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1600:, rocks, vegetation, and marine life. The earliest imitated pottery motifs. Most have been reconstructed from various numbers of flakes fallen to the floor. Evans had various technicians and artists work on the project, some artists, some chemists, and restorers. The symmetry and use of templates made possible a degree of reconstruction beyond what was warranted by only the flakes. For example, if evidence of the use of a certain template existed scantily in one place, the motif could be supplied from the template found somewhere else. Like the contemporary murals in the funerary art of the Egyptians, certain conventions were used that also assisted prediction. For example, male figures are shown with darker or redder skin than female figures.
1130:, the basis for the name of the Greek sea (the Aegean Sea), sailed to Crete, where he was forced to fight a terrible creature called the Minotaur. The Minotaur was a half man, half bull, and was kept in the Labyrinth – a building like a maze – by King Minos, the ruler of Crete. The king's daughter, Ariadne, fell in love with Theseus. Before he entered the Labyrinth to fight the Minotaur, Ariadne gave him a ball of thread which he unwound as he went into the Labyrinth so that he could find his way back by following it. Theseus killed the Minotaur, and then he and Ariadne fled from Crete, escaping her angry father.
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brightened by light-wells and columns of wood, many fluted, were used to lend both support and dignity. The chambers and corridors were decorated with frescoes showing scenes from everyday life and scenes of processions. Warfare is conspicuously absent. The fashions of the time may be seen in depictions of women in various poses. They had elaborately dressed hair and wore long dresses with flounced skirts and puffed sleeves. Their bodices were tightly drawn in round their waists and their breasts were exposed.
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strong Minoan connections with Rhodes, Miletus, and Samos. Cretan influence may be seen in the earliest scripts found in Cyprus. The main market for Cretan wares was the
Cyclades where there was a demand for pottery, especially the stone vases. It is not known whether the islands were subject to Crete or just trading partners, but there certainly was strong Cretan influence.
743:. These palaces, which were to set the pattern of organisation in Crete and Greece through the second millennium, were a sharp break from the Neolithic village system that had prevailed thus far. The building of the palaces implies greater wealth and a concentration of authority, both political and religious. It is suggested that they followed eastern models such as those at
2947:. Vol. IV Part II: Camp-stool Fresco, long-robed priests and beneficent genii, Chryselephantine Boy-God and ritual hair-offering, Intaglio Types, M.M. III – L. M. II, late hoards of sealings, deposits of inscribed tablets and the palace stores, Linear Script B and its mainland extension, Closing Palatial Phase, Room of Throne and final catastrophe.
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The room was accessed from an anteroom through double doors. The anteroom was connected to the central court, which was four steps up through four doors. The anteroom had gypsum benches also, with carbonized remains between two of them thought possibly to be a wooden throne. Both rooms are located in
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The prosperity of
Knossos was primarily based upon the development of native Cretan resources such as oil, wine, and wool. Another factor was the expansion of trade, evidenced by Minoan pottery found in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, Rhodes, the Cyclades, Sicily, and mainland Greece. There seem to have been
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contained eight rooms and covered 50 m (540 sq ft). The walls were at right angles. The door was centered. Large stones were used for support under points of greater stress. The fact that distinct sleeping cubicles for individuals was not the custom suggests storage units of some sort.
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of stone, either field stone or recycled stone artifacts. The inner walls were lined with mud-plaster. The roofs were flat, composed of mud over branches. The residents dug hearths at various locations in the center of the main room. This village had an unusual feature: one house under the West Court
816:
Around 1350 BC, the palace was destroyed and not rebuilt. The building was ravaged by a fire which triggered the collapse of the upper stories. It is not known whether this final destruction was intentional or the result of a natural disaster such as an earthquake. While parts of the palace may have
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The palace of
Knossos was by far the largest, covering three acres with its main building alone and five acres when separate out-buildings are considered. It had a monumental staircase leading to state rooms on an upper floor. A ritual cult centre was on the ground floor. The palace stores occupied
779:) marks the height of Minoan prosperity. All the palaces had large central courtyards which may have been used for public ceremonies and spectacles. Living quarters, storage rooms and administrative centres were positioned around the court and there were also working quarters for skilled craftsmen.
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and other raised features (cabinets, beds) occupied the perimeter. Under the palace was the Great House, a 100 m (1,100 sq ft) area stone house divided into five rooms with meter-thick walls suggesting a second story was present. The presence of the house, which is unlikely to have
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As the hill was periodically drenched by torrential rains, a runoff system was a necessity. It began with channels in the flat surfaces, which were zigzag and contained catchment basins to control the water velocity. Probably the upper system was open. Manholes provided access to parts that were
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The palace had extensive storage magazines which were used for agricultural commodities as well as tableware. Enormous sets of high quality tableware were stored in the palaces, often produced elsewhere in Crete. Pottery at
Knossos is prolific, heavily-decorated and uniquely-styled by period. In
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Building techniques at
Knossos were typical. The foundations and lower course were stonework with the whole built on a timber framework of beams and pillars. The main structure was built of large, unbaked bricks. The roof was flat with a thick layer of clay over brushwood. Internal rooms were
793:. The palace had bathrooms, toilets, and a drainage system. A theatre was found at Knossos that would have held 400 spectators (an earlier one has been found at Phaestos). The orchestral area was rectangular, unlike later Athenian models, and they were probably used for religious dances.
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The palace at
Knossos was continuously renovated and modified throughout its existence. The currently visible palace is an accumulation of features from various periods, alongside modern reconstructions which are often inaccurate. Thus, the palace was never exactly as it appears today.
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The palace at
Knossos was a place of high color, as were Greek buildings in the classical period, and as are Greek buildings today. In the EM Period, the walls and pavements were coated with a pale red derived from red ochre. In addition to the background coloring, the walls displayed
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adjoining the bathroom. This toilet was a seat over a drain that was flushed by pouring water from a jug. The bathtub located in the adjoining bathroom similarly had to be filled by someone heating, carrying, and pouring water, and must have been drained by overturning into a
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Additional speculation is, since the indentation of the seat seems to be shaped for a woman's buttocks, that the throne was made specifically for a female individual. Also, the extensive use of curved edges and the crescent moon carved at its base both symbolize femininity.
