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clay. Since then every square metre of the island has been dug up and rebuilt, often using the same materials, multiple times, making it unlikely that traces of the Gallic settlement would remain on the island. They argue that a settlement in
Nanterre did not necessarily exclude that the Île-de-la-Cité was the site of the oppidum of Lutetia; both settlements could have existed at the same time. Finally, they argue that, while Gallic settlements sometimes relocated to a new site, the new sites were usually given a new name. It would be very unusual to transfer the name of Lutetia from the Nanterre settlement to a new Roman town on the Île-de-la-Cité. They also argue that if Lutetia had not already existed where Paris is today, the new Roman city would have been given a Latin, not a Gallic name. This seems to support the argument that Lutetia was in fact located at the center of modern Paris.
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and Avenue
Denfert-Rochereau. It occupied a space of about four hectares, and was in use from the beginning of the first until about the fourth century AD. About four hundred tombs, a fraction of the tombs that were once there, have been excavated. Tombs were often placed one above the other. Some remains were buried in stone sepulchres, others in wooden coffins, others simply in the ground. It was a common practice to bury the dead with some items of their belongings, usually some of their clothing and particularly their shoes, placed in vases. Sometimes items of food and silverware were placed in the burial vessel.
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834:, which threatened Lutetia. The city at the time had no fortifications. Portions of the left bank settlement, including the baths and amphitheatre, were hurriedly abandoned, and the stones used to construct ramparts around the Île de la Cité. The city was reduced in size from one hundred hectares during the high Roman Empire to ten to fifteen hectares on the left bank, and ten hectares on the Île de la Cité. A new civic basilica and baths were built on the island whose vestiges can be seen in the archeological crypt under the Parvis in front of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Place John Paul II.
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1077:, are the largest and best-preserved vestige of Roman Lutetia and date from the late 1st or early 2nd century AD. They were at the junction of the two major Roman roads, between Boulevard Saint-Michel, Boulevard Saint-Germaine, and the Rue des Ecoles. The baths originally occupied a much larger area of about 300 x 400 Roman feet, a standard Roman city block, covering about one hectare.
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Vestiges of Roman buildings on the island, including baths, were found under the parvis of Notre-Dame in 1965 and can be seen today. The rampart was about two metres tall with a wooden walkway and, like most of the buildings on the island, was built from stone brought from the demolished buildings on
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The residential streets of
Lutetia, unlike the boulevards, were irregular and not as-well maintained as they were the responsibility of the home-owners, not the city. Traces of several of these early residential neighbourhoods, dating to the beginning of the 1st century AD, particularly on the Rue de
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The slope of Mt. Genevieve was used to provide elevation for the semi-circular seating. The back of the stage faced onto to the Roman road and was decorated with arches and columns. The "pulpitum", or front stage, and "parascenum", or back stage, rested on a base of cement. When excavated in the 19th
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and
Boulevard du Port Royal, along the Roman main road leading to Italy. In this necropolis the tombs were mostly composed of stone taken from the monuments in the earlier necropolis of Saint-Jacques. One of the tombs there, dating from the Third Century AD, is notable for the first recorded use of
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It had a stage and backdrop used for the presentation of plays, along with a larger space suitable for the combat of gladiators and of animals, and other large-scale festivities. It was probably built near the end of the 1st century AD. In the early 4th century its stone was used in the construction
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The Forum of
Lutetia was in the centre of the city, between the modern streets of Boulevard Saint-Michel on the west, Rue Saint-Jacques on the east, rue Cujas to the north and Rue G. Lussac and rue Malbranch to the south. It was two Roman blocks wide and one block long, 177.6 x 88.8 m. Only a small
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which he visited was on an island. In his account of the war in Gaul Caesar wrote that, when the Romans later laid siege to
Lutetia, "the inhabitants had burned their structures and the wooden bridges which served to cross the two branches of the river around their island fortress," which appears to
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During the early, or High Roman Empire, the major Roman necropolis, or cemetery, was located near the Cardo
Maximus (Main Street), close to the exit of the city and some distance from the nearest residences. The Necropolis of Saint-Jacques was close to the modern intersection of Avenue Saint-Michel
948:, essentially the town hall, occupied the east of the forum, It contained the courts where political, social and financial issues were discussed and decided. It had a central nave, higher than other parts of the building, and two lower collateral aisles, separated from the nave by rows of columns.
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where a collection tank was excavated. The aqueduct was built in the second half of the 1st century AD mainly to supply the monumental public baths of Cluny. The aqueduct could deliver an estimated 2000 m of water a day. The masonry and cement conduit, about 1/2 metre wide and 3/4 metre deep, was
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The houses of the wealthy often had an underfloor heating system and their own bath suite. Their interior walls were covered with plaster, and often painted with frescoes, some traces of which have been recovered (see gallery). They frequently had a reception room on the ground floor and bedrooms
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is today, along
Boulevard Saint-Michel. It occupied one of the central blocks of the Roman city, three hundred Roman feet on each side. It was probably built in the second part of the 1st century AD, based on coins found; it was renovated in the 2nd century. Like many other buildings on the left
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The streets and squares were laid out in blocks ("insular") of 300 Roman feet (88.8 m) square. As a result the modern Rue Saint Martin and Rue Saint-Denis, which were both laid out in Roman times, are 600 Roman feet apart. Excavations of the streets have uncovered the ruts in the roads from the
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Proponents of the Ile de Cité as the site of the Gallic settlement also address the issue of the lack of archaeological evidence on the island. The original oppidum and bridges were burned by the
Parisii to keep them out of the hands of the Romans. The houses of the Parisii were made of wood and
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Lutetia was both a trading centre for art works, through its access to water and land routes, and, later, the home of workshops ceramics and other decorative works. Sculpture was widely used in monuments, particularly in the several necropoli, or Roman cemeteries, in the outskirts of the city.
