Kola Peninsula - Knowledge

2402: 2839: 2401: 2146: 2523: 1743: 1549: 2475:, with more than half of their reindeer herds collectivized in 1928–1930. In addition, the traditional Sami herding practices were phased out in favor of the more economically profitable Komi approach, which emphasized permanent settlements over free herding. Since the Sami culture is strongly tied to the herding practices, this resulted in the Sami people gradually losing their language and traditional herding knowledge. Most Sami were forced to settle in the village of 65: 3788:

technical assistance on the site of an existing fishing village . At Murmansk, in 1916 alone over 600 ships landed more than one million tonnes of coal and over one and a half million tonnes of war supplies at Murmansk harbour but in the process lost 36 ships to U-boat attack. Nearly five million tonnes of war supplies were delivered to Russia by the Arctic convoys in the First World War, one million tonnes more than in 1939–45.

2741: 50: 544: 4721: 1895: 2273: 636: 221: 4693:Мурманская областная Дума. Закон от 26 ноября 1997 г. «Устав Мурманской области», в ред. Закона №1448-01-ЗМО от 27 декабря 2011 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 58 Устава Мурманской области». Вступил в силу на двенадцатый день со дня официального опубликования в газете "Мурманский Вестник". Опубликован: "Мурманский Вестник", №235, стр. 6–7, 6 декабря 1997 г. 1913: 2133:, which now is a part of Norway. The Sami population was forced to pay tribute. The Norwegians were also attempting to take control of these lands, resulting in armed conflicts. In 1251, a conflict between the Karelians, Novgorodians and the servants of the king of Norway led to the establishment of a Novgorodian mission in Norway. Also in 1251, the first treaty with Norway was signed in 1541: 1758: 2366:, who became convinced of the region's economic potential. Consequently, in 1896 telephone and a telegraph communications were extended to Kola, improving links with the mainland. The possibility of building a railway was also considered, but no action was taken at the time. Also in 1896, Alexandrovsk (now 2177:

signed with Norway in 1326, which ended the decades of the Norwegian-Novgorodian border skirmishes in Finnmark. Per the terms of this treaty, Norway relinquished all claims to the Kola Peninsula. The treaty did not address the situation with the Sami people paying tribute to both Norway and Novgorod,

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The treaty led to a short period of peace, but the armed conflicts resumed soon thereafter. Chronicles document attacks by the Novgorodians and the Karelians on Finnmark and northern Norway as early as 1271, and continuing well into the 14th century. The official border between the Novgorod lands and

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Murmansk was little more than a frontier town in 1918. The port had been founded at the request of the British government in September 1915 to receive Allied arms and supplies to support Russia's war against the Central Powers on the Eastern Front. The town was constructed with British financial and

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Despite the economic activity, permanent settlement of the peninsula did not intensify until the 1860s, and even then it remained sporadic until 1917. The population of Kola in 1880, for example, was only around 500 inhabitants living in 80 households, compared to 1,900 inhabitants in

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The average temperature in January is about −10 °C (14 °F), with lower temperatures typical in the central parts of the peninsula. The average temperature in July is about +11 °C (52 °F). Record lows reach −50 °C (−58 °F) in the central parts and −35 to −40 °C (−31

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The fishing industry, although still operating significantly below the Soviet level of production, remains profitable, supplying 20% of Russia's fish in 2006 and with the volume steadily growing in 2007–2010. Murmansk is a key base for three fishing fleets, including Russia's largest, the Murmansk

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By 1913 about 13,000–15,000 people lived in the peninsula, mostly along the shores. However, the discovery of the vast natural resource deposits and industrialization efforts led to an explosive population growth during the Soviet times. By 1970, the population of the peninsula was around 799,000.

