1100:
1141:, with the largest number of subgroups within its family of languages. The Philippines' National Commission on Culture and the Arts has been able to develop a tentative classification of Manobo subgroups, but notes that "the various subgroupings are not sufficiently defined" as of the time the classification was developed. The classification divides the Manobo into several major groups: (1) The Ata subgroup: Dugbatang, Talaingod, and Tagauanum; (2) The Bagobo subgroup: Attaw (Jangan, Klata, Obo, Giangan, Guiangan), Eto (Ata), Kailawan (Kaylawan), Langilan, Manuvu/Obo, Matigsalug, (Matigsaug, Matig Salug), Tagaluro, and Tigdapaya; (3) The Higaonon subgroup: Agusan, Lanao, and Misamis; (4) North Cotabato: Ilianen, Livunganen, and Pulenyan; (5) South Cotabato: Cotabato (with subgroup Tasaday and Blit), Sarangani, Tagabawa; (6) Western Bukidnon: Kiriyeteka, Ilentungen, and Pulangiyen; (7) Agusan del Sur; (8) Banwaon; and (9) Bukidnon and others.
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emphasize to the public, "We are here, and we are not going back until our land is free from troops and corporations, so that we can take back our ancestral land." Relocating to urban centers allowed Lumad leaders to broadcast their plight to local and international audiences. Shortly after, Lumad people themselves realized they needed to have an umbrella organization through which advocates from around the world could work together, leading to the creation of the Liyang
Network. The organization Liyang Network works alongside Lumad communities to amplify the voices of their environmental defenders and highlight Lumad social issues. Liyang Network organizes forums, webinars, and educational discussions on current sociopolitical issues and their root causes—mainly the needs of Lumad and rural communities.
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310:
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406:. It was advocated and propagated by the members and affiliates of Lumad-Mindanao, a coalition of all-Lumad local and regional organizations that formalized themselves as such in June 1986 but started in 1983 as a multi-sectoral organization. Lumad-Mindanao's main objective was to achieve self-determination for their member-tribes or, put more concretely, self-governance within their ancestral domain in accordance with their culture and customary laws. No other Lumad organization had the express goal in the past.
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61:
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1850:, during an AFP-sponsored press conference, claimed that the NPA were responsible for the killings and that none of the alleged "militarization" was actually happening. Another datu accused protesters in Manila of pretending to be Lumad by wearing Lumad clothing. They have also held anti-NPA rallies in Mindanao. The military has attributed to the NPA the assassination of a Lumad leader sympathetic to the government. Some of which are acknowledged by NPA members.
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unoccupied land within the communal territory.' Ancestral lands include cultivated land as well as hunting grounds, rivers, forests, uncultivated land, and the mineral resources below the land. River systems indicate the Lumad people's generations of civilization. Water is used as a "hermeneutic" for how Lumads orient themselves in relation to other ethnic groups, the state, modern
Filipino culture, and their own cultural customs. Unlike the
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as mentioned, who resisted the
Spanish occupation and later avoided contact with southward migrants from Luzon and Visayas during the late Spanish colonial period and since American colonial and postwar eras seeking better economics opportunities awaiting them in Higaonon homelands. Driven to the hills and mountains, these people continued to exist and fought for the preservation of their people, heritage, and culture.
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literature; some publications present the Teboli and the
Tagabilil as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis to the vicinity of the Buluan Lake in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte. The T'boli, then, reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Allah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim, and Kiamba. In former times, the T'boli also inhabited the upper Allah Valley floor.
1823:) created by the AFP to hunt for NPA members. The AFP denied the allegation and attributed the killings to tribal conflict, though the AFP has admitted that CAFGU has Lumad recruits within its ranks while asserting that the NPA has also recruited Lumad for the group. CHR postponed the presentation of their initial report to December 2015 to include reports of subsequent killings and displacement.
1760:'s claim on the same territory. The Lumad have lost parts of their ancestral land because of a failure to understand the modern land tenure system. Some NGOs have established schools that teach Indigenous communities how to protect their rights, property, and culture. However, the Lumad communities are located in mountains that are distant from urban areas. These areas are also the sites of
1496:. Coastal Tirurays are mostly farmers, hunters, fishermen, and basket weavers; those living in the mountains engage in dry field agriculture, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of forest products. Tirurays are famous for their craftsmanship in weaving baskets with two-toned geometric designs. While many have adopted the cultures of neighboring
1066:"Mandaya" derives from "man" meaning "first", and "daya" meaning "upstream" or "upper portion of a river", and therefore means "the first people upstream". It refers to a number of groups found along the mountain ranges of Davao Oriental, as well as to their customs, language, and beliefs. The Mandaya are also found in Compostela and New Bataan in
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in each
Mamanwa settlement with some individuals continuing to farm and produce their own domesticated foods while others rely on purchasing food from market centers. The Mamanwa have been exposed to many of the modernities mainstream agricultural populations possess and use, such as cell phones, televisions, radio, and processed foods.
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names. However, anthropologists and historians pointed out errors in the commission's resolution, particularly with regard to the origin and usage of the term Lumad. Scholars and Lumad leaders stated that the resolution stems from a lack of historical awareness and the commission's ignorance of Lumad struggles in
Mindanao.
971:, Agusan del Norte, though they are lesser in number and more scattered and nomadic than the Manobos and Mandaya tribes who also inhabit the region. Like all Negritos, the Mamanwas are phenotypically distinct from the lowlanders and the upland Manobos, exhibiting curly hair and much darker skin tones.
1826:
Indigenous women leaders organized the
Sabokahan Unity of Lumad Women. Being located in the mountains, community evacuations have become the highest form of protest for the Lumad. Communities pack up and move en masse to urban areas to set up camp in evacuation centers. Through this, the Lumad people
1671:
Lumad peoples confront a variety of social issues. Identical with other
Indigenous peoples (IPs) across the globe, the IPs in the Philippines represent the country's poorest sector who endure disproportionate access to healthcare, education, and human rights. There are claims that Lumad social issues
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Templa, Mae Fe. "STATEMENT: Attacks on
Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquino's Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan." MindaNews STATEMENT Attacks on Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquinos Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan Comments. Minda News, 5
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Currently, Mamanwa populations live in sedentary settlements ("barangays") that are close to agricultural peoples and market centers. As a result, a substantial proportion of their diet includes starch-dense domesticated foods. The extent to which agricultural products are bought or exchanged varies
818:
The word
Higaonon is derived from the word "higa" in the Higaonon dialect, which means coastal plains, and "gaon" meaning ascend to the mountains. Taken together, Higaonon, means the people of the coastal plains that ascended to the mountains. Higaonons were formerly coastal people of the provinces,
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when referring to Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) and Indigenous Peoples (IPs). The resolution stated that elders, leaders, and members of different ICCs and IPs in Mindanao requested that they not be called "lumad", and instead want to be referred to by their respective ethnolinguistic group
1350:
History has better words to speak for Misamis Occidental. Its principal city was originally populated by the Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great number; the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea pirates of Lanao whose habit was to stage lightning forays along the
1892:
In a Bakwit school in Cebu, 22 students, 2 teachers and 2 tribe elders were arrested without a warrant on 15 February 2021, in what was labeled as a "rescue operation". Philippine media dubbed this raid as "Lumad 26", as they were taken into custody by members of the Philippine National Police's
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The Tasaday is a group of about two dozen people living within the deep and mountainous rainforests of Mindanao, who attracted wide media attention in 1971 when they were first "discovered" by western scientists who reported that they were living at a "stone age" level of technology and had been
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are one of the indigenous peoples of South Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao, they are variously known as Tboli, Teboli, Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil. They self-identify as T'boli. Their whereabouts and identity are to some extent confused in the
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Many Lumad youths live in indigent, hard-to-reach communities. In the 1980s, the Tribal Filipino Program of Surigao del Sur (TRIFPSS) began a functional literacy program for Indigenous children in these communities. TRIFPSS established 10 schools in 10 Indigenous people's communities in three
1830:
Under the President Benigno Aquino III administration (2010-2015), a total of 71 Indigenous leaders were killed. Ninety-five cases of attacks against the 87 Indigenous schooling for children were also recorded. More than 40,000 Indigenous peoples—whole communities whose social, political, and
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and that community leaders and teachers were being detained by the military on suspicion of being rebels. They also say that alternative schools within the communities (aided by NGOs and universities) face closure or demolition, with some buildings converted for military use. They have staged
1703:
Lumad have a traditional concept of land ownership based on what their communities consider their ancestral territories. The historian B. R. Rodil notes that 'a territory occupied by a community is a communal private property, and community members have the right of usufruct to any piece of
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The geographical distribution of the subgroups is so great that some of the local groups have been noted to "assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping," as in the case of the Bagobo or the Higaonon. Part of what makes the classification more difficult is that a
1013:, usually takes on the duties of counseling tribal members, speaking at gatherings, and arbitrating disagreements. The chieftain may be a man or a woman, which is characteristic of other gender-egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies. They believe in a collection of spirits, governed by the
1878:
municipalities of Surigao del Sur in 1997. The Alternative Learning Center for Agriculture Livelihood Development (Alcadev), formed in 2004 with support from TRIFPSS, established community schools for Lumad communities using lessons tailored to suit Indigenous culture and tradition.