1145:: its presence on an object would prevent it from being "killed". Axes were scratched on many of the stones of the palace. It appears in pottery decoration and is a motif of the Shrine of the Double Axes at the palace, as well as of many shrines throughout Crete and the
2803:. Vol. I: The Hieroglyphic and Primitive Linear Classes: with an account of the discovery of the pre-Phoenician scripts, their place in the Minoan story and their Mediterranean relatives: with plates, tables and figures in the text. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2936:. Vol. IV Part I: Emergence of outer western enceinte, with new illustrations, artistic and religious, of the Middle Minoan Phase, Chryselephantine "Lady of Sports", "Snake Room" and full story of the cult Late Minoan ceramic evolution and "Palace Style".
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huts, kept animals, grew crops, and, in the event of tragedy, buried their children under the floor. Remains from this period are concentrated in the area which would later become the central court of the palace, suggesting continuity in ritual activity.
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Like other Minoan palaces, Knossos was arranged around a rectangular central court. This court was twice as long north-south as it was east-west, an orientation that would have maximized sunlight, and positioned important rooms towards the rising sun.
510:(5000–4000 BC), housed 500–1000 people in more substantial and presumably more family-private homes. Construction was the same, except the windows and doors were timbered, a fixed, raised hearth occupied the center of the main room, and
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Around 1450 BC, the palaces at Malia, Phaestos, and Zakros were destroyed, leaving
Knossos as the sole surviving palace on Crete. In this final period, Knossos seems to have been influenced or perhaps ruled by people from the mainland.
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would have taken place in the courts, though others have argued that the paving would not have been optimal for the animals or the people, and that the restricted access points would have kept the spectacle too far out of public view.
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also present. From the layering of the palace, Evans developed an archaeological concept of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan, following the pre-existing custom of labelling all objects from the location Minoan.
1376:, which would have provided drinking water to the ancient inhabitants. Looming over the right bank of the Vlychia, on the opposite shore from Knossos, is Gypsades Hill, on whose eastern side the Minoans quarried their gypsum.
433:, this building served as a combination religious and administrative center rather than a royal residence. The earliest parts of the palace were built around 1900 BC in an area that had been used for ritual feasting since the
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The Royal Road is the last vestige of a Minoan road that connected the port to the palace complex. Today a modern road, Leoforos Knosou, built over or replacing the ancient roadway, serves that function and continues south.
1007:, elevation 85 m (279 ft) from current sea level. Many of them were inscribed with Knosion or Knos on the obverse and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse. The coins came from the Roman settlement of
1122:) on the massive walls partly uncovered by Kalokairinos, first associated the complex with the labyrinth of legend, calling the ruins "labyrinthine." Evans agreed with Stillman. The myth of the Minotaur tells that
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Some archaeological authors have objected that Evans and his restorers were not discovering the palace and civilization as it was, but were creating a modern artifact based on contemporary art and architecture.
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tablets. While Evans is often credited for discovering the Minoan
Civilization, his work is controversial in particular for his inaccurate and irreversible reconstructions of architectural remains at the site.
1577:, entirely of red. In the subsequent MM Period, with the development of the art, white and black were added, and then blue, green, and yellow. The pigments were derived from natural materials, such as ground
498:(6000–5000 BC), a village of 200–600 persons occupied most of the area of the later palace and the slopes to the north and west. Residents lived in one- or two-room square houses of mud-brick walls set on
1237:
Since their discovery, the ruins have been the centre of excavation, tourism, and occupation as a headquarters by governments warring over the control of the eastern
Mediterranean in two world wars.
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would have held court in this room, as they came to power in Knossos at about 1,450. The "lustral basin" and the location of the room in a sanctuary complex cannot be ignored; hence, "priest-king".
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2900:. Vol. II Part I: Fresh lights on origins and external relations: the restoration in town and palace after seismic catastrophe towards close of M. M. III and the beginnings of the New Era.
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The identification of Knossos with the Bronze Age site is supported by the Roman coins that were scattered over the fields surrounding the pre-excavation site, then a large mound named
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aid, this time they managed to liberate Crete from the Macedonian influence. With Roman aid, Knossos became once more the first city of Crete, but, in 67 BC, the Roman Senate chose
2925:. Vol. III: The great transitional age in the northern and eastern sections of the Palace: the most brilliant record of Minoan art and the evidences of an advanced religion.
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that were large storage jars up to five feet tall. They were mainly used for storage of oil, wool, wine, and grain. Smaller and more valuable objects were stored in lead-lined
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1814:, p. 5, an official guide book in use in past years, gives the dimensions of the palace as 150 m (490 ft) square, about 20,000 m (220,000 sq ft).
1522:), the Minoan columns are smaller at the bottom and wider at the top, a result of inverting the cypress trunk to prevent sprouting once in place. The columns at the Palace of
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After the Bronze Age, the town of Knossos continued to be occupied. By 1000 BC, it had reemerged as one of the most important centers of Crete. The city had two ports, one at
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Reception courtyard in the palace of Knossos, the royal family would entertain guests here, members of the court would stand on the tiered platforms in the background
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river, in the valley in which Kephala is located. The aqueduct branched to the palace and to the town. Water was distributed at the palace by gravity feed through
2971:. Vol. II: The Archives of Knossos: clay tablets inscribed in linear script B: edited from notes, and supplemented by John L. Myres. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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accepted the tradition and added that Minos cleared the sea of pirates, increased the flow of trade and colonised many Aegean islands. Other literature describes
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As far as is currently known, it was William Stillman, the American consul who published Kalokairinos' discoveries, who, seeing the sign of the double axe (
1161:, "to the mistress of the Labyrinth," recording the distribution of one jar of honey. A credible theory uniting all the evidence has yet to be formulated.
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been used for later ceremonies and the town of Knossos saw a resurgence around 1200 BC, the building and its associated institutions were never restored.
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Whitelaw, Todd (2000). "Beyond the palace: A century of investigation at Europe's oldest city". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies: 223, 226.