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who were migrating to the peninsula to escape a reindeer-disease epidemic in their homelands and brought their large deer herds with them, resulting in increased competition for the grazing lands, a conflict between the Komi and the Sami, and in marginalization of the local Sami population. By the

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emissions in the area have dropped by almost 60%, from 88.3 thousand tonnes to 37.3 thousand tonnes in 2016, according to Norilsk Nickel. Based on its new ‘Sulphur programme 2.0', Norilsk Nickel has set itself staged targets in cutting down sulphur dioxide emissions, which can have negative health

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All in all, the Soviet period saw a significant increase in population (from 15,000 in 1913 to 1,150,000 in 1989), although most of the population remained concentrated in the urban localities along the railroads and the sea coast. Most of the sparsely populated territories outside the urbanized

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The Sami were not the only people subject to repressions. Thousands of people were sent to Kola in the 1930s–1950s, and in 2007 over two thousand people—descendants of those forcibly sent there—still live on the peninsula. A significant portion of the people deported to Kola were peasants from

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After the economic slump of the 1990s, the economy of the oblast started to rebound during the first decade of the 2000s, although at a rate below the country's average. Today the Kola Peninsula is the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia. The major port of the

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Fishing, being the traditional industry of the region, was always considered important although the volumes of production remained insignificant until the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1920s–1930s, the Murmansk Trawl Fleet was created and the fishing infrastructure started to develop

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levels on the peninsula are rather high: 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in the mountains, 600–700 millimeters (24–28 in) on the Murman Coast, and 500–600 millimeters (20–24 in) in other areas. The wettest months are August through October, while March and April are the driest.

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fishing developed on the Murman Coast in the north. The 1560s saw a rapid growth of international trade, with the Russian merchants from different regions of the country arriving to the peninsula to trade with the merchants from Western Europe. In 1585 the trade was moved to

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and environmental effects. The ultimate aim is a 95% reduction (compared to 2015) in SO2 by 2030 for its Polar Division on the Taimyr peninsula, which includes its Nadezhda smelter and Copper plant, partly through a SO2 capture solution. Other polluters of note include the

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Under a more restrictive definition, the peninsula covers an area of about 100,000 square kilometers (39,000 sq mi). The northern coast is steep and high, while the southern coast is flat. The western part of the peninsula is covered by two mountain ranges: the

370:) leads to unusually high temperatures in winter, but also results in high winds due to the temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea. Summers are rather chilly, with the average July temperature of only 11 °C (52 °F). The peninsula is covered by 2643:. Commercial deer herding became more popular, although its share in the economy remained negligible until the 19th century. By the end of the 17th century, the practice of seasonal fishing and hunting settlements in the north of the peninsula became very common. 317:

While humans had already settled in the north of the peninsula in the 7th–5th millennium BCE, the rest of its territory remained uninhabited until the 3rd millennium BCE, when various peoples started to arrive from the south. By the 1st millennium CE only the

3554: 359:, the economy went into decline. Its population fell from 1,150,000 in 1989 to 795,000 in 2010. The peninsula recovered somewhat in the early 21st century, and is considered the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia. 3994:Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек 1822:, and military nuclear waste. About 137 active and 140 decommissioned or idle naval nuclear reactors, produced by the Soviet military, remain on the peninsula. For thirty years, nuclear waste had been dumped into the sea by the 3969:[All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. 346:

and other centralized settlements, and overall the peninsula became heavily industrialized and militarized, largely due to its strategic position (as the pre-eminent Soviet ice-free Atlantic coast) and to the discovery of the vast

2389:. In March 1915, the construction of the railroad was rushed, and the railroad was quickly opened in 1916, even though it was only partially completed and poorly built. In 1916, Romanov-na-Murmane (Romanov on the Murman: modern 2661:

deposits were found in the lower reaches of the Ponoy River. Despite the efforts ongoing for the next two centuries, there was no commercial success. At the end of the 18th century, the local population learned the practice of

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and the practice continued until 1602. While the 1326 treaty did not define the border in detail, it confirmed the 1323 border demarcation, which remained more or less unchanged for the next six hundred years, until 1920.

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regarding the Sami lands and the system of tribute collections, making the Sami people pay tribute to both Novgorod and Norway. By the terms of the treaty, Novgorodians could collect tribute from the Sami as far as the

2428:(VTsIK) issued two Resolutions: "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast", according to which Murmansk Governorate was transformed into 3549: 2479:, which became the cultural center of the Sami people in Russia. Those Sami resisting the collectivization were subject to forced labor or death. Various forms of repression against the Sami continued until 337:

period (1917–1991) saw a rapid population increase, although most of the new arrivals remained confined to urbanized territories along the sea coast and the railroads. The Sami people were subject to forced

2719:, the peninsula served as the naval basing area for a large portion of the Soviet naval and air strategic forces, providing protection from and posing a threat to northern Norway. Also the ELF-transmitter 2765:, the peninsula nevertheless still has the highest concentration of nuclear weapons, reactors, and facilities in Russia, with the number of nuclear reactors alone exceeding any other region of the world. 1789:. Most rivers originate from lakes and swamps and collect their waters from melting snow. The rivers become icebound during the winter, although the areas with strong rapids freeze later or not at all. 2142:

fjord in the west, while Norwegians could collect tribute on the territory of the whole Kola Peninsula except in the eastern part of Tersky Coast. No state borders were established by the 1251 treaty.