550:, etc. are also excluded, despite being also native to Mindanao and despite some groups being closely related ethnolinguistically to the Lumad. This is because unlike the Lumad, the Moros converted to Islam during the 14th to 15th centuries. This can be confusing since the word
1893:(PNP) Central Visayas office (PRO-7) and charged with illegal detention and kidnapping. Local officials claimed the operation aimed to reunite the children with their parents while human rights groups condemned the raid as part of a pattern of harassment of Indigenous peoples.
1386:
particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Sta. Maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means "from the head(waters)". The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the western shores of the Gulf of
1700:, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programs, turned the Lumad into minorities. The Bukidnon province population grew from 63,470 in 1948 to 194,368 in 1960 and 414,762 in 1970, with the proportion of indigenous Bukidnons falling from 64% to 33% to 14%.
1438:, and doubt was raised both about their status as isolated from other societies and even about the reality of their existence as a separate ethnic group. The question of whether Tasaday studies published in the seventies are accurate is still being discussed.
490:
The Lumad include groups such as the Erumanen ne Menuvu', Matidsalug Manobo, Agusanon Manobo, Dulangan Manobo, Dabaw Manobo, Ata Manobo, B'laan, Kaulo, Banwaon, Bukidnon, Teduray, Lambangian, Higaunon, Dibabawon, Mangguwangan, Mansaka, Mandaya, K'lagan,
1020:, although it appears that their contact with monotheist communities and populations has made a considerable impact on the Mamanwa's religious practices. The tribe produces winnowing baskets, rattan hammocks, and other household containers.
1191:
The term "Mansaka" derives from "man" with literal meaning "first" and "saka" meaning "to ascend", and means "the first people to ascend mountains/upstream". The term most likely describes the origin of these people who are found today in
566:
The Bagobo are one of the largest subgroups of the Manobo peoples. They comprise three subgroups: the Tagabawa, the Klata (or Guiangan), and the Ovu (also spelled Uvu or Ubo) peoples. The Bagobo were formerly nomadic and farmed through
1655:, and various forms of wind and percussive instruments. Traditional vocal music include love songs, lullabies, funeral songs, narrative songs, and songs about nature. Music may be used to accompany dances in rituals and celebrations.
1719:. However, much of their land has already been registered in the name of multinational corporations, logging companies, and other wealthy Filipinos, many of whom are, relatively speaking, recent settlers to Mindanao. Mai Tuan, a
1001:
However, recent genomic evidence suggests that the Mamanwa were one of the first populations to leave Africa along with peoples in New Guinea and Australia, and that they diverged from a common origin about 36,000 years ago.
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coastal areas in search of slaves. As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol.
1885:(DepEd) recognized community schools and the Alcadev system through the Indigenous framework of education now observed by alternative tribal schools nationwide. The policy framework was signed in 2012 by then-Secretary
1346:
The Subanons are the first settlers of the Zamboanga peninsula. The family is patriarchal while the village is led by a chief called a Timuay. He acts as the village judge and is concerned with all communal matters.
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Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (30 March 2021).
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2010:
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At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumad controlled an area that now covers 17 of Mindanao's 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and
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BOLINGET, WINDEL. "'Lumad' Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict." Inquirer Opinion Lumad Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict Comments. Inquirer, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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Lumads face loss of ancestral lands due to land grabbing or militarization. Some communities have been forced out of their lands for resisting encroachment by mining, logging, and energy companies.
1284:. The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples. During the colonial era, the Sangil (who usually call themselves "Sangir") in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to
2227:
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1812:
support the Lumad by raising awareness on the plight of Indigenous peoples through protest marches, concerts, cultural festivals, and commemoration of Lumad leaders that have been killed.
1727:, we are happy because we are given food assistance like rice... we also feel sad because we no longer have the pots to cook it with. We no longer have control over our ancestral lands."
3827:
Reyes, Rex R.B., Jr. "ON THE MILITARIZATION AND IMPENDING CLOSURE OF LUMAD SCHOOLS IN MINDANAO." NCCP. National Council of Churches in the Philippines, 5 June 2014. Web. 5 November 2015.
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The political system of the Mamanwa is informally democratic and age-structured. Elders are respected and expected to maintain peace and order within the tribe. The chieftain, called a
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Bayod, Rogelio. "The Future of the Environment and the Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines under the Duterte Administration." Environment, Development and Sustainability 8.1 (2006).
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The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya (Ruler of All), though there are several minor gods and goddesses that they worship as well. Religious rites are presided by a
826:
Magbabayà (The Ruler of All) – The supreme god who has minor gods and goddesses beneath him to do specific jobs and take care of certain things, he is also the god of the west.
2821:
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In 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte threatened to shut down or destroy NGO-funded community schools because of suspicions that they radicalize Lumad students into joining the
1099:
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Omoto K. 1989. Genetic studies of human populations in the Asia-Pacific area with special reference to the origins of the Negritos. In: Hhba H, Hayami I, Michizuki K, orgs.
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completely isolated from the rest of Philippine society. They later attracted attention in the 1980s when it was reported that their discovery had in fact been an elaborate
3585:
Paredes, Oona. "Rivers of memory and oceans of difference in the Lumad world of Mindanao." TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia 4.2 (2016): 329-349.
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3864:"NPA Created the Conflict in Lumad Tribes - Office of The Army Chief." Philippine Information Agency. Republic of the Philippines, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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Pangandoy: The Manobo Fight for Land, Education and Their Future. Dir. Hiyasmin Saturay. Perf. Manobo, Talaingod Manobo. Salugpongan Ta' Tanu Igkanogon, 2015. Documentary.
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Manuvu (also spelled Menuvu or Minuvu). Its etymology is unclear; in its current form, it means "person" or "people." It is believed that it is derived from the root word
3509:
841:
Dagingon – They worship this deity in an elaborated celebration complete with songs and dances which will last for nine nights during planting and after harvest seasons.
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tribes in the Philippines) are a continued topic of debate, with recent evidence suggesting that the phenotype convergently evolved in several areas of southeast Asia.
4923:
444:, collectively known as the "Dumagat" or "Sea People" by the Lumad). All of which, in turn are distinct from the (mostly Visayan) migrant majority of modern Mindanao.
4742:
3930:
Liyang Network. Liyang Network Discussions. Accumulation of info from meetings with Liyang Network supervisor and attending events such as webinars and forums. 2021.
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https://ucsc.academia.edu/EmeraldSnow/Papers/187939/Life-history_reproductive_maturity_and_the_evolution_of_small_body_size_The_Mamanwa_negritos_of_northern_Mindanao
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In August 2019, after spending time in refugee camps, Lumad evacuees in Surigao del Sur formally returned to their home after army soldiers left their communities.
351:
officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986 at the Guadalupe Formation Center, Balindog,
2112:
1925:, with Lumad communities reporting health problems brought about by rising temperatures and diseases that spread with changing rainfall patterns, such as dengue.
1667:
Norma Capuyan, vice chair of Apo Sandawa Lumadnong Panaghiusa sa Cotabato (ASLPC) speaking out in a press conference to defend the ancestral domains of the Lumad.