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A modest headquarters or "Palace" was constructed at the west end of the island, where the Palais de
Justice is today. One was the residence and headquarters of the Roman military commander, and the temporary residence of two Emperors during the military campaigns. It was probably here that
1097:, which had the same features at room-temperature. They played an important social and political role in Lutetia as in other Roman cities. They were free of charge, or accessible for a small fee, and contained not only baths but also bars, places to rest, meeting rooms and libraries.
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The houses generally had wood frames covered with clay. The floors were covered with yellow clay or packed earth. Excavations showed that the city had an important plaster industry; plaster was used to simulate stone, as a covering, or in the form of bricks and tiles.
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and at the centre of the facade was a monumental fountain. Beneath there are several lower rooms with vaulted roofs. The drain for emptying the frigidarium pool is still visible that encircled the baths and ran into a main drain located under Boulevard Saint-Michel.
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the name "Paris" for the city. The tombs at Saint Marcel contain a variety of ceramic and glass objects from the workshops of the city, placed at the foot of the deceased. The first symbols of Christian burials, in the 5th century, were also found here.
722:, crossed the river there, marched back toward the city, and decisively defeated the Parisii. The location of the final battle, like the location of the oppidum, is disputed. It was fought near a river, which some historians interpret as the
1049:, or general audience seating, higher up and farther back, and the "maenianum" of the podium, for the notables, in front of the orchestra stage. It had a separate entrance, and was accessed by a covered corridor. There were also several
1134:, or large outdoor exercise area. Vestiges of the circular hot water pool and the cold water pool have survived, along with the hypocaust heating system. Traces were also found of marble wall coverings, frescoes and bronze fixtures.
936:
The forum was surrounded by a wall, with entrances on the north and south. Along the outer walls on the north, south sides and west sides, were arcades sheltering rows of small shops. At the west end was an underground gallery, or
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The site was discovered in 1867-68 during the construction of Rue Monge by Louis-Napoleon, and excavations were begun in 1870. A bus depot was planned to be built on the same site, but a coalition of notable Parisans, including
668:, in the suburbs of Paris. This is composed of a large area of several main streets and hundreds of houses over 15 hectares. Critics also point out the lack of archaeological finds from the pre-Roman era on the Ile de la Cité.
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The first traces of the Roman occupation of Lutetia appeared at the end of the 1st century BC, during the reign of the Emperor Augustus. By the beginning of the 1st century AD, the construction of the Roman city was underway.
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Other scholars dispute the idea that the settlement was in Nanterre. They point to the description given by Julius Caesar, who came to Lutetia to negotiate with the leaders of the Gallic tribes. He wrote that the
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The amphitheatre is located near the intersection of Rue Monge and Rue de Navarre. It was about 100 x 130 m in plan, making it one of the largest in Gaul. It could accommodate as many as 17000 spectators.
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Clients entered the baths near the modern Rue des Ecoles into a large courtyard lined with shops. They would cross the courtyard to the entrance of the baths, change their clothes, and go first into the
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to Paris. After defeating the Franks in a major battle at Strasbourg in 357, he defended against Germanic invaders coming from the north. He was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 360 in Lutetia. Later
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In the later years of the Empire, when the pressure of invading Germanic tribes led to the abandonment of the old monuments, a new necropolis, named for Saint-Marcel, was established near the modern
1285:
777:. The importance of the city was due in large part to its position as an intersection of land and water trade routes. One of the most striking archeological finds from the early period is the
1540:) by the guild of boatmen, the most influential guild in the city, and was found in the Île-de-la-Cité. It depicted both Roman and Gallic deities in a series of blocks stacked into a column.
664:, where the bridges of the major trading routes of the Parisii crossed the Seine. This view was challenged after the discovery between 1994 and 2005 of a large early Gallic settlement in
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bank in the 4th century its stone was used in the building of the wall and new buildings on the Île-de-la-Cité. It was excavated and recreated by Theodore Vacquer between 1861 and 1884.
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Another important building on the island was the civic basilica, fulfilling the judicial functions transferred from the Left Bank. It stood between the modern Rue de la Cité and the
730:; and near a large marsh; a feature of the countryside near both the Île-de-la-Cité and Narbonne. Whatever its location was, the battle was decisive; Lutetia became a Roman town.
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Beginning in 307 AD, the increasing number of invasions of Gaul by Germanic tribes forced the Lutetians to abandon a large part of the city on the left bank, and to move to the
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At the west end was the temple devoted to the official gods. Its facade with a portico of pillars with triangular pediment faced to the east, the tradition for Roman temples.
