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by the probe's robotic drill and robotic arm, the ascender successfully took off from atop the lander portion of the probe at 23:38 UTC on 3 June 2024. The ascender docked with the Chang'e 6 service module (the orbiter) in lunar orbit at 06:48 UTC on 6 June 2024 and subsequently completed the transfer of the sample container to the Earth rentry module at 07:24 UTC on the same day. The orbiter then left lunar orbit on 20 June 2024 with the returner, which landed in
398:. Later it was revealed that, though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on other side, 18° due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected. EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on 28 February but was partially failure as it returned all types of data, except post IM-1 landing images that were the main aim of its mission.
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1314:, were robust enough to handle the drop once their contact probes detected that landing was imminent. The landing gear was designed to withstand landings with engine cut-out at up to 10 feet (3.0 m) of height, though it was intended for descent engine shutdown to commence when one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes touched the surface. During
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long periods of extreme cold or heat. Most spacecraft instruments must be kept within a much stricter range of between −40 and 50 °C (−40 and 122 °F), and human comfort requires a range of 20 to 24 °C (68 to 75 °F). This means that the lander must cool and heat its instruments or crew compartment.
1195:. These probes were able to leverage the atmospheres of the bodies on which they landed to slow their descent using parachutes, reducing the amount of fuel they were required to carry. This in turn allowed larger payloads to be landed on these bodies for a given amount of fuel. For example, the 900-kg
413:
when it returned 1.731 kg of lunar near side material to the Earth on 16 December 2020. The Chang'e 6 lander successfully landed in the South pole-Aitken basin on the lunar far side at 22:23 UTC on 1 June 2024. After the completion of sample collection and the placement of the sample on the ascender
1302:
probe, launched around the same time as Luna 9, did not use an airbag for final touchdown. Instead, after it arrested its velocity at an altitude of 3.4m it simply fell to the lunar surface. To accommodate the fall the spacecraft was equipped with crushable components that would soften the blow and
1235:
The lunar thermal environment is influenced by the length of the lunar day. Temperatures can swing between approximately −250 to 120 °C (−418.0 to 248.0 °F) (lunar night to lunar day). These extremes occur for fourteen Earth days each, so thermal control systems must be designed to handle
1226:
Since rocketry is used for descent and landing, the Moon's gravity necessitates the use of more fuel than is needed for asteroid landing. Indeed, one of the central design constraints for the Apollo program's Moon landing was mass (as more mass requires more fuel to land) required to land and take
426:
The following table details the success rates of past and on-going lunar soft-landing attempts by robotic and crewed lunar-landing programs. Landing programs which have not launched any probes are not included in the table; they are added as their initial robotic and/or crewed landers are launched
1222:
Although it has much less gravity than Earth, the Moon has sufficiently high gravity that descent must be slowed considerably. This is in contrast to a small asteroid, in which "landing" is more often called "docking" and is a matter of rendezvous and matching velocity more than slowing a rapid
1250:
All lunar landers require rocket engines for descent. Orbital speed around the Moon can, depending on altitude, exceed 1500 m/s. Spacecraft on impact trajectories can have speeds well in excess of that. In the vacuum the only way to decelerate from that speed is to use a rocket engine.
1530:"According to the telemetry data, SLIM's solar cells are facing west. So if sunlight begins to shine on the lunar surface from the west, there is a possibility of generating power, and we are preparing for recovery. #SLIM can operate with power only from the solar cells. #JAXA"
370:, suffered a fuel leak several hours after launch, resulting in losing the ability to maintain attitude control and charge its battery, thereby preventing it from reaching lunar orbit and precluding a landing attempt. The probe subsequently burnt up in Earth's atmosphere.
1262:
Descent and braking – the spacecraft fires its engines until it is no longer in orbit. If the engines were to stop firing entirely at this stage the spacecraft would eventually impact the surface. During this stage, the spacecraft uses its rocket engine to reduce overall
1118:
attempt by 2030. The staged-descent concept would use a propulsion stage to handle most of the deceleration, after which the lander segment would separate and complete the powered descent with a soft-landing on the moon; the lander would also serve as the ascent
192:
on June 2, 1966, this initial success was followed by four additional successful soft-landings, the last occurring on
January 10, 1968. The Surveyor program achieved a total of five successful soft landings out of seven landing attempts through January 10, 1968.