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except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a common name for themselves, distinct from that of other Mindanao native groups: the
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2018:
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means 'that of the mountains or highlands' (i.e., 'people of the mountains or highlands'), despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands.
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communist rebels. This was supported by some Lumad leaders, who also felt that they were being infiltrated by the NPA and their children being exploited.
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economic life had been obstructed—had no choice but to evacuate because their schools were attacked or their leaders had been murdered or incarcerated.
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4164:
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Bukidnon groups are found in the Valley in Kitaotao in Bukidnon province, Philippines. Their name means "people along the Salug River (now called the
4690:
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and a few indigenous peoples scattered in the Visayas area who are also alternatively referred to as "Bukidnon" (also meaning "highland people").
3873:
Romero, Alexis. "AFP Denies Forced Recruitment, Extrajudicial Killings of Lumads." Philstar.com. Philstar, 4 November 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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PULUMBARIT, VERONICA. "Italian priest the third from PIME murdered in Mindanao? gmanetwork.com. GMA NEWS, 17 October 2011. Web. 05, November 2015
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or militarization, economic and social exclusion, and threats to their traditional culture and identity. Lumad groups contend with displacement,
1157:
246:
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whose ordination is voluntary and may come from any sex. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions which are celebrated annually in
503:, Mamanuwa, Tagakaolo, Talaandig, Tagabawa, Ubu', Tinenanen, Kuwemanen, K'lata and Diyangan. Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in
289:
3561:
3483:
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Labrador, Kriztja Marae G. "Shelter Sites for Lumads Congested." Www.sunstar.com.ph. Sunstar Davao, 10 December 2014. Web. 6 November 2015.
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among Lumads whose farmlands are affected by stronger typhoons and more intense droughts. Climate change is also giving rise to various
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demonstrations to gain the public's attention, calling for a halt to the alleged militarization of Lumad communities. Organizers of the
1788:
because of increasing military and NPA activity. There are claims that Lumads account for about 70 percent of the fighting force of the
4909:
4811:
3399:
1922:
448:
4716:
1803:
Human rights watchdogs, Indigenous peoples groups, and environmentalists claim that Lumad territories were being militarized by the
1054:
31:
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1918:
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and was ranked third globally among countries most at-risk to disasters, according to a 2012 report. Climate change is threatening
377:
Mindanao is home to a substantial part of the country's indigenous population, comprising around 15% of the Philippine population.
282:
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1815:
The Philippines Commission on Human Rights (CHR) has been investigating the 2015 murder of Lumad leaders and a school official by
869:. They comprise three subgroups which are usually treated as different tribes: the Tagakaulo, the Kagan, and the Kallao people of
4308:
2314:
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Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name; there were no delegates from the three major groups of the
4532:
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Ramirez, Robertzon. "Lumads Refuse Dialogue with CHR." Philstar.com. The Philippine Star, 29 October 2015. Web. 6 November 2015.
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2140:"The IP struggle continues as NCIP red-tags and bans use of "Lumad," the collective word for Mindanao IPs since the late 1970s"
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1772:(AFP). Caught in the conflict, the Lumad people's education, property, and security are endangered by the increasing amount of
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UNDP. "Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines." United Nations Development Programme, no. Fast Facts: Lagom, 2010. undp.org.ph.
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National Statistics Office. "Statistics on Filipino Children." Journal of Philippine Statistics, vol. 59, no. 4, 2008, p. 119.
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is the language used by the Bagobo-Tagabawa. They are an indigenous tribe in Mindanao. They live in the surrounding areas of
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1983:
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to demand protection for environmental activists, protest destructive mining operations within ancestral lands, and promote
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dialectical subgroup's membership within a supergroup can shift depending on specific points of view regarding linguistics.
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Alamon, Arnold P. "Wars of Extinction: The Lumad Killings in Mindanao, Philippines." Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 2015,
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1204:, the Hijo River Valley, and the seacoasts of Kingking, Maco, Kwambog, Hijo, Tagum, Libuganon, Tuganay, Ising, and Panabo.
367:
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2251:
907:, ("spirit" or "soul"). They were historically composed of small warring groups. Their population, as of 1994, is 87,270.
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The Kalagan, also spelled K'lagan or (by the Spanish) Caragan, are a subgroup of the Mandaya-Mansaka people who speak the
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FIANZA, MYRTHENA L. "Contesting Land and Identity in the Periphery: The Moro Indigenous People of Southern Philippines."
699:, with other tribes in Bukidnon (the Manobo tribes, the Higaonon, Matigsalug, Talaandig, Umayamnom, and the Tigwahanon).
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against the Philippine government. When the migrants came, many Lumad groups retreated into the mountains and forests.
1304:. However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both
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Cruz, Tonyo. "#StopLumadKillings: What You Need to Know." Tonyocruz.com. N.p., 4 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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farmers, allegedly by members of the Philippine Army. A pro-AFP and pro-mining datu of the Langilan Manobo people in
1457:
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arise from ethnic grievances that develop into an issue of economic greed. They face loss of ancestral lands due to
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1945:
1316:. The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown but is estimated to be around 10,000 people.
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239:
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Yengoyan, Aram A. (1991). "Shaping and Reshaping the Tasaday: A Question of Cultural Identity—A Review Article".
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Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia
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people, a high percentage of their population still believe and practice their indigenous customs and rituals.
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396:
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Mateo, Janvic. "Lumads Demand End to Violence." Philstar.com. Philstar, 27 October 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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31 October 2006, Kidapawan City, Philippines. Contributed by Pependayan, LMPF Secretary-General from 1988–1999
1749:. Defenders of Indigenous land rights, environmentalists, and human rights activists have also been harassed.
1222:)." Although often classified under the Manobo ethnolinguistic group, the Matigsalug are a distinct subgroup.
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386:
370:, where the word was used in Art. XIII sec. 8(2) to distinguish Lumad ethnic communities from the islands of
815:. The Higaonons have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is their most important economic activity.
5467:
3719:
Paredes, Oona (2015). "Indigenous vs. native: negotiating the place of Lumads in the Bangsamoro homeland".
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Ibabasok – He watches over the crops and their growth in a simple ceremony at the center of the rice field.
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The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from the
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In December 2019, the Philippines under Duterte became the deadliest for farmers and Indigenous peoples.
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A hat from the Mandaya people made up of palm, bamboo, feathers, cotton, fiber, and beads, housed at the
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Loss, emergence, and retribalization: The politics of Lumad ethnicity in Northern Mindanao (Philippines)
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For the Lumad, securing their rights to their ancestral domain is as urgent as the Moros' quest for
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110:
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island. Residing in their ancestral lands, they are often evicted and displaced because of the
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and some parts of Davao Oriental, specifically in the Batoto River, the Manat Valley, Caragan,
1059:
847:
Tumpaa Nanapiyaw or Intumbangol – Watches the base of the earth night and day lest it crumbles.
748:
417:
word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other
5140:
1522:
A Tboli dance performed during colorful street dancing competition on the Tnalak Festival in
1473:
2902:
2591:
2536:
1854:
1789:
1765:
1580:
1469:
329:
3692:
2734:"Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania"
1280:) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the
629:. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos.
8:
1640:
Most of the Mindanao Lumad groups have a musical heritage consisting of various types of
979:
348:
179:
118:
86:
5594:
5024:
3594:
2906:
2595:
2540:
986:: dark skin, kinky hair, and short stature. The origins of this phenotype (found in the
681:
in a different context (it means 'mountainous lands' in this case) or could also be the
5671:
5403:
5398:
5390:
5178:
5034:
5019:
4583:
3736:
3186:
3178:
2933:
2890:
2863:
2758:
2733:
2704:
2682:
2614:
2579:
2560:
2524:
2505:
1773:
1716:
1619:
1609:
1587:
1383:
1335:
1313:
1144:
The total current Manobo population is not known, although they occupy core areas from
960:
901:
region is named after them. Their name means "spirited people" or "brave people", from
531:
126:
102:
2252:
B'laan women record dreams in woven mats – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos
844:
Bulalakaw – The spirit who watches the rivers and takes care of the fishermen's catch.
