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L-moment

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than conventional moments, and existence of higher L-moments only requires that the random variable have finite mean. One disadvantage of L-moment ratios for estimation is their typically smaller sensitivity. For instance, the Laplace distribution has a kurtosis of 6 and weak exponential tails, but a
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of this data set is taken it will be highly influenced by this one point: however, if the L-scale is taken it will be far less sensitive to this data value. Consequently, L-moments are far more meaningful when dealing with outliers in data than conventional moments. However, there are also other
549: 264: 967:{\displaystyle \lambda _{4}={\frac {\ 1\ }{4}}{\Bigl (}\ \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{4:4}\ \}-3\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{3:4}\ \}+3\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{2:4}\ \}-\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{1:4}\ \}\ {\Bigr )}~.} 3716:
are generalizations of L-moments that give zero weight to extreme observations. They are therefore more robust to the presence of outliers, and unlike L-moments they may be well-defined for distributions for which the mean does not exist, such as the
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L-moments are statistical quantities that are derived from probability weighted moments (PWM) which were defined earlier (1979). PWM are used to efficiently estimate the parameters of distributions expressable in inverse form such as the
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Some appearances of L-moments in the statistical literature include the book by David & Nagaraja (2003, Section 9.9) and a number of papers. A number of favourable comparisons of L-moments with ordinary moments have been reported.
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Another advantage L-moments have over conventional moments is that their existence only requires the random variable to have finite mean, so the L-moments exist even if the higher conventional moments do not exist (for example, for
1179: 1518: 73:. Just as for conventional moments, a theoretical distribution has a set of population L-moments. Sample L-moments can be defined for a sample from the population, and can be used as estimators of the population L-moments. 1167: 2426: 2539: 727:{\displaystyle \lambda _{3}={\frac {\ 1\ }{3}}{\Bigl (}\ \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{3:3}\ \}-2\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{2:3}\ \}+\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{1:3}\ \}\ {\Bigr )}} 393: 95: 2991:
with constant L-moment ratios. More complex expressions have been derived for some further distributions for which the L-moment ratios vary with one or more of the distributional parameters, including the
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Landwehr, J.M.; Matalas, N.C.; Wallis, J.R. (1979). "Probability weighted moments compared with some traditional techniques in estimating Gumbel parameters and quantiles".
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Delicado, P.; Goria, M. N. (2008). "A small sample comparison of maximum likelihood, moments and L-moments methods for the asymmetric exponential power distribution".
536:{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}={\frac {\ 1\ }{2}}{\Bigl (}\ \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{2:2}\ \}-\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{1:2}\ \}\ {\Bigr )}} 2951:
better suited methods to achieve an even higher robustness than just replacing moments by L-moments. One example of this is using L-moments as summary statistics in
2701: 1379:{\displaystyle \lambda _{r}={\frac {1}{\ r\cdot {\tbinom {n}{r}}\ }}\ \sum _{x_{1}<\cdots <x_{j}<\cdots <x_{r}}\ (-1)^{r-j}{\binom {r-1}{j}}\ x_{j}~.} 3948: 1411: 3879: 4439: 1094: 2384: 5995: 4412: 4034: 2458: 6500: 344: 4561: 4432: 3685:
The notation for the parameters of each distribution is the same as that used in the linked article. In the expression for the mean of the
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The table below gives expressions for the first two L moments and numerical values of the first two L-moment ratios of some common
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larger 4th L-moment ratio than e.g. the student-t distribution with d.f.=3, which has an infinite kurtosis and much heavier tails.
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Alkasasbeh, M. R.; Raqab, M. Z. (2009). "Estimation of the generalized logistic distribution parameters: comparative study".
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Hosking, J.R.M. (1990). "L-moments: analysis and estimation of distributions using linear combinations of order statistics".
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which is called the "coefficient of L-variation", or "L-CV". For a non-negative random variable, this lies in the interval
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lightweight Python includes functions for fast calculation of L-moments, trimmed L-moments, and multivariate L-comoments.
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Jones, M. C. (2009). "Kumaraswamy's distribution: A beta-type distribution with some tractability advantages".
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Hosking, J.R.M. (1992). "Moments or L moments? An example comparing two measures of distributional shape".
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There are two common ways that L-moments are used, in both cases analogously to the conventional moments:
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In addition to doing these with standard moments, the latter (estimation) is more commonly done using
2350:{\displaystyle \ell _{4}={\frac {1}{\ 4\cdot {\tbinom {n}{4}}\ }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ {\Bigl }\ x_{(i)}\ } 2001:{\displaystyle \ell _{3}={\frac {1}{\ 3\cdot {\tbinom {n}{3}}\ }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ {\Bigl }\ x_{(i)}\ } 1722:{\displaystyle \ell _{2}={\frac {1}{\ 2\cdot {\tbinom {n}{2}}\ }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ {\Bigl }\ x_{(i)}\ } 1041: 1006: 306: 6339: 6107: 5828: 5753: 5682: 5611: 5531: 5519: 5389: 5377: 5370: 5078: 4799: 4467: 2946:
As an example consider a dataset with a few data points and one outlying data value. If the ordinary
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methods; however using L-moments provides a number of advantages. Specifically, L-moments are more
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Distributional analysis with L-moment statistics using the R environment for statistical computing
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Serfling, R.; Xiao, P. (2007). "A contribution to multivariate L-moments: L-comoment matrices".
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Ulrych, T. J.; Velis, D. R.; Woodbury, A. D.; Sacchi, M. D. (2000). "L-moments and C-moments".
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Jones, M. C. (2004). "On some expressions for variance, covariance, skewness and L-moments".
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Tighter bounds can be found for some specific L-moment ratios; in particular, the L-kurtosis
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The sample L-moments can be computed as the population L-moments of the sample, summing over
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Hosking, J.R.M. (2006). "On the characterization of distributions by their L-moments".
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Grouping these by order statistic counts the number of ways an element of an
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Royston, P. (1992). "Which measures of skewness and kurtosis are best?".
