronunciation:
2477:
2210:Abe no Seimei monogatari
1080:
1064:'heavenly/celestial fox'
675:to mean 'always comes'.
32:Kitsune (disambiguation)
7844:Mythological tricksters
5463:A record of fox spirits
5381:; Iwai, Masami (2020).
5298:Nagata, Noriko (1980).
4885:Odanaka & Iwai 2020
4410:Odanaka & Iwai 2020
4323:In the Empire of Dreams
3165:Wallen, Martin (2006).
2914:Seino, Takayuki (2009)
2682:Odanaka & Iwai 2020
2564:§ Wives and lovers
2030:presented in the tale.
962:On the other hand, the
520:A record of fox spirits
221:exhibit the ability of
7360:Yashima no Hage-tanuki
4993:. Osprey. p. 12.
4108:Sato, Yoneshi (1977).
3749:Heine, Steven (1999).
3297:Nakano, Takeshi 中野猛. "
2918:発掘された日本列島2009. p. 27.
2680:("The Shinoda wife").
2408:
2265:
1958:
1921:
1905:
1852:
1654:
1627:
1543:
1413:culture-bound syndrome
1339:
1255:
1119:
1040:, 'nine-tailed foxes')
873:
603:The full etymology of
337:
326:
62:
7829:Anthropomorphic foxes
5894:Konjaku Monogatarishū
5404:Ōmori, Keiko (2003).
5302:狐女房考—日本霊異記上巻第二縁をめぐって—
5202:. Project Gutenberg.
5187:Hamel, Frank (1915).
5144:Foster, Michael Dylan
5093:Casal, U. A. (1959).
4261:Johnson, Kij (2001).
4040:Cultural Anthropology
4016:"Ten Thousand Things"
4014:Miyake-Downey, Jean.
3026:Yoshitori, Tsukioka.
2280:the kitsune's wedding
2248:
2082:Konjaku monogatarishū
2049:of the 12th century.
1944:
1911:
1888:
1842:
1781:Inari foxes described
1640:
1619:
1527:
1318:
1242:
1226:Spiritual possession
1088:
857:
770:, the word for 'cat'.
740:Tanikawa Kotosuga in
737:, the word for 'dog'.
706:(1717) suggests that
332:
319:
95:[kʲi̥t͡sɨne̞]
42:
5926:in Japanese Folklore
5924:Legendary Creatures
5605:at Wikimedia Commons
5322:狐を妻(め)として子を生ましめし縁 第二
4815:, pp. 65–66 and n33.
3881:Fujiwara no Sanesuke
3363:Takeshi Nakano apud
1427:clinical lycanthropy
646:. Following several
369:the following year.
5912:Uji Shūi Monogatari
5811:Taketori Monogatari
5459:Smits, Ivo (1996).
5440:Monumenta Nipponica
4935:"Sunshower summary"
4624:, pp. 104–105.
4484:, pp. 159–161.
4205:, pp. 109–124.
4166:, pp. 112–114.
3839:Minkan shinkō jiten
3472:, pp. 127–128.
3213:, pp. 103–104.
2719:供物之事赤飯・餅・一酒・真菓子・油物"
2711:(red rice), mochi,
2326:battle of Nagashino
2154:Edo Period scholar
1880:rock paper scissors
1762:Inari ichiryū daiji
1617:to secure a favor:
1598:changes shape, its
460:§ Nihon Ryōiki
7839:Mythological foxes
5529:. Pantheon Books.
5221:『日本霊異記』上巻第二縁と『任氏伝』
4181:, pp. 299–300
4154:, pp. 169–170
3707:, pp. 95, 206
3173:. pp. 69–70.
2941:title, pp. 12, 17.
2757:Ōno District, Gifu
2734:Ibi District, Gifu
2275:kitsune no yomeiri
2266:
2257:kitsune no yomeiri
2239:Kitsune no yomeiri
2102:8 (Oct./Nov. 896),
2094:and quoted in the
2068:Konjaku monogatari
1959:
1906:
1853:
1655:
1544:
1256:
1130:take on human form
1120:
874:
798:, which may be an
338:
327:
193:. You can help by
63:
7806:
7805:
7333:Danzaburou-danuki
5838:Tsuru no Ongaeshi
5802:Shita-kiri Suzume
5658:Awa Tanuki Gassen
5640:Japanese folklore
5601:Media related to
5536:978-0-394-75656-1
5487:Smyers, Karen Ann
5268:Maruyama, Akinori
5159:978-0-520-95912-5
5082:Brinkley, Francis
5073:978-0-415-96821-8
5052:978-1-57607-467-1
5029:978-0-8076-1126-5
5000:978-1-84176-250-0
4985:Turnbull, Stephen
4767:, pp. 22–23.
4385:, pp. 77, 81
4333:978-1-56947-146-3
4306:978-0-671-31853-6
4276:978-0-312-87559-6
4226:978-1-4724-0060-4
4193:, pp. 162–3.
4126:978-4-335-95002-5
4026:on April 6, 2008.