5163:
5135:
5087:
5029:
4427:"A Fulfilled Promise: Lumads Graduate from School Harassed by Military - Page 2 of 3"
3740:
3190:
3052:
2938:
2920:
2867:
2763:
2619:
2552:
1793:
1359:
1253:
1067:
928:
878:
555:
519:
437:
122:
106:
78:
41:
3534:
3114:
2564:
5579:
5493:
5261:
5130:
5097:
4901:
4395:
3728:
3698:
3170:
2928:
2910:
2753:
2745:
2660:
2609:
2599:
2544:
2495:
2274:
1614:
1597:
1592:
1485:
1481:
1461:
1309:
1249:
1231:
1039:
975:
956:
924:
866:
796:
788:
593:
482:
414:
403:
340:
270:
114:
98:
5193:
3732:
3640:"Stop the Lumad Killings! Lumad Activists Are Not Terrorists! Save Lumad Schools!"
2783:
A Study of the Structure and Style of Two Manuvu Epic Songs in English Translation
2664:
2500:
2483:
539:
309:
5676:
5498:
5347:
5231:
5120:
5072:
5067:
4978:
4846:
3601:
2321:
2302:
2258:
1987:
1933:
1847:
1777:
1404:
1339:
1289:
1257:
1237:
1193:
1149:
882:
812:
522:, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their
515:
433:
3909:
1641:
5715:
5554:
5324:
5314:
5256:
5183:
5125:
5092:
5077:
5062:
5044:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4876:
4866:
2828:. UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from
2749:
1914:
1835:
1709:
1697:
1527:
1493:
1489:
1453:
1447:
1325:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1241:
890:
886:
860:
800:
626:
572:
535:
492:
441:
363:
4635:"Lumad students 'rescued' in Cebu raid had parents' consent, House panel told"
4584:"Philippines: Cops Raid Lumad School, Arrest 26 Including Indigenous Children"
4378:"Study: PH deadliest nation for farmers, indigenous people over land disputes"
4242:"IPs on Lumad killings: the war isn't ours, but why are we the ones suffering"
1518:
5709:
5651:
5418:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5223:
5173:
5168:
5082:
5039:
5014:
4999:
4662:"Commentary: Pablo, climate change and banana production in the Davao region"
2924:
1960:
1886:
1843:
1761:
1693:
1680:, harassment of Lumad rights defenders, and forced closure of Lumad schools.
1673:
1568:
1379:
1312:
are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to the
1261:
1014:
874:
622:
470:
418:
37:
4691:"Lumad community in Bukidnon turns to prayers in adapting to climate change"
4507:"[OPINION] Teaching without schools? Lumad education under lockdown"
2915:
2651:
Cashdan, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers".
2604:
2578:
Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; GunnarsdĂłttir, Ellen; et al. (2013).
2548:
1330:
978:
and consume a wide variety of wild plants, herbs, insects, and animals from
5329:
5284:
5266:
5251:
5198:
5102:
4881:
4831:
4774:
3615:"Rights activists, defenders tagged human rights violators in Davao poster"
2942:
2767:
2623:
2556:
2364:
1816:
1797:
1741:
Environmental issues in the Philippines § Threats to environmentalists
1535:
1513:
1305:
1197:
1183:
1119:
894:
870:
618:
612:
547:
500:
82:
74:
4743:"Indigenous, urban poor kids form 'human tree' to promote climate justice"
2580:"Genome-wide data substantiates Holocene gene ?ow from India to Australia"
2061:
200:
5636:
5365:
5150:
4112:
3484:"6 arrested in a week, rights group decries 'escalating state terrorism'"
3454:"Rappler Talk: Addressing Lumad killings and internally displaced people"
3327:
2038:
2036:
1955:
1785:
1757:
1705:
1644:– ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed
1548:
1219:
808:
527:
425:
336:
167:
66:
2853:"Exploring the Indigenous Local Governance of Manobo Tribes in Mindanao"
2472:. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Nature and Culture: 1.
2228:"Beauty queens from Bagobo tribe promote culture with coffee enterprise"
702:
The Bukidnon Lumad is distinct from and should not be confused with the
5646:
5641:
5370:
5188:
5158:
3703:
3182:
3098:
http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rop3=109689&rog3=RP
1708:, the Lumad groups never formed a revolutionary group to unite them in
1501:
1388:
1277:
1213:
1093:
1089:
1043:
991:
693:
653:
576:
543:
504:
163:
4558:"Raid or rescue? What we know so far about Lumad arrests in Cebu City"
2509:
2470:
Current Aspects of Biogeography in West Pacific and East Asian Regions
2033:
4943:
2891:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"
1839:
1720:
1651:
Lumad groups also have traditional stringed instruments, such as the
1523:
1245:
1168:
983:
580:
410:
352:
256:
175:
3562:"Driven from home, Philippine indigenous people long for their land"
3426:"Upper Right Hand: Vulnerabilities of Lumad Communities in Mindanao"
3174:
2732:
Reich, David; Patterson, Nick; Kircher, Martin; et al. (2011).
726:
5436:
5428:
5413:
5112:
5054:
4983:
4836:
3510:"Why Lumad schools are valuable to the education of Lumad children"
2113:"Bishop hits 'red-tagging' of word lumad in recent NCIP resolution"
1781:
1753:
1652:
1416:
1408:
1375:
1293:
1153:
920:
804:
792:
706:
703:
696:
667:
660:
649:
638:
523:
429:
371:
356:
171:
45:
1648:
which act as a drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.
359:. Usage of the term was accepted in Philippine jurisprudence when
5666:
5380:
5357:
5339:
5319:
5299:
4871:
4856:
4851:
4717:"#ClimateStrike | Lumad youth demand halt to environment plunder"
3943:
3667:"Duterte, not activists, destroying the nation and Lumad schools"
2887:
2522:
2305:", inq7.net (accessed through seasite.niu.edu on 3 February 2010)
1497:
1428:
1412:
1392:
1363:
1123:
948:
943:
A 1926 photograph of Bagobo (Manobo) warriors in full war regalia
682:
663:
496:
147:
4789:
4455:"Lumad alternative schools recognized by DepEd –rights advocate"
3400:"Rights abuses, land grabbing confront indigenous peoples in PH"
1663:
5656:
5309:
5009:
4861:
3757:
3100:
Joshua Project – Bagobo, Tagabawa of Philippines Ethnic Profile
3023:"Population by Region and Religion - Kepulauan Sangihe Regency"
2577:
1984:"The Tri-People Relationship and the Peace Process in Mindanao"
1873:
Education in the Philippines § Indigenous peoples' schools
1084:
1079:
898:
422:
70:
1723:
leader explains, "Now that there is a peace agreement for the
644:
637:"Bukidnon people" redirects here. For the Panay Bukidnon, see
4970:
4948:
3332:
PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang – A home for Pasikings
1635:
1297:
1107:
of the Bagobo, with family, followers, and two missionaries (
952:
903:
822:
The Higaonon people believe in a variety of deities, namely:
710:
599:
343:
term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for
5697:
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines
4165:"Lumad leader killed by NPA in Surigao del Norte – military"
3969:
https://kyotoreview.org/issue-21/lumad-killings-philippines/
2822:"Binantazan nga Banwa / Binantajan nu Bubungan, Philippines"
1547:
The Tigwahonon are a subgroup of Manobo originally from the
951:
tribe often grouped together with the Lumad. They come from
395:
grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the
3207:
Invented Eden: The Elusive, Disputed History of the Tasaday
2731:
1834:
On 8 December 2017, human rights group Karapatan asked the
1645:
1435:
995:
987:
4610:"Rights groups slam police raid on Cebu City Lumad school"
4533:"An inclusive education that respects indigenous cultures"
4309:"Some Lumad leaders call for Red-tagged schools' shutdown"
4283:"Lumad group condemns CPP-NPA and release of Talaingod 18"
4217:"NPA congratulates fighters for killing Lumad father, son"
2960:. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. p. 2.
1745:
Lumad communities contend with extrajudicial killings and
1137:
The Manobo are considered the most diverse among the many
787:
The Higaonon are mainly located in the entire province of
597:
or female shamans. The supreme spirit in their indigenous
5624:
4260:
2202:"The last tribes of Mindanao, the Bagobo, the New People"
850:
Tagabugtà – The spirit who watches the farm or the forest
1928:
In 2019, Lumad youth and urban poor children joined the
1838:
to probe Lumad killings, including the killing of eight
3982:"Karapatan asks UN to probe Lumad killings in Mindanao"
3790:"Lumads account for 70 percent of NPA's fighting force"
1800:
alone according to NCIP chief and former army colonel.