1282:
can cause problems if they were to be kicked back from the surface to the spacecraft, and thus the engines cut off just before touchdown. Engineers must ensure that the vehicle is protected enough to ensure that the fall without thrust does not cause damage.
1746:"China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W)"
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probe, was achieved by first slowing the spacecraft to a suitable speed and altitude, then ejecting a payload containing the scientific experiments. The payload was stopped on the lunar surface using airbags, which provided cushioning as it fell.
349:
and even after losing one of its engines during descent but within 100 m (330 ft) of its landing spot on 19 January 2024. It carried two small LEV rovers on board deployed sepqrately, just before SLIM's touchdown. It's landing made
173:
was the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon on
February 3, 1966, after 11 unsuccessful attempts. Three Luna Spacecraft returned lunar soil samples to Earth from 1972 to 1976. Two other Luna spacecraft soft-landed the
1258:
Descent orbit insertion – the spacecraft enters an orbit favorable for final descent. This stage was not present in the early landing efforts, which did not begin with lunar orbit. Such missions began on a lunar impact trajectory
1318:
Neil
Armstrong however touched down very gently by firing the engine until touchdown; some later crews shut down the engine before touchdown and felt noticeable bumps on landing, with greater compression of the landing struts.
1731:"2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander"
128:, flight rate, propulsive requirements, and configuration constraints. Other important design factors include overall energy requirements, mission duration, the type of mission operations on the lunar surface, and
434:
as used here includes any mission that was launched with the intent to land on the Moon, including all missions which failed to reach lunar orbit for any reason. A landing attempt by a spacecraft is classified as
208:. As of 2024, it is the only crewed lunar lander. The Apollo program completed six successful lunar soft-landings from 1969 until 1972; a seventh lunar landing attempt by the Apollo program was aborted when
1941:
1247:
Achieving a soft landing is the overarching goal of any lunar lander, and distinguishes landers from impactors, which were the first type of spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon.
1175:. Landers will be in direct sunlight for more than two weeks at a time, and then in complete darkness for another two weeks. This causes significant problems for thermal control.
1385:
1167:—and no significant atmosphere. Practically, this means that the only method of descent and landing that can provide sufficient thrust with current technology is based on
2045:
Okishio, Shogo; Nagano, Hosei; Ogawa, Hiroyuki (December 2015). "A proposal and verification of the lunar overnight method by promoting the heat exchange with regolith".
1210:
landed on the Moon in 1967 using nearly 700 kg of fuel. The lack of an atmosphere, however, removes the need for a Moon lander to have a heat shield and also allows
390:. However, the mission experienced some anomalies, including tipping-over on one side on the lunar surface; an off-nominal initial lunar orbit, a non-functioning landing
2356:
254:(also known as the Chang'e project) includes robotic lander, rover, and sample-return components; the program realized an initial successful lunar soft-landing with the
323:
robotic lander on 25 April 2023. The attempt was unsuccessful and the lander crashed into the lunar surface. The company has plans for another landing attempt in 2024.
63:
338:
lunar lander on 10 August 2023; the probe's intended destination was near the lunar south pole, but on 19 August 2023 the lander crashed on the Moon's surface.
1278:
Lunar landings typically end with the engine shutting down when the lander is several feet above the lunar surface. The idea is that engine exhaust and lunar
1183:
As of 2019, space probes have landed on all three bodies other than Earth that have solid surfaces and atmospheres thick enough to make aerobraking possible:
379:
landed successfully on 22 February 2024 on the Moon, marking the United States' first unmanned lunar soft-landing in over 50 years. This mission is the first
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having a mass (at the time of Mars atmospheric entry) of 2400 kg, of which only 390 kg was fuel. In comparison, the much lighter (292 kg)
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300:
lander achieved India's first robotic soft-landing and later conducted a brief hop on 3 September 2023 to test technologies required for Indian lunar
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2119:
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lander on 4 April 2019; the attempt failed. As of 2023, SpaceIL has plans for another soft-landing attempt using a follow-up robotic lander named
1768:
2331:
443:
occurs when a spacecraft lands intact on the Moon but its in-situ operations is compromised as a result of the landing process for any reason.
2277:
1933:
1988:
2183:
Hager, P; Klaus, D; Walter, U (March 2014). "Characterizing transient thermal interactions between lunar regolith and surface spacecraft".
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The length of the lunar night makes it difficult to use solar electric power to heat the instruments, and nuclear heaters are often used.
