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went into hiding. When he returned to
Carthage, he found these confessors assumed authority of clergy, especially forgiveness of sin. Although many confessors willingly relinquished their positions of authority upon the clergies' return, some attempted to retain their positions. Cyprian called a
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At Rome, the principle was established that the apostates should not be abandoned, but that they should be exhorted to do penance, so that, in case of their being again cited before the authorities, they might atone for their apostasy by remaining steadfast.
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a legal document proving conformity with Roman religion. To avoid this test, many members of the clergy fled, leaving their communities without leadership. In their absence, lay people who had not lapsed, called confessors, filled their leadership role.
197:), or had, by bribing the authorities, caused such certificates to be drawn up for them, representing them as having offered sacrifice, without, however, having actually done so. A two-year sanction was imposed as penance. From Latin
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of 250 AD, which required all citizens of the Roman Empire to publicly sacrifice to traditional gods, created unrest within the Church. Christians who submitted to pressure and made public sacrifice were called lapsed or
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should not be allowed to return to the church as they could not be forgiven on earth, but only by God. Novatian stood against
Cornelius and was proclaimed as the new Pope. He then created a stricter ‘
175:: Those who had actually offered a sacrifice to the idols. Christians that made sacrifices, especially to Roman gods, were only offered absolution on their deathbeds.
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was part of a larger picture which threatened the cohesion of the
Christian church at that time. After Fabian’s execution,
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which ran for several centuries. Another priest (Novatus) disagreed with both popes and took the opinion that all
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207:: Those that made false statements or other acts to save their lives. From Latin – "those doing the acts"
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After the 250 AD Decian
Persecution, Cyprian of Carthage held a council sometime after Easter 251 AD, in which
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215:: Those who gave up sacred scriptures, artifacts and/or revealed names of fellow Christians. From Latin
313:"Ctihodná Marie Egyptská jako příklad pokání a překonávání pokušení. Naděje pro všechny padlé lidi…"
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354:, vol. 40, General OneFile. Gale. Sacred Heart Preparatory (BAISL), p. 19(1)
181:: Those who had burnt incense on the altar before the statues of the gods. From Latin
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could be restored to communion through repentance and penance. A Roman priest named
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council in 251 AD to address this problem, the root of which was the status of the
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435:"Novatus of Carthage from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia"
267:. Text and translation by Maurice Bévenot. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971
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Cyprian was able to avoid full schism by identifying five categories of
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back into communion, while the clergy demanded harsher punishments.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
219:- "hand over; deliver; betray" (source of the English "traitor”).
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should be taken back without asking for any penance or apology.
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succeeded him as Pope. Cornelius and
Cyprian believed that the
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Vol. 9. New York: Robert
Appleton Company, 1910. 13 March 2021
403:"Novatian of Rome and the Culmination of Pre-Nicene Orthodoxy"
485:
Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Lapsi." The
Catholic Encyclopedia
405:. Wipf and Stock Publishers – via Google Books.
277:. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. Page 318-323.
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378:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Novatian and Novatianism"
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439:McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online
121:This difference of opinion in how to treat the
511:New Advent website; Cyprian’s Third Treatise,
69:from their faith, only to return to it later.
364:Pope Cornelius, a reconciler, had a hard road
265:De lapsis and De Ecclesiae Catholicae unitate
156:and assigning penance appropriate to each.
201:– "little book; letter; certificate"
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348:McBrien, Richard P (September 24, 2004),
16:Christians who bowed to external pressure
401:Papandrea, James L. (November 7, 2011).
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331:"Saint Cyprian | Franciscan Media"
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191:: Those who had drawn up attestation (
168:were classified into five categories:
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61:. The term refers to those who have
460:. Philadelphia: Fortress. pp.
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311:Dvořáček, Michal (April 1, 2023).
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292:- Lutheran Missouri Synod: Lapsi
53:who renounced their faith under
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114:. Confessors tended to accept
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421:earlychristianwritings.com
351:National Catholic Reporter
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317:PRAVOSLAVNÁ CÍRKEVNÍ OBEC
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534:4th-century Christianity
456:The Rise of Christianity
275:The Rise of Christianity
529:Schisms in Christianity
335:www.franciscanmedia.org
97:After the execution of
452:Frend, W.H.C. (1984).
185:– "burn incense"
21:early Christian Church
539:Christian terminology
337:. September 11, 2022.
282:Catholic Encyclopedia
29:(Latin for "fallen;"
290:Christian Cyclopedia
261:Cyprian of Carthage
143:Church of the Pure’
79:Decian persecution
382:www.newadvent.org
59:Roman authorities
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271:W.H.C Frend
244:Backsliding
189:Libellatici
183:thurificare
179:Thurificati
173:Sacrificati
99:Pope Fabian
67:fallen away
55:persecution
523:Categories
417:"Novatian"
387:2021-08-16
358:5 December
298:References
212:Traditores
46:peptōkotes
35:πεπτωκότες
513:De Lapsis
239:Judaizers
127:Cornelius
101:, Bishop
51:apostates
40:romanized
544:Apostasy
228:See also
199:libellus
194:libellus
135:Novatian
107:Carthage
89:libellus
217:tradere
103:Cyprian
73:Origins
49:) were
42::
19:In the
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464:-323.
63:lapsed
166:lapsi
154:lapsi
147:lapsi
139:lapsi
131:lapsi
123:lapsi
116:lapsi
112:lapsi
84:lapsi
31:Greek
26:lapsi
466:ISBN
360:2008
77:The
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105:of
65:or
57:by
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