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tree, which is common to the Mediterranean. While Greek columns are smaller at the top and wider at the bottom to create the illusion of greater height (
1185:
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The prehistoric tombs of Knossos: I. The cemetery of Zapher Papoura, with a comparative note on a chamber-tomb at Milatos. II. The Royal Tomb at Isopata
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were not able to unify the warring city states. In the third century BC Knossos expanded its power to dominate almost the entire island, but during the
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852:
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The Palace of Minos (PM): a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustrated by the discoveries at Knossos
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An early destruction in the Mycenaean palace at Knossos: a new interpretation of the excavation field-notes of the south-east area of the west wing
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The palace had at least three separate water-management systems: one for supply, one for drainage of runoff, and one for drainage of waste water.
1011:, a Roman colony placed just to the north of, and politically including, Kephala. The Romans believed they were the first to colonize Knossos.
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The 6 acres (24,000 m) of the palace included a theater, a main entrance on each of its four cardinal faces, and extensive storerooms.
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arrangement" of the griffins, meaning that they are more formal and monumental than previous Minoan decorative styles. In this theory, the
1644:, so-called because Evans found remains of unguent flasks inside it and speculated that it had been used as part of an annointing ritual.
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been a private residence like the others, suggests a communal or public use; i.e., it may have been the predecessor of a palace. In the
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or Final Neolithic (two different but overlapping classification systems, around 4000–3000 BC), the population increased dramatically.
2998:(Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2008) (Boreas. Uppsala studies in ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern civilizations, 30).
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View to the south, the hill in the background is Gypsades, between it and Knossos is the Vlychia and the South Entrance is on the left
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The central court is believed to have been used for rituals and festivals. One of these festivals is believed to be depicted in the
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Bowl with fork handles, pottery. Knossos, Early Neolithic, 6500–5800 BC. Also a ladle, and a three-legged vessel from later periods
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1514:. Unlike the stone columns that are characteristic of Greek architecture, the Minoan column was constructed from the trunk of a
2851:"The 'Tomb of the Double Axes' and Associated Group, and the Pillar Rooms and Ritual Vessels of the 'Little Palace' at Knossos"
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couchant (lying down) facing the throne, one on either side. Griffins were important mythological creatures, also appearing on
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1372:, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the coast. The site is located at the confluence of two streams called the Vlychia and the
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Essai de classification des Époques de la civilization minoenne: résumé d'un discours fait au Congrès d'Archéologie à Athènes
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1243:(no relation to Arthur Evans) undertook further excavations in pits and trenches over the palace, focusing on the Neolithic.
437:. The palace was continually renovated and expanded over the next five centuries until its final destruction around 1350 BC.
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The seat of a priest-king or a queen. This is the older theory, originating with Evans. In that regard Matz speaks of the "
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with the motif in relief; indoor, on fresh, pure plaster, softer than the plaster with additives ordinarily used on walls.
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undertook more extensive excavations which unearthed most of the palace as well as many now-famous artifacts including the
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2914:. Vol. II Part II: Town-Houses in Knossos of the New Era and restored West Palace Section, with its state approach.
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1684:, or in the person of a priestess, or in imagination only. In that case the griffins would have been purely a symbol of
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pipes to fountains and spigots. The pipes were tapered at one end to make a pressure fit, with rope for sealing. Unlike
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Sweetman, Rebecca J. (10 June 2011). "Roman Knossos: Discovering the City through the Evidence of Rescue Excavations".
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in the Greek sense. It had no steep heights, remained unfortified, and was not very high off the surrounding ground.
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continued to call themselves bishops of Knossos until the nineteenth century. The diocese was abolished in 1831.
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Its size far exceeded his original expectations, as did the discovery of two ancient scripts, which he termed
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422:, and remains a popular tourist destination. Knossos is considered by many to be the oldest city in Europe.
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Scripta Minoa: The Written Documents of Minoan Crete: with special reference to the archives of Knossos
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Scripta Minoa: The Written Documents of Minoan Crete: with Special Reference to the Archives of Knossos
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Total inhabited area: 10 km (3.9 sq mi). Palace: 14,000 m (150,000 sq ft)
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Begg, D.J. Ian (2004), "An Archaeology of Palatial Mason's Marks on Crete", in Chapin, Ann P. (ed.),
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in the early 20th century, and Evans' residence at the site served as a military headquarters during
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or by bailing. This toilet and bathtub were exceptional structures within the 1,300-room complex.
1000:, was situated within the vicinity of the palace, but only a small part of it has been excavated.
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1214:, who excavated parts of the West Wing in the winter of 1878-1879. The British archaeologist Sir
1137:, whatever its etymology, with ancient Crete. The sign of the double axe was used throughout the
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1218:(1851–1941) and his team began long-term evacuations from 1900 to 1913, and from 1922 to 1930.
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is largely based on pottery styles and is thus used to assign dates to layers of the palace.
1056:, the name Knossos is used only for the archaeological site. It was extensively excavated by
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Due to its placement on the hill, the palace received sea breezes during the summer. It had
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During the ninth century AD the local population shifted to the new town of Chandax (modern
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A room reserved for the epiphany of a goddess, who would have sat in the throne, either in
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The Palace at Knossos was organized around an open central court, labeled (1) in this map.
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View to the east from the northwest corner, in the foreground is the west wall of the
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2637:, Volume 72 of Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 1988, the University of Michigan
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The palace also includes the Minoan column, a structure notably different from Greek
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Some links to photographs of parts of the water-collection-management system follow.
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The North Entrance, shown before and after Evans's controversial reconstruction work.
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The prehistory of Asia Minor: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies
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3097:. Oxford; Belle Fourche, SD: Oxford University Press; Kessinger Publishing Company.
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2713:. Acta archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae, 2. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit.
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became the administrative language and the material culture shows parallels with
768:, they had been rebuilt on a grander scale and the period of the second palaces (
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The People of Knossos: prosopographical studies in the Knossos Linear B archives
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From Minoan farmers to Roman traders: sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete
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were plastered, painted red and mounted on stone bases with round, pillow-like
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2207:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 310, 538, 574.
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: constructing identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: constructing identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: constructing identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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benches. On the south side of the throne room there is a feature called a
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The early palaces were destroyed during Middle Minoan II, sometime before
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Knossos and the Herakleion Museum: Brief Illustrated Archaeological Guide
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styles, for instance in the architecture of tombs and styles of pottery.
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The throne from which the room was named, not the only throne at Knossos
1556:, the duplicate shown here is fixed to the wall of the upper throne room
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Though it was surrounded by the town of Knossos, this hill was never an
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appears to show a ceremony taking place in the Central Court at Knossos.