1107:
258:
spacecraft on 14 December 2013. As of 2023, the CLEP has achieved three successful soft-landings out of three landing attempts, namely
2446:
589:
1827:
1266:
Final approach – The spacecraft is nearly at the landing site, and final adjustments for the exact location of touchdown can be made
2386:
2140:
Cole, E.G. (November 1965). "Design and
Development of the Apollo Three-Man Spacecraft With Two-Man Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)".
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is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the
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robotic lunar rover in 1970 and 1973. Luna achieved a total of seven successful soft-landings out of 27 landing attempts.
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1963:
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if it lands intact on the Moon and is situated in its designed orientation/attitude and fully functional, while a
374:
242:, the Soviet Union cancelled both the N1 Rocket and the LK Lunar Module programs without any further development.
1335:"Time-span" in this case begins in the year that the relevant program launched its first lunar landing attempt.
405:
from China's Hainan Island on 3 May 2024; this mission seeks to conduct the first lunar sample return from the
234:
required for the lunar flight suffered setbacks (including several launch failures), and after the first human
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spacecraft with the lander crashing on the Moon's surface. On 23 August 2023, the program's follow-up
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30:
270:. Chang'e 4 made history by making humanity's first ever soft-landing on the far side of the moon.
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1996:
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82:
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conducted an unsuccessful robotic lunar soft-landing attempt on 6 September 2019 as part of its
2471:
1130:
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984:
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137:
1133:, a competition to produce VTVL vehicles with sufficient delta-v to fly from the Moon to orbit
409:. This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was successfully completed by
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1769:"China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission"
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1706:"NASA, Intuitive Machines Share Images from the Moon, Provide Science Updates – Artemis"
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136:(higher than all known asteroids, but lower than all Solar System planets) and lack of
72:
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2022:
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lunar module was the lunar lander developed by the Soviet Union as a part of several
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has relatively high gravity compared to that of asteroids or comets—and some other
1143:
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1438:"Chandrayaan-3 lander Vikram comes up with a surprise, makes a 'jump' on the Moon"
2795:
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224:
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Landing on any Solar System body comes with challenges unique to that body. The
1854:"China's spacecraft takes off from moon with first samples from lunar far side"
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1906:
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SpaceX gearing up to launch
Intuitive Machines private moon lander in February
165:
was a series of robotic impactors, flybys, orbiters, and landers flown by the
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1095:; not selected, but partially incorporated into the Integrated Lander Vehicle
870:
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305:
297:
293:
239:
182:
111:
1410:"India Admits Its Moon Lander Crashed, Cites Problem with Braking Thrusters"
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program of lunar exploration undertaken by the
Russian Federal Space Agency
227:, but the LK lunar module never flew to the Moon, as the development of the
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The design requirements for these landers depend on factors imposed by the
117:. Several robotic landers have reached the surface, and some have returned
103:
418:
on 25 June 2024, completing China's lunar far side sample return mission.
2933:
2827:
2803:
2463:
1880:"Chang'e-6 spacecraft dock in lunar orbit ahead of journey back to Earth"
1800:"Chang'e-6 lands on far side of the moon to collect unique lunar samples"
1092:
1060:
959:
282:
228:
141:
1307:
lander used a similar technique, falling 4m after its engine shut down.
2821:
2809:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
1549:"Japan's Slim spacecraft lands on moon but struggles to generate power"
1351:, a list of objects that have been left, landed, or crashed on the Moon
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technology; partially incorporated into the
Integrated Lander Vehicle
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678:
384:
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235:
209:
118:
1386:"Lunar Lander Stage Requirements Based on the Civil Needs Data Base"
212:'s service module suffered explosive venting from its oxygen tanks.
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175:
383:-NASA partnership to land on the Moon and the first landing using
345:
made a successful lunar landing with wrong attitude, bleak signal
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Space.com. By Mike Wall. Jan. 31, 2024. Retrieved Feb. 5, 2024.
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133:
125:
1491:"Moon Landing of the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)"
2743:
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1610:"Intuitive Machines ready for launch of its first lunar lander"
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1115:
790:
685:
170:
1039:, multiple vendors were selected to supply spacecraft for the
144:, so a lander must use propulsion to decelerate and achieve a
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Touchdown – the spacecraft achieves soft landing on the Moon
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1992:
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950:"Luna-Resurs 2" - lunar south pole lander and sample return
875:
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563:
525:
487:
1964:"China unveils lunar lander to put astronauts on the moon"
926:
1650:"Odysseus achieves the first US Moon landing since 1972"
2243:
2241:
2239:
2222:(2nd ed.). Segundo, California: Aerospace Press.