2296:
Bukidnon heritage kept alive, Dr. Antonio Montalvan II
1187:
A group of Mansaka tribeswomen in their formal attire.
982:. The Mamanwa are categorized as having the "negrito"
4785:
The indigenous people of Central and Eastern Mindanao
4113:"Lumad leaders meet with PNP chief; deny joining NPA"
677:
The name Bukidnon itself used to describe the entire
4931:
2997:"Peoples of the Philippines: Sangil (Sangir/Marore)"
2956:
Fuentes, Vilma May A.; De La Cruz, Edito T. (1980).
2635:
2633:
2054:"Drop 'lumad', use ethnic group names instead: NCIP"
1171:
admixture, much like the Mamanwa. Manobos also hold
1148:
island into the Mindanao mainland in the regions of
1042:(or Minamanwa). They are genetically related to the
4189:Nawal, Allan; Magbanua, Williamor (10 April 2018).
2088:"Analysis: Notes on the NCIP resolution on 'Lumad'"
1752:The Lumad are people from various ethnic groups in
451:issued a resolution denouncing the use of the term
432:
of coastal areas in northern and eastern Mindanao (
2365:"It's Kagan, not Kalagan, new city ordinance says"
927:and are closely related to the Manobo groups from
4009:"Militant group seeks UN probe on Lumad killings"
2958:A Treasure of Mandaya and Mansaka Folk Literature
2955:
2826:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas Registry
2630:
2484:"The Negrito and allied types in the Philippines"
1160:put their population in 1988 at around 250,000.
5707:
3508:Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (3 September 2019).
1913:The Philippines is vulnerable to the effects of
1288:due to proximity and contact with the Christian
1030:) means 'first forest dwellers', from the words
659:The Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the
4531:Padilla, Stephen Norries A. (5 November 2012).
4061:"Lumad leaders blame NPA for Mindanao killings"
3328:"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines"
2895:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2727:
2725:
2464:
2462:
1819:group Magahat-Bagani (in line with the idea of
1403:Talaandig are originally from the foothills of
1296:. In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to
1070:(formerly a part of Davao del Norte Province).
621:is an indigenous group that is concentrated in
526:and lack of close affinity with the Lumad. The
313:The Bagobo people in their traditional attire (
4111:Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (17 October 2018).
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
1583:belonging to various branches. These include:
583:. They are traditionally ruled by chieftains (
5610:
4917:
4805:
4188:
4032:
3752:
3750:
3697:(PhD thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa.
2341:. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from
428:of southwestern Mindanao; and the sea-faring
290:
4139:"Lumads, tribal leaders hold anti-NPA rally"
4035:"In PH, they kill people for their thoughts"
3306:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
3255:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
3141:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
3001:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2976:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
2814:
2808:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2722:
2459:
2395:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2179:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2015:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
4300:
4104:
2860:Philippine Journal of Public Administration
2789:
755:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5617:
5603:
4924:
4910:
4812:
4798:
4274:
4052:
3747:
3051:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 96.
2523:The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009).
2324:", Bukidnon.gov (accessed 3 February 2010)
2226:Carillo, Carmencita A. (13 October 2016).
683:collective name of the permanent residents
603:religions is Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama.
297:
283:
30:
4775:Preserving Culture: the Tboli of Mindanao
4394:Solitario, J. Mikhail (10 January 2019).
4393:
4281:Colina, Antonio L. IV (4 December 2018).
4268:"Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools"
4191:"NPA rebels admit killing 'lumad' leader"
4136:
4033:Espina-Varona, Inday (11 November 2015).
3787:
3702:
3424:Alave, Dionesio (Jr.) (17 January 2021).
2932:
2914:
2757:
2613:
2603:
2525:"Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia"
2499:
2137:
2085:
1152:, Davao, Bukidnon, Surigao, Misamis, and
775:Learn how and when to remove this message
685:in the province regardless of ethnicity.
449:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
4714:
4688:
4660:Ortiz, Andrea Monica (10 January 2013).
4424:
4333:Andrade, Jeanette I. (7 December 2018).
3781:
3559:
3507:
3325:
3160:
1683:
1662:
1517:
1411:, specifically in the municipalities of
1329:
1300:due to the influence of the neighboring
1182:
1098:
1083:
1053:
938:
643:
575:" methods. Their territory extends from
507:, forests, lowlands, and coastal areas.
481:
469:
308:
4581:
4530:
4478:
4449:
4447:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4389:
4387:
4332:
4306:
4110:
3760:. PSI-SDLAP, n.d. Web. 5 November 2015.
3718:
3612:
2785:. University of San Carlos. p. 13.
2780:
2774:
2650:
2481:
2417:"Amazing History about Camiguin Island"
2225:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2138:Arguillas, Carolyn O. (19 March 2021).
1696:. Significant migration to Mindanao of
16:Group of Austronesian indigenous people
5708:
4684:
4682:
4280:
4058:
3938:
3936:
3690:
3664:
3482:Umil, Anne Marxze (15 February 2021).
3398:Ellao, Janess Ann J. (9 August 2019).
3319:
3204:
3046:
2881:
2738:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2166:
1563:The Umayamnon are originally from the
1378:. Their traditional territories is in
347:(Literally: "indigenous people"), the
5626:Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
5598:
4905:
4793:
4715:Macaraeg, Aaron (24 September 2019).
4659:
4582:Beltran, Michael (19 February 2021).
4162:
3855:September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
3613:Lacorte, Germelina (13 August 2020).
3477:
3475:
3448:
3446:
3423:
3397:
3393:
3391:
2850:
2844:
2446:California State University, East Bay
2391:"Peoples of the Philippines: Kalagan"
2335:"CARAGA Region History and Geography"
2051:
1951:Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
1909:Climate change and indigenous peoples
1571:. They are a subgroup of the Manobo.
1139:indigenous peoples of the Philippines
1130:which means "to grow"/"growth" (thus
4740:
4607:
4481:"School a distant dream for 'lumad'"
4444:
4413:
4400:University of the Philippines System
4384:
4214:
4137:Crismundo, Mike (11 December 2018).
4059:Romero, Alexis (15 September 2015).
3481:
3074:"The Indonesian Sangirs in Mindanao"
3071:
2804:"Peoples of the Philippines: Manobo"
2081:
2079:
2008:
1977:
1975:
1567:watershed and the headwaters of the
1134:would be "-grown" or "aboriginal").
963:provinces in Mindanao; primarily in
807:(used to be Kamiguing), Rogongon in
753:adding citations to reliable sources
720:
53:Regions with significant populations
5149:
4741:Rita, Joviland (20 November 2019).
4689:Torralba, Alanah (4 October 2017).
4679:
4608:Ryan, Macasero (15 February 2021).
4588:The News Lens International Edition
4479:Lacorte, Germelina (19 June 2016).
4335:"'Lumad' leaders want schools shut"
3933:
3788:Casayuran, Mario (27 August 2019).
3326:Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006).
2679:"Agusan-Surigao Historical Archive"
2172:
1625:
1276:. Their populations (much like the
829:Domalondong – The god of the north.
13:
4425:Magbanua, Marife (27 March 2010).
4006:
3472:
3443:
3388:
3276:"Manobo, Umayamnon in Philippines"
1784:was evacuated to shelter sites in
1374:Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in
873:. They are native to areas within
835:Tagolambong – The god of the east.
14:
5732:
4819:
4780:The indigenous people of Mindanao
4763:
4163:Manos, Merlyn (9 February 2018).
3665:Cagula, Ken (24 September 2020).
2862:. 48XLVIII (1 & 2): 124–154.
2076:
1981:
1972:
1903:Climate change in the Philippines
1896:
1792:, with the communists collecting
1730:
893:; between the territories of the
5685:
4933:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
4890:
4734:
4708:
4653:
4627:
4601:
4575:
4550:
4524:
4498:
4472:
4370:
4352:
4307:Gagalac, Ron (6 December 2018).
4084:
3691:Acosta, J. R. Nereus O. (1994).