3966:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров 2244:, which resulted in the strengthening of the Russian position. By the end of the 19th century, the indigenous Sami population had been mostly forced north by the Russians as well as by newly arriving 678:

to −40 °F) on the coasts. Record highs exceed +30 °C (86 °F) almost on all the territory of the peninsula. First frosts occur as early as August and may last through May and even June.

4386:Главное управление геодезии и картографии при Совете Министров СССР. Научно-исследовательский географо-экономический институт Ленинградского государственного университета имени А. А. Жданова (1971). 651:

leads to unusually high temperatures in winter for the region, resulting in significant temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea and in fluctuating temperatures during high winds.

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Until the 1800s, the Kola Peninsula was extremely sparsely populated, with only 5,200 inhabitants in 1858. In 1868 the Russian government created incentives for settlement and not only

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limits the growth of trees, resulting in landscape dominated by shrubs and grasses. The peninsula supports a small variety of mammals, and its rivers are an important habitat for the

2887:, automotive transport, electrified public transport, and access to the railways mostly passing through the rest of Murmansk Oblast. The city of Murmansk is an important port on the 2385:

via the Baltic and Black Sea was cut. Britain helped in the development of the ice-free harbors of the Murman Coast as the only practical means of sending Allied war supplies to the

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sat in Kola, which became the administrative center of the region. Prior to that, the administrative duties were performed by the tax collectors from Kandalaksha. Newly established

2252:), who migrated here to escape a reindeer disease epidemic in their home lands in the southeast of the White Sea. The original administrative and economic center of the area was 2350:

300 households living there in 1582. Transportation facilities were virtually non-existent and communication with the rest of Russia was irregular. 1887 saw an influx of

2704:. The consolidations were rationalized by the necessity to isolate the herders from the military installations, as well as by the need to flood some territories to construct 1834:, with contaminants being found in the flesh of reindeer and other animals, and from the 1972 and 1984 controlled nuclear explosions 21 kilometers (13 mi) northwest of 3212: 3390: 1726:

to spawn in fresh water. As a result of this, a recreational fishery has been developed, with a number of remote lodges and camps available to host sport-fishermen. The

4569:Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 28 мая 1938 г. «Об образовании Мурманской области». Опубликован: "Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР", №7, 1938. 1818:

The Kola Peninsula as a whole suffered major ecological damage, mostly as a result of pollution from the military (particularly naval) production, industrial mining of

3492: 3561:. Report to the International Scientific Conference "Archeology of the Arctic". YANAO Scientific Research Center of the Arctic. November 19–23, 2017. Salekhard. 4264: 2677:

were discovered in the Khibiny Mountains, and the first apatite batch was shipped only a few years later, in 1929. In 1930, sulfide deposits were discovered in the

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During the 17th century, the salt extraction activities gradually went into decline as the locally produced salt was uncompetitive with cheap salt produced in the

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in 1471, but the Russian migration did not stop. Several new settlements were established during the 16th century, and the Sami and Pomor people were forced into

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By the 13th century, a need to formalize the border between the Novgorod Republic and the Scandinavian countries became evident. The Novgorodians, along with the

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winds are common in most areas, with south and southwesterly winds prevailing in winter months and with somewhat more pronounced easterly winds in summer. Strong

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hunting, and the extraction of salt from the sea water. The salt extraction in Kandalaksha and Kola was mostly carried out by the monasteries in Pechenga and

330:, and the peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands. The Novgorodians, however, established no permanent settlements until the 15th century. 3166: 2098:), which is later also mentioned in other documents dated as late as 1471. In addition to Tre, Novgorodian documents of the 13th–15th centuries also mention 96: 3237: 3267: 4444: 2190: 1623: 3412: 4127: 2828: 2649:, recognizing the political and economical importance of the peninsula, promoted its industries and commerce. The region fell into neglect after 1804:. There are no lakes with an area smaller than 0.01 square kilometers (0.0039 sq mi). Recreational fishery is developed in the region. 4401: 2249: 4177: 2670:

and started using peat for heating. Timber cutting industry developed in the region at the end of the 19th century; mostly in Kovda and Umba.