1286:
The first soft lunar landing, performed by the Soviet
1114:, China has introduced a staged-descent concept for a
915:
362:
In
January 2024, the first mission of the NASA-funded
223:. Several LK lunar modules were flown without crew in
51:
Spacecraft intended to land on the surface of the Moon
2091:"MSL Landing Special – MSL – Mars Science Laboratory"
1154:
1028:, previously known as the Lunar Surface Access Module
330:
program, the successor program to the Soviet Union's
2353:"The Mission of Luna 13: Christmas 1966 on the Moon"
1310:
Perhaps the most famous lunar landers, those of the
1298:
Airbag methods are not typical. For example, NASA's
2236:
1828:"China's Chang'e-6 lifts off from far side of moon"
1391:. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from
2044:
1934:"NASA Picks SpaceX to Land Next Americans on Moon"
1303:keep the payload safe. More recently, the Chinese
1793:
1791:
1672:
1670:
1510:"Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon"
3028:
2182:
1819:
1464:"Luna-25 crashes into moon after orbit maneuver"
507:Historical program; Luna 25 is part of Luna-Glob
1845:
1582:"Peregrine lander suffers anomaly after launch"
1908:小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等 の記者会見
1871:
1788:
1737:
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1123:
2479:
2021:(3rd ed.). California: Microcosm Press.
394:instrument, and apparently low communication
1961:
1743:
1214:to be disregarded when designing the craft.
987:(XEUS was dual use as crewed, but cancelled)
204:was the lunar lander for the United States'
197:even did a brief hop off the lunar surface.
2016:
1826:Lee, Liz; Baptista, Eduardo (3 June 2024).
1825:
1679:"IM-1 lunar lander tipped over on its side"
15:
2493:
2486:
2472:
2142:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2040:
2038:
1955:
354:the 5th country to soft land on the moon.
16:
2074:
944:"Luna-Resurs 1" - lunar south pole lander
277:attempted a robotic lunar landing by its
1383:
319:) attempted a lunar soft-landing by its
62:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
2217:
2035:
815:Successor to the Soviet Luna programme.
665:Landers/rovers, sample-returns, future
14:
3029:
2419:from the original on December 27, 2016
2400:
2379:"China puts Jade Rabbit rover on Moon"
2376:
2324:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
2249:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
2116:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1851:
1546:
1349:List of artificial objects on the Moon
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1877:
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2067:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.08.071
2017:Wertz, James; Larson, Wiley (2003).
2010:
2974:
2220:Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook
1648:David, Emillia (22 February 2024).
1355:List of crewed lunar lander designs
1254:The stages of landing can include:
1171:. In addition, the Moon has a long
1059:, chosen as the second HLS vendor (
972:contracts to support NASA's crewed
916:Proposed landers and research craft
621:Historical program; 3 uncrewed T2K
421:
343:Smart Lander for Investigating Moon
48:
2162:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb56141.x
1155:Challenges unique to lunar landing
857:(landed with off-nominal attitude)
625:landers were tested in Earth orbit
49:
3058:
2019:Space Mission Analysis and Design
1962:Andrew Jones (27 February 2023).
1767:Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024).
1540:
1242:
1112:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
970:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
315:(not to be confused with China's
252:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
1677:Foust, Jeff (23 February 2024).
1608:Foust, Jeff (13 February 2024).
1462:Jones, Andrew (20 August 2023).
1142:Morpheus Lander, part of NASA's
1053:, chosen as the first HLS vendor
1024:, a proposed spacecraft for the
869:
827:
789:
754:
719:
684:
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481:
2449:from the original on 2019-03-16
2431:
2413:Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal
2389:from the original on 2019-03-27
2370:
2359:from the original on 2019-03-03
2345:
2334:from the original on 2017-11-20
2316:
2305:from the original on 2021-07-25
2291:
2280:from the original on 2018-02-09
2266:
2255:from the original on 2019-09-27
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2122:from the original on 2019-09-04
2108:
2097:from the original on 2021-02-26
2083:
1981:
1944:from the original on 2021-04-22
1932:Brown, Katherine (2021-04-16).
1925:
1899:
1760:
1744:Andrew Jones (25 April 2023).