3937:978-1-873410-85-1
3851:978-4-490-10137-9
3835:Sakurai, Tokutarō
3800:, p. 26, 221
3788:, pp. 36–37.
3776:, pp. 156–7.
3760:978-0-8248-2150-0
3670:Minzokugaku jiten
3443:, pp. 83–84.
3342:, pp. 67–68.
3028:"from the series
3004:, pp. 24–25.
2968:, pp. 6, 14.
2531:Kuni no miyatsuko
2088:Miyoshi Kiyotsura
1955:Utagawa Kuniyoshi
1686:Servants of Inari
1651:Utagawa Kuniyoshi
1186:perceiving them.
1179:In some stories,
615:, dating to 794.
591:as messengers of
373:Chinese influence
211:
210:
67:Japanese folklore
55:Utagawa Kuniyoshi
16:(Redirected from
7871:
7763:
7754:
7745:
7736:
7727:
7718:
7709:
7700:
7691:
7682:
7673:
7664:
7655:
7646:
7637:
7628:
7619:
7610:
7601:
7592:
7583:
7574:
7565:
7556:
7547:
7536:
7527:
7518:
7509:
7500:
7491:
7482:
7473:
7464:
7455:
7446:
7437:
7428:
7419:
7410:
7401:
7392:
7383:
7374:
7363:
7354:
7351:Shibaemon-tanuki
7345:
7336:
7327:
7318:
7309:
7300:
7291:
7282:
7280:
7266:
7257:
7248:
7239:
7230:
7221:
7212:
7203:
7194:
7185:
7176:
7167:
7158:
7149:
7140:
7131:
7122:
7113:
7104:
7095:
7086:
7077:
7068:
7059:
7050:
7041:
7030:
7021:
7012:
7003:
6994:
6985:
6976:
6967:
6958:
6949:
6940:
6931:
6922:
6913:
6904:
6895:
6886:
6877:
6868:
6859:
6850:
6841:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6805:
6796:
6787:
6778:
6769:
6758:
6749:
6740:
6731:
6722:
6713:
6704:
6695:
6686:
6677:
6668:
6659:
6650:
6641:
6632:
6623:
6614:
6603:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6513:
6504:
6493:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6439:
6430:
6421:
6412:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6340:
6338:
6324:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6288:
6279:
6270:
6261:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6196:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6155:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5915:
5906:
5897:
5877:
5868:
5865:Yamata no Orochi
5859:
5850:
5841:
5832:
5823:
5814:
5805:
5796:
5793:Saru Kani Gassen
5787:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5724:
5721:Kachi-kachi Yama
5715:
5706:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5661:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5610:
5609:
5600:
5585:
5561:
5540:
5528:
5514:
5482:
5455:
5430:
5400:
5379:Odanaka, Akihiro
5374:
5359:
5336:
5313:
5307:
5294:
5263:
5240:
5229:
5213:
5192:
5183:
5173:
5163:
5139:
5122:
5099:Folklore Studies
5089:
5077:
5056:
5044:
5033:
5005:
5004:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4965:(4/6): 487–499.
4954:
4948:
4946:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4816:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4725:
4715:
4704:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4638:
4625:
4619:
4606:
4600:
4591:
4585:
4574:
4565:Japanese texts:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4520:, pp. 103–5
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4496:, pp. 122–4
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4472:, pp. 114–5
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4424:, pp. 82–85
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4291:Lackey, Mercedes
4287:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4105:
4094:
4093:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4022:. Archived from
4011:
4005:
4004:, pp. 214–5
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3885:Ise Grand Shrine
3877:
3871:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3820:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3658:
3649:
3648:, pp. 25–26
3643:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3563:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3519:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3389:Akinori Maruyama
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3326:
3320:
3295:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3185:
3184:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3149:Ujitani, Tsutomu
3136:
3127:
3115:
3106:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3081:. Translated by
3073:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2912:
2903:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2726:
2720:
2703:
2697:
2690:The Shinoda Wife
2674:
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2589:
2583:
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2371:
2370:
2362:
2360:Mythology portal
2357:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2322:Takeda Katsuyori
2301:Stephen Turnbull
2296:(Takeda Shingen)
2232:
2179:
2168:
2115:Kitsune no sōshi
2085:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2007:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1962:Wives and lovers
1953:plays. Print by
1900:plays. Print by
1869:will-o'-the-wisp
1772:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1648:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1575:
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1562:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1470:
1465:are also called
1460:
1452:
1444:
1433:Familiar spirits
1424:
1417:Japanese culture
1410:
1393:
1378:
1369:
1346:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1249:
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1207:
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1191:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1096:forge the blade
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1030:kyūbi no kitsune
1026:
1020:
1008:
998:
996:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
954:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:
921:
904:
894:
888:
880:
871:
865:
845:
839:
833:
820:
814:
797:
787:
781:
769:
763:
757:
752:means 'yellow',
751:
745:
736:
730:
717:
712:means 'stench',
711:
705:
693:
687:
674:
668:
655:
645:
608:
590:
552:Buddhist context
547:
533:
523:
517:
516:
451:
449:
448:
435:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
417:
416:
410:
408:kyūbi no kitsune
404:
393:) also named as
392:
384:
307:
305:
304:
286:
280:
279:
206:
203:
185:
178:
169:
159:
144:
131:
107:
105:
104:
103:
97:
92:
88:
87:
85:
75:
52:
50:kyūbi no kitsune
21:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7766:
7760:Zashiki-warashi
7274:
7018:Rashōmon no oni
6364:Hitotsume-nyūdō
6332:
6190:
5925:
5918:
5880:
5748:Kobutori Jiisan
5694:Hanasaka Jiisan
5667:Bunbuku Chagama
5642:
5637:
5593:
5588:
5582:
5558:
5537:
5503:
5479:
5427:
5414:
5409:
5397:
5356:
5330:
5323:
5305:
5303:
5291:
5281:
5273:
5260:
5237:
5222:
5210:
5176:Japan Quarterly
5171:
5160:
5111:10.2307/1177429
5074:
5053:
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5013:
5008:
5001:
4982:
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4955:
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4891:
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4858:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4787:
4778:Takahashi, Tōru
4775:
4771:
4765:de Visser 1908a
4763:
4759:
4753:de Visser 1908a
4751:
4747:
4739:
4728:
4716:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4669:de Visser 1908a
4667:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4639:
4628:
4620:
4609:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4577:
4571:Nakata tr. 1978
4567:Nakata tr. 1975
4564:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4492:
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4396:
4389:
4381:
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4365:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4269:. Tom Doherty.
4259:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4213:
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4012:
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3996:
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3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3843:
3831:
3828:"Kitsunetsuki"
3824:Miyamoto, Kesao
3821:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3680:
3674:
3666:
3663:"Kitsunetsuki"
3659:
3652:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3587:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3535:de Visser 1908a
3533:
3522:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3489:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3429:de Visser 1908a
3427:
3423:
3415:
3406:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3329:
3313:
3296:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3263:Nakata tr. 1978
3261:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3211:Nakamura (1997)
3209:
3205:
3197:
3188:
3181:
3163:
3159:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3074:
3067:
3061:de Visser 1908a
3059:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:, pp. 20ff
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2883:
2877:de Visser 1908a
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2833:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2727:
2723:
2704:
2700:
2675:
2671:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2434:Reynard the Fox
2372:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2226:
2203:(Abe no Seimei)
2186:
2184:Ancestral lines
2173:
2162:
2149:Shinoda no mori
2076:
2053:
2035:Kamakura-period
2016:
2001:
1981:
1975:
1964:
1837:
1783:
1764:
1753:
1705:
1688:
1635:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1556:
1522:
1435:
1289:, also written
1280:
1228:
1083:
1067:
1052:
1033:
988:
985:
982:
979:
968:
950:
947:
944:
941:
930:
852:
850:Characteristics
774:Ōtsuki Fumihiko
743:Wakun no Shiori
642:
634:historical form
601:
569:
554:
511:
443:
431:
429:nine-tailed fox
428:
425:
422:
411:
395:nine-tailed fox
375:
314:
299:
274:
207:
201:
198:
191:needs expansion
176:
99:
98:
90:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7877:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7854:Therianthropes
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7793:Shigeru Mizuki
7790:
7788:Lafcadio Hearn
7785:
7780:
7778:Kunio Yanagita
7774:
7772:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7755:
7746:
7742:Yume no seirei
7737:
7728:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7692:
7683:
7674:
7665:
7656:
7647:
7638:
7629:
7620:
7611:
7602:
7593:
7584:
7575:
7566:
7562:Tsurube-otoshi
7557:
7548:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7528:
7519:
7515:Koto-furunushi
7510:
7501:
7492:
7483:
7474:
7465:
7456:
7438:
7429:
7420:
7411:
7402:
7393:
7384:
7375:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7355:
7346:
7337:
7328:
7324:Tanuki-bayashi
7310:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7267:
7258:
7249:
7240:
7231:
7222:
7213:
7204:
7195:
7186:
7177:
7168:
7159:
7150:
7141:
7132:
7123:
7114:
7105:
7096:
7087:
7078:
7069:
7060:
7051:
7042:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7022:
7013:
7004:
6995:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6950:
6941:
6932:
6923:
6914:
6905:
6896:
6887:
6878:
6869:
6860:
6851:
6842:
6833:
6824:
6815:
6806:
6797:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6741:
6732:
6723:
6714:
6705:
6696:
6687:
6678:
6674:Kuchisake-onna
6669:
6660:
6651:
6642:
6633:
6624:
6615:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6559:
6550:
6541:
6532:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6485:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6422:
6413:
6404:
6395:
6386:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6355:Hitotsume-kozō
6350:
6341:
6325:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6271:
6262:
6253:
6249:Futakuchi-onna
6244:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6208:
6199:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6098:Ashinagatenaga
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6057:
6048:
6039:
6030:
6021:
6012:
6003:
5994:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5907:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:Yotsuya Kaidan
5869:
5860:
5851:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5775:Nezumi no Sumō
5770:
5761:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5716:
5707:
5698:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5592:
5591:External links
5589:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5566:Watson, Burton
5562:
5556:
5541:
5535:
5525:Japanese Tales
5515:
5502:978-0824821029
5501:
5483:
5477:
5456:
5431:
5425:
5408:狂言「釣狐」の演出と稲荷信仰
5401:
5395:
5375:
5373:on 2016-03-05.