3730: 3261: 2534:{\displaystyle \tau _{r}=\lambda _{r}/\lambda _{2},\qquad r=3,4,\dots ~.} 42: 5663: 5143: 4843: 4774: 4724: 4699: 4619: 4507: 3900: 3813: 3778: 2963:), they are less affected by extreme values than conventional moments. 388:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X\ \}} 22: 4366:
Elamir, Elsayed A. H.; Seheult, Allan H. (2003). "Trimmed L-moments".
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Greenwood, J.A.; Landwehr, J.M.; Matalas, N.C.; Wallis, J.R. (1979).
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Valbuena, R.; Maltamo, M.; Mehtätalo, L.; Packalen, P. (2017).
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are a sequence of statistics used to summarize the shape of a
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Statistical sequence characterizing probability distributions
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Wang, Q.J. (1996). "Direct sample estimators of L-moments".
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Regional Frequency Analysis: An Approach Based on L-moments
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The first two of these L-moments have conventional names:
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Jones, M.C. (2002). "Student's simplest distribution".
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Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
2863:{\displaystyle \ \tau =\lambda _{2}/\lambda _{1}\ ,} 5963: 3880:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D 3857:, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, , 3767:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 2930:to the L-moments rather than conventional moments. 2862: 2798: 2660: 2612: 2572: 2533: 2420: 2349: 2000: 1721: 1512: 1378: 1161: 1063: 1028: 966: 726: 535: 387: 323: 258: 2320: 2100: 1971: 1821: 1692: 1612: 1351: 1330: 953: 919: 879: 836: 793: 777: 719: 685: 645: 602: 586: 528: 494: 454: 438: 369: 200: 179: 6916: 6049:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) 4212: 3669: 3658: 3587: 3565: 3488: 3331: 3253: 3181: 2813:, but based on L-moments, can also be defined: 4413:National Institute of Standards and Technology 4035:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3415: 4604: 4440: 4411:reference manual, vol. 1, auxiliary chapter. 4242:Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 4185: 4123: 4089: 3829:Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 2408: 2395: 2308: 2287: 2273: 2252: 2241: 2220: 2203: 2182: 2171: 2150: 2133: 2112: 2061: 2048: 1959: 1938: 1924: 1903: 1892: 1871: 1854: 1833: 1782: 1769: 1680: 1659: 1645: 1624: 1573: 1560: 1454: 1441: 1228: 1215: 4368:Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 4188:Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 4148: 945: 920: 905: 880: 862: 837: 819: 794: 711: 686: 671: 646: 628: 603: 520: 495: 480: 455: 382: 370: 247: 216: 2922:To derive estimators for the parameters of 4649: 4611: 4597: 4447: 4433: 3942: 3940: 3872: 3870: 5262: 4162: 4096:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. 4054: 4052: 3994: 3992: 3912: 3910: 1036:is the "mean", "L-mean", or "L-location", 918: 913: 878: 873: 835: 830: 792: 787: 684: 679: 644: 639: 601: 596: 493: 488: 453: 448: 368: 363: 314: 208: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 2627:L-moment ratios lie within the interval 4293: 3937: 3867: 3826: 3791: 3764: 76: 6917: 6575:Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit) 4124:David, H. A.; Nagaraja, H. N. (2003). 4049: 3989: 3907: 6648: 6215: 5962: 5261: 5031: 4648: 4592: 4428: 4266: 4239: 3876: 3820: 3785: 3743: 2885: 2452:, or scaled L-moments, is defined by 65:). Standardised L-moments are called 6885: 6585:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model 3916: 2989:continuous probability distributions 2983:Values for some common distributions 6897: 6180:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova) 5032: 1169:hence averaging by dividing by the 1082: 997:(finite analog to the derivative). 981:th L-moment are the same as in the 13: 6275:Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics 4901:Pearson product-moment correlation 2443: 2436:, which leads to a more efficient 2399: 2291: 2256: 2224: 2186: 2154: 2116: 2052: 1942: 1907: 1875: 1837: 1773: 1663: 1628: 1564: 1445: 1334: 1219: 977:Note that the coefficients of the 183: 14: 6941: 4390: 4090:Hosking, JRM; Wallis, JR (2005). 1075:The L-scale is equal to half the 6896: 6884: 6872: 6859: 6858: 6649: 4494: 4480:cumulative distribution function 4151:Journal of Multivariate Analysis 2403: 2400: 1393: element sample can be the 1064:{\displaystyle \ \lambda _{2}\ } 1029:{\displaystyle \ \lambda _{1}\ } 324:{\displaystyle \ \mathbb {E} \ } 6534:Least-squares spectral analysis 4567:probability-generating function 4359: 4324: 4287: 4260: 4233: 4206: 4179: 4142: 4117: 4083: 2503: 1091:-element subsets of the sample 5515:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance 4618: 4019: 3847: 2613:{\displaystyle \ \tau _{4}\ ,} 2573:{\displaystyle \ \tau _{3}\ ,} 2339: 2333: 1990: 1984: 1711: 1705: 1502: 1496: 1312: 1302: 167: 157: 1: 6828:Geographic information system 6044:Simultaneous equations models 4380:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00250-5 4065:Remote Sensing of Environment 3736: 3708: 2661:{\displaystyle \ \tau _{4}\ } 2544:The most useful of these are 6011:Coefficient of determination 5622:Uniformly most powerful test 4474:probability density function 4415:, 2006. Accessed 2010-05-25. 