1723:
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1641:
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968:program and eligible to bid on
672:Chang'e 6 landed on 1 June 2024
132:if crewed. The relatively high
104:land on the surface of the Moon
2439:"Lunar Surface Sensing Probes"
1580:Foust, Jeff (8 January 2024).
1573:
1522:
1501:
1483:
1455:
1430:
1402:
1377:
1129:Several were produced for the
13:
1:
1878:Jones, Andrew (6 June 2024).
1798:Jones, Andrew (1 June 2024).
1508:Chang, Kenneth (2024-01-19).
1370:
1081:and Mars Precursor, based on
56:Lunar lander (disambiguation)
2407:Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995).
2274:"Apollo 11 Mission Overview"
1273:
1079:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
1012:List of crewed lunar landers
245:
221:Soviet crewed lunar programs
156:
7:
2377:Rincon, Paul (2013-12-14).
2185:Planetary and Space Science
2047:Applied Thermal Engineering
1342:
1124:Research craft (earthbound)
920:
10:
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1547:Sample, Ian (2024-01-19).
1384:Mulqueen, John A. (1993).
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3047:Soft landings on the Moon
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2409:"The First Lunar Landing"
2205:10.1016/j.pss.2014.01.011
1057:Integrated Lander Vehicle
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31:latest accepted revision
3037:Exploration of the Moon
2218:Gilmore, D. G. (2003).
2197:2014P&SS...92..101H
1295:used a similar method.
357:
169:between 1958 and 1976.
1995:. 2010. Archived from
1989:"Robotic Lunar Lander"
1852:Huaxia (3 June 2024).
1202:was landed on Mars by
1131:Lunar Lander Challenge
985:United Launch Alliance
373:The second CLPS probe
87:
1365:Lunar Terrain Vehicle
1026:Constellation program
992:Astrobotic Technology
368:Peregrine Mission One
302:sample return mission
290:Chandrayaan Programme
238:were achieved by the
66:
3042:Landers (spacecraft)
2299:"Chang'e 3 – Change"
1534:X (Formerly Twitter)
1165:planetary satellites
1116:crewed lunar landing
1108:crewed mission phase
1041:Human Landing System
990:Griffin Lander from
981:Masten Space Systems
908:(landed on its side)
900:(spacecraft failure)
407:far side of the Moon
54:For other uses, see
2328:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
2154:1965NYASA.134...39C
2059:2015AppTE..91.1176O
1231:Thermal environment
1227:off from the Moon.
1193:Saturn's moon Titan
1099:Boeing Lunar Lander
1049:, lunar variant of
979:XL-1 and XEUS from
202:Apollo Lunar Module
140:negates the use of
130:life support system
108:Apollo Lunar Module
69:Apollo Lunar Module
21:Page version status
1515:The New York Times
1442:The Indian Express
1418:. 26 November 2019
1179:Lack of atmosphere
1146:(results used for
583:Historical program
545:Historical program
321:Hakuto-R Mission 1
188:first soft-landed
106:. As of 2024, the
88:
27:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
2963:
2962:
2702:
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2557:
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1073:Draper Laboratory
913:
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816:
673:
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584:
546:
508:
461:Landing attempts
18:
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2443:heroicrelics.org
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2087:
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2078:
2053:(5): 1176–1186.
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1169:chemical rockets
1144:Project Morpheus
1089:Blue Moon Mark 2
1069:Northrop Grumman
956:Blue Moon Mark 1
903:
898:Peregrine lander
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467:Partial success
446:
445:
422:Landing outcomes
186:Surveyor program
138:lunar atmosphere
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1106:As part of the
1065:Lockheed Martin
1051:SpaceX Starship
1037:Artemis program
1018:
1010:Main articles:
1008:
974:Artemis Program
923:
918:
906:Odysseus lander
902:
868:
826:
788:
753:
718:
683:
670:
648:
636:
594:
556:
518:
480:
441:partial success
432:landing attempt
424:
401:China launched
360:
334:, launched the
248:
225:low Earth orbit
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2369:
2355:. 2016-12-24.
2344:
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2290:
2276:. 2015-04-17.
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2009:
1980:
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1752:) – via
1736:
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1710:blogs.nasa.gov
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1398:on 2021-10-01.
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1312:Apollo Program
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1243:Landing stages
1241:
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1177:
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1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:Lunar CATALYST
1140:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:, not selected
1096:
1086:
1076:
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1029:
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1004:
1003:
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1001:
1000:
994:
988:
966:Lunar CATALYST
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452:Country/Orgs.