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station. It was 70 x 35 m with a central nave. The entrance was probably on the Rue de la Cité, the Cardo Maximus which crossed the island and connected the bridges.
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632:, they settled in villages, in houses made of wood and clay. Their life was closely attached to the river, which served as a trade route to other parts of Europe.
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and a city began to be built. Remains of the Roman forum, amphitheatre, aqueduct and baths can still be seen. In the fifth century it became the capital of the
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1055:, or underground passageways, to the seats of the spectators. The arena probably had some form of covering over the seats to protect spectators from rain.
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upstairs, accessed by a stairway, as well as a cellar which sometimes had its own well. Several houses were grouped together with a common courtyard.
1254:
1089:, an under-floor system of tunnels filled with hot air, heated by furnaces tended by slaves. After a period of time there, bathers would move to the
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are the main remaining rooms. They were originally covered on the inside with mosaics, marble or frescoes. The northern side was occupied by two
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795:, and his companions Rusticus and Eleuthere. In about 250 he and two companions were said to have been arrested and decapitated on the hill of
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mainly below ground level over the distance of 26 kilometres to the city. The major obstacle it faced was crossing the valley of the river
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wheels of chariots and wagons. The roads were regularly repaired with fresh stones, gradually raising their height by as much as a metre.
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part of a wall of the old forum remains above ground today, but the foundations have been extensively excavated since the 19th century.
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was named in honor of its discovery in a Paris laboratory, and the characteristic building material of the city of Paris,
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In the 4th century, Lutetia remained an important bulwark defending the Empire against the Germanic invaders. In 357–358
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463:) have been found nearby, and a larger settlement was established around the middle of the third century BCE by the
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Remains of other baths have been discovered. The best-preserved were found in the 19th century within the present
985:, insisted that the vestiges be saved. They were declared a monument, and partially rebuilt beginning in 1915-16.
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on the "Cardo" or rue Saint-Jacques. They were of about two hectares, even larger than Cluny, and included a
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2045:, Clifton Ellis, PhD Architectural History, Texas Tech College of Architecture - TTU College of Architecture
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l'Abbé de l'Épée, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, and the garden of the Êcole des Mines have been discovered.
841:, as Caesar of the Western empire and general of the Gallic legions, moved the Roman capital of Gaul from
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Goudineau, Christian, "Lutetia" in Dictionary of Antiquity under the direction of Jean Leclant. PUF. 2005
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of the fortress on the Île de Ia Cité, at a time when the province was threatened by barbarian invasion.
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Other major public works projects and monuments were built in the 2nd century AD including an aqueduct.
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Vestiges of the aqueduct have been discovered in several places including under the Institute Curie.
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where the conduit was raised on arches, some of which still exist in the Valley of Arcueil-Cachan.
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had already been used for centuries. Lutetia had gradually become Paris, the city of the Parisii.
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1424:, near where the flower market is today. It was discovered in 1906 during the construction of the
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1995:"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, LUTETIA PARISIORUM later PARISIUS (Paris) France"
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Alain Bouet and Florence Saragoza, "Les Thermes de Cluny", the Archeologia files, no. 323, p. 25
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714:. They burned the oppidum and the bridges to keep the Romans from crossing. The Romans, led by
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Guillaume, Valerie, "Musee Carnavalet-Histoire de Paris - Guide de Visite" (2021), p. 22-27
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1232:(27 BC – 14 AD) containing heated floors were found. The owners were wealthy enough to own
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which was erected by the corporation of local river merchants and sailors and dedicated to
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This spelling is used by O. Seel (1961, 1968) in the Teubner text of Caesar's Gallic War:
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Pottery and a shoe sole from a tomb in the necropolis of Saint-Jacques (Carnavalet Museum)
1085:, a hot and steamy room with benches and a pool of heated water. The room was heated by a
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resided in Lutetia for a brief period (365–366). The first documented bishop of Paris was
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is still disputed by historians. They had traditionally placed the main settlement on the
8:
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Much of the remaining building stone was reused in the city wall of Paris constructed by
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The mid third century brought a series of invasions of Gaul by two Germanic peoples, the
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first agreed to submit to Caesar and Rome, but in 52 BC they joined other tribes, led by
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624:. The earliest inhabitants lived on the river plain, raising animals and farming. In the
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Nanterre et les Parisii : Une capitale au temps des Gaulois ?, Antide Viand,
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1623:
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visited the city in 360, there was a cathedral, near the site of Notre-Dame de Paris.