4281:10.1016/j.stamet.2008.04.001 4227:10.1016/j.stamet.2008.10.001 2809:A quantity analogous to the 2434:probability weighted moments 45:) analogous to conventional 7: 6580:Proportional hazards models 6524:Spectral density estimation 6506:Vector autoregression (VAR) 5940:Maximum posterior estimator 5172:Randomized controlled trial 3724: 3668: 3657: 3586: 3564: 3487: 3484: 3414: 3411: 3330: 3327: 3252: 3249: 3180: 3177: 3146: 3141: 10: 6946: 6340:Multivariate distributions 4760:Average absolute deviation 4556:moment-generating function 4254:10.1016/j.jspi.2003.09.001 4200:10.1016/j.csda.2007.05.021 4173:10.1016/j.jmva.2007.01.008 3841:10.1016/j.jspi.2004.06.004 89:th population L-moment is 6854: 6808: 6745: 6698: 6661: 6657: 6644: 6616: 6598: 6565: 6556: 6514: 6461: 6422: 6371: 6362: 6328:Structural equation model 6283: 6240: 6236: 6211: 6170: 6136: 6090: 6057: 6019: 5986: 5982: 5958: 5898: 5807: 5726: 5690: 5681: 5664:Score/Lagrange multiplier 5649: 5602: 5547: 5473: 5464: 5274: 5270: 5257: 5216: 5190: 5142: 5097: 5079:Sample size determination 5044: 5040: 5027: 4931: 4886: 4860: 4842: 4798: 4750: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4644: 4626: 4551: 4503: 4492: 4468:probability mass function 4463: 4457:probability distributions 4077:10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.024 3794:The American Statistician 3699:Euler–Mascheroni constant 3006:generalized extreme value 2924:probability distributions 299:from the distribution of 288:th smallest value) in an 6823:Environmental statistics 6345:Elliptical distributions 6138:Generalized linear model 6067:Simple linear regression 5837:Hodges–Lehmann estimator 5294:Probability distribution 5203:Stochastic approximation 4765:Coefficient of variation 4001:Water Resources Research 3956:Water Resources Research 3919:Water Resources Research 2969:Student's t distribution 2906: 2878:and is identical to the 2811:coefficient of variation 1405: observations are: 1077:Mean absolute difference 31:probability distribution 6483:Cross-correlation (XCF) 6091:Non-standard predictors 5525:Lehmann–ScheffĂŠ theorem 5198:Adaptive clinical trial 4562:characteristic function 4399:Jonathan R.M. Hosking, 4269:Statistical Methodology 4215:Statistical Methodology 4128:(3rd ed.). Wiley. 4013:10.1029/WR015i005p01055 3968:10.1029/WR015i005p01049 3893:10.1111/1467-9884.00297 2961:higher-order statistics 2440:for their computation. 6879:Mathematics portal 6700:Engineering statistics 6608:Nelson–Aalen estimator 6185:Analysis of covariance 6072:Ordinary least squares 5996:Pearson product-moment 5400:Statistical functional 5311:Empirical distribution 5144:Controlled experiments 4873:Frequency distribution 4651:Descriptive statistics 4310:10.1002/sim.4780110306 4297:Statistics in Medicine 2864: 2800: 2662: 2614: 2574: 2535: 2422: 2351: 2094: 2002: 1815: 1723: 1606: 1514: 1487: 1380: 1163: 1065: 1030: 968: 728: 537: 389: 325: 260: 156: 81:For a random variable 6795:Population statistics 6737:System identification 6471:Autocorrelation (ACF) 6399:Exponential smoothing 6313:Discriminant analysis 6308:Canonical correlation 6172:Partition of variance 6034:Regression validation 5878:(Jonckheere–Terpstra) 5777:Likelihood-ratio test 5466:Frequentist inference 5378:Location–scale family 5299:Sampling distribution 5264:Statistical inference 5231:Cross-sectional study 5218:Observational studies 5177:Randomized experiment 5006:Stem-and-leaf display 4808:Central limit theorem 4345:10.1007/s004770050004 3853:Asquith, W.H. (2011) 2865: 2801: 2663: 2615: 2575: 2536: 2423: 2352: 2074: 2003: 1795: 1724: 1586: 1515: 1467: 1381: 1164: 1066: 1031: 969: 729: 538: 390: 326: 261: 130: 69:and are analogous to 6925:Moment (mathematics) 6718:Probabilistic design 6303:Principal components 6146:Exponential families 6098:Nonlinear regression 6077:General linear model 6039:Mixed effects models 6029:Errors and residuals 6006:Confounding variable 5908:Bayesian probability 5886:Van der Waerden test 5876:Ordered alternative 5641:Multiple comparisons 5520:Rao–Blackwellization 5483:Estimating equations 5439:Statistical distance 5157:Factorial experiment 4690:Arithmetic-Geometric 3702:0.5772 1566 4901 ... 3010:generalized logistic 2957:resistant statistics 2953:extreme value theory 2817: 2702: 2639: 2588: 2548: 2459: 2430:binomial coefficient 2385: 2013: 1734: 1525: 1412: 1180: 1171:binomial coefficient 1095: 1042: 1007: 741: 550: 402: 345: 307: 96: 77:Population L-moments 71:standardized moments 6790:Official statistics 6713:Methods engineering 6394:Seasonal adjustment 6162:Poisson regressions 6082:Bayesian regression 6021:Regression analysis 6001:Partial correlation 5973:Regression analysis 5572:Prediction interval 5567:Likelihood interval 5557:Confidence interval 5549:Interval estimation 5510:Unbiased estimators 5328:Model specification 5208:Up-and-down designs 4896:Partial correlation 4852:Index of dispersion 4770:Interquartile range 3719:Cauchy distribution 3687:Gumbel distribution 2756: 35:linear combinations 6930:Summary statistics 6810:Spatial statistics 6690:Medical statistics 6590:First hitting time 6544:Whittle likelihood 6195:Degrees of freedom 6190:Multivariate ANOVA 6123:Heteroscedasticity 5935:Bayesian estimator 5900:Bayesian inference 5749:Kolmogorov–Smirnov 5634:Randomization test 5604:Testing hypotheses 5577:Tolerance interval 5488:Maximum likelihood 5383:Exponential family 5316:Density estimation 5276:Statistical theory 5236:Natural experiment 5182:Scientific control 5099:Survey methodology 4785:Standard deviation 4528:standard deviation 4397:The L-moments page 3664:(3) - 3 = 0.1699 3002:generalized Pareto 2973:degrees of freedom 2948:standard deviation 2936:maximum likelihood 2917:summary statistics 2886:Related quantities 2860: 2796: 2742: 2726: 2658: 2610: 2570: 2531: 2418: 2413: 2347: 2313: 2278: 2246: 2208: 2176: 2138: 2066: 1998: 1964: 1929: 1897: 1859: 1787: 1719: 1685: 1650: 1578: 1510: 1459: 1376: 1298: 1233: 1159: 1061: 1026: 987:binomial transform 964: 724: 533: 385: 321: 256: 51:standard deviation 6912: 6911: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6785:National accounts 6755:Actuarial science 6747:Social statistics 6640: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6567:Survival function 6552: 6551: 6414:Granger causality 6255:Contingency table 6230:Survival analysis 6207: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6059:Linear regression 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5925:Credible interval 5894: 5893: 5677: 5676: 5493:Method of moments 5362:Parametric family 5323:Statistical model 5253: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5167:Random assignment 5089:Statistical power 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 4868:Contingency table 4838: 4837: 4705:Generalized/power 4586: 4585: 4486:quantile function 4135:978-0-471-38926-2 4033:(documentation). 