5360:
5354:
5337:
5314:
5295:
5289:
5264:
5258:
5241:
5230:
5226:Senshū kokubun
5214:
5209:978-1604247480
5208:
5193:
5184:
5164:
5158:
5140:
5123:
5090:
5078:
5072:
5057:
5051:
5034:
5028:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4990:Nagashino 1575
4976:
4949:
4925:
4913:
4901:
4899:, p. 180.
4889:
4874:
4868:
4866:, p. 294, n10.
4856:
4852:Ashkenazy 2003
4844:
4832:
4817:
4802:
4795:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4726:
4705:
4702:978-4639015444
4685:
4673:
4671:, p. 151.
4661:
4649:
4626:
4607:
4592:
4575:
4558:
4546:
4544:, p. 157.
4534:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4412:, p. 109.
4402:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4361:, p. 153.
4351:
4339:
4332:
4312:
4305:
4282:
4275:
4253:
4232:
4225:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4125:
4095:
4060:
4054:978-0155085503
4053:
4029:
4006:
3994:
3992:, p. 165.
3982:
3980:, p. 211.
3970:
3958:
3943:
3936:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3872:
3857:
3850:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3759:
3741:
3737:Ashkenazy 2003
3724:
3709:
3697:
3695:, p. xlix
3678:
3650:
3635:
3633:, p. 159.
3623:
3602:
3585:
3583:, p. 129.
3570:
3551:
3539:
3520:
3504:
3487:
3474:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3404:
3381:
3369:
3356:
3344:
3327:
3323:Reprinted 1995
3279:
3267:
3255:
3239:
3224:
3215:
3203:
3186:
3179:
3171:Reaktion Books
3157:
3128:
3107:
3092:
3065:
3048:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2943:
2931:
2928:978-4022505224
2904:
2901:978-4808702298
2881:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2846:
2837:Genkō Shakusho
2827:
2811:
2795:
2783:
2761:
2738:
2721:
2698:
2669:
2648:
2640:Ōe no Masafusa
2631:
2622:
2568:
2555:
2521:
2505:
2496:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
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2451:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2378:
2377:
2374:Animals portal
2363:
2349:
2333:
2330:
2313:Suwa Yorishige
2309:Takeda Shingen
2305:Nagashino 1575
2298:
2297:
2284:Akira Kurosawa
2254:depicting the
2243:
2242:
2205:
2204:
2185:
2182:
2171:Tarui Gen'emon
2160:Honchō jinjakō
2123:Kobata-gitsune
2075:
2072:
2028:folk etymology
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1836:
1833:
1782:
1779:
1777:("oil stuff")
1704:
1701:
1687:
1684:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1546:Depictions of
1521:
1514:
1434:
1431:
1385:mental illness
1360:, often at an
1310:Lafcadio Hearn
1268:mental illness
1253:Okada Gyokuzan
1237:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1099:Kogitsune-maru
1082:
1079:
1001:
1000:
991:, also called
960:
851:
848:
827:
826:
807:
788:, which is an
771:
764:is related to
738:
731:is related to
695:
640:
625:Wamyō Ruijushō
622:(810–824) and
600:
597:
568:
567:Shinto origins
565:
553:
550:
501:Ōe no Masafusa
489:of the fox as
374:
371:
367:Empress Saimei
363:Iwami Province
313:
310:
256:being used as
209:
208:
202:September 2023
188:
186:
175:
174:General traits
172:
61:, 19th century
43:A nine-tailed
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7876:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7849:Shapeshifters
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7819:Kitsune (fox)
7817:
7816:
7814:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7488:Chōchin'obake
7484:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7470:Biwa-bokuboku
7466:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7342:Inugami Gyōbu
7338:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6746:Mikoshi-nyūdō
6742:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6170:Daidarabotchi
6166:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6035:Amazake-babaa
6031:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5945:Abura-sumashi
5941:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:Urashima Tarō
5843:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:Tamamo-no-Mae
5816:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5583:
5581:9780231535168
5577:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5557:9780834810181
5553:
5549:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5519:Tyler, Royall
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5478:9780521550284
5474:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5426:9784838230983
5422:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5396:9780429620003
5392:
5389:. Routledge.
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5361:
5357:
5355:9781136792601
5351:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5333:Nakata, Norio
5327:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5310:Kōnan kokubun
5304:
5296:
5292:
5290:9784273026165
5286:
5282:
5278:
5272:第二章狐の直説話(上2巻)
5269:
5265:
5261:
5259:9781442239111
5255:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5189:Human Animals
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:. Routledge.