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Tombstone of a cavalier defeating a barbarian (High Roman Empire - Carnavalet Museum)
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had that distinction) and it was to the west of the most important Roman north-south
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Excavation of collection tank at beginning of the aqueduct at Wissous (1903 photo)
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Remains of a decorative mural from 12, rue de l'Abbé-de-l'Épée, (2nd century AD) (
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854:, in 346. The first council of Bishops in Gaul convened in the city in 360. When
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In the 3rd century, according to legend, Christianity was brought to the town by
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Sculpture of a Triton and a Nymph (2nd century AD) found on the Île de la Cité (
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The original baths were probably destroyed during the first invasion by the
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Model of forum of Lutetia, with temple at left and civic basilica at right (
557:, double collectiv suffix, meaning "the mice" and which is contained in the
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The source of the aqueduct was in the hills outside the city at Rungis and
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27:
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Several scientific discoveries have been named after Lutetia. The element
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Many artifacts from Lutetia have been recovered and are on display at the
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Figure of Venus, bronze and cast iron (1st-4th c. AD -Carnavalet Museum)
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campus. Additionally, remains of private houses dating from the reign of
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34:. For the compound of the element lutetium sometimes called lutecia, see
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2088:, official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau
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habitations, dating as far back as 4500 BC, have been found along the
31:
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4164:
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2230:"Paris, "a Roman city" (in English) French Ministry of Culture site"
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century, the chalk builders' marks were still visible on the floor.
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Pieces of the Pillar of the Boatmen displayed in the Baths of Cluny
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was donated to the city in about 14-17 AD (dedicated to the Emperor
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2520:"Paris, a Roman city" (in English) French Ministry of Culture site
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street, perpendicular to the Seine. It began at the heights of the
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The end of the Roman Empire in the west, and the creation of the
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229:
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was fought with the local tribe. The Gallic forces were led by
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Steps to the wharf of the Roman port, now 50 m from the river.(
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Others were found in rue Gay-Lussac and on the Ile de la Cite.
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621:
510:
26:"Lutecia" redirects here. For a car also known as Lutecia, see
2374:
869:, confirmed the new role and name for the city. The adjective
742:
Model of the "pilier des nautes" (1st century AD), Musee Cluny
302:
4109:
3831:
3558:
2850:
842:
723:
719:
617:
613:
472:
449:
399:
293:
168:
1224:
In May 2006, a Roman road was found during expansion of the
448:), was a Gallo–Roman town and the predecessor of modern-day
396:
4319:
3886:
3826:
3408:
2784:
2328:
2326:
1379:
Section of the Roman aqueduct on Avenue Reille, (14th Arr.)
1009:
Model of the ancient amphitheatre with its stage and arena
770:
468:
390:
375:
308:
2288:
2286:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2141:
2139:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1307:
Detail of a fresco of a bird, 14, rue Monsieur-le-Prince,
478:
In the first century BCE, the settlement was conquered by
305:
2880:
2350:
2338:
2247:
822:
The 3rd century walls (red) and ancient riverbanks (blue)
384:
2501:(no. 330), série Archéologie. Éditions Gallimard, 1997,
2463:, July 2021, Éditions Paris Musées, Paris, (in French) (
2362:
2323:
2053:
2051:
1865:
1863:
954:
865:
in the 5th century, with its capital placed in Paris by
2283:
2195:
2176:
2136:
2091:
1951:
1932:
1930:
762:, across a marshy area to the bridge connecting to the
471:
tribe. The site was an important crossing point of the
2461:
Musée Carnavalet - Histoire de Paris - Guide de visite
2443:
Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation
2207:
2048:
2024:
2012:
1920:
1918:
1860:
1840:
Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France
408:
387:
378:
317:
2271:
2259:
1948:
Julius Caesar: De Bello Gallico, book six, VI p. 62
1927:
486:
of French kings, and thereafter was known as Paris.
381:
372:
299:
290:
1355:
Remains of arches of Aqueduct of Lutetia at Arcueil
1093:, which had a cold-water pool and baths, or to the
1031:The Roman theatre of Lutetia was located where the
807:). According to tradition, he carried his head to
475:, the intersection of land and water trade routes.
393:
296:
1915:
1459:(360–363), made Emperor by his soldiers in Lutetia
656:The original location of the early capital of the
1857:, Xavier Delamarre, éditions errance 2003, p. 209
758:on the left bank, went downhill along the modern
644:Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
4493:
1276:Objects from daily life in Lutetia found in the
1236:which was a status symbol among Roman citizens.
1149:Model of Thermes de Cluny: In the centre is the
997:The ancient Amphitheatre, or "Arenes" of Lutetia
1657:Lutetia is featured in the French comic series
1693:uses the name Lutecia for the Japanese market
769:It was not the capital of the Roman province (
2550:
2224:
2222:
2113:
2111:
1968:
1966:
1758:
1756:
1417:was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 361.
718:, one of Caesar's generals, marched south to
2525:Arènes de Lutèce - Paris Parks & Gardens
2407:(in French). Monum- Éditions du Patrimoine.
1871:"The first inhabitants | Paris antique"
1697:subcompact car, and is named after Lutetia.