4029:. NIST Dataplot. 3931:10.1029/96WR02675 3925:(12): 3617–3619. 3714:Trimmed L-moments 3681: 3680: 2928:method of moments 2856: 2822: 2792: 2765: 2741: 2735: 2725: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2657: 2644: 2606: 2593: 2566: 2553: 2527: 2417: 2406: 2390: 2346: 2327: 2317: 2306: 2271: 2239: 2201: 2169: 2131: 2107: 2097: 2072: 2070: 2059: 2037: 1997: 1978: 1968: 1957: 1922: 1890: 1852: 1828: 1818: 1793: 1791: 1780: 1758: 1718: 1699: 1689: 1678: 1643: 1619: 1609: 1584: 1582: 1571: 1549: 1509: 1490: 1465: 1463: 1452: 1436: 1397:th element of an 1372: 1359: 1349: 1301: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1226: 1204: 1071:is the "L-scale". 1060: 1047: 1025: 1012: 995:finite difference 989:, as used in the 960: 950: 944: 925: 904: 885: 861: 842: 818: 799: 784: 773: 768: 762: 716: 710: 691: 670: 651: 627: 608: 593: 582: 577: 571: 525: 519: 500: 479: 460: 445: 434: 429: 423: 381: 375: 320: 312: 252: 246: 221: 198: 128: 123: 117: 6937: 6900: 6899: 6888: 6887: 6877: 6876: 6862: 6861: 6765:Crime statistics 6659: 6658: 6646: 6645: 6563: 6562: 6529:Fourier analysis 6516:Frequency domain 6496: 6443: 6409:Structural break 6369: 6368: 6318:Cluster analysis 6265:Log-linear model 6238: 6237: 6213: 6212: 6154: 6128:Homoscedasticity 5984: 5983: 5960: 5959: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5862:(Kruskal–Wallis) 5847: 5832: 5787:Cross validation 5772: 5754:Anderson–Darling 5701: 5688: 5687: 5659:Likelihood-ratio 5651:Parametric tests 5629:Permutation test 5612:1- & 2-tails 5503:Minimum distance 5475:Point estimation 5471: 5470: 5422:Optimal decision 5373: 5272: 5271: 5259: 5258: 5241:Quasi-experiment 5191:Adaptive designs 5042: 5041: 5029: 5028: 4906:Rank correlation 4668: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4646: 4645: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4498: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4384: 4383: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4194:(3): 1661–1673. 4183: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4157:(9): 1765–1781. 4146: 4140: 4139: 4126:Order Statistics 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4037:. 6 January 2006 4027:"L moments" 4023: 4017: 4016: 4007:(5): 1055–1064. 3996: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3978:. Archived from 3962:(5): 1049–1054. 3953: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3874: 3865: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3762: 3705: 3703: 3692: 3677: 3676: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3654: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3519: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3456: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3392: 3378: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3083: 3079: 3067: 3056: 3045: 3034: 3017: 3016: 2880:Gini coefficient 2877: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2820: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2782: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2634: 2632: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2591: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2551: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2525: 2499: 2498: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2471: 2470: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2398: 2388: 2376: 2372: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2302: 2290: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2267: 2255: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2223: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2197: 2185: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2153: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2127: 2115: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2051: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1953: 1941: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1918: 1906: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1874: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1848: 1836: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1772: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1662: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1639: 1627: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1563: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1444: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1345: 1333: 1326: 1325: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1277: 1276: 1258: 1257: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1218: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1131: 1130: 1112: 1111: 1083:Sample L-moments 1070: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1010: 992: 984: 980: 973: 971: 970: 965: 958: 957: 956: 948: 942: 941: 940: 923: 917: 916: 902: 901: 900: 883: 877: 876: 859: 858: 857: 840: 834: 833: 816: 815: 814: 797: 791: 790: 782: 781: 780: 774: 769: 766: 