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Hitchcock, Louise (2012). "Minoan Architecture". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
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3104:"Beyond the palace:A century of investigation at Europe's oldest city"
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2743:
1157:-ri-to-jo po-ti-ni-ja, which probably represents the Mycenaean Greek,
4394:
4280:
4239:
3937:
3932:
3452:
3401:
3376:
3355:
2704:. Translated by Doumas, Alexandra. Athens: Hannibal Publishing House.
2494:
1761:
1627:
1380:
1165:
1126:, a prince from Athens, whose father was an ancient Greek king named
1102:
1073:
1047:
972:, the Knossians were once more among Philip's opponents and, through
922:
899:
888:
434:
419:
174:
75:
2469:
1560:
1401:
830:
4415:
4399:
4096:
4086:
4026:
3968:
3942:
3792:
3767:
3747:
3628:
3623:
3557:
3482:
3472:
3386:
3315:
3259:
3103:
2825:
2735:
2002:
1685:
1670:
1652:
1578:
1440:
1373:
1226:
1222:
1150:
1106:
1098:
910:
736:
724:
It is believed that the first Cretan palaces were built soon after
511:
457:
415:
379:
90:
North central coast, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Heraklion
3095:
A handbook to the palace of Minos at Knossos with its dependencies
4389:
4326:
4066:
4046:
3411:
3406:
3391:
3330:
3310:
3305:
3070:
Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth
2720:"Primitive Pictographs and Script from Crete and the Peloponnese"
2147:
1519:
1515:
1499:
1467:
1463:
1452:
1444:
1367:
1123:
1110:
1064:. Knossos is now situated in the expanding suburbs of Heraklion.
1028:
1020:
1004:
958:
895:
411:
26:"Knossos palace" redirects here. For the Minoan Lines ferry, see
941:
influence, but despite considerable military efforts during the
4331:
4101:
4041:
3947:
3927:
3416:
3335:
3325:
3269:
1978:
1681:
1635:
1631:
1597:
1582:
1570:
1511:
1406:
1358:
1350:
1133:
As it turns out, there probably was an association of the word
1127:
1118:
1113:. The name "Knossos" was subsequently adopted by Arthur Evans.
1083:
1040:
981:
977:
937:
against the Knossians. In Hellenistic times Knossos came under
930:
926:
918:
906:
785:
744:
740:
2889:. Vol. I: The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages.
1466:
contained an example of the first known water-flushing system
761:, almost certainly by earthquakes to which Crete is prone. By
4450:
4336:
3737:
3721:
3457:
3123:
2177:
2172:
1767:
1589:
1574:
1523:
1458:
Sanitation drainage was through a closed system leading to a
1443:, about 10 km away. Springs there are the source of the
1169:
1094:
399:
79:
2792:. Archaeologia 59 (1905) pages 391–562. London: B. Quaritch.
1965:
Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Crete and the Aegean Islands
1634:" built into the north wall. On three sides of the room are
4071:
1486:
Runoff system. Sloped channels lead from a catchment basin.
790:
364:
338:
326:
308:
3039:
MacDonald, Colin (2012). "Knossos". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
3006:. Lost Cities of the Ancient World. London: Folio Society.
320:
2552:. minoancrete.com, Ian Swindale. Retrieved on 2013-05-12.
1648:
the ceremonial complex on the west of the central court.
1618:
The centerpiece of the "Minoan" palace was the so-called
1489:
Runoff system. Note the zig-zags and the catchment basin.
3690:
3074:. New York: Hill and Wang (Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
1164:
Knossos appears in other later legends and literature.
1662:
The actual use of the room and the throne is unclear.
1651:
The throne is flanked by the Griffin Fresco, with two
1588:
The decorative motifs were generally bordered scenes:
261:
23rd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
158:
Settlement around 7000 BC; first palace around 1900 BC
4606:
Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC
2364:
Lupack, Susan (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
383:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
305:
16:
Bronze Age archaeological site on the island of Crete
2663:, Volume 1 (Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 1998), 64–70.
2517:
Schoep, Ilse (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
2401:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 84–85.
2323:
2321:
2274:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 12–17.
1892:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 12–17.
1877:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
1105:, a very large maze in which to retain his son, the
2810:"The Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life"
2661:
Arts and Culture: An introduction to the Humanities
953:in 220 BC it was checked by a coalition led by the
783:sixteen rooms, the main feature in these being the
314:
3067:
2603:, Chapter Four: The Concrete Labyrinth: 1914–1935.
2359:
2357:
2318:
2284:
2152:. Manchester University Press. pp. 94, 104.
4592:
2314:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 79.
2234:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 50.
1808:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 50.
1109:. Daedalus also built a dancing floor for Queen
3088:
2202:
2055:
2053:
1172:, the legendary king of Knossos, established a
166:Palace abandoned Late Minoan IIIC, 1380–1100 BC
3108:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
2761:"Minoan Civilization at the Palace of Knosses"
2510:
2354:
2249:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–26.
1039:, 14 km to the southwest. The bishops of
474:Knossos was settled around 7000 BC during the
4431:
3706:
3167:
3043:. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–542.
2521:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–125.
2424:(3). Athena Publications, Inc. Archived from
2368:. Oxford University Press. pp. 251–262.
2332:. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–199.
1758:(fifth century BC), expatriate Olympic runner
1752:(sixth century BC), seer and philosopher-poet
984:as the capital of the newly created province
913:in Italy. In 343 BC, Knossos was allied with
820:
3065:
3041:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
2980:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
2685:(Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press.
2643:
2519:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
2366:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
2330:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
2285:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
2050:
1828:. Bristol Classical Press. pp. 71, 50.
2653:ΧΑΡΙΣ: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr
2289:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–93.
2278:
4438:
4424:
3713:
3699:
3174:
3160:
2673:
2670:(New York, Barnes and Noble, 1998), 30–35.
2659:Benton, Janetta Rebold and Robert DiYanni.
2217:
2148:Oliver Rackham and Jennifer Moody (1996).
2062:The Annual of the British School at Athens
1946:
1934:
1922:
1907:
1455:, no hidden springs have been discovered.
1188:attributes to him the tradition of Cretan
406:and is known for its association with the
48:
4138:St. Mark Basilica (Museum of Visual Arts)
3038:
3010:
3001:
2958:. Vol. Index to the Palace of Minos.