5065:
5064:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4923:, p. 132
4922:
4917:
4910:
4905:
4898:
4897:Foster (2015)
4893:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4864:Foster (2015)
4860:
4854:, p. 150
4853:
4848:
4842:, p. 77.
4841:
4836:
4830:, p. 77.
4829:
4824:
4822:
4814:
4813:Bathgate 2004
4809:
4807:
4798:
4796:9784930689740
4792:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4755:, p. 21.
4754:
4749:
4743:, p. 44.
4742:
4741:Bathgate 2004
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4659:, p. 89.
4658:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4622:Nakamura 1997
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4605:, p. 104, n3.
4604:
4603:Nakamura 1997
4599:
4597:
4590:, p. 78.
4589:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4532:, p. 90.
4531:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4508:, p. 195
4507:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4460:, pp. 98
4459:
4454:
4448:, p. 230
4447:
4442:
4436:, p. 137
4435:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:The Fox Woman
4257:
4242:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4142:, p. 183
4141:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4020:Kyoto Journal
4017:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3968:, p. 90.
3967:
3962:
3956:, p. 158
3955:
3950:
3948:
3939:
3933:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3911:, p. 216
3910:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3879:The diary of
3876:
3870:, p. 84.
3869:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3739:, p. 148
3738:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3722:, p. 155
3721:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3600:, p. 91.
3599:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3568:, p. 154
3567:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3537:, p. 20.
3536:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3512:Brinkley 1902
3508:
3502:, p. 72.
3501:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3455:, p. 83.
3454:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3431:, p. 32.
3430:
3425:
3419:, p. 80.
3418:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:, p. 52.
3378:
3377:Maruyama 1992
3373:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3319:. Shogakukan.
3318:
3317:Nakata, Norio
3314:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3277:, p. 68.
3276:
3271:
3265:, p. 46.
3264:
3259:
3252:
3251:kitsune nyōbo
3248:
3247:Bathgate 2004
3243:
3237:, p. 67.
3236:
3231:
3229:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3201:, p. 34.
3200:
3199:Bathgate 2004
3195:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3180:9781861892973
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3105:, p. 76.
3104:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3063:, p. 12.
3062:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3038:on 2016-08-26
3037:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3016:, p. 25.
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2992:, p. 24.
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2820:
2815:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2742:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2694:Tsuri-Gitsune
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2536:Kumano Taisha
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2513:Watanabe 1974
2509:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2472:Wild fox koan
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:Tamamo-no-Mae
2461:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2156:Hayashi Razan
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:Abe no Seimei
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:Tamamo-no-Mae
2130:
2128:
2127:Kitsune zōshi
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:Kitsune zōshi
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2037:in the works
2036:
2031:
2029:
2015:
2011:
2010:Mino Province
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1979:kitsune nyōbo
1973:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:Tamamo-no-Mae
1887:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1845:Fushimi Inari
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:Fushimi Inari
1811:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1729:is a type of
1728:
1725:. Similarly,
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:hoshi no tama
1609:
1602:
1601:hoshi no tama
1596:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1555:
1554:hoshi no tama
1550:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1518:Hoshi no tama
1513:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:Inari no Kami
1472:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1396:Aum Shinrikyo
1392:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1303:fox employers
1299:
1293:
1292:kitsune-tsuki
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:folk religion
1261:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:Gyokuzan Gafu
1241:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
995:
967:
966:
961:
958:
929:
925:
924:
923:
920:
914:
912:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
886:
879:
870:
864:
863:
856:
847:
844:
838:
832:
824:
819:
813:
808:
805:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
775:
772:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
739:
735:
729:
724:
721:
716:
710:
704:
699:
698:Arai Hakuseki
696:
692:
686:
681:
680:
679:
676:
673:
667:
662:
657:
654:
649:
644:
635:
631:
627:
626:
621:
616:
614:
613:
607:
596:
594:
589:
584:
583:Shinto shrine
580:
579:
574:
564:
562:
558:
549:
546:
541:
537:
536:Shang dynasty
532:
527:
521:
510:
506:
503:(d. 1111) in
502:
498:
497:Tamamo no Mae
494:
493:
488:
483:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
456:
442:
441:kitsune nyōbo
437:
409:
400:
396:
388:
383:
382:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
345:
343:
336:
331:
325:
324:
318:
309:
298:
297:
292:
291:
284:
273:
269:
268:
263:
262:kitsune-mochi
259:
255:
250:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
205:
196:
192:
189:This section
187:
184:
180:
179:
171:
168:
163:
158:
157:
152:
148:
143:
138:
137:ancient Japan
133:
130:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:that possess
111:
102:
96:
84:
76:
74:
68:
60:
56:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7544:Tsurara-onna
7047:Onihitokuchi
7000:Kijo/Onibaba
6991:Ibaraki-dōji
6683:Kuda-gitsune
6590:
6346:Hito-gitsune
5703:Hyakki Yagyō
5570:
5546:
5524:
5491:
5468:
5462:
5443:
5439:
5417:Akira Fukuda
5386:
5371:the original
5365:
5345:
5325:
5309:
5276:
5249:
5225:
5198:
5188:
5179:
5175:
5148:
5135:
5131:
5102:
5098:
5085:
5062:
5040:
5019:
4989:
4979:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4835:
4782:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4724:", pp. 70–71
4693:
4688:
4681:Sanford 1991
4676:
4664:
4652:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4378:
4373:, p. 96
4366:
4354:
4349:, p. 76
4342:
4322:
4315:
4295:
4285:
4264:
4256:
4245:. Retrieved
4235:
4216:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4113:
4076:(2): 95–97.