450:
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420:
416:Inner Mongolia
359:
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232:Launch Vehicle
206:Apollo program
183:United States'
158:
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115:Apollo Program
112:United States'
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2872:Blue Ghost M1
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2724:Chandrayaan-2
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2617:Chandrayaan-3
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2495:Lunar landing
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2028:1-881883-10-8
2024:
2020:
2013:
1999:on 2011-12-27
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1968:spacenews.com
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964:Under NASA's
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880:2024-present
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838:2023-present
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800:2023-present
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765:2022-present
764:
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464:Full success
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236:Moon landings
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80:
77:as seen from
76:
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65:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
2494:
2451:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2412:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2361:. Retrieved
2347:
2336:. Retrieved
2327:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2293:
2282:. Retrieved
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2219:
2213:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2148:(1): 39–57.
2145:
2141:
2135:
2124:. Retrieved
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2085:
2050:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
1917:– via
1912:. Retrieved
1907:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1821:
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1803:
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1772:
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1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1712:. 2024-02-28
1709:
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1653:
1643:
1631:
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1613:
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1585:
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1564:. Retrieved
1553:The Guardian
1552:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1513:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1467:
1457:
1446:. Retrieved
1444:. 2023-09-04
1441:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1393:the original
1379:
1360:Lunar module
1331:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1277:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1218:High gravity
1212:aerodynamics
1197:
1182:
1158:
1137:Mighty Eagle
1047:Starship HLS
1016:Lunar module
998:Moon Express
930:Lunar Lander
649:2013-present
440:
437:full success
436:
431:
429:
427:from Earth.
425:
400:
375:
372:
361:
340:
332:Luna program
325:
310:
287:
272:
249:
214:
199:
180:
167:Soviet Union
163:Luna program
160:
146:soft landing
123:
102:designed to
95:
92:lunar lander
91:
89:
83:
73:
60:
39:28 June 2024
38:
29:This is the
23:
3007:OrbitBeyond
2944:Hakuto-R M2
2934:Beresheet 2
2804:Artemis III
2729:Hakuto-R M1
2191:: 101–116.
1832:Reuters.com
1690:23 February
1659:23 February
1621:14 February
1093:Blue Origin
1061:Blue Origin
960:Blue Origin
714:Chandrayaan
388:propellants
283:Beresheet 2
142:aerobraking
96:Moon lander
3031:Categories
3012:McCandless
2774:Surveyor 2
2764:OMOTENASHI
2674:Surveyor 1
2453:2019-03-08
2393:2019-03-08
2363:2019-03-08
2338:2019-03-08
2309:2021-10-01
2284:2019-03-09
2259:2019-03-08
2126:2019-03-09
2101:2021-10-01
2076:2346/64545
2003:2011-01-10
1948:2021-06-23
1914:2024-01-25
1858:Xinhua.com
1780:10 January
1716:2024-02-29
1566:2024-01-20
1448:2023-10-03
1422:10 January
1371:References
1300:Surveyor 1
1208:Surveyor 3
996:MX-1 from
934:Under the
568:1969-1972
530:1966-1968
492:1963-1976
455:Time-span
195:Surveyor 6
190:Surveyor 1
121:to Earth.
100:spacecraft
2903:Luna-Glob
2769:Peregrine
2719:Beresheet
2714:Apollo 13
2622:Chang'e 3
2576:Apollo 11
2532:Chang'e 6
2527:Chang'e 4
1885:SpaceNews
1805:SpaceNews
1774:SpaceNews
1684:SpaceNews
1654:The Verge
1615:SpaceNews
1593:8 January
1587:SpaceNews
1561:0261-3077
1475:20 August
1469:SpaceNews
1415:Space.com
1316:Apollo 11
1305:Chang'e 3
1274:Touchdown
1223:descent.
1198:Curiosity
1173:solar day
936:Luna-Glob
796:Roscosmos
784:Luna-Glob
679:Beresheet
430:The term
411:Chang'e 5
403:Chang'e 6
396:bandwidth
385:cryogenic
366:program,
347:bandwidth
328:Luna-Glob
326:Russia's
279:Beresheet
273:Israel's
268:Chang'e 5
264:Chang'e 4
260:Chang'e 3
256:Chang'e 3
246:2013–2023
229:N1 Rocket
210:Apollo 13
157:1958–1976
2968:Proposed
2542:EagleCam
2497:missions
2447:Archived
2423:June 13,
2417:Archived
2415:. NASA.