3927: 2445: 468: 4147: 2682: 2371: 2288: 2491:. Prisoner labor was often used when building new factories and for manning those which were operational: in 1940, for example, the whole 2381:(1914-1918), the still poorly-developed peninsula suddenly found itself in a strategic position, as communication between Russia and the 493: 2359:

end of the 19th century, the Sami population had mostly been forced north, with ethnic Russians settling in the south of the peninsula.

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took the city of Novgorod. All Novgorod territories, including those on the Kola Peninsula, became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

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GIS Analysis of Surface Water Chemistry Susceptibility and Response to Industrial Air Pollution in the Kola Peninsula, Northern Russia

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had been settled, creating a territory where the population was mostly Novgorodian. Administratively, this territory was divided into

4032: 3988: 2343: 2189:, the first documented permanent settlements of the Novgorodians, date back to 1466. Over time, all coastal areas to the west of the 326:

discovered the peninsula's rich resources of game and fish. Soon after, the Pomors were followed by the tribute collectors from the

1734:, is organized in thirteen clusters located in the Kandalaksha Gulf of the Kola Peninsula and along the coasts of the Barents Sea. 4098: 3209: 2820: 2483:'s death in 1953. In the 1990s, 40% of the Sami lived in urbanized areas, although some herd reindeer across much of the region. 2425: 472: 3462: 2875:

With the economy of the oblast being mostly export-oriented, transportation plays an important role and accounts for 11% of the

4748: 2864:, generating the other half. The energy surplus, accounting for about 20% of the total generated energy, is transferred to the 4352: 4293: 4217: 3382: 2732:. Norwegian concerns about Russian troops in the Kola peninsula persisted into the 1990s, after the fall of the Iron Curtain. 2338:

covered most of the territory of the peninsula (with the exception of Varzuzhskaya and Umbskaya Volosts, which were a part of

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winds blow for 80–120 days a year. The waters of the Murman Coast remain warm enough to remain ice-free even in winter.

4676: 4634: 4601: 4552: 4469: 4319: 3973:(in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via 3484: 2393:) was founded as the terminal point of the new railroad; the town quickly grew to become the largest one on the peninsula. 4525: 471:, the height of which is 1,191 meters (3,907 ft), had been formerly considered the highest point of the Khibiny. The 4376: 4261: 3871: 3845: 3304: 2673:

The Soviet era saw drastic industrialization and militarization of the peninsula. In 1925–1926, significant deposits of

2264:. In 1916, Romanov-na-Murmane (now Murmansk) was founded and quickly became the largest city and port on the peninsula. 3132: 3006: 2558:. The population of the whole Murmansk Oblast went down from 1,150,000 in 1989 to 890,000 in 2002 to 795,000 in 2010. 4670: 4628: 4595: 4546: 4496: 4463: 3773: 3033: 2305:

greatly expanded during the 17th century, but were abolished in 1764, when all of the Kola Peninsula peasants became

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Churchill's Secret War With Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20

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and does not freeze in winter. Although the strategic importance of the Kola Peninsula has diminished since the

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cede the peninsula. Russia declined, and in order to organize adequate defenses established the position of a

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limit the growth of the trees, resulting in a landscape dominated by grasses, wildflowers, and shrubs such as

4743: 4022: 2413: 2370:) was founded, and grew in size so rapidly that it was granted town status in 1899; Kolsky Uyezd was renamed 2295:

was first mentioned in 1565. In the end of the 15th century, the Pomors and the Sami people were forced into

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Mining is the basis of the oblast's economy, and mining enterprises remain the principal employers in such

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By the end of the 12th century, the Pomors explored all of the northern coast of the peninsula and reached

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layer of the soil, the surface of Kola Peninsula is extremely rich in various ores and minerals, including

2130: 3034:Физико-географическая статистика России (Physical and geographical statistics of Russia) - Yudychvumchorr 2781: 2386: 1765:

The Kola Peninsula has many small but fast-moving rivers with rapids. The most important of them are the

533: 2690: 1905: 1727: 517: 387: 4124: 3356:«Стратегия социально-экономического развития Мурманской области до 2020 года и на период до 2025 года» 1630:, which became endangered by 1880, were re-introduced in 1934–1957. All in all, thirty-two species of 3551:

Paleoanthropology and paleogenetics: MAE RAS collections research finding and further study potential

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is the location of an important Bronze Age archaeological site where ancient DNA has been recovered.