760: 758: 753: 752: 733: 731: 730: 725: 723: 722: 714: 708: 707: 706: 689: 683: 682: 668: 667: 666: 649: 643: 642: 625: 624: 623: 606: 600: 599: 591: 590: 589: 583: 578: 575: 569: 567: 562: 561: 542: 540: 539: 534: 532: 531: 523: 517: 516: 515: 498: 492: 491: 477: 476: 475: 458: 452: 451: 443: 442: 441: 435: 430: 427: 421: 419: 414: 413: 394: 392: 391: 386: 379: 373: 367: 366: 357: 356: 330: 328: 327: 322: 318: 317: 310: 302: 298: 287: 279: 275: 265: 263: 262: 257: 250: 244: 243: 242: 219: 212: 211: 205: 204: 203: 194: 182: 175: 174: 155: 144: 129: 124: 121: 115: 113: 108: 107: 88: 84: 39:order statistics 6945: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6871: 6842: 6804: 6741: 6727:quality control 6694: 6676:Clinical trials 6653: 6628: 6612: 6600:Hazard function 6594: 6548: 6510: 6494: 6457: 6453:Breusch–Godfrey 6441: 6418: 6358: 6333:Factor analysis 6279: 6260:Graphical model 6232: 6199: 6166: 6152: 6132: 6086: 6053: 6015: 5978: 5977: 5946: 5890: 5877: 5869: 5861: 5845: 5830: 5809:Rank statistics 5803: 5782:Model selection 5770: 5728:Goodness of fit 5722: 5699: 5673: 5645: 5598: 5543: 5532:Median unbiased 5460: 5371: 5304:Order statistic 5266: 5245: 5212: 5186: 5138: 5093: 5036: 5034:Data collection 5015: 4927: 4882: 4856: 4834: 4794: 4746: 4663:Continuous data 4653: 4640: 4622: 4617: 4587: 4582: 4547: 4499: 4490: 4459: 4453: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4364: 4360: 4329: 4325: 4292: 4288: 4265: 4261: 4238: 4234: 4211: 4207: 4184: 4180: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4057: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4020: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3915: 3908: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3825: 3821: 3806:10.2307/2685210 3790: 3786: 3763: 3744: 3739: 3727: 3711: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3147: 3142: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3012:distributions. 2985: 2926:, applying the 2909: 2903:distributions. 2888: 2873: 2871: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2778: 2774: 2751: 2746: 2732: 2728: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2450:L-moment ratios 2446: 2444:L-moment ratios 2407: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2379:order statistic 2374: 2371: 2361: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2307: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2202: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2132: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2089: 2078: 2060: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2034: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1958: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1891: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1853: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1810: 1799: 1781: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1679: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1644: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1590: 1572: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1471: 1453: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1315: 1311: 1291: 1287: 1272: 1268: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1227: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1201: 1196: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1145: 1141: 1126: 1122: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1004: 990: 985:th term of the 982: 978: 952: 951: 930: 926: 912: 911: 890: 886: 872: 871: 847: 843: 829: 828: 804: 800: 786: 785: 776: 775: 759: 757: 748: 744: 742: 739: 738: 718: 717: 696: 692: 678: 677: 656: 652: 638: 637: 613: 609: 595: 594: 585: 584: 568: 566: 557: 553: 551: 548: 547: 527: 526: 505: 501: 487: 486: 465: 461: 447: 446: 437: 436: 420: 418: 409: 405: 403: 400: 399: 362: 361: 352: 348: 346: 343: 342: 313: 308: 305: 304: 300: 296: 285: 282:order statistic 277: 274: 270: 226: 222: 207: 206: 199: 184: 178: 177: 176: 170: 166: 145: 134: 114: 112: 103: 99: 97: 94: 93: 86: 82: 79: 67:L-moment ratios 17: 12: 11: 5: 6943: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6868: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6673: 6671:Bioinformatics 6667: 6665: 6655: 6654: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6476:partial (PACF) 6467: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6423:Specific tests 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6323:Classification 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6270:McNemar's test 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6234: 6233: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108:Semiparametric 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5849: 5846:(Mann–Whitney) 5841: 5840: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5779: 5774: 5771:(Shapiro–Wilk) 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5703: 5691: 5685: 5683:Specific tests 5679: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5268: 5267: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5134:Standard error 5131: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5064:Optimal design 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5038: 5037: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4861:Summary tables 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4695:Contraharmonic 4692: 4687: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4655: 4654: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4593: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513:central moment 4510: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4403: 4392: 4391:External links 4389: 4386: 4385: 4374:(3): 299–314. 4358: 4323: 4304:(3): 333–343. 4286: 4259: 4232: 4221:(3): 262–279. 