4073:
4069:
4063:
4039:
4032:
4024:the original
4019:
4009:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3923:
3916:
3904:
3899:, p. 59
3892:
3875:
3838:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3750:
3744:
3700:
3669:
3626:
3615:. Retrieved
3613:. 2003-04-28
3605:
3542:
3507:
3482:
3477:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3384:
3372:
3367:, p. 84
3359:
3354:, p. 3.
3347:
3309:Nihon ryōiki
3308:
3298:
3270:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3218:
3206:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3140:
3122:
3086:
3083:Aston, W. G.
3077:
3040:. Retrieved
3036:the original
3029:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2956:, p. 6.
2934:
2915:
2892:
2872:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2830:
2814:
2798:
2786:
2770:
2764:
2741:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2678:Shinoda zuma
2677:
2672:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2601:
2598:Nihon Ryōiki
2597:
2591:
2584:, Japanese:
2576:Renshi zhuan
2575:
2571:
2558:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2486:
2446:
2439:
2346:Japan portal
2304:
2299:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2197:Nihon ryōiki
2196:
2194:
2190:supernatural
2187:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2090:(d. 919) in
2077:
2067:
2064:Nihon Ryōiki
2063:
2051:
2046:Fusō Ryakuki
2044:
2038:
2032:
2013:
1996:
1992:Nihon ryōiki
1991:
1978:
1976:
1972:Nihon Ryōiki
1971:
1965:
1945:The kitsune
1936:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1875:
1873:
1854:
1829:boddhisattva
1822:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1774:
1761:
1750:Tsurigitsune
1749:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1726:
1721:and kitsune
1712:
1708:
1706:
1689:
1656:
1628:
1620:
1591:
1553:
1545:
1509:kitsunetsuki
1473:
1468:kitsunetsuki
1463:hito-gitsune
1441:kuda-gitsune
1436:
1422:kitsunetsuki
1411:refers to a
1408:kitsunetsuki
1400:
1391:kitsunetsuki
1381:Heian period
1376:kitsunetsuki
1372:
1367:kitsunetsuki
1362:Inari shrine
1355:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1298:kitsunetsuki
1278:Kitsunetsuki
1277:
1276:
1272:kitsunetsuki
1271:
1260:kitsunetsuki
1259:
1257:
1244:
1233:Kitsunetsuki
1232:
1194:
1178:
1156:feudal Japan
1121:
1114:Sanjō Kokaji
1047:
1028:
1015:
1002:
963:
927:
915:
910:
875:
862:obake karuta
828:
804:Inari shrine
790:onomatopoeia
677:
661:Nihon ryōiki
660:
658:
623:
620:Nihon ryōiki
619:
617:
610:
602:
576:
570:
555:
519:
508:
504:
492:femme fatale
490:
484:
477:
474:Renshi zhuan
473:
469:
465:Renshi zhuan
463:
455:Nihon Ryōiki
453:
440:
438:
376:
358:
354:
348:
346:
342:Jomon period
339:
321:
296:kuda-gitsune
294:
288:
282:
281:, lit. "air/
271:
265:
261:
253:
251:
244:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
199:
195:adding to it
190:
162:supernatural
134:
121:
117:
70:
64:
36:
7859:Shinto kami
7834:Inari faith
7798:Inoue Enryō
7771:Folklorists
7497:Ittan-momen
7479:Boroboroton
7452:Abumi-guchi
7443:Tsukumogami
7275: [
7092:Osakabehime
7027:Shuten-dōji
6937:Oboroguruma
6784:Mokumokuren
6755:Miage-nyūdō
6638:Konaki-jiji
6418:Ishinagenjo
6333: [
6267:Gashadokuro
6191: [
6125:Bake-kujira
6044:Amefurikozō
5936:Abura-akago
5903:Otogi-zōshi
5829:Tawara Tōda
5712:Issun-bōshi
5676:Hachikazuki
5446:(1): 1–20.
5182:(2): 66–77.
5011:Works cited
4921:Addiss 1985
4909:Leiter 2014
4840:Nagata 1980
4828:Kaneko 1975
4718:Watson 2013
4643:, pp.
4641:Watson 2013
4588:Nagata 1980
4518:Smyers 1999
4506:Nozaki 1961
4458:Smyers 1999
4446:Nozaki 1961
4434:Addiss 1985
4422:Smyers 1999
4383:Smyers 1999
4371:Smyers 1999
4347:Smyers 1999
4203:Nozaki 1961
4164:Smyers 1999
4152:Nozaki 1961
4140:Nozaki 1961
4110:Inada, Kōji
4002:Nozaki 1961
3978:Nozaki 1961
3966:Smyers 1999
3909:Nozaki 1961
3897:Nozaki 1961
3798:Nozaki 1961
3786:Nozaki 1961
3705:Nozaki 1961
3646:Nozaki 1961
3581:Smyers 1999
3549:, p. 3
3547:Nozaki 1961
3514:, pp.