1604:A stele of the god Mercury, found under the
2396:
1850:
1848:
1391:A section of aqueduct near Place Montsouris
1043:The theatre had two groups of seating; the
750:The Roman city was laid out along the main
430:
357:
349:
88:of Lutetia lies in the modern city of Paris
2557:
2543:
2219:
2108:
1963:
1753:
1608:on the Île-de-la-Cité (Carnavalet Museum)
1073:, the grand public baths, now part of the
160:Lutetia Parisorum (Latin), Lutèce (French)
47:
2306:"Plaster production | Paris antique"
1989:
1987:
1924:Sarmant, "History of Paris" (2012), p. 10
1564:Jupiter holding a lightning bolt, on the
1845:
1732:
1580:Hunting scene decorating the Cluny baths
919:
817:
737:
647:
639:
635:
595:
2564:
2474:
2440:
2057:
2018:
915:
591:
4494:
2421:
2402:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2292:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2213:
2189:
2145:
2102:
2030:
1984:
1957:
1936:
1626:, derives from the ancient name. The "
1473:Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II
1442:Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II
30:. For the municipality in Brazil, see
2538:
1523:
1396:
955:The Amphitheatre, or Arenes de Lutece
424:
342:
329:
2477:Lutece- Paris, des origines a Clovis
1811:
1809:
1736:The Seine: The River that Made Paris
1226:University of Pierre and Marie Curie
525:meaning "a swamp or marsh" + suffix
1440:Ruins of the Roman baths under the
775:road between Provence and the Rhine
13:
4502:Populated places in pre-Roman Gaul
2382:"Roman aqueducts: Paris (country)"
2159:"The theatre | Paris antique"
1855:Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise
521:. Likely origins are Celtic root
119:Show map of Île-de-France (region)
14:
4518:
2513:
2424:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
1806:
1331:in the present department of the
1112:, with its vault intact, and the
604:boat and pottery found near Bercy
2119:"The forum | Paris antique"
1597:
1585:
1573:
1557:
1545:
1511:
1499:
1464:
1448:
1433:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1300:
1284:
1269:
1253:
1241:
1182:
1166:
1142:
1014:
1002:
990:
894:
878:
733:
536:("pool, meadow") and the Breton
365:
286:
135:
128:
116:Lutetia (Île-de-France (region))
107:
100:
71:
64:
16:Roman city, predecessor of Paris
2445:. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot.
2298:
2151:
2072:
2063:
2036:
1942:
1904:
694:, in a revolt near the end of
136:
108:
72:
1888:
1825:
1797:
1786:
1739:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1726:
1026:
1021:The seats of the amphitheatre
901:Interior of the Roman baths, (
501:The settlement is attested in
275:1st century BCE to 5th century
1:
1719:
1678:Asterix and the Laurel Wreath
1666:Asterix and the Golden Sickle
1480:
1207:
679:describe the Île de la Cité.
457:
253:
3129:Frontiers and fortifications
1058:
543:A less likely origin is the
529:, It survives today in the
496:
7:
3188:Decorations and punishments
2495:Lutèce: Paris ville romaine
2163:archeologie.culture.gouv.fr
2123:archeologie.culture.gouv.fr
1875:archeologie.culture.gouv.fr
1700:
1654:, is named after the city.
1316:
1260:A bronze key from Lutetia (
1108:in 275, then rebuilt. The
910:
426:[...pariːsiˈoːrʊ̃ː]
182:, later Lugdunensis Senonia
10:
4523:
4095:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2670:historiography of the fall
2493:Philippe de Carbonnières,
2043:2 Roman and Medieval Paris
1769:Collins English Dictionary
1684:Asterix and the White Iris
1320:
1198:
1062:
958:
586:
553:, which means "mouse" and
25:
18:
4476:External wars and battles
4343:
4237:
4050:
3642:
3635:
3557:
3469:
3374:
3249:
3201:
3079:
3029:
2968:
2959:
2841:
2793:
2713:
2630:
2600:
2591:
2573:
2441:Sarmant, Thierry (2012).
1842:, éditions Larousse 1968.
1733:Sciolino, Elaine (2019).
1660:The Adventures of Asterix
1613:
1177:, or hot baths, of Cluny
756:Montagne Sainte-Geneviève
358:
350:
271:
249:
244:
236:
223:
186:
175:
164:
156:
58:
46:
2397:Bibliography (in French)
1822:, éditions errance 1994.
1650:, discovered in 1852 by
21:Lutetia (disambiguation)
4471:Roman–Iranian relations
2946:Optimates and populares
2530:Roman aqueduct of Paris
2422:Fierro, Alfred (1996).
2403:Busson, Didier (2001).
2386:www.romanaqueducts.info
1672:Asterix and the Banquet
1323:Roman aqueduct of Paris
813:Basilica of Saint-Denis
452:. Traces of an earlier
240:284 acres (115 ha)
4481:Civil wars and revolts
3747:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3394:Conflict of the Orders
2753:Legislative assemblies
2475:Schmidt, Joel (2009).
2310:archeologie.culture.fr
2234:archeologie.culture.fr
1248:A Roman keyhole plaque
929:
823:
743:
653:
652:Lutetia in 2nd century
645:
605:
339:
4190:Simplicius of Cilicia
3942:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3171:Siege in Ancient Rome
2780:Executive magistrates
2499:Découvertes Gallimard
2079:The City of Antiquity
1999:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1974:"Paris, a Roman city"
1566:Pillar of the Boatmen
1534:Pillar of the Boatmen
977:in the 12th century.