3560:Chandran, Rina (19 April 2018).
3539:Indigenous Environmental Network
3225:Ethnic Groups of the Philippines
2200:de Jong, Ronald (4 March 2010).
2086:Gatmaytan, Gus (25 March 2021).
1946:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
1866:
1658:
725:
486:Map of Lumad in Mindanao Islands
466:Ethnic groups of the Philippines
459:
199:
59:
4396:"From computers to communities"
4326:
4234:
4215:Basa, Mick (14 February 2018).
4208:
4182:
4156:
4130:
4078:
4026:
4000:
3974:
3961:
3924:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3772:
3763:
3712:
3684:
3658:
3632:
3606:
3588:
3579:
3553:
3527:
3501:
3417:
3379:
3370:
3345:
3294:
3268:
3243:
3213:
3209:. University of Nebraska Press.
3198:
3154:
3129:
3103:
3091:
3065:
3040:
3015:
2989:
2964:
2949:
2697:
2671:
2644:
2571:
2516:
2475:
2434:
2409:
2383:
2357:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2263:
2245:
1805:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1770:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1737:Human rights in the Philippines
1088:A Bagobo (Manobo) woman of the
413:, the Teduray. The choice of a
212:Philippine Statistics Authority
4504:
2781:Sevilla, Ester Orlida (1979).
2442:"Anthropology Museum: Mamanwa"
2157:
2131:
2105:
2052:Moaje, Marita (4 March 2021).
2045:
2002:
1810:Lakbayan ng Pambansang Minorya
1456:live in the municipalities of
1:
5289:
4841:
4360:"Lumad evacuees go back home"
3733:10.1080/14631369.2015.1003690
3003:. Republic of the Philippines
2665:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100
2501:10.1525/aa.1910.12.3.02a00020
2397:. Republic of the Philippines
2181:. Republic of the Philippines
1966:
1542:
1207:
1108:
832:Ongli – The god of the south.
791:as well as northern parts of
387:Prehistory of the Philippines
314:
3758:https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu
3163:The Journal of Asian Studies
1796:of P1.2 billion per year in
1574:
1558:
1398:
1369:
554:literally means "native" in
7:
3072:Basa, Mick (9 March 2014).
1939:
1476:municipality, northwestern
1354:
1338:living in the mountains of
916:
716:
632:
10:
5737:
5672:Palawan indigenous peoples
3357:Filipinas Heritage Library
2750:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005
2482:Barrows, David P. (1910).
2339:National Nutrition Council
1906:
1900:
1870:
1734:
1629:
1511:
1445:
1441:
1426:
1422:
1323:
1319:
1229:
1211:
1178:
1077:
1049:
934:
910:
885:(including Samal Island),
858:
854:
636:
610:
463:
384:
380:
5721:Ethnic groups in Mindanao
5694:
5683:
5632:
5547:
5486:
5460:
5449:
5427:
5389:
5356:
5338:
5275:
5222:
5215:
5111:
5053:
4969:
4962:
4939:
4888:
4827:
4770:Portraits of Lumad People
4339:Philippine Daily Inquirer
4195:Philippine Daily Inquirer
3595:Mindanao, Land of Promise
3535:"Stop the Lumad Killings"
1776:by the armed parties. In
1225:
1073:
1038:(forest). They speak the
561:
162:
157:
137:
132:
97:
92:
57:
52:
29:
3971:. Accessed 7 April 2021.
1632:Music of the Philippines
1605:South Mindanao languages
1579:The Lumad peoples speak
1507:
1302:Sultanate of Maguindanao
606:
587:), a council of elders (
111:South Mindanao languages
4244:. News5. Archived from
3709:. Web. 5 November 2015.
3600:28 October 2008 at the
3047:Hayase, ShinzĹŤ (2007).
2916:10.1073/pnas.2026132118
2851:Felix, Leny E. (2004).
2653:American Anthropologist
2605:10.1073/pnas.1211927110
2549:10.1126/science.1177074
2488:American Anthropologist
1883:Department of Education
1478:Sultan Kudarat Province
1286:Protestant Christianity
974:They are traditionally
897:and the coastline. The
811:, and eastern parts of
652:celebrated annually in
4117:Philippine News Agency
3205:Hemley, Robin (2007).
2058:Philippine News Agency
1774:violent confrontations
1678:extrajudicial killings
1668:
1553:San Fernando, Bukidnon
1531:
1484:, which is related to
1454:Teduray/Tiruray people
1343:
1334:The Subanon people of
1188:
1115:
1096:
1063:
1060:Honolulu Museum of Art
944:
656:
487:
479:
321:
247:Country of citizenship
4087:"NPA killing Lumads?"
2320:10 March 2011 at the
2301:25 April 2010 at the
2257:4 August 2009 at the
1930:global climate strike
1907:Further information:
1684:Ancestral land rights
1666:
1521:
1333:
1252:(particularly in the
1186:
1102:
1087:
1057:
942:
647:
485:
473:
464:Further information:
447:On 2 March 2021, the
312:
158:Related ethnic groups
36:Women in traditional
3644:Intercontinental Cry
3353:"Music of the Lumad"
3231:on 21 September 2019
3117:on 25 September 2015
2277:on 11 September 2015
1581:Philippine languages
1470:Maguindanao Province
1458:Datu Blah T. Sinsuat
980:tropical rainforests
749:improve this section
180:Austronesian peoples
4380:. 11 December 2019.
4364:The Philippine Star
4091:The Philippine Star
4065:The Philippine Star
2907:2021PNAS..11826132L
2901:(13): e2026132118.
2877:on 26 October 2019.
2596:2013PNAS..110.1803P
2541:2009Sci...326.1541.
2535:(5959): 1541–1545.
2369:SunStar Philippines
2011:"Lumad in Mindanao"
1395:. a long time ago.
1167:The Manobo possess
919:from the island of
799:, western parts of
795:, western parts of
87:Zamboanga Peninsula
26:
4954:Indigenous peoples
4505:Sy, Jose Monfred.
4007:Leonen, Julius N.
3800:on 26 January 2021
3646:. 31 December 2017
3541:. 24 December 2017
3460:. 9 September 2021
3282:. 28 November 2017
2421:Bintana sa Paraiso
2173:Mangune, Sonia D.
1717:self-determination
1669:
1620:Sangiric languages
1610:Mansakan languages
1588:Mindanao languages
1532:
1384:Sarangani Province
1344:
1336:Misamis Occidental
1314:Sangirese language
1189:
1156:. A study by the
1116:
1097:
1064:
947:The Mamanwa are a
945:
915:A subgroup of the
657:
488:
480:
333:indigenous peoples
322:
103:Mansakan languages
40:attire during the
24:
5703:
5702:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5445:
5444:
5437:Suludnon/Tumandok
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
4899:
4898:
4248:on 18 August 2018
3988:. 8 December 2017
3902:"About Sabokahan"
3058:978-97-155-0511-6
2371:. 20 January 2016
2345:on 28 August 2018
2315:Kaamulan Festival
2009:Ulindang, Faina.
1794:revolutionary tax
1790:New People's Army
1766:New People's Army
1480:. They speak the
1254:Sarangani Islands
1068:Compostela Valley
929:Surigao del Norte
923:. They speak the
879:Compostela Valley
785:
784:
777:
697:Kaamulan Festival
694:Malaybalay city's
650:Kaamulan Festival
556:Bisayan languages
524:Visayan ethnicity
368:Republic Act 6734
307:
306:
185:
184:
107:Subanen languages
79:Northern Mindanao
42:Kaamulan Festival
5728:
5689:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5458:
5457:
5220:
5219:
5147:
5146:
4967:
4966:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4791:
4790:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4422:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3944:"Liyang Network"
3940:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3912:on 29 April 2021
3908:. Archived from
3898:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3796:. Archived from
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3227:. Archived from
3217:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3113:. Archived from
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3027:sp2010.bps.go.id
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2918:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2870:. Archived from
2857:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2685:on 23 March 2012
2681:. Archived from
2675:
2669:
2668:
2648:
2642:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2312:
2306:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2273:. Archived from
2267:
2261:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2049:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1990:on 5 August 2004
1986:. Archived from
1979:
1626:Musical heritage
1615:Mamanwa language
1598:Subanon language
1593:Manobo languages
1482:Tiruray language
1468:in southwestern
1250:Davao Occidental
1232:Sangirese people
1122:spelling of the
1113:
1110:
1040:Mamanwa language
976:hunter-gatherers
957:Agusan del Norte
925:Kamigin language
867:Kalagan language
797:Agusan del Norte
789:Misamis Oriental
780:
773:
769:
766:
760:
729:
721:
474:A Bagobo chief (
404:Ferdinand Marcos
366:signed into law
335:in the southern
319:
316:
299:
292:
285:
203:
187:
186:
99:Manobo languages
65:
63:
62:
34:
27:
23:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5690:
5681:
5628:
5623:
5593:
5584:
5543:
5482:
5452:
5441:
5423:
5385:
5352:
5334:
5271:
5203:
5145:
5107:
5049:
4958:
4935:
4930:
4900:
4895:
4886:
4823:
4818:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4747:GMA News Online
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4687:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4459:GMA News Online
4453:
4452:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4423:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4279:
4275:
4270:. ABS-CBN News.