4205: 4178: 4164:10.1.1.62.4288 4141: 4134: 4116: 4103:978-0521019408 4102: 4082: 4048: 4018: 3988: 3985:on 2020-02-10. 3936: 3906: 3866: 3846: 3819: 3800:(3): 186–189. 3784: 3773:(1): 105–124. 3741: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3710: 3707: 3693: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3675:(3) = 0.1504 3672: 3667: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3585: 3563: 3541: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3486: 3483: 3460: 3457: 3449: 3436: 3435: 3413: 3410: 3382: 3379: 3371: 3358: 3357: 3329: 3326: 3304: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3251: 3248: 3224: 3219: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3112: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3021: 2984: 2981: 2932: 2931: 2920: 2908: 2905: 2887: 2884: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2807: 2806: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2652: 2648: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2542: 2541: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2445: 2442: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2365: 2358: 2357: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2102: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2008: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1823: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1729: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1694: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1614: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1443: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1387: 1386: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1084: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1055: 1051: 1037: 1020: 1016: 975: 974: 963: 955: 947: 939: 936: 933: 929: 922: 915: 910: 907: 899: 896: 893: 889: 882: 875: 870: 867: 864: 856: 853: 850: 846: 839: 832: 827: 824: 821: 813: 810: 807: 803: 796: 789: 779: 772: 765: 756: 751: 747: 735: 734: 721: 713: 705: 702: 699: 695: 688: 681: 676: 673: 665: 662: 659: 655: 648: 641: 636: 633: 630: 622: 619: 616: 612: 605: 598: 588: 581: 574: 565: 560: 556: 544: 543: 530: 522: 514: 511: 508: 504: 497: 490: 485: 482: 474: 471: 468: 464: 457: 450: 440: 433: 426: 417: 412: 408: 396: 395: 384: 378: 372: 365: 360: 355: 351: 333:expected value 316: 272: 267: 266: 255: 249: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 225: 218: 215: 210: 202: 197: 193: 190: 187: 181: 173: 169: 165: 162: 159: 154: 151: 148: 143: 140: 137: 133: 127: 120: 111: 106: 102: 78: 75: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6942: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6905: 6904: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6833:Geostatistics 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6800:Psychometrics 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6663:Biostatistics 6660: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6625: 6624:Log-rank test 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6495:(Box–Jenkins) 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Durbin–Watson 6446: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:Dickey–Fuller 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6404:Cointegration 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379:Decomposition 6377: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Cohen's kappa 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:Nonparametric 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852:Nonparametric 5850: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5822:Sample median 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5427:loss function 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Questionnaire 5127: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4956:Control chart 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4248:(1): 97–106. 4247: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3871: 3864: 3863:1-463-50841-7 3860: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3688: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3557: 3542: 3535: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3480: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3391: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3324: 3305: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3280:- 9 = 0.1226 3269: 3268: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3020:Distribution 3019: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2883: 2881: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2812: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2650: 2646: 2625: 2623: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2583: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2380: 2369: 2364: 2336: 2329: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2280: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2213: 2210: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2143: 2140: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2056: 2053: 2041: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2009: 1987: 1980: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1931: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1864: 1861: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1777: 1774: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1708: 1701: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1652: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1568: 1565: 1553: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1499: 1492: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1449: 1446: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1308: 1305: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1223: 1220: 1208: 1205: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1090: 