923:
821:
779:Pillar of the Boatmen
741:
651:
643:
636:The Gallic settlement
599:
257: 3rd century BC
157:Alternative name
4200:Stephanus Byzantinus
4105:Eusebius of Caesaria
3967:Sidonius Apollinaris
3657:Ammianus Marcellinus
2996:Tribune of the plebs
2459:Guillaume, Valérie,
1978:www.paris.culture.fr
1646:Epoch. The asteroid
1422:Tribunal de Commerce
916:The Forum of Lutetia
799:thereafter known as
726:, and others as the
592:Earliest inhabitants
331:[luːˈteːtia]
208:48.85472°N 2.34750°E
19:For other uses, see
4376:Distinguished women
4027:Velleius Paterculus
3867:Nicolaus Damascenus
3847:Marcellus Empiricus
3236:Republican currency
2405:Paris ville antique
2256:, pp. 102–105.
1820:Pierre-Yves Lambert
1652:Hermann Goldschmidt
1491:Avenue des Gobelins
863:Merovingian dynasty
803:(Martyrs' Hill, or
620:, and close to the
484:Merovingian dynasty
204: /
43:
36:Lutetium(III) oxide
4150:Phlegon of Tralles
3957:Seneca the Younger
3431:Naming conventions
3161:Personal equipment
2694:Later Roman Empire
2426:. Robert Laffont.
2359:, p. 120-131.
2347:, p. 132-133.
2084:2008-12-12 at the
1816:La langue gauloise
1663:, most notably in
1632:geologic timescale
1624:Lutetian Limestone
1524:Art and Decoration
1397:The Île de la Cité
930:
824:
744:
654:
646:
606:
359:Lutetia Parisiorum
180:Gallia Lugdunensis
147:Show map of France
41:
4489:
4488:
4451:Pontifices maximi
4233:
4232:
4090:Diogenes Laërtius
3912:Pliny the Younger
3667:Asconius Pedianus
3627:Romance languages
3499:Civil engineering
3241:Imperial currency
3114:Political control
3075:
3074:
2709:
2708:
2486:978-2-262-03015-5
2469:978-2-7596-0474-6
2452:978-2-7558-0330-3
2414:978-2-85822-368-8
2371:, p. 18-129.
2335:, p. 98-100.
2148:, pp. 80–89.
1900:978-2-7572-0162-6
1746:978-0-393-60936-3
1455:A coin depicting
1126:College de France
1033:Lycée Saint-Louis
815:was later built.
760:Rue Saint-Jacques
704:Battle of Lutetia
279:
278:
213:48.85472; 2.34750
91:Show map of Paris
4514:
4441:Magistri equitum
4356:Cities and towns
4349:
4275:Constantinopolis
4085:Diodorus Siculus
4017:Valerius Maximus
3952:Seneca the Elder
3872:Nonius Marcellus
3640:
3639:
3193:Hippika gymnasia
3156:Infantry tactics
3062:Consular tribune
3052:Magister equitum
3001:Military tribune
2966:
2965:
2926:Pontifex maximus
2921:Princeps senatus
2911:Magister militum
2677:Byzantine Empire
2598:
2597:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2490:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2302:
2296:
2295:, p. 47-49.
2290:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2192:, p. 94-97.
2187:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2106:
2105:, p. 64-66.
2100:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1961:
1960:, p. 32-33.
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1913:
1911:De Bello Gallico
1908:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1836:Charles Rostaing
1829:
1823:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1730:
1707:History of Paris
1601:
1589:
1577:
1568:(1st century AD)
1561:
1549:
1515:
1503:
1468:
1452:
1437:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1309:Musée Carnavalet
1304:
1293:Musée Carnavalet
1288:
1278:Musée Carnavalet
1273:
1262:Musée Carnavalet
1257:
1245:
1186:
1170:
1146:
1071:Thermes de Cluny
1065:Thermes de Cluny
1018:
1006:
994:
975:Philippe-Auguste
961:Arènes de Lutèce
926:Musée Carnavalet
898:
887:Musée Carnavalet
882:
572:"mice", and the
552:
517:(Λευκοτεκία) by
509:(Λoυκoτοκία) by
491:Musée Carnavalet
462:
459:
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444:
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361:
360:
353:
352:
347:) also known as
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315:
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307:
304:
301:
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258:
255:
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201:
200:
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148:
144:Lutetia (France)
139:
138:
132:
120:
111:
110:
104:
92:
84:, and later the
75:
74:
68:
51:
44:
40:
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4513:
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4491:
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4485:
4347:
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4339:
4229:
4065:Aëtius of Amida
4046:
4032:Verrius Flaccus
4012:Valerius Antias
3972:Silius Italicus
3907:Pliny the Elder
3852:Marcus Aurelius
3727:Cornelius Nepos
3677:Aurelius Victor
3631:
3553:
3465:
3399:Secessio plebis
3370:
3245:
3197:
3071:
3025:
2955:
2837:
2789:
2705:
2626:
2587:
2569:
2563:
2516:
2487:
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2434:
2415:
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2314:
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2208:
2203:
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2188:
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2156:
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2144:
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2127:
2125:
2117:
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2101:
2092:
2086:Wayback Machine
2077:
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2064:
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2041:
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2029:
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2017:
2013:
2003:
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1992:
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1409:the left bank.