2387:Archived
2383:BBC News
2357:Archived
2332:Archived
2303:Archived
2278:Archived
2253:Archived
2170:86244382
2120:Archived
2095:Archived
1942:Archived
1343:See also
1280:regolith
1259:instead.
1119:vehicle.
921:Uncrewed
883:robotic
841:robotic
803:robotic
768:robotic
749:Hakuto-R
733:robotic
698:robotic
653:robotic
533:robotic
514:Surveyor
495:robotic
449:Program
376:Odysseus
341:Japan's
311:Japan's
288:India's
176:Lunokhod
84:Columbia
35:reviewed
2992:Firefly
2982:Redwire
2950:, 2024)
2940:, 2025)
2938:SpaceIL
2911:Luna 27
2796:Artemis
2788:Planned
2610:Robotic
2520:Robotic
2193:Bibcode
2150:Bibcode
2055:Bibcode
1973:24 July
1919:YouTube
1754:Twitter
1293:Luna 13
1204:a craft
1110:of its
1091:, from
958:, from
948:Luna 28
942:Luna 27
904:CLPS-2
896:CLPS-1
691:spaceIL
632:Chang'e
609:crewed
571:crewed
381:private
336:Luna 25
317:i-Space
304:called
275:SpaceIL
152:History
134:gravity
126:payload
119:samples
67:Apollo
3002:MoonEx
2997:Masten
2987:Draper
2956:(2026)
2948:ispace
2927:Others
2919:(2030)
2913:(2028)
2894:(2025)
2888:(2025)
2880:(2026)
2874:(2024)
2855:(2028)
2849:(2026)
2830:(2032)
2824:(2031)
2818:(2030)
2812:(2028)
2806:(2026)
2734:Luna 5
2707:Failed
2632:Luna 9
2569:Crewed
2510:Crewed
2503:Active
2226:
2168:
2025:
1891:6 June
1863:3 June
1837:3 June
1811:1 June
1559:
1288:Luna 9
1191:, and
1139:lander
1043:role:
1031:Under
1022:Altair
1006:Crewed
761:ispace
552:Apollo
470:Notes
313:ispace
171:Luna 9
2166:S2CID
1750:Tweet
1396:(PDF)
1389:(PDF)
1323:Notes
1263:speed
1200:rover
1189:Venus
1083:Orion
590:N1/L3
458:Type
392:LIDAR
352:Japan
98:is a
81:-107
74:Eagle
2975:CLPS
2892:IM-3
2886:IM-2
2864:CLPS
2839:CLEP
2562:Past
2549:SLIM
2537:IM-1
2514:none
2425:2013
2224:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1993:NASA
1975:2023
1938:NASA
1893:2024
1865:2024
1839:2024
1813:2024
1782:2024
1692:2024
1661:2024
1623:2024
1595:2024
1557:ISSN
1495:JAXA
1477:2023
1424:2024
1185:Mars
1161:Moon
1071:and
1033:NASA
1014:and
983:and
876:NASA
864:CLPS
855:SLIM
834:JAXA
822:JAXA
726:ISRO
667:ISRU
644:CNSA
606:N/A
602:USSR
564:NASA
526:NASA
488:USSR
476:Luna
364:CLPS
358:2024
266:and
250:The
215:The
200:The
181:The
161:The
2828:VII
2201:doi
2158:doi
2146:134
2071:hdl
2063:doi
1035:'s
927:ESA
498:27
308:.
94:or
79:CSM
71:-5
37:on
3033::
2954:M3
2917:28
2878:M2
2822:VI
2810:IV
2759:25
2754:18
2749:15
2667:24
2662:23
2657:21
2652:20
2647:17
2642:16
2637:13
2601:17
2596:16
2591:15
2586:14
2581:12
2445:.
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2238:^
2199:.
2189:92
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2061:.
2051:91
2049:.
2037:^
1991:.
1966:.
1940:.
1936:.
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1790:^
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976::
892:1
889:0
886:2
850:1
847:0
844:1
809:0
806:1
774:0
771:1
739:1
736:2
704:0
701:1
659:4
656:4
623:LK
615:0
612:0
577:6
574:7
539:5
536:7
501:7
285:.
262:,
217:LK
148:.
90:A
33:,
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