3500:Smyers 1999
3470:Smyers 1999
3402:, p. 2
3392: [
3365:Nagata 1980
3301:解説 4", in:
3144:日本書紀: 全訳現代文
3103:Smyers 1999
2775: [
2646:(cf. infra)
2551:conscripted
2543: [
2540:Ou District
2517:Nihon Shoki
2456:Sessho-seki
2318:Suwa Shrine
2272:—is called
2227: [
2218:Shinodazuma
2174: [
2163: [
2119:Otogi-zōshi
2096:Fusō ryakki
2074:Later works
2002: [
1999:Ōno no kōri
1876:kitsune-ken
1754: [
1727:Inari-zushi
1675:video games
1405:, the term
1308:Folklorist
1167:Kitsune-gao
1090:Inari Ōkami
1044:omniscience
986:field foxes
889:. The word
593:Inari Okami
542:(Japanese:
350:Nihon Shoki
241:raccoon dog
7813:Categories
7783:Keigo Seki
7506:Kasa-obake
7434:Tsuchinoko
7425:Tsuchigumo
7297:Sunekosuri
7272:Shussebora
7191:Shidaidaka
7182:Shachihoko
7137:Rokurokubi
7083:Ootakemaru
6919:Nyūdō-bōzu
6892:Nurarihyon
6865:Noppera-bō
6737:Mikaribaba
6656:Koromodako
6528:Kasa-obake
6501:Kamaitachi
6321:Hiderigami
6285:Hanako-san
6161:Chimimōryō
6089:Aosaginohi
5856:Uriko-hime
5329:日本霊異記(全訳注)
5280:日本霊異記説話の研究
4657:Hamel 1915
4542:Hearn 2005
4530:Hamel 1915
4494:Tyler 1987
4482:Hearn 2005
4470:Tyler 1987
4398:Ōmori 2003
4359:Hearn 2005
4247:2015-08-14
4191:Hearn 2005
4179:Tyler 1987
3990:Hearn 2005
3954:Hearn 2005
3868:Smits 1996
3774:Hearn 2005
3720:Hearn 2005
3693:Tyler 1987
3631:Hearn 2005
3617:2006-12-14
3598:Hamel 1915
3566:Hearn 2005
3453:Smits 1996
3441:Smits 1996
3417:Smits 1996
3400:Iguro 2005
3352:Iguro 2005
3169:. London:
3118:Aston 1924
3042:2016-04-25
3014:Casal 1959
3002:Casal 1959
2990:Casal 1959
2978:Casal 1959
2966:Casal 1959
2954:Casal 1959
2939:Casal 1959
2865:References
2791:Hamel 1915
2715:, sweets,
2684:, p.
2602:Soushen ji
2492:racoon dog
2410:Hồ ly tinh
2382:Fox spirit
2143:-magician
2141:astrologer
2104:Iguro 2005
2092:Zenka hiki
2040:Mizukagami
1902:Yoshitoshi
1857:tricksters
1847:shrine in
1835:Tricksters
1816:shrine in
1574:star balls
1482:dakini-ten
1415:unique to
1403:psychiatry
1401:In modern
1373:In Japan,
1344:azukimeshi
1334:azukimeshi
948:good foxes
897:fox spirit
720:possessive
688:) yellow (
648:diachronic
630:Man'yōgana
509:Kobi no ki
335:Yoshitoshi
114:paranormal
59:Edo period
45:fox spirit
7733:Yuki-onna
7661:Yamajijii
7553:Tsurubebi
7416:Tōfu-kozō
7218:Shinigami
7200:Shikigami
7173:Sazae-oni
6901:Nure-onna
6647:Korpokkur
6611:Kitsunebi
6373:Hone-onna
6303:Hashihime
6294:Harionago
6222:Funayūrei
6152:Binbōgami
6116:Azukiarai
6026:Amanozako
6017:Amanojaku
5954:Aka Manto
5730:Kasa Jizō
5648:Folktales
5511:231775156
5236:日本狐憑史資料集成
4959:Anthropos
4554:Goff 1997
4090:220489895
3830:狐憑き キツネツキ
3340:Goff 1997
3275:Goff 1997
3235:Goff 1997
2857:or vine".