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906:
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890:
883:
736:
638:
600:Fragments of a
594:
589:
548:
531:Scottish Gaelic
499:
461: 4500 BCE
460:
445:
440:Lutetia of the
439:
436:
433:
421:
414:
410:
371:
368:
364:
344:[lytɛs]
326:
319:
289:
285:
263:, refounded as
256:
227:oppidum, later
212:
210:
206:
203:
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195:
193:
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54:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4087:
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4067:
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4019:
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4009:
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3999:
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3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
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3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Pomponius Mela
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
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3874:
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3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3652:Aelius Donatus
3648:
3646:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3620:Ecclesiastical
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3361:Toys and games
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Vigintisexviri
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Cursus honorum
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:Western Empire
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2514:External links
2512:
2511:
2510:
2491:
2485:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2419:
2413:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2322:
2297:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2218:
2216:, p. 106.
2206:
2194:
2175:
2150:
2135:
2107:
2090:
2071:
2062:
2047:
2035:
2033:, p. 154.
2023:
2011:
1983:
1962:
1950:
1941:
1926:
1914:
1903:
1887:
1859:
1844:
1824:
1805:
1796:
1785:
1752:
1745:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1615:
1612:
1611:
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1603:
1596:
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1591:
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1570:
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1544:
1525:
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1520:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1403:Île de la Cité
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1240:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:, or Cold bath
1188:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1148:
1141:
1075:Musée de Cluny
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1001:
999:
996:
989:
959:Main article:
956:
953:
939:cryptoporticus
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
903:Hotel de Cluny
900:
893:
891:
884:
877:
797:Mons Mercurius
764:Île de la Cité
735:
732:
716:Titus Labienus
710:'s lieutenant
662:Île de la Cité
637:
634:
593:
590:
588:
585:
498:
495:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
251:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
225:
221:
220:
188:
184:
183:
177:
173:
172:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
143:
134:
133:
127:
126:
125:
124:
115:
106:
105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
79:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
53:Baths of Cluny
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4519:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Julius Paulus
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Fabius Pictor
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Amphitheatres
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Deforestation
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Siege engines
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Establishment
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:Extraordinary
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Promagistrate
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Twelve Tables
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2507:2-07-053389-1
2504:
2500:
2497:, collection
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2433:2-221-07862-4
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2280:, p. 45.
2279:
2274:
2268:, p. 40.
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2066:
2060:, p. 14.
2059:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2021:, p. 12.
2020:
2015:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1939:, p. 32.
1938:
1933:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:Albert Dauzat
1828:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1775:
1774:HarperCollins
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:" is, in the
1629:
1625:
1621:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1034:
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3615:Contemporary
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3259:Architecture
2866:Collegiality
2715:Constitution
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4416:Geographers
4100:Dioscorides
4080:Cassius Dio
3702:Cassiodorus
3605:Renaissance
3211:Agriculture
3183:Auxiliaries
3124:Engineering
2961:Magistrates
2813:Citizenship
2808:Mos maiorum
2743:Late Empire
2369:Busson 2001
2357:Busson 2001
2345:Busson 2001
2333:Busson 2001
2293:Busson 2001
2278:Busson 2001
2266:Busson 2001
2254:Busson 2001
2214:Busson 2001
2190:Busson 2001
2146:Busson 2001
2103:Busson 2001
2031:Busson 2001
1958:Busson 2001
1937:Busson 2001
1426:Paris Metro
1191:Frigidarium
1153:, left the
1151:frigidarium
1110:frigidarium
1091:frigidarium
1027:The Theatre
983:Victor Hugo
809:Saint-Denis
712:Camulogenus
700:Gallic Wars
579:, genitive
540:("dirty").
367:/ ...
211: /
187:Coordinates
4496:Categories
4305:Mediolanum
4245:Alexandria
4210:Themistius
4175:Porphyrius
4002:Tertullian
3937:Quintilian
3927:Propertius
3822:Lactantius
3772:Fulgentius
3707:Censorinus
3529:Sanitation
3514:Metallurgy
3471:Technology
3436:Demography
3384:Patricians
3351:Spectacles
3309:Literature
3304:Hairstyles
3141:Technology
2891:Praefectus
2843:Government
2833:Litigation
2818:Auctoritas
2763:Centuriate
2650:Principate
2645:Pax Romana
2605:Foundation
2479:. Perrin.
1779:2023-02-14
1720:References
1648:21 Lutetia
1606:Hotel Dieu
1481:Cemeteries
1208:Residences
1155:tepidarium
1095:tepidarium
944:The civic
871:Parisiacus
852:Victorinus
805:Montmartre
626:Bronze Age
608:Traces of
515:Leukotekía
507:Loukotokía
196:48°51′17″N
4461:Quaestors
4391:Empresses
4381:Dynasties
4371:Dictators
4346:and other
4335:Volubilis
4330:Vindobona
4290:Londinium
4215:Theodoret
4185:Procopius
4165:Polyaenus
4140:Pausanias
4042:Vitruvius
3987:Symmachus
3982:Suetonius
3892:Petronius
3877:Obsequens
3842:Macrobius
3837:Lucretius
3762:Frontinus
3737:Eutropius
3722:Columella
3672:Augustine
3662:Appuleius
3610:Neo-Latin
3585:Classical
3576:Versions
3484:Aqueducts
3426:Patronage
3346:Sexuality
3319:Mythology
3294:Education
3284:Cosmetics
3109:Campaigns
3104:Structure
3057:Decemviri
2916:Imperator
2615:overthrow
1764:"Lutetia"
1175:Caldarium
1159:caldarium
1131:Palaestra
1114:caldarium
1087:hypocaust
1083:caldarium
1059:The Baths
1052:vomitoria
1046:maenianum
839:Julian II
610:Neolithic
602:Neolithic
583:"mouse".