2564:. Dartmouth.edu. Retrieved on 2012-01-02.
2493:
2411:
2327:
2203:Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973).
2106:
1860:
1740:(first century BC), sceptical philosopher
1435:brought fresh water to Kephala hill from
871:Learn how and when to remove this message
3101:
2781:(Revised ed.). London: B. Quaritch.
2708:
2059:
1968:. Order of the Trustees. pp. xxxiv.
1559:
1547:
1400:
1357:
1349:
1338:
1302:
1285:
1229:, to distinguish their writing from the
1077:
882:
485:
287:Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism
3181:
3066:MacGillivray, Joseph Alexander (2000).
3049:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0040
2699:
2655:, Hesperia Supplement 33, pp. 1–28
2527:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0008
2396:
2374:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0019
2338:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0014
2309:
2269:
2244:
2229:
2111:. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 280–282.
1887:
1856:
1854:
1811:
1803:
1717:The throne room prior to reconstruction
1581:. Outdoor panels were painted on fresh
1184:as the mythological lawgiver of Crete.
425:Knossos is dominated by the monumental
253:Restored and maintained for visitation.
19:For the modern history of Knossos, see
4593:
2940:
2929:
2904:
2893:
2785:
2774:
2516:
2363:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1918:
1916:
1872:
1823:
1665:The two main theories are as follows:
1210:The site of Knossos was identified by
851:Please improve this section by adding
4419:
3694:
3155:
3133:"Minoan Crete website: Knossos Pages"
2978:Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism
2964:
2951:
2918:
2882:
2848:
2807:
2796:
2758:
2717:
2588:
2190:
2029:
1958:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1199:
1097:dwelt in a palace at Knossos. He had
1014:
402:. The site was a major center of the
373:
4445:
3130:
2975:
2650:
2600:
2470:"The Mycenaean Discoveries in Crete"
2467:
2094:
1940:
1851:
1731:
1323:. Some scholars have suggested that
996:. The colony, which was built using
909:the Knossians colonized the city of
905:According to the ancient geographer
824:
418:. It is located on the outskirts of
2115:
1928:
1913:
1630:seat which Evans referred to as a "
1424:
469:
13:
4204:St. Peter of Dominicans, Heraklion
3573:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a
3145:Odyssey: Adventures in Archaeology
3124:"Knossos Tourist Information Page"
2150:The Making of the Cretan Landscape
1896:
1770:(mythical), father of the Minotaur
14:
4662:
4646:Populated places in ancient Crete
4626:Former populated places in Greece
3116:
2873:
2616:Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010,
2614:The Art of Crete and Early Greece
2414:"The Palaces of Minos at Knossos"
1505:
1462:apart from the hill. The queen's
1275:
925:against their enemy, the city of
4616:Aegean palaces of the Bronze Age
4472:Classical and Hellenistic period
3831:Classical and Hellenistic period
3089:Pendlebury, JDS; Evans, Arthur (
3013:"The Palace of Minos at Knossos"
2635:Minoan Religion as Ritual Action
1722:
1710:
1698:
1622:or Little Throne Room, dated to
1259:
1250:
1153:on Knossos Tablet Gg702 as da-pu
829:
440:The site was first excavated by
301:
60:
4611:1878 archaeological discoveries
4128:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
4118:Archaeological Museum of Chania
3675:Archaeological Museum of Chania
3670:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
3598:Papoura Hill Circular Structure
2814:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
2724:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
2627:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2461:
2405:
2390:
2303:
2263:
2238:
2223:
2211:
2196:
2184:
2166:
2141:
2100:
2088:
2016:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1952:
1554:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1552:Bull-leaping fresco now in the
968:Twenty years later, during the
929:. The Lyttians appealed to the
887:A coin of Knossos, depicting a
4651:Neolithic settlements in Crete
3680:Archaeological Museum of Sitia
2468:Hall, HR (November 20, 1902).
1881:
1866:
1842:
1817:
1797:
1607:
1493:
1405:A storage magazine with giant
1192:and common meals in Book I of
1:
3147:. odysseyadventures.ca. 2012.
2247:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
1746:(sixth century BC), architect
1688:rather than a heraldic motif.
1149:. And finally, it appears in
1009:Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus
988:. In 36 BC, Knossos became a
853:secondary or tertiary sources
769:
762:
755:
725:
522:
3588:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
2412:Macdonald, Colin F. (2003).
2205:Documents in Mycenaean Greek
1791:
1035:, the see of Knossos was in
365:
54:Reconstructed North Entrance
7:
2994:Landenius Enegren, Hedvig.
2878:. London: MacMillan and Co.
2718:Evans, Arthur John (1894).
2579:, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
2128:The Ecumenical Patriarchate
2107:Chaniotis, Angelos (1999).
1774:
1764:(6th century BC), architect
1533:
1334:
10:
4667:
2245:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
1611:
1537:
1394:
1390:
1279:
1203:
1071:
1067:
821:Classical and Roman period
526:
464:
384:
354:
25:
18:
4457:
4349:
4319:
4263:
4212:
4146:
4110:
4019:
4012:
3956:
3915:
3879:Greek War of Independence
3806:
3728:
3720:
3657:
3616:
3495:
3430:
3364:
3283:
3247:
3240:
3189:
3002:MacDonald, Colin (2005).
2867:10.1017/s0261340900010833
2775:—— (1906A) .
2644:General and cited sources
2397:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2230:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2074:10.1017/S0068245400000459
1826:Linear B: An Introduction
1804:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1298:
1093:In Greek mythology, King
1019:In 325, Knossos became a
681:
642:
615:
564:
549:
273:
265:
257:
249:
211:
203:
198:
184:
170:
162:
154:
149:
141:
131:
94:
86:
71:
59:
47:
40:
4199:St. Catherine, Heraklion
4184:Küçük Hasan Pasha Mosque
4133:Nautical Museum of Crete
3513:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
2941:—— (1935B).
2930:—— (1935A).
2905:—— (1928B).
2894:—— (1928A).
2786:—— (1906B).
2700:Davaras, Costos (1957).
2310:McEnroe, John C (2010).
2270:McEnroe, John C (2010).
1888:McEnroe, John C (2010).