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4169:GMA News Online
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4143:Manila Bulletin
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3794:Manila Bulletin
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3755:
3748:
3721:Asian Ethnicity
3717:
3713:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3611:
3607:
3602:Wayback Machine
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3480:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3203:
3199:
3175:10.2307/2057561
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2832:on 22 June 2017
2820:
2819:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2790:
2779:
2775:
2730:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2576:
2572:
2521:
2517:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2322:Wayback Machine
2313:
2309:
2303:Wayback Machine
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:Wayback Machine
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2119:. 24 March 2021
2117:GMA News Online
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2084:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2064:on 5 March 2021
2050:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:Rodil, Rudy B.
1980:
1973:
1969:
1942:
1934:climate justice
1911:
1905:
1899:
1875:
1869:
1848:Davao del Norte
1844:Dulangan Manobo
1778:Surigao del Sur
1743:
1733:
1686:
1661:
1642:agung ensembles
1638:
1630:Main articles:
1628:
1577:
1561:
1545:
1516:
1510:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1425:
1405:Mount Kitanglad
1401:
1372:
1357:
1340:Mount Malindang
1328:
1322:
1290:Minahasa people
1258:Davao del Norte
1248:) and parts of
1234:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1194:Davao del Norte
1181:
1111:
1082:
1076:
1052:
937:
913:
883:Davao del Norte
863:
857:
813:Lanao del Norte
781:
770:
764:
761:
746:
730:
719:
654:Malaybalay City
642:
635:
615:
609:
564:
468:
462:
419:common language
389:
383:
345:Katawhang Lumad
328:are a group of
317:
303:
193:the Philippines
192:
191:Demographics of
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
58:
48:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5734:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5453:or expatriates
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4764:External links
4762:
4760:
4759:
4733:
4707:
4678:
4652:
4626:
4600:
4574:
4549:
4523:
4497:
4471:
4443:
4412:
4383:
4369:
4351:
4325:
4299:
4273:
4259:
4233:
4207:
4181:
4155:
4129:
4103:
4077:
4051:
4025:
3999:
3973:
3960:
3948:Liyang Network
3932:
3923:
3906:Liyang Network
3893:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3746:
3727:(2): 166–185.
3711:
3683:
3657:
3631:
3605:
3587:
3578:
3552:
3526:
3500:
3471:
3442:
3416:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3344:
3318:
3293:
3267:
3242:
3212:
3197:
3169:(3): 565–573.
3153:
3128:
3102:
3090:
3064:
3057:
3039:
3014:
2988:
2963:
2948:
2880:
2843:
2813:
2788:
2773:
2744:(4): 516–528.
2721:
2696:
2670:
2659:(1): 116–120.
2643:
2629:
2570:
2515:
2494:(3): 358–376.
2474:
2458:
2433:
2408:
2382:
2356:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2262:
2244:
2218:
2192:
2165:
2156:
2130:
2104:
2075:
2044:
2032:
2001:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1915:climate change
1898:
1897:Climate change
1895:
1868:
1865:
1836:United Nations
1768:(NPA) and the
1762:armed conflict
1732:
1731:Lumad killings
1729:
1710:armed struggle
1685:
1682:
1660:
1657:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1576:
1573:
1560:
1557:
1544:
1541:
1528:South Cotabato
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1448:Teduray people
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
1400:
1397:
1371:
1368:
1356:
1353:
1326:Subanon people
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1274:North Cotabato
1270:South Cotabato
1266:Sultan Kudarat
1242:Talaud Islands
1230:Main article:
1227:
1224:
1212:Main article:
1209:
1206:
1180:
1177:
1118:Manobo is the
1103:Datu Manib, a
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1051:
1048:
1026:(also spelled
936:
933:
912:
909:
891:North Cotabato
887:Davao Oriental
861:Kalagan people
859:Main article:
856:
853:
852:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
801:Agusan del Sur
783:
782:
733:
731:
724:
718:
715:
634:
631:
627:South Cotabato
611:Main article:
608:
605:
573:slash-and-burn
563:
560:
461:
458:
382:
379:
364:Corazon Aquino
305:
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287:
279:
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243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
205:
204:
196:
195:
183:
182:
160:
159:
155:
154:
140:Roman Catholic
138:Christianity (
135:
134:
130:
129:
95:
94:
90:
89:
55:
54:
50:
49:
35:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5719:
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5688:
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5571:
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5552:
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5502:
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4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4821:Lumad peoples
4815:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
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4744:
4737:
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4696:
4692:
4685:
4683:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4641:. 26 May 2021
4640:
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4604:
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4475:
4460:
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4448:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4419:
4417:
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4365:
4361:
4355:
4340:
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4314:
4310:
4303:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4222:
4218:
4211:
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4185:
4170:
4166:
4159:
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4140:
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4118:
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4107:
4092:
4088:
4085:Uson, Mocha.
4081:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3987:
3983:
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3970:
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3939:
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3907:
3903:
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3870:
3861:
3851:
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3668:
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3373:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3333:
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3322:
3307:
3303:
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3281:
3277:
3271:
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3252:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
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3201:
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3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
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3138:
3132:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3028:
3024:
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2998:
2992:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:(5): 1803–8.
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2233:
2232:BusinessWorld
2229:
2222:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2021:on 7 May 2021
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1961:Igorot people
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:health issues
1920:
1919:food security
1916:
1910:
1904:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:Armin Luistro
1884:
1879:
1874:
1867:Lumad schools
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:land grabbing
1665:
1659:Social issues
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1569:Pulangi River
1566:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1391:and south of
1390:
1385:
1381:
1380:Davao del Sur
1377:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Davao del Sur
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(now part of
1243:
1239:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1173:Austroasiatic
1170:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:supreme deity
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
941:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
908:
906:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:Davao del Sur
872:
868:
862:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
823:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
779:
776:
768:
758:
754:
750:
744:
743:
739:
734:This section
732:
728:
723:
722:
714:
712:
708:
705:
700:
698:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
662:
655:
651:
648:The colorful
646:
640:
630:
628:
624:
623:Davao del Sur
620:
614:
604:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:excludes the
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
477:
472:
467:
460:Ethnic groups
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
402:
398:
394:
388:
378:
375:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
311:
300:
295:
293:
288:
286:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
255:
254:
249:
248:
244:
242:
241:
240:Ethnic groups
237:
235:
234:
230:
228:
227:
223:
221:
220:
216:
214:
213:
209:
208:
207:
206:
202:
198:
197:
194:
189:
188:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
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1764:between the
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1306:Manado Malay
1282:colonial era
1235:
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1198:Davao de Oro
1190:
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1120:hispanicized
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330:Austronesian
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5451:Immigrants
5179:Maguindanao
5035:Romblomanon
5020:Kapampangan
3704:10125/15249
3676:16 February
3671:Davao Today
3650:16 February
3624:16 February
3571:16 February
3545:16 February
3519:16 February
3514:Interaksyon
3493:16 February
3464:16 February
3435:16 February
3409:16 February
3337:25 February
3302:"Umayamnon"
3280:The Unknown
3111:"Tagakaolo"
2451:26 December
2237:21 November
2211:21 November
2206:ThingsAsian
2185:21 November
2149:26 February
2123:26 February
2097:26 February
1956:Moro people
1786:Tandag City
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1747:red-tagging
1551:basin near
1549:Tigwa River
1220:Davao River
1112: 1900
809:Iligan City
520:Surigaonons
505:hinterlands
397:martial law
337:Philippines
318: 1913
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5710:Categories
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5164:Banguingui
5136:Surigaonon
5088:Hiligaynon
5030:Pangasinan
2836:26 October
2709:Ethnologue
2426:26 October
2401:26 October
2375:26 October
2349:26 October
2271:"Bukidnon"
1994:21 October
1967:References
1901:See also:
1871:See also:
1735:See also:
1543:Tigwahonon
1502:Christians
1278:Sama-Bajau
1214:Matigsalug
1208:Matigsalug
1175:ancestry.