2768:The term
2717:aburamono
2587:Ninshiden
2390:Huli jing
2270:sunshower
1865:kitsunebi
1825:Dakiniten
1803:feng shui
1791:nogitsune
1775:aburamono
1714:abura-age
1697:offerings
1679:Babymetal
1645:Dakiniten
1633:Portrayal
1585:kitsunebi
1539:kitsunebi
1530:Kitsunebi
1094:Munechika
1011:possesses
994:nogitsune
800:honorific
779:Daigenkai
599:Etymology
540:King Zhou
381:húli jīng
267:yamabushi
258:familiars
7724:Yosuzume
7679:Yamawaro
7670:Yama-uba
7652:Yamabiko
7607:Ushi-oni
7598:Umi zatō
7533:Ungaikyō
7524:Menreiki
7461:Bakezōri
7306:Takaonna
7227:Shiranui
7146:Samebito
7110:Otoroshi
7009:Kidōmaru
6910:Nurikabe
6883:Nuppeppō
6856:Noderabō
6829:Namahage
6802:Mononoke
6710:Kuzunoha
6665:Kotobuki
6600:Hakuzōsu
6564:Kijimuna
6555:Keukegen
6510:Kamikiri
6490:Nekomata
6481:Bakeneko
6454:Jorōgumo
6445:Jinmenju
6436:Janjanbi
6330:Hinezumi
6231:Furaribi
6188:Dorotabō
6179:Dodomeki
6107:Ayakashi
5972:Akashita
5784:Oto-hime
5766:Momotarō
5757:Kurozuka
5685:Hakuzōsu
5521:(1987).
5489:(1999).
5146:(2015).
5138:: 1–159.
5084:(1902).
4987:(2000).
4971:40465016
4939:Linguist
4887:, Ch. 3.
4786:物語文芸の表現史
4780:(1987).
3826:(1980).
3306:(1975).
3299:Kaisetsu
2842:Shūi shi
2819:Japanese
2803:Japanese
2427:Hakuzōsu
2332:See also
1947:Kuzunoha
1497:shugendō
1358:exorcism
1284:狐憑き, 狐付き
1216:vampires
723:particle
672:ki-tsune
666:kitsu-ne
561:Buddhism
246:bakeneko
231:bakemono
18:Kintsune
7634:Wanyūdō
7589:Umibōzu
7571:Ubagabi
7263:Shōkera
7236:Shirime
7209:Shikome
7056:Onikuma
6973:Ōmukade
6775:Mizuchi
6629:Komainu
6591:Kitsune
6546:Kawauso
6463:Jubokko
6427:Isonade
6409:Inugami
6382:Hyōsube
6312:Hibagon
6080:Aonyōbō
6062:Amikiri
6053:Ameonna
6008:Aoandon
5981:Akateko
5963:Akaname
5739:Kintarō
5603:Kitsune
5452:2385144
5119:1177429
4945:(1795).
4112:(ed.).
3837:(ed.).
3516:197–198
2708:sekihan
2617:Zhiguai
2593:chuanqi
1919:happen!
1861:samurai
1709:aburage
1703:Aburage
1667:bunraku
1608:kitsune
1595:kitsune
1568:
1549:kitsune
1350:sekihan
1328:aburagé
1220:succubi
1211:kitsune
1205:kitsune
1198:kitsune
1189:Kitsune
1182:kitsune
1173:kitsune
1161:kitsune
1151:Kitsune
1141:kitsune
1135:kitsune
1125:kitsune
1074:kitsune
1024:Kitsune
1018:Kitsune
980:
942:
919:kitsune
902:kitsune
892:kitsune
878:Kitsune
869:kitsune
843:gon gon
837:kon kon
653:kitsune
606:kitsune
588:kitsune
479:Zhiguai
470:chuanqi
423:
399:Chinese
387:Chinese
355:Nihongi
347:In the
312:Origins
254:kitsune
219:kitsune
215:kitsune
167:kitsune
142:Kitsune
129:kitsune
118:kitsune
73:kitsune
7697:Yobuko
7688:Yanari
7398:Tenome
7389:Tennin
7315:Tanuki
7288:Sōjōbō
7245:Shiryō
7164:Satori
7155:Sankai
7074:Ōnyūdō
6847:Ningyo
6838:Namazu
6820:Mujina
6793:Momiji
6766:Misaki
6728:Mazoku
6701:Kumiho
6620:Kodama
6573:Kinoko
6472:Kaibyō
6400:Ikuchi
6391:Ikiryō
6258:Gagoze
6213:Enenra
6204:Dragon
6071:Aobōzu
5999:Amabie
5578:
5554:
5533:
5509:
5499:
5475:
5450:
5423:
5393:
5352:
5318:Kyōkai
5287:
5256:
5206:
5156:
5117:
5070:
5049:
5026:
4997:
4969:
4793:
4700:
4330:
4303:
4273:
4223:
4123:
4117:日本昔話事典
4088:
4051:
3934:
3848:
3842:民間信仰辞典
3757:
3304:Kyōkai
3177:
3089:: 252.
2926:
2899:
2644:Kobiki
2620:genre.
2566:below.
2400:Kumiho
2289:Dreams
2262:litter
2214:kabuki
2100:Kanpyō
1951:kabuki
1898:kyogen
1768:稲荷一流大事
1747:-play
1744:kyōgen
1692:Shinto
1671:kabuki
1669:, and
1663:kyogen
1490:mikkyō
1461:, and
1347:(i.e.
1110:drama
1013:them.
911:spirit
907:ghosts
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