1873:Düring, Bleda S (2011).
1366:The palace was built on
1206:Knossos (modern history)
998:Roman-style architecture
751:on the upper Euphrates.
747:on the Syrian coast and
280:British School at Athens
21:Knossos (modern history)
4541:Great Cretan Revolution
4502:Second Byzantine period
3851:Second Byzantine period
3608:Wall Paintings of Thera
3523:Snake goddess figurines
3141:"The Palace of Knossos"
3102:Whitelaw, Todd (2000).
3011:—— (2003).
2965:—— (1952).
2919:—— (1930).
2883:—— (1921).
2849:—— (1914).
2808:—— (1912).
2797:—— (1909).
2759:—— (1901).
970:Cretan War (205–200 BC)
454:snake goddess figurines
4492:First Byzantine period
4164:Agios Titos, Heraklion
3841:First Byzantine period
3528:La Parisienne (fresco)
2709:Driessen, Jan (1990).
2218:Bury & Meiggs 1975
2022:Theocharis Detorakis,
1947:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1935:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1923:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1908:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1824:Hooker, J. T. (1991).
1626:. This chamber has an
1565:
1557:
1540:List of Aegean frescos
1409:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1312:
1291:
1090:
917:. The city employed a
891:
840:relies excessively on
506:The settlement of the
491:
4636:Minoan sites in Crete
4512:Revolt of Saint Titus
4159:Agios Minas Cathedral
4154:Agia Triada Monastery
3861:Revolt of Saint Titus
3783:Eleftherios Venizelos
3518:Horns of Consecration
3508:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
1563:
1551:
1404:
1361:
1353:
1342:
1306:
1289:
1280:Further information:
1081:
1054:In its modern history
994:Colonia Iulia Nobilis
886:
489:
476:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
204:Excavation dates
116:35.29806°N 25.16306°E
4357:Cretan Greek dialect
4230:Fortezza of Rethymno
4179:Gouverneto Monastery
4174:Assumption Cathedral
3538:Prince of the Lilies
3496:Art and Architecture
2976:Gere, Cathy (2009).
2952:Evans, Joan (1936).
1614:Throne Room, Knossos
1159:Daburinthoio potniai
933:who sent their king
915:Philip II of Macedon
224:David George Hogarth
4641:Minoan civilization
4485:Crete and Cyrenaica
3984:Kourtaliotiko Gorge
3778:Dimitrios Kallergis
3758:Vitsentzos Kornaros
3753:Georgios Chortatzis
3183:Minoan civilization
3023:(3). Archived from
2683:A History of Greece
2591:, pp. 532–536.
2486:1902Natur..67...57H
2126:Demetrius Kiminas,
1756:Ergoteles of Himera
1594:legendary creatures
1419:relative chronology
1023:, suffragan of the
543:
529:Minoan civilization
450:Bull-Leaping Fresco
404:Minoan civilization
396:archaeological site
112: /
37:
4621:Cretan city-states
3836:Creta et Cyrenaica
3644:Arkalochori script
3634:Cretan hieroglyphs
3593:Minoan Bull-leaper
3563:Knossos board game
2668:Lost Civilizations
2576:Knossos fieldnotes
2573:C. Michael Hogan,
2449:Unknown parameter
2026:, Heraklion, 1994.
2024:A History of Crete
1566:
1558:
1410:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1313:
1292:
1212:Minos Kalokairinos
1200:Excavation history
1091:
1015:Post-Roman history
945:(267–261 BC), the
892:
542:Minoan chronology
541:
492:
444:in 1877. In 1900,
442:Minos Kalokairinos
375:[knɔː.sós]
266:Public access
216:Minos Kalokairinos
121:35.29806; 25.16306
35:
28:HSF Knossos Palace
4588:
4587:
4413:
4412:
4370:Cretan literature
4345:
4344:
3964:Agia Eirini Gorge
3907:Cretan resistance
3856:Kingdom of Candia
3788:Nikos Kazantzakis
3688:
3687:
3578:Malia altar stone
3491:
3490:
3202:Minoan chronology
3126:. Knossos-Palace.
2624:, uses this term.
1835:978-0-906515-62-4
1732:Notable residents
1415:Minoan chronology
1321:Grandstand Fresco
1309:Grandstand Fresco
1241:John Davies Evans
1186:Cleinias of Crete
881:
880:
873:
722:
721:
537:Minoan chronology
363:
292:
291:
244:John Davies Evans
4658:
4551:1897–1898 revolt
4440:
4433:
4426:
4417:
4416:
4365:
4169:Arkadi Monastery
4017:
4016:
3887:
3869:
3846:Emirate of Crete
3826:Mycenaean period
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3245:
3244:
3232:Peak sanctuaries
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3136:
3127:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3073:
3062:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3007:
2991:
2972:
2959:
2948:
2937:
2926:
2915:
2913:
2901:
2890:
2879:
2874:——.
2870:
2845:
2804:
2793:
2782:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2656:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2495:10.1038/067057a0
2465:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2220:, pp. 11–12
2215:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2000:
1994:
1991:Diodorus Siculus
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1949:, pp. 17–18
1944:
1938:
1937:, pp. 11–12
1932:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1502:and air shafts.
1425:Water management
1263:
1254:
1025:metropolitan see
943:Chremonidean War
921:mercenary named
876:
869:
865:
862:
856:
833:
825:
778:
774:
771:
767:
764:
760:
757:
730:
727:
714:
702:
690:
675:
663:
651:
636:
624:
609:
597:
585:
573:
558:
544:
540:
508:Middle Neolithic
470:Neolithic period
387:
386:
377:
372:
368:
358:
356:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
332:
331:
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316:
311:
310:
307:
228:Duncan Mackenzie
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
64:
52:
38:
34:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4573:Battle of Crete
4524:Siege of Candia
4507:Venetian period
4467:Mycenean period
4453:
4444:
4414:
4409:
4364:(icon painting)
4363:
4341:
4315:
4276:Lasithi Plateau
4259:
4208:
4142:
4106:
4008:
3952:
3911:
3902:Battle of Crete
3885:
3867:
3802:
3724:
3719:
3689:
3684:
3653:
3612:
3503:Aegina Treasure
3487:
3426:
3360:
3279:
3236:
3227:Minoan eruption
3222:Minoan religion
3185:
3180:
3139:
3131:Swindale, Ian.