1090:Matigsalug
1044:Denisovans
709:people of
577:Davao Gulf
544:Sama-Bajau
442:Kagay-anon
438:Surigaonon
399:regime of
385:See also:
339:. It is a
266:Indigenous
164:Sama-Bajau
144:Protestant
119:Hiligaynon
5519:Malaysian
5473:Brazilian
5399:Agutaynen
5262:Kankanaey
5131:Sangirese
5098:Porohanon
5025:Masbateño
4986:(Ilongot)
4944:Filipinos
4666:MindaNews
4344:8 January
4318:8 January
4292:8 January
4287:MindaNews
4252:7 October
4226:8 January
4200:8 January
4174:8 January
4148:8 January
4122:8 January
4096:8 January
4070:8 January
3741:145779954
3430:MindaNews
3362:4 January
3221:"Tiruray"
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3032:16 August
2925:0027-8424
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2705:"Mamanwa"
2144:MindaNews
2092:MindaNews
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1524:Koronadal
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1466:South Upi
1399:Talaandig
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1246:Indonesia
1202:Maragusan
1169:Denisovan
1158:NCCP-PACT
1146:Sarangani
1018:Magbabaya
984:phenotype
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736:does not
581:Mount Apo
530:like the
516:Butuanons
510:The term
401:President
391:The name
361:President
353:Kidapawan
257:Filipinos
233:Languages
226:Religions
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93:Languages
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5524:Nepalese
5509:Japanese
5468:American
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5429:Suludnon
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5404:Palawano
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5348:Ratagnon
5295:Higaonon
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5267:Tinguian
5232:Balangao
5216:Highland
5121:Butuanon
5113:Mindanao
5073:Capiznon
5068:Boholano
4984:Bugkalot
4979:Bicolano
4842:Higaonon
4837:Bukidnon
4752:18 April
4726:18 April
4721:Bulatlat
4700:18 April
4671:18 April
4639:Philstar
4537:Inquirer
4485:Inquirer
4431:Bulatlat
3619:Inquirer
3598:Archived
3488:Bulatlat
3404:Bulatlat
3311:13 April
3286:13 April
3260:13 April
3146:13 April
2981:13 April
2943:33753512
2768:21944045
2624:23319617
2565:34341816
2557:20007900
2318:Archived
2299:Archived
2255:Archived
2175:"Bagobo"
2025:18 April
1940:See also
1782:barangay
1754:Mindanao
1698:Visayans
1653:hegalong
1417:Lantapan
1409:Bukidnon
1382:and the
1376:Mindanao
1360:Tagabawa
1355:Tagabawa
1294:Sulawesi
1154:Cotabato
1011:Tambayon
969:Santiago
921:Camiguin
805:Camiguin
793:Bukidnon
717:Higaonon
707:Suludnon
679:province
672:Bukidnon
668:Mindanao
661:Bukidnon
639:Suludnon
633:Bukidnon
594:mabalian
434:Butuanon
430:Visayans
372:Mindanao
357:Cotabato
271:Mestizos
178:, other
172:Visayans
133:Religion
123:Filipino
46:Bukidnon
5667:Mangyan
5580:Spanish
5575:Russian
5555:English
5534:Iranian
5494:Chinese
5478:Mexican
5381:Mamanwa
5358:Negrito
5340:Mangyan
5325:Teduray
5320:Tasaday
5315:Subanon
5305:Mandaya
5300:Mamanwa
5257:Kalinga
5184:Maranao
5126:Kalagan
5093:Karay-a
5078:Cebuano
5063:Aklanon
5055:Visayas
5045:Tagalog
5005:Ilocano
4995:Gaddang
4990:Cuyunon
4963:Lowland
4877:Teduray
4872:Tasaday
4867:Subanon
4857:Mandaya
4852:Mamanwa
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4562:Rappler
4542:4 April
4516:4 April
4511:Rappler
4490:4 April
4464:4 April
4436:4 April
4405:4 April
4221:Rappler
4018:17 July
3992:17 July
3804:4 April
3458:Rappler
3183:2057561
3078:Rappler
2934:8020671
2903:Bibcode
2759:3188841
2615:3562786
2592:Bibcode
2537:Bibcode
2529:Science
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1423:Tasaday
1413:Talakag
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1364:Mt. Apo
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1310:Cebuano
1238:Sangihe
1179:Mansaka
1124:endonym
1050:Mandaya
1028:Mamanoa
1024:Mamanwa
961:Surigao
949:Negrito
935:Mamanwa
911:Kamigin
855:Kalagan
757:removed
742:sources
704:Visayan
664:plateau
591:), and
585:matanum
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536:Maranao
497:Tasaday
493:Subanen
476:matanum
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349:autonym
341:Cebuano
148:Animist
127:English
115:Cebuano
5657:Itawes
5652:Igorot
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5560:German
5548:Europe
5539:Jewish
5514:Korean
5499:Indian
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1721:T'boli
1494:T'boli
1492:, and
1490:B'laan
1486:Bagobo
1464:, and
1272:, and
1226:Sangil
1150:Agusan
1132:Manuvu
1105:bagani
1080:Manobo
1074:Manobo
994:, and
959:, and
917:Manobo
899:Caraga
889:, and
690:baylan
589:magani
562:Bagobo
540:Tausūg
440:, and
423:Muslim
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219:Census
150:&
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5662:Lumad
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5376:Batak
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5277:Lumad
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5159:Bajau
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4882:Tboli
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3737:S2CID
3187:S2CID
3179:JSTOR
2875:(PDF)
2864:S2CID
2856:(PDF)
2561:S2CID
2506:JSTOR
1821:CAFGU
1706:Moros
1646:gongs
1636:Agung
1536:Tboli
1508:Tboli
1474:Lebak
1389:Davao
1298:Islam
1128:tuvu,
1094:Davao
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607:Blaan
600:anito
552:lumad
548:Yakan
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512:lumad
501:Tboli
453:lumad
393:Lumad
326:Lumad
152:Islam
5637:Aeta
5529:Arab
5487:Asia
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5151:Moro
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4728:2021
4702:2021
4673:2021
4647:2021
4621:2021
4595:2021
4569:2021
4544:2021
4518:2021
4492:2021
4466:2021
4438:2021
4407:2021
4346:2019
4320:2019
4294:2019
4254:2018
4228:2019
4202:2019
4176:2019
4150:2019
4124:2019
4098:2019
4072:2019
4046:2021
4020:2018
3994:2018
3955:2021
3918:2021
3806:2021
3678:2021
3652:2021
3626:2021
3573:2021
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3521:2021
3495:2021
3466:2021
3437:2021
3411:2021
3364:2024
3339:2006
3313:2019
3288:2019
3262:2019
3237:2019
3148:2019
3123:2015
3085:2019
3053:ISBN
3034:2018
3009:2019
2983:2019
2939:PMID
2921:ISSN
2838:2019
2764:PMID
2716:2015
2691:2015
2620:PMID
2584:PNAS
2553:PMID
2453:2019
2428:2019
2403:2019
2377:2019
2351:2019
2283:2015
2239:2019
2213:2019
2187:2019
2151:2022
2125:2022
2099:2022
2070:2021
2027:2021
1996:2017
1881:The
1842:and
1780:, a
1739:and
1725:MNLF
1694:Sulu
1634:and
1534:The
1500:and
1452:The
1436:hoax
1415:and
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967:and
740:any
738:cite
625:and
617:The
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168:Moro
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3729:doi
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