1080: 1078: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1018: 1014: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 996: 988: 961: 937: 934: 931: 927: 908: 897: 894: 891: 887: 868: 865: 854: 851: 848: 844: 825: 822: 811: 808: 805: 801: 770: 763: 754: 749: 745: 737: 736: 703: 700: 697: 693: 674: 663: 660: 657: 653: 634: 631: 620: 617: 614: 610: 579: 572: 563: 558: 554: 546: 545: 512: 509: 506: 502: 483: 472: 469: 466: 462: 431: 424: 415: 410: 406: 398: 397: 376: 358: 353: 349: 341: 340: 339: 337: 334: 294: 291: 283: 253: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 223: 213: 195: 191: 188: 185: 171: 163: 160: 152: 149: 146: 141: 138: 135: 131: 125: 118: 109: 104: 100: 92: 91: 90: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 6901: 6889: 6870: 6863: 6775:Econometrics 6725: / 6708:Chemometrics 6685:Epidemiology 6678: / 6651:Applications 6493:ARIMA model 6440:Q-statistic 6389:Stationarity 6285:Multivariate 6228: / 6224: / 6222:Multivariate 6220: / 6160: / 6156: / 5930:Bayes factor 5829:Signed rank 5741: 5715: 5707: 5695: 5390:Completeness 5226:Cohort study 5124:Opinion poll 5059:Missing data 5046:Study design 5001:Scatter plot 4923:Scatter plot 4916:Spearman's ρ 4878:Grouped data 4822: 4542: 4401:IBM Research 4371: 4367: 4361: 4339:(1): 50–68. 4336: 4332: 4326: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4275:(1): 70–81. 4272: 4268: 4262: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4125: 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4092: 4085: 4068: 4064: 4039:. Retrieved 4031:itl.nist.gov 4030: 4021: 4004: 4000: 3980:the original 3959: 3955: 3922: 3918: 3887:(1): 41–49. 3884: 3878: 3854: 3849: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3770: 3766: 3713: 3712: 3684: 3646: 3629: 3555: 3533: 3478: 3452: 3441: 3389: 3374: 3363: 3322: 3260: 3215: 3135: 3131: 3107: 3103: 3061: 3059:L-kurtosis, 3050: 3048:L-skewness, 3039: 3028: 2986: 2977: 2965: 2945: 2933: 2910: 2897:Tukey lambda 2889: 2808: 2626: 2621: 2581: 2543: 2449: 2447: 2367: 2362: 2359: 1388: 1088: 1086: 1074: 999: 976: 276:denotes the 268: 80: 66: 43:L-statistics 26: 20: 18: 6903:WikiProject 6818:Cartography 6780:Jurimetrics 6732:Reliability 6463:Time domain 6442:(Ljung–Box) 6364:Time-series 6242:Categorical 6226:Time-series 6218:Categorical 6153:(Bernoulli) 5988:Correlation 5968:Correlation 5764:Jarque–Bera 5736:Chi-squared 5498:M-estimator 5451:Asymptotics 5395:Sufficiency 5162:Interaction 5074:Replication 5054:Effect size 5011:Violin plot 4991:Radar chart 4971:Forest plot 4961:Correlogram 4911:Kendall's τ 4071:: 437–446. 3835:: 193–198. 3731:L-estimator 3671:16 - 10 log 3513:Exponential 3023:Parameters 2580:called the 290:independent 33:. They are 6919:Categories 6770:Demography 6488:ARMA model 6293:Regression 5870:(Friedman) 5831:(Wilcoxon) 5769:Normality 5759:Lilliefors 5706:Student's 5582:Resampling 5456:Robustness 5444:divergence 5434:Efficiency 5372:(monotone) 5367:Likelihood 5284:Population 5117:Stratified 5069:Population 4888:Dependence 4844:Count data 4775:Percentile 4752:Dispersion 4685:Arithmetic 4620:Statistics 4508:raw moment 4455:Theory of 4406:L Moments. 4109:22 January 4041:19 January 3737:References 3709:Extensions 3440:Student's 3362:Student's 2994:log-normal 2899:, and the 2622:L-kurtosis 2582:L-skewness 23:statistics 6151:Logistic 5918:posterior 5844:Rank sum 5592:Jackknife 5587:Bootstrap 5405:Bootstrap 5340:Parameter 5289:Statistic 5084:Statistic 4996:Run chart 4981:Pie chart 4976:Histogram 4966:Fan chart 4941:Bar chart 4823:L-moments 4710:Geometric 4578:combinant 4353:120542594 4159:CiteSeerX 3976:121955257 3604:= 0.1667 3582:= 0.3333 3505:= 0.2168 3481:= 0.7363 3408:= 1.111 3354:= 0.2357 3198:= 0.1667 3037:L-scale, 2971:with low 2919:for data. 2874:( 0, 1 ) 2846:λ 2831:λ 2824:τ 2776:τ 2772:≤ 2758:− 2744:τ 2647:τ 2631:( −1, 1 ) 2596:τ 2556:τ 2523:… 2492:λ 2477:λ 2464:τ 2448:A set of 2438:algorithm 2404:⋅ 2401:⋅ 2297:− 2281:− 2262:− 2230:− 2192:− 2160:− 2141:− 2122:− 2076:∑ 2042:⋅ 2018:ℓ 1948:− 1913:− 1881:− 1862:− 1843:− 1797:∑ 1763:⋅ 1739:ℓ 1669:− 1653:− 1634:− 1588:∑ 1554:⋅ 1530:ℓ 1469:∑ 1417:ℓ 1340:− 1320:− 1306:− 1282:⋯ 1263:⋯ 1246:∑ 1209:⋅ 1185:λ 1136:⋯ 1117:⋯ 1050:λ 1015:λ 909:− 823:− 746:λ 632:− 555:λ 484:− 407:λ 350:λ 231:− 214:⁡ 189:− 161:− 150:− 132:∑ 101:λ 27:L-moments 6865:Category 6558:Survival 6435:Johansen 6158:Binomial 6113:Isotonic 5700:(normal) 5345:location 5152:Blocking 5107:Sampling 4986:Q–Q plot 4951:Box plot 4933:Graphics 4828:Skewness 4818:Kurtosis 4790:Variance 4720:Heronian 4715:Harmonic 4573:cumulant 4543:L-moment 4538:kurtosis 4533:skewness 4523:variance 4409:Dataplot 3725:See also 3432:= 0.375 3397: 2 3155:Logistic 2674:⁠− 2668:lies in 336:operator 331:denotes 295:of size 59:kurtosis 55:skewness 6891:Commons 6838:Kriging 6723:Process 6680:studies 6539:Wavelet 6372:General 5539:Plug-in 5333:L space 5112:Cluster 4813:Moments 4631:Outline 4318:1609174 3901:3650389 3814:2685210 3779:2345653 3696:is the 3602:⁠ 3590:⁠ 3580:⁠ 3568:⁠ 3560:⁠ 3545:⁠ 3538:⁠ 3524:⁠ 3503:⁠ 3491:⁠ 3476:⁠ 3464:⁠ 3430:⁠ 3418:⁠ 3406:⁠ 3399:√ 3386:⁠ 3352:⁠ 3345:√ 3334:⁠ 3320:⁠ 3308:⁠ 3288:Laplace 3278:⁠ 3257:⁠ 3245:⁠ 3238:√ 3228:⁠ 3196:⁠ 3184:⁠ 3128:⁠ 3116:⁠ 3100:⁠ 3088:⁠ 3073:Uniform 2876:  2872:  2689:⁠ 2670:  2629:  2373:is the 993:-order 47:moments 6760:Census 6350:Normal 6298:Manova 6118:Robust 5868:2-way 5860:1-way 5698:-test 5369:  4946:Biplot 4737:Median 4730:Lehmer 4672:Center 4351:  4316:  4161:  4132:  4100:  3974:  3899:  3861:  3812:  3777:  3612:Gumbel 3206:Normal 3026:mean, 3008:, and 2940:robust 2901:Wakeby 2895:, the 2893:Gumbel 2855:  2821:  2791:  2764:  2740:  2734:  2719:  2713:  2706:  2691:, 1 ) 2656:  2643:  2605:  2592:  2584:, and 2565:  2552:  2526:  2416:  2389:  2360:where 2345:  2326:  2316:  2106:  2096:  