1956:, the peninsula was settled by the peoples who arrived there from the south (the territory of modern 1827: 352: 343: 3843:

A Monument to the Victims of Political Repressions Is Planned to Open in Murmansk by October 30

4526:Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). 4169: 2849: 2842: 2777: 2712:

intensively. By 1940, fishing accounted for 40% of the oblast's and for 80% of Murmansk's economy.

2457: 2186: 1835: 525: 4377:Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации. Федеральное агенство геодезии и картографии (2007). 3912: 2838: 2657:

in native form were discovered on Medvezhy Island in the Kandalaksha Gulf and copper, silver, and

2908: 2896: 2895:, which handles international flights to Scandinavian countries, and the joint military-civilian 2313: 2283:

Russian migration to the peninsula continued into the 16th century, when new settlements such as

399: 256: 4143: 2809: 2236:. In the second half of the 16th century, the peninsula became a subject of dispute between the 1698:

Twenty-nine species of fresh water fish are recognized on the territory of peninsula, including

314:, the most populous settlement on the peninsula, has a population of roughly 270,000 residents. 2876: 2441: 2181:

In the 15th century, Novgorodians started to establish permanent settlements on the peninsula.

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Impacts of Point Polluters on Terrestrial Biota: Comparative Analysis of 18 Contaminated Areas

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Socioeconomic Development Strategy of Murmansk Oblast Until 2020 and for the Period Until 2025

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to support a naval guard in that area. The name given by the Pomors to the northern coast was

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was founded in 1703 and most of the shipping trade shifted there. In 1732, large deposits of

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in the east and southeast. Geologically, the peninsula occupies the northeastern edge of the

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The collectivization efforts in the 1930s led to the concentration of the reindeer herds in

2159: 2084:, and the Kola Peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands. A 1265 treaty of 2617: 2421: 1961: 1649: 267: 36: 8: 4290: 4214: 2608:

During the 15th–16th centuries, the main occupations of the Tersky Coast population were

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2021 Census of Russian Federation. Kola Peninsula was the site of the detonation of the

4438: 4395: 4095: 2918: 2888: 2720: 2632:, although the settlement of Kola was still permitted to trade locally produced goods. 2472: 2412:

Soviet power was established on the territory of the peninsula on November 9 [

2317: 2277: 2241: 2222: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1831: 620: 600: 339: 4528:Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920–1993 гг.). Справочник 2114:. Kolo Volost lay to the west of that line, while Tre was situated to the east of it. 415:

The peninsula is located in the far northwest of Russia, almost completely inside the

4666: 4624: 4591: 4542: 4492: 4459: 3913:"Ethnogeographic metamorphosis of East Karelia during the 20th century CSABA HORVÁTH" 3769: 3454: 2321: 2237: 2233: 2081: 1937: 1920: 1839: 1751: 1573: 682: 640: 596: 483: 456: 327: 4753: 4349: 3992: 3842: 2913: 2892: 2857: 2835:

Trawl Fleet. Fish breeding, especially of salmon and trout, is a growing industry.

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in 1935–1936, are now common throughout the peninsula and are commercially hunted.