3122:
3119:
3114:
3082:
3059:
3030:
3028:
2988:
2911:
2763:
2693:
2679:Meiggs, Russell
2646:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2515:
2511:
2466:
2462:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2410:
2406:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2326:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2243:
2239:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2125:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1777:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1706:
1703:
1616:
1610:
1564:dolphins fresco
1546:
1544:Minoan painting
1538:Main articles:
1536:
1508:
1496:
1427:
1417:, the standard
1399:
1393:
1337:
1301:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1208:
1202:
1156:
1143:apotropaic mark
1076:
1070:
1017:
986:Creta et Cyrene
898:and another at
877:
866:
860:
857:
850:
846:primary sources
834:
823:
776:
772:
765:
758:
728:
712:
700:
688:
673:
661:
649:
634:
622:
607:
595:
583:
571:
556:
539:
525:
496:Early Neolithic
480:wattle and daub
472:
467:
456:, and numerous
427:Palace of Minos
370:
334:
313:
304:
300:
294:
293:
179:Late Bronze Age
120:
118:
114:
111:
106:
103:
101:
99:
98:
67:
55:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4664:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4563:Theriso revolt
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4531:Ottoman period
4528:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:Cretan School
4359:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Frangokastello
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Neradje Mosque
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4004:Sarakina Gorge
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3979:Kotsifos Gorge
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Agios Nikolaos
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:Theriso revolt
3894:
3889:
3884:Cretan Revolt
3881:
3876:
3871:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:Marcus Musurus
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Harvester Vase
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Minoan palaces
3214:
3209:
3207:Minoan pottery
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3117:External links
3115:
3113:
3112:
3099:
3086:
3080:
3063:
3058:978-0199873609
3057:
3036:
3008:
2999:
2992:
2987:978-0226289540
2986:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2938:
2927:
2916:
2902:
2891:
2871:
2846:
2826:10.2307/624176
2805:
2794:
2783:
2772:
2768:Monthly Review
2756:
2736:10.2307/623973
2715:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:Peter Warren:
2626:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2536:978-0199873609
2535:
2509:
2460:
2428:on 24 May 2011
2404:
2389:
2383:978-0199873609
2382:
2353:
2347:978-0199873609
2346:
2317:
2302:
2295:
2277:
2262:
2255:
2237:
2222:
2210:
2195:
2193:, p. 281.
2183:
2165:
2158:
2140:
2114:
2099:
2087:
2049:
2028:
2015:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1960:Wroth, Warwick
1951:
1939:
1927:
1912:
1895:
1880:
1865:
1861:MacDonald 2012
1850:
1841:
1834:
1816:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
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1753:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1612:Main article:
1609:
1606:
1535:
1532:
1507:
1506:Minoan columns
1504:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1426:
1423:
1397:Minoan pottery
1395:Main article:
1392:
1389:
1336:
1333:
1300:
1297:
1282:Minoan palaces
1277:
1276:Palace complex
1274:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1204:Main article:
1201:
1198:
1176:(sea empire).
1154:
1072:Main article:
1069:
1066:
1016:
1013:
935:Archidamus III
879:
878:
837:
835:
828:
822:
819:
729: 2000 BC
720:
719:
716:
708:
707:
704:
696:
695:
692:
684:
683:
680:
677:
669:
668:
665:
657:
656:
653:
645:
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641:
638:
630:
629:
626:
618:
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616:Protopalatial
614:
611:
603:
602:
599:
591:
590:
587:
579:
578:
575:
567:
566:
563:
560:
552:
551:
548:
533:Minoan pottery
524:
521:
471:
468:
466:
463:
431:Minoan palaces
290:
289:
285:
284:
282:
275:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
236:Christian Doll
213:
212:Archaeologists
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
196:
195:
186:
182:
181:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4663:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:World War II
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Cretan League
4478:
4477:
4476:Roman period
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Minoan period
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Mirabello Bay
4294:
4292:
4291:Messara Plain
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Samariá Gorge
3997:
3995:
3994:Richtis Gorge
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
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3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
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3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Ottoman Crete
3872:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Minoan period
3819:
3817:
3816:Ancient Crete
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:Cyril Lucaris
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Phaistos disc
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Vasiliki ware
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Malia Pendant
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Minoan Genius
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Lustral basin
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
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3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Chryssolakkos
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
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3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3081:9780809030354
3077:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3027:on 2011-05-24
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:Athena Review
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
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2903:
2899:
2898:
2892:
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2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2038:
2032:
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2019:
2012:
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1961:
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1943:
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351:Ancient Greek
346:
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248:
245:
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229:
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180:
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4271:Cave of Zeus
4123:Cretaquarium
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3989:Milona Gorge
3974:Imbros Gorge
3916:Major cities
3892:Cretan State
3798:Cretan Turks
3665:Arthur Evans
3649:Minoan seals
3553:Kamares ware
3468:Mount Juktas
3448:Psychro Cave
3291:Hagia Triada
3254:
3212:Minoan seals
3144:
3107:
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3069:
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3025:the original
3020:
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2417:
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2398:
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2061:
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2031:
2023:
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2006:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1942:
1930:
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1889:
1883:
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1812:Davaras 1957
1805:
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1431:
1428:
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1385:
1378:
1369:Kephala Hill
1368:
1365:
1330:
1325:bull-leaping
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1239:
1236:
1220:
1216:Arthur Evans
1209:
1194:Plato's Laws
1182:Rhadamanthus
1163:
1158:
1141:world as an
1134:
1132:
1117:
1115:
1101:construct a
1092:
1062:World War II
1058:Arthur Evans
1052:
1045:
1018:
1008:
1005:Kephala Hill
1002:
993:
990:Roman colony
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861:January 2024
858:
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781:
753:
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643:Neopalatial
565:Prepalatial
505:
493:
473:
446:Arthur Evans
439:
426:
424:
388:
299:(pronounced
296:
295:
240:Piet de Jong
220:Arthur Evans
207:1900–present
66:Map of Crete
4546:1878 revolt
4536:1841 revolt
4497:Arab period
4375:Cretan lyra
4189:Moni Toplou
4092:Polyrrhenia
4082:Monastiraki
3866:Cretan War
3543:Stirrup jar
3438:Arkalochori
3431:Sanctuaries
3397:Nea Roumata
3341:Monastiraki
3301:Palaikastro
3284:Settlements
3110:: 223, 226.