2069:  2036:  1996:  1977:  1967:  1827:  1817:  1790:  1757:  1717:  1698:  1688:  1618:  1608:  1581:  1548:  1508:  1489:  1462:  1435:  1371:  1358:  1300:  1242:  1236:  1203:  1059:  1046:  1024:  1011:  959:  949:  943:  924:  903:  884:  860:  841:  817:  798:  783:  767:  761:  715:  709:  690:  669:  650:  626:  607:  592:  576:  570:  524:  518:  499:  478:  459:  444:  428:  422:  380:  374:  319:  311:  293:sample 269:where 251:  245:  220:  122:  116:  85:, the 6384:Trend 5913:prior 5855:anova 5744:-test 5718:-test 5710:-test 5617:Power 5562:Pivot 5355:shape 5350:scale 4800:Shape 4780:Range 4725:Heinz 4700:Cubic 4636:Index 4569:(pgf) 4558:(mgf) 4482:(cdf) 4476:(pdf) 4470:(pmf) 4349:S2CID 3983:(PDF) 3972:S2CID 3952:(PDF) 3897:JSTOR 3810:JSTOR 3775:JSTOR 3660:2 log 2998:Gamma 2907:Usage 2428:is a 6617:Test 5817:Sign 5669:Wald 4742:Mode 4680:Mean 4518:mean 4314:PMID 4130:ISBN 4111:2013 4098:ISBN 4043:2013 3859:ISBN 3653:(3) 3494:111 3455:= 4 3447:d.f. 3445:, 4 3377:= 2 3369:d.f. 3367:, 2 2785:< 2695:and 2620:the 2381:and 1285:< 1279:< 1266:< 1260:< 1139:< 1133:< 1120:< 1114:< 303:and 63:mean 57:and 5797:BIC 5792:AIC 4419:Lmo 4376:doi 4341:doi 4306:doi 4277:doi 4250:doi 4246:126 4223:doi 4196:doi 4169:doi 4073:doi 4069:194 4009:doi 3964:doi 3927:doi 3889:doi 3837:doi 3833:136 3802:doi 3649:log 3500:512 3467:15 3255:30 2915:As 2377:th 280:th 273:k:n 37:of 21:In 6921:: 4372:43 4370:. 4347:. 4337:14 4335:. 4312:. 4302:11 4300:. 4271:. 4244:. 4217:. 4192:52 4190:. 4167:. 4155:98 4153:. 4067:. 4063:. 4051:^ 4005:15 4003:. 3991:^ 3970:. 3960:15 3958:. 3954:. 3939:^ 3923:32 3921:. 3909:^ 3895:. 3885:51 3883:. 3869:^ 3831:. 3808:. 3798:46 3796:. 3771:52 3769:. 3745:^ 3721:. 3689:, 3628:+ 3619:, 3593:1 3571:1 3554:2 3485:0 3473:64 3427:8 3421:3 3412:0 3343:3 3328:0 3317:4 3311:3 3295:, 3275:π 3250:0 3213:, 3187:1 3178:0 3162:, 3148:0 3143:0 3138:) 3134:– 3119:1 3110:) 3106:+ 3091:1 3080:, 3004:, 3000:, 2996:, 2882:. 2680:1 2672:[ 2624:. 1173:: 1079:. 53:, 25:, 5742:G 5716:F 5708:t 5696:Z 5415:V 5410:U 4612:e 4605:t 4598:v 4448:e 4441:t 4434:v 4382:. 4378:: 4355:. 4343:: 4320:. 4308:: 4283:. 4279:: 4273:6 4256:. 4252:: 4229:. 4225:: 4219:6 4202:. 4198:: 4175:. 4171:: 4138:. 4113:. 4079:. 4075:: 4045:. 4015:. 4011:: 3966:: 3933:. 3929:: 3903:. 3891:: 3843:. 3839:: 3816:. 3804:: 3781:. 3704:. 3694:e 3691:Îł 3673:2 3662:2 3651:2 3647:β 3639:β 3635:e 3632:Îł 3626:Îź 3621:β 3617:Îź 3599:6 3596:/ 3577:3 3574:/ 3556:Îť 3551:/ 3548:1 3534:Îť 3530:/ 3527:1 3518:Îť 3497:/ 3479:π 3470:/ 3459:0 3453:ν 3442:t 3424:/ 3401:2 3394:/ 3390:π 3381:0 3375:ν 3364:t 3347:2 3340:/ 3337:1 3323:b 3314:/ 3302:Îź 3297:b 3293:Îź 3272:/ 3266:m 3263:θ 3240:π 3234:/ 3231:σ 3222:Îź 3216:σ 3211:Îź 3193:6 3190:/ 3174:s 3169:Îź 3164:s 3160:Îź 3136:a 3132:b 3130:( 3125:6 3122:/ 3108:b 3104:a 3102:( 3097:2 3094:/ 3082:b 3078:a 3065:4 3062:τ 3054:3 3051:τ 3043:2 3040:Îť 3032:1 3029:Îť 2858:, 2850:1 2841:/ 2835:2 2827:= 2794:. 2788:1 2780:4 2768:) 2761:1 2753:2 2748:3 2737:5 2730:( 2723:4 2716:1 2693:, 2686:4 2683:/ 2676:+ 2651:4 2633:. 2608:, 2600:4 2568:, 2560:3 2529:. 2520:, 2517:4 2514:, 2511:3 2508:= 2505:r 2501:, 2496:2 2487:/ 2481:r 2473:= 2468:r 2409:) 2396:( 2375:i 2370:) 2368:i 2366:( 2363:x 2340:) 2337:i 2334:( 2330:x 2321:] 2309:) 2304:3 2300:i 2294:n 2288:( 2274:) 2269:2 2265:i 2259:n 2253:( 2242:) 2237:1 2233:1 2227:i 2221:( 2214:3 2211:+ 2204:) 2199:1 2195:i 2189:n 2183:( 2172:) 2167:2 2163:1 2157:i 2151:( 2144:3 2134:) 2129:3 2125:1 2119:i 2113:( 2101:[ 2091:n 2086:1 2083:= 2080:i 2062:) 2057:4 2054:n 2049:( 2039:4 2032:1 2027:= 2022:4 1991:) 1988:i 1985:( 1981:x 1972:] 1960:) 1955:2 1951:i 1945:n 1939:( 1932:+ 1925:) 1920:1 1916:i 1910:n 1904:( 1893:) 1888:1 1884:1 1878:i 1872:( 1865:2 1855:) 1850:2 1846:1 1840:i 1834:( 1822:[ 1812:n 1807:1 1804:= 1801:i 1783:) 1778:3 1775:n 1770:( 1760:3 1753:1 1748:= 1743:3 1712:) 1709:i 1706:( 1702:x 1693:] 1681:) 1676:1 1672:i 1666:n 1660:( 1646:) 1641:1 1637:1 1631:i 1625:( 1613:[ 1603:n 1598:1 1595:= 1592:i 1574:) 1569:2 1566:n 1561:( 1551:2 1544:1 1539:= 1534:2 1503:) 1500:i 1497:( 1493:x 1484:n 1479:1 1476:= 1473:i 1455:) 1450:1 1447:n 1442:( 1431:1 1426:= 1421:1 1403:n 1399:r 1395:j 1391:n 1374:. 1366:j 1362:x 1352:) 1347:j 1343:1 1337:r 1331:( 1323:j 1317:r 1313:) 1309:1 1303:( 1293:r 1289:x 1274:j 1270:x 1255:1 1251:x 1229:) 1224:r 1221:n 1216:( 1206:r 1199:1 1194:= 1189:r 1157:, 1153:} 1147:r 1143:x 1128:j 1124:x 1109:1 1105:x 1100:{ 1089:r 1054:2 1019:1 991:r 983:r 979:r 962:. 954:) 946:} 938:4 935:: 932:1 928:X 921:{ 914:E 906:} 898:4 895:: 892:2 888:X 881:{ 874:E 869:3 866:+ 863:} 855:4 852:: 849:3 845:X 838:{ 831:E 826:3 820:} 812:4 809:: 806:4 802:X 795:{ 788:E 778:( 771:4 764:1 755:= 750:4 720:) 712:} 704:3 701:: 698:1 694:X 687:{ 680:E 675:+ 672:} 664:3 661:: 658:2 654:X 647:{ 640:E 635:2 629:} 621:3 618:: 615:3 611:X 604:{ 597:E 587:( 580:3 573:1 564:= 559:3 529:) 521:} 513:2 510:: 507:1 503:X 496:{ 489:E 481:} 473:2 470:: 467:2 463:X 456:{ 449:E 439:( 432:2 425:1 416:= 411:2 383:} 377:X 371:{ 364:E 359:= 354:1 315:E 301:X 297:n 286:k 284:( 278:k 271:X 254:, 248:} 240:r 237:: 234:k 228:r 224:X 217:{ 209:E 201:) 196:k 192:1 186:r 180:( 172:k 168:) 164:1 158:( 153:1 147:r 142:0 139:= 136:k 126:r 119:1 110:= 105:r 87:r 83:X 41:(

Index

statistics
probability distribution
linear combinations
order statistics
L-statistics
moments
standard deviation
skewness
kurtosis
mean
standardized moments
order statistic
independent
sample
expected value
operator
binomial transform
finite difference
Mean absolute difference
binomial coefficient
order statistic
binomial coefficient
probability weighted moments
algorithm
coefficient of variation
Gini coefficient
Gumbel
Tukey lambda
Wakeby
summary statistics

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