497:Etymology
454:Neolithic
199:2°20′51″E
4466:Tribunes
4456:Praetors
4406:Generals
4386:Emperors
4295:Lugdunum
4280:Eboracum
4270:Carthage
4255:Aquileia
4170:Polybius
4160:Plutarch
4130:Libanius
4120:Josephus
4115:Herodian
4007:Tibullus
3922:Priscian
3897:Phaedrus
3857:Manilius
3802:Jordanes
3787:Hydatius
3717:Claudian
3697:Catullus
3687:Boëthius
3682:Ausonius
3600:Medieval
3572:Alphabet
3544:Theatres
3519:Numerals
3504:Concrete
3494:Circuses
3461:Bagaudae
3451:Adoption
3446:Marriage
3419:Assembly
3324:Religion
3299:Folklore
3279:Clothing
3274:Calendar
3231:Currency
3221:Commerce
3119:Strategy
3081:Military
3067:Triumvir
3047:Dictator
3042:Interrex
3021:Governor
3006:Quaestor
2969:Ordinary
2951:Province
2941:Tetrarch
2931:Augustus
2896:Vicarius
2886:Officium
2823:Imperium
2773:Plebeian
2733:Republic
2655:Dominate
2622:Republic
2583:Timeline
2082:Archived
1715:(French)
1713:Aqueduct
1701:See also
1628:Lutetian
1620:lutetium
1538:Tiberius
1317:Aqueduct
1230:Augustus
1118:gymnasia
946:basilica
911:The City
867:Clovis I
832:Alemanni
830:and the
793:St Denis
783:Tiberius
666:Nanterre
630:Iron Age
555:-ek(t)ia
550:*luco-t-
267:in 52 BC
171:, France
165:Location
4436:Legions
4396:Fiction
4366:Consuls
4361:Climate
4315:Ravenna
4310:Pompeii
4300:Lutetia
4265:Bononia
4260:Berytus
4250:Antioch
4225:Zosimus
4220:Zonaras
4195:Sozomen
4180:Priscus
4155:Photius
3997:Terence
3992:Tacitus
3977:Statius
3962:Servius
3947:Sallust
3902:Plautus
3882:Orosius
3862:Martial
3817:Juvenal
3792:Hyginus
3777:Gellius
3636:Writers
3567:History
3549:Thermae
3539:Temples
3489:Bridges
3456:Slavery
3404:Equites
3376:Society
3356:Theatre
3329:Deities
3289:Cuisine
3269:Bathing
3251:Culture
3226:Finance
3203:Economy
3094:Borders
3089:History
2991:Tribune
2986:Praetor
2876:Legatus
2871:Emperor
2758:Curiate
2728:Kingdom
2723:History
2699:History
2682:decline
2640:History
2610:Kingdom
2593:History
2578:Outline
2315:Nov 26,
2239:Nov 26,
2168:Nov 26,
2128:Nov 26,
2004:Nov 26,
1880:Nov 26,
1691:Renault
1642:in the
1333:Essonne
1329:Wissous
1199:Streets
1106:Alamans
688:Parisii
675:oppidum
658:Parisii
587:History
538:loudour
519:Ptolemy
465:Parisii
442:Parisii
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282:Lutetia
272:Periods
265:civitas
261:oppidum
250:Founded
245:History
230:civitas
86:civitas
82:oppidum
42:Lutetia
32:Lutécia
4446:Nomina
4431:Legacy
4411:Gentes
4348:topics
4344:Lists
4325:Smyrna
4205:Strabo
4135:Lucian
4125:Julian
4075:Arrian
4070:Appian
4060:Aelian
4037:Vergil
3812:Justin
3797:Jerome
3782:Horace
3767:Fronto
3757:Florus
3732:Ennius
3712:Cicero
3692:Caesar
3590:Vulgar
3414:Tribes
3341:Romans
3151:Legion
3134:castra
3011:Aedile
2981:Censor
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176:Region
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4052:Greek
4022:Varro
3832:Lucan
3644:Latin
3559:Latin
3534:Ships
3524:Roads
3509:Domes
3441:Women
3389:Plebs
3314:Music
2856:Forum
2851:Curia
1636:stage
1234:baths
843:Trier
728:Yonne
724:Seine
720:Melun
618:Bercy
614:Seine
574:Irish
567:Welsh
563:logod
561:word
547:root
527:-ecia
473:Seine
450:Paris
320:TEESH
259:as a
169:Paris
4426:Laws
4401:Film
4320:Roma
3887:Ovid
3827:Livy
3595:Late
3409:Gens
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2785:SPQR
2687:fall
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