3093:) (2003) .
2820:: 277–287.
2730:: 270–372.
2675:Bury, J. B.
2068:: 339–379.
1910:, p. 9
1744:Chersiphron
1738:Aenesidemus
1620:Throne Room
1608:Throne Room
1494:Ventilation
1473:floor drain
1231:pictographs
1168:wrote that
1037:Agios Myron
951:Lyttian War
777: 1450
773: 1650
766: 1650
759: 1700
119: /
95:Coordinates
4595:Categories
4578:Resistance
4519:Cretan War
4255:Spinalonga
4213:Fortresses
4037:Eleutherna
3743:Epimenides
3478:Traostalos
3422:Yerokambos
3351:Vathypetro
3197:Minoan art
3031:2006-10-08
2589:Evans 1921
2562:JPEG image
2550:JPEG image
2191:Evans 1894
2136:1434458768
2043:2016-11-24
2039:. UNRV.com
1750:Epimenides
1675:Mycenaeans
1657:seal rings
1449:terracotta
1178:Thucydides
959:Macedonian
911:Brundisium
842:references
775: – c.
527:See also:
523:Bronze Age
408:Greek myth
393:Bronze Age
371:pronounced
258:Management
199:Site notes
104:35°17′53″N
4631:Heraklion
4395:Mantinada
4301:Mount Ida
4281:Lefka Ori
4240:Gramvousa
4147:Religious
4013:Landmarks
3938:Ierapetra
3933:Heraklion
3886:(1866–69)
3868:(1645–69)
3453:Atsipades
3402:Odigitria
3377:Apesokari
3356:Zominthos
2842:163279561
2752:163720432
2601:Gere 2009
2453:ignored (
2181:18.590-2.
2095:Gere 2009
2082:191885145
2007:Histories
1810:However,
1792:Citations
1762:Metagenes
1628:alabaster
1500:porticoes
1479:covered.
1433:Aqueducts
1381:acropolis
1166:Herodotus
1139:Mycenaean
1135:labyrinth
1103:labyrinth
1074:Labyrinth
1048:Heraklion
947:Ptolemies
923:Phalaikos
900:Heraklion
889:Labyrinth
811:Mycenaean
711:1200–1075
699:1330–1200
687:1420–1330
672:1470–1420
660:1625–1470
648:1700–1625
633:1750–1700
621:1875–1750
606:1925–1875
594:2100–1925
582:2200–2100
570:2650–2200
555:3100–2650
512:pilasters
435:Neolithic
420:Heraklion
360:romanized
250:Condition
193:Mycenaean
175:Neolithic
163:Abandoned
107:25°9′47″E
76:Heraklion
4400:Minotaur
4097:Tylissos
4087:Phaistos
4027:Archanes
3969:Ha Gorge
3943:Rethymno
3793:Sfakians
3768:El Greco
3748:Nearchus
3658:See also
3629:Linear B
3624:Linear A
3558:Kouloura
3483:Vrysinas
3473:Petsofas
3387:Kamilari
3346:Vasiliki
3316:Troullos
3260:Phaistos
2861:: 1–94.
2681:(1975).
2138:, p. 122
2130:, 2009,
2011:IV 53–55
2003:Polybius
1981:, 6,3,6.
1962:(1886).
1775:See also
1686:divinity
1671:heraldic
1653:griffins
1579:hematite
1534:Frescoes
1528:capitals
1445:Kairatos
1441:Archanes
1374:Kairatos
1335:Location
1227:Linear B
1223:Linear A
1190:gymnasia
1151:Linear B
1107:Minotaur
1099:Daedalus
963:Philip V
957:and the
939:Egyptian
931:Spartans
737:Phaestos
718:LM IIIC
706:LM IIIB
694:LM IIIA
547:Timespan
458:Linear B
416:minotaur
414:and the
389:Ko-no-so
380:Linear B
185:Cultures
82:, Greece
72:Location
4601:Knossos
4447:History
4390:Kri-kri
4380:Cuisine
4350:Culture
4327:Elounda
4264:Natural
4245:Kazarma
4111:Museums
4067:Kydonia
4062:Knossos
4047:Gournia
4032:Armenoi
4020:Ancient
3808:History
3617:Writing
3443:Kamares
3412:Phylaki
3407:Phourni
3392:Koumasa
3331:Amnisos
3321:Trypiti
3311:Gournia
3306:Kydonia
3275:Galatas
3255:Knossos
3248:Palaces
3091:Forward
3004:Knossos
2504:4005358
2482:Bibcode
2432:25 July
2037:"Crete"
1786:Trapeza
1598:animals
1520:entasis
1516:cypress
1512:columns
1468:latrine
1464:megaron
1453:Mycenae
1437:springs
1391:Storage
1124:Theseus
1111:Ariadne
1068:Legends
1029:Gortyna
1021:diocese
978:Rhodian
919:Phocian
896:Amnisos
640:MM III
589:EM III
550:Period
494:In the
465:History
412:Theseus
391:) is a
366:Knōssós
362::
355:Κνωσσός
297:Knossos
274:Website
171:Periods
155:Founded
150:History
42:Κνωσσός
36:Knossos
4332:Sfakia
4286:Matala
4250:Koules
4225:Firkas
4220:Aptera
4102:Zakros
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4042:Gortyn
3957:Gorges
3948:Siteia
3928:Chania
3730:People
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3190:Topics
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1979:Strabo
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1781:Magasa
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1636:gypsum
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1575:murals
1573:panel
1571:fresco
1407:pithoi
1299:Layout
1147:Aegean
1128:Aegeus
1119:labrys
1084:labrys
1041:Gortyn
992:named
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927:Lyttus
907:Strabo
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3738:Minos
3722:Crete
3458:Karfi
3365:Tombs
3265:Malia
3241:Sites
2912:(PDF)
2838:S2CID
2830:JSTOR
2764:(PDF)
2748:S2CID
2740:JSTOR
2500:S2CID
2178:Iliad
2173:Homer
2078:S2CID
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321:ɒ
318:n
315:ˈ
312:)
309:ə
306:k
30:.
23:.
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