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Report of the Nordic sub-Group on Research Priorities for ASCOBANS, Charlottenlund

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Border tensions between Norway and the Soviets were dramatized in the premiere of

451:, although some sources push it all the way west to Russia's border with Finland. 4704:. Effective as of the day twelve days after the official publication in the 4660: 4618: 4585: 4536: 4514: 4486: 4453: 4428: 4356: 4323: 4316: 4268: 4248: 4131: 4102: 3875: 3763: 3558: 3362: 3308: 3216: 3010: 2758: 2728: 2646: 2609: 2546:

moved to the peninsula. By the 1897 census 9,291 people were counted in the Kola

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are typical during the cold seasons, while the warm seasons are characterized by

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regions. Extensive poaching also led to the significantly reduced outputs from

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Biogeochemical Investigations at the Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales

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October 26], 1917, but the territory was occupied by the forces of

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riches. The Pomors organized regular hunting and fishing visits and started

431:. The western border of the peninsula stretches along the meridian from the 2624: 2574: 2363: 2335: 2292: 2253: 2182: 2025: 1793: 1747: 1731: 1680: 1637: 479: 440: 391: 334: 2808:-mining operations on the peninsula. Other large mining companies include 2681:; in 1932–1933 iron ore deposits were found near the upper streams of the 2145: 1548: 3838: 2789: 2678: 2629: 2578: 2570: 2522: 2516: 2468: 2378: 2284: 2167: 2099: 2008: 1980: 1969: 1901: 1850: 1766: 1703: 1684: 1569: 656: 648: 604: 521: 420: 367: 319: 303: 225: 136: 4020: 4530:. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север". 2943: 2667: 2636: 2566: 2539: 2362:

In 1894, the peninsula was visited by the Russian Minister of Finance,

2351: 2257: 2245: 2089: 2057: 1665: 1599: 1565: 444: 436: 379: 4534: 2856:, which produces about half of all energy, and a network of seventeen 2816: 2620:, and for a long time remained the only "industry" on the peninsula. 2582: 2543: 2118: 2020: 2000: 1924: 1719: 1692: 1688: 1669: 1603: 616: 612: 572: 512:, as well as the territories subordinated to the cities and towns of 487: 424: 307: 275: 141: 64: 4696:(Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law of November 26, 1997 2272: 486:

stretch from southeast to northwest, mirroring the peninsula's main

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by the Soviet government in June 1921. On August 1, 1927, the

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in March 1918–March 1920. Alexandrovsky Uyezd was transformed into

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Another treaty dealing the matters of the northern borders was the

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are common. The taiga in the southern areas is composed mostly of

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Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System

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Despite the peninsula's northerly location, its proximity to the

351:

deposits in the 1920s. As a result, the peninsula suffered major

348: 283: 49: 3987: 2585:(~1,400). The indigenous Sami people are mostly concentrated in 543: 4720: 2812: 2801: 2797: 2654: 2155: 2053: 2016: 1996: 1916: 1898: 1894: 1866: 1862: 1631: 1627: 1585: 1577: 1561: 694: 580: 576: 375: 323: 291: 287: 279: 207: 84: 4662:

Other Animals: Beyond the Human in Russian Culture and History

2221:

in 1471, and the republic itself ceased to exist in 1478 when

1940:

in the north of the Kola Peninsula was already settled in the

635: 220: 4702:

On Amending Article 58 of the Charter of Murmansk Oblast

2879:. On the Kola Peninsula, the transportation network includes 2785: 2547: 2535: 2437: 2436:. This arrangement existed until May 28, 1938, when the 2162:

on August 12, 1323. The treaty primarily focused on the

1699: 1644:

being common around the peninsula. Other dolphins, including

1611: 1607: 1557: 664: 371: 4027:[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. 2456:

areas were used for deer herding. In 1920–1940, the town of

1912: 1594:

herds visit the grasslands in summer. Other animals include

2792:. The Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company, a division of 2663: 2658: 2496: 2228:

The Novgorod Republic lost control of the peninsula to the

2012: 1984: 1757: 1615: 1581: 1564:

in the north. In the tundra, cold and windy conditions and

1540: 588: 4429:Жиров Д. В., Пожиленко В. И., Белкина О. А. и др. (2006). 2561:

As of the 2010 Census, the population consisted mostly of

2342:), as well as the northern part of Karelia all the way to 2121:

who came from the south, reached the coast of what now is

2102:, which bordered Tre approximately along the line between 1634:

and up to two hundred bird species inhabit the peninsula.

2432:(which was divided into six districts) and included into 478:

lies in the central part. The mountainous reliefs of the

463:; the former contains the highest point of the peninsula— 322:

remained. This changed in the 12th century, when Russian

2899:

located 15 kilometers (9 mi) southeast of Apatity.

1838:. Additionally, several nuclear weapons test ranges and 1830:. There is also evidence of contamination from the 1986 3818: