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2144:“When we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded, and general principles investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable … all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanscrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgments used at preparatory schools in England.”
2131:“Mill sees in the histories of backward civilizations a potentiality on account of which they can in fact progress. But the actualization of this potentiality typically turns on a force external to those civilizations … Hindu civilization, for Mill, epitomizes this condition of being stalled in the past. But various aspects of Hindu Civilization had prepared it for progressive transformation.”
2161:. Roy himself put forward arguments in favour of Indian representation in Parliament and for constitutionally limiting the East India Company' power. He felt that the Indian public would be empowered by free press and service on juries under a liberal British government. Roy wanted modernity in curriculum for Indian students while not rejecting tradition outright. He was inspired by
2136:
self-rule, appears again, as a common occurrence throughout the nineteenth century. The significance of Mill's opus is noticeable in the practical regulations established by Thomas
Macaulay soon after. Macaulay served on Lord William Bentinck's Governor-General Supreme Council from 1834 to 1838, and went on to publish his
2135:
Mehta later goes on to highlight Mill's argument that the
Muslims laid the foundation for British rule to thrive, and that Hindu and Muslim culture were in need of assistance from the British. This motif among British liberalists, that Indians (both Hindus and Muslims), were not capable of civilized
2183:
Radical liberals, in contrast to the moderates, were not interested in rehabilitating the Hindu past. They insisted that
Hinduism cannot be redeemed because of its historical denial of rights to the downtrodden castes. Western education and scientific principles were to be the adopted rather than
1976:
speculated that the possibility of vast change occurring in the frame of society would eventually lead to the
British leaving the country under capable Indian rule. But he also added that such changes should not be expected for centuries to come.
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The defeat of Indian liberalism at the hands of illiberal political formations has been attributed to elitism, estrangement from the ideal of equality, and the bad faith inherent in its concept of secularism.
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One view is that Indian liberalism has primarily been the context created by the actions of the State – it is not easy to identify a consistent and organic belief system in the country as 'liberal'.
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in
February 1835. This work set precedent for English education to be mandated in India, with the same, negative perception the British garnered toward Indians, as stated throughout:
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2059:, underwent a similar chrysalis. The effects of classical liberalism in India introduced many Western practices, philosophical doctrines, and political ideologies to the nation.
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inducted
Indians from the elite class into new representative institutions, thereby providing a framework for later self-rule, which became a reality by 1947.
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2107:, published in 1817. Mill divided Indian history into three significant eras: Hindu (ancient), Muslim (medieval), and British (modern). Mill’s
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and religion that was present in India at the time. This marked the beginning of more than a century of classical liberalism in
British India
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1955:
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outlines the framework that Mill proactively established, stating that a nation's progress is dependent on a much more powerful nation:
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philosophy toward Indian history set harmful precedent for
British figures and liberal policies in the years to come, including his son,
1988:
2018:
wrote in 1994 that the spirit of liberalism in India is superficial and is tempered by what he views as authoritarian ideologies like
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2224:, among others, have emerged on the Indian liberal scene, contributing to the debate on freedom in India, and advancing
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2157:. He, along with his compatriots, created a constitutional history for India centred on a local judicial body called
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Evans, Stephen (2002). "Macaulay's Minute
Revisited: Colonial Language Policy in Nineteenth-Century India".
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2193:
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Bayly, C.A. (8 March 2007). "RAMMOHAN ROY AND THE ADVENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERALISM IN INDIA, 1800–30".
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which supported classical liberal principles and free enterprise. Since then, many new thinkers such as
1070:
2930:"Everything about Manmohan Singh's Epochal Budget that marked the beginning of economic liberalisation"
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became Prime
Minister in 1984, many young leaders supporting liberal ideologies were made ministers.
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1973:
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3016:"Why an Inclusive Democracy? The multidimensional crisis, globalisation and inclusive democracy"
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Global Citizenship Education in the Global South: Educators' Perceptions and Practices
2192:
Following independence, various critics emerged against Nehruvian Liberalism, such as
862:
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3078:
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2691:
2632:
2582:
2548:
2523:
2465:
2444:
2423:
Chatterjee, Partha (27 September 2011). "The Curious Career of Liberalism in India".
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giving in to Brahminical dominance (again) according to the radicals like Ambedkar.
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emerged in United Kingdom at the wane of the 18th century. These began as primarily
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3175:
2707:"The Influence of Liberalism in the Definition of the Idea of the Nation in India"
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instituted numerous changes over their rules. Notably, Cornwallis instituted the
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2015:
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legal frameworks. The code placed the British at the top of a system regarding
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gained prominence among the British around this time. Generally regarded as a
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Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought
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2108:
1887:
1220:
1195:
1125:
972:
802:
792:
595:
2967:"Jayaprakash Narayan: Fixing Governance With Reforms And Economic Freedom"
3585:
2815:"Classical liberal-reformer-activist-empowering-youth-for-a-better-india"
2314:
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was carried out in 1966 as a precondition to an increase in foreign aid.
2165:
and insisted on reforming Hinduism, making it more ethical and rational.
2100:
1205:
1007:
992:
967:
762:
747:
654:
507:
455:
3100:"Maharashtra Govt Formation: BJP's Return Into Ring Makes Scene Murkier"
2834:"Does the BJP's massive victory prove that liberalism is dead in India?"
1924:
2977:
2545:
A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France
2522:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 90.
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1809:
1804:
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987:
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752:
659:
512:
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303:
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912:
432:
1987:
Three strands of liberalism have manifested in India- Colonial (eg:
196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
65:
2078:
1848:
1821:
1725:
1516:
767:
610:
2945:"Interview with Venkatesh Geriti from Swatantrata Center in India"
2279:
and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of
2103:
influenced by classical liberalism, his most successful work was
2048:
2019:
957:
563:
497:
2581:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 94–95.
229:
2275:
in response to a balance-of-payments crisis, did away with the
2082:
627:
3142:"Gandhi ends Indian censorship and frees political prisoners"
3181:
2547:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 123.
3186:
3170:
2461:
Liberalism as Ideology: Essays in Honour of Michael Freeden
2380:
3070:
2346:
2860:"India and liberalization: There was a 1966 before 1991"
2196:, informally known as Rajaji, who parted ways with the
3071:
Emiliano Bosio; Yusef Waghid, eds. (31 October 2022).
2916:"India's industrial reforms of 1991: The inside story"
2613:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
1256:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3004:
2363:
2329:
2043:, including, but not limited to, concepts such as
3598:
3047:"Why liberalism is turning into a joke in India"
3020:The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy
2358:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar
2458:Jackson, Ben; Stears, Marc (16 February 2012).
2119:, and numerous other figures. In his 1999 work
2738:
2368:
3207:
2457:
1949:
1281:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1251:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
2334:
2760:
2464:. Oxford University Press. pp. 53–76.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3214:
3200:
3010:
2880:
2831:
2422:
2239:
2220:, Sauvik Chakraverti, Raghavendar Askani,
1956:
1942:
3044:
2986:"Liberalism is the best Cure for Poverty"
2704:
1286:International Federation of Liberal Youth
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2645:
2517:
2491:
2153:A key figure from early 19th century is
254:of all important aspects of the article.
2983:
2188:Liberalism in post-independence period
1266:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
3599:
3221:
2381:Social-liberal or left-liberal parties
2347:Social-liberal or left-liberal parties
250:Please consider expanding the lead to
3195:
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2669:
2610:
2576:
2542:
2077:in 1793, a code of law influenced by
2942:
2320:
223:
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
3125:
3097:
3091:
2297:Prominent Indian classical liberals
2115:, the policies of Governor General
1306:Liberal South East European Network
13:
3098:Jha, Giridhar (25 November 2019).
2887:. Prabhat Prakashan Pvt. Limited.
2832:Srivastava, Sanjay (24 May 2019).
2785:"Evolution of Liberalism in India"
1968:At the beginning of 19th century,
14:
3628:
3164:
2943:Saar, Larissa (16 October 2020).
2705:Valdameri, Elena (24 June 2015).
2492:Dasgupta, Swapan (31 July 1994),
1296:Liberal Network for Latin America
729:(contributions to liberal theory)
34:This article has multiple issues.
3580:
3571:
3570:
2858:Mital, Ankit (24 January 2016).
2246:Economic liberalisation in India
1923:
1911:
310:
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166:
64:
23:
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2741:"Liberalisms in India:A sketch"
2732:
2698:
2663:
2639:
2364:List of defunct liberal parties
2330:List of current liberal parties
2176:who demanded self-rule for the
2149:Indian intellectuals of the era
242:may be too short to adequately
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
16:Overview of liberalism in India
3538:British Indian Ocean Territory
2791:. 17 July 2013. Archived from
2604:
2595:
2570:
2561:
2536:
2520:Cornwallis: The Imperial Years
2518:Wickwire, Franklin B. (1980).
2511:
2485:
2451:
2416:
2309:Prominent Indian left-liberals
670:Separation of church and state
252:provide an accessible overview
1:
2765:. No. 16 July 2016. Mint
2409:
2168:Another important person was
2194:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari
1980:At the end of 19th century,
7:
3617:Indian political philosophy
2672:Modern Intellectual History
2425:Modern Intellectual History
2392:
2268:of 1991, initiated by then-
192:the claims made and adding
10:
3633:
3612:Political history of India
3045:G.Sampath (8 April 2014).
2884:Sensex of Regional Parties
2649:Minute on Indian Education
2577:Mehta, Uday Singh (1999).
2243:
2138:Minute on Indian Education
2105:A History of British India
2064:British East India Company
2041:leftist schools of thought
2025:
3566:
3525:
3485:
3227:
2881:Srivastava, Aaku (2022).
2684:10.1017/S1479244306001028
2646:Macaulay, Thomas (1835).
2625:10.1080/01434630208666469
2437:10.1017/S1479244311000412
2369:Classical liberal parties
2335:Classical liberal parties
2281:foreign direct investment
2250:India's first attempt at
2062:Governor Generals of the
1993:Thomas Babington Macaulay
1893:Sexually liberal feminism
1800:Bias in American academia
1271:European Democratic Party
727:List of liberal theorists
3287:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3171:Centre for Civil Society
2789:Centre For Civil Society
2543:Pitts, Jennifer (2006).
2353:Indian National Congress
2198:Indian National Congress
2174:Indian National Congress
552:Labor theory of property
3548:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3130:. Penguin. p. 244.
3126:Das, Gurcharan (2002).
2739:Rochana Bajpai (2020).
2711:La Révolution française
2303:Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan
2270:Prime Minister of India
2266:economic liberalisation
2252:economic liberalisation
2240:Economic liberalisation
2200:in 1957 and formed the
1261:Arab Liberal Federation
451:Consent of the governed
3176:India Policy Institute
3077:. Brill. p. 270.
2494:"Right to be partisan"
2146:
2133:
2014:Right-wing journalist
1276:European Liberal Youth
1246:Africa Liberal Network
471:Economic globalization
3128:The Elephant Paradigm
2399:Conservatism in India
2287:Liberal organisations
2210:Sharad Anantrao Joshi
2170:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
2142:
2129:
2121:Liberalism and Empire
2001:Surendranath Banerjee
1970:Lord William Bentinck
1918:Liberalism portal
1790:Anti-authoritarianism
1291:Liberal International
99:"Liberalism in India"
3462:United Arab Emirates
3146:The Montreal Gazette
2761:Rajagopalachari, C.
2226:classical liberalism
2037:classical liberalism
1995:), Nationalist (eg:
1982:Gladstonian liberals
722:Age of Enlightenment
675:Separation of powers
84:improve this article
3607:Liberalism in India
3489:limited recognition
2984:Verhofstadt, Dirk.
2795:on 26 December 2020
2273:P. V. Narasimha Rao
2214:Jayaprakash Narayan
2178:Indian subcontinent
2035:Prominent ideas of
1930:Politics portal
633:Civil and political
606:Popular sovereignty
466:Economic liberalism
3222:Liberalism in Asia
3187:Swatantrata Center
2992:on 12 October 2006
2498:The Indian Express
2404:Socialism in India
2292:Swatantrata Centre
2163:Christian humanism
2155:Raja Ram Mohan Roy
2071:Charles Cornwallis
2055:. Simultaneously,
2031:Rise of liberalism
1989:Charles Cornwallis
601:Permissive society
581:Limited government
177:possibly contains
3594:
3593:
3531:other territories
3148:. 21 January 1977
3012:Fotopoulos, Takis
2947:. libel.iflry.com
2894:978-93-5521-236-8
2387:Bharatiya Lok Dal
2321:Present situation
2283:in many sectors.
2232:Role of the State
2216:, Parth J. Shah,
1966:
1965:
1805:Bias in the media
1321:Regional variants
638:Natural and legal
287:
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179:original research
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57:
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3543:Christmas Island
3229:Sovereign states
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3014:(October 2004).
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2988:. Archived from
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2918:. 6 August 2016.
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2763:"Why Swatantra?"
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2719:10.4000/lrf.1333
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2222:Venkatesh Geriti
2172:, leader of the
2125:Uday Singh Mehta
2113:John Stuart Mill
2092:Scottish writer
1974:Governor-general
1958:
1951:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1834:Economic freedom
1827:Radical centrism
665:Secular humanism
591:Natural monopoly
542:Internationalism
359:Internationalist
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2341:Lok Satta Party
2337:
2332:
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2248:
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2212:, Barun Mitra,
2202:Swatantra Party
2117:Thomas Macaulay
2075:Cornwallis Code
2067:Warren Hastings
2028:
2016:Swapan Dasgupta
1962:
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1785:
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1579:North Macedonia
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702:State of nature
690:Social services
680:Social contract
643:To own property
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175:This article
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101: –
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95:Find sources:
89:
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73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3527:Dependencies
3457:Turkmenistan
3422:Saudi Arabia
3301:
3150:. Retrieved
3145:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3073:
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3050:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3023:
3019:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2979:
2971:Forbes India
2970:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2938:
2924:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2883:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2799:17 September
2797:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2788:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2710:
2700:
2678:(1): 25–41.
2675:
2671:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2648:
2641:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2519:
2513:
2502:, retrieved
2497:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2460:
2453:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2324:
2263:
2259:Rajiv Gandhi
2256:
2249:
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2231:
2230:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2167:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2109:reductionist
2104:
2091:
2061:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2013:
2003:), Radical (
1997:Rammohan Roy
1986:
1979:
1967:
1888:Pirate Party
1748:Jeffersonian
1656:South Africa
1496:
1146:Lloyd George
741:Philosophers
648:To bear arms
596:Open society
556:
332:Conservative
288:
273:
257:
241:
239:lead section
208:
199:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3586:Asia portal
3487:States with
3407:Philippines
3347:South Korea
3342:North Korea
3237:Afghanistan
3111:27 December
2951:27 December
2655:26 November
2500:, p. 8
2315:Amartya Sen
2277:License Raj
2101:imperialist
2098:utilitarian
1716:Gladstonian
1676:Switzerland
1661:South Korea
1604:Philippines
1564:New Zealand
1559:Netherlands
1216:Verhofstadt
1211:Balcerowicz
1020:Politicians
948:Collingwood
888:Tocqueville
763:Montesquieu
655:Rule of law
456:Due process
3601:Categories
3467:Uzbekistan
3442:Tajikistan
3357:Kyrgyzstan
3337:Kazakhstan
3257:Bangladesh
3247:Azerbaijan
2838:The Scroll
2724:2 February
2619:(4): 260.
2504:2 February
2410:References
2206:S. V. Raju
2094:James Mill
1844:Empiricism
1815:Democratic
1810:Capitalism
1721:Manchester
1554:Montenegro
1539:Luxembourg
1475:Venizelism
1405:Costa Rica
660:Secularism
493:Federalism
445:Principles
304:Liberalism
202:April 2017
186:improve it
140:April 2017
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3553:Hong Kong
3507:Palestine
3432:Sri Lanka
3427:Singapore
3307:Indonesia
2996:17 August
2692:145404296
2633:144856725
2601:Ibid, 95.
2445:145252660
2159:Panchayat
1859:Anarchist
1767:Venezuela
1743:Classical
1711:Cobdenism
1614:Cracovian
1569:Nicaragua
1534:Lithuania
1393:Hong Kong
1348:Australia
1186:Roosevelt
1156:StĂĄhlberg
1151:Venizelos
1106:Sarmiento
1096:Gladstone
1056:Lamartine
1026:Jefferson
878:Martineau
828:De Gouges
813:Condorcet
798:Priestley
461:Democracy
433:Third Way
394:Christian
389:Religious
327:Classical
260:June 2020
244:summarize
190:verifying
45:talk page
3576:Category
3497:Abkhazia
3447:Thailand
3402:Pakistan
3382:Mongolia
3377:Maldives
3372:Malaysia
3272:Cambodia
2866:27 March
2393:See also
1849:Humanism
1822:Centrism
1772:Zimbabwe
1726:Whiggism
1686:Thailand
1651:Slovenia
1646:Slovakia
1621:Portugal
1594:Paraguay
1517:Liberism
1482:Honduras
1400:Colombia
1373:Bulgaria
1166:Rathenau
1141:Milyukov
1061:Macaulay
1031:Kołłątaj
1003:Kymlicka
983:Friedman
928:Cassirer
918:Hobhouse
853:Constant
848:Humboldt
808:Beccaria
773:Rousseau
768:Voltaire
611:Property
574:Positive
569:Negative
525:Religion
503:Economic
476:Equality
399:Catholic
369:National
364:Muscular
342:Feminist
337:Cultural
296:a series
294:Part of
3472:Vietnam
3387:Myanmar
3367:Lebanon
3297:Georgia
3252:Bahrain
3242:Armenia
3152:19 June
3105:Outlook
3056:24 July
2900:21 July
2843:24 July
2769:4 April
2746:24 July
2477:22 July
2049:liberty
2026:History
2020:Marxism
1972:, then-
1762:Uruguay
1701:Ukraine
1691:Tunisia
1636:Senegal
1626:Romania
1574:Nigeria
1549:Moldova
1492:Iceland
1487:Hungary
1465:Germany
1460:Georgia
1450:Finland
1445:Estonia
1435:Ecuador
1430:Denmark
1425:Czechia
1410:Croatia
1363:Bolivia
1358:Belgium
1353:Austria
1343:Armenia
1338:Albania
1206:Jenkins
1201:Kennedy
1191:Pearson
1176:Einaudi
1161:Gokhale
1121:Itagaki
1116:Naoroji
1111:Mommsen
1091:Lincoln
1081:Mazzini
1066:Kossuth
1051:Broglie
1046:BolĂvar
1041:Artigas
1036:Madison
898:Spencer
883:Emerson
873:Bastiat
858:Ricardo
818:Bentham
758:Spinoza
715:History
616:Private
564:Liberty
498:Freedom
418:Secular
406:Islamic
384:Radical
321:Schools
184:Please
124:scholar
3517:Taiwan
3452:Turkey
3417:Russia
3352:Kuwait
3332:Jordan
3322:Israel
3282:Cyprus
3267:Brunei
3262:Bhutan
3081:
3030:21 May
2891:
2862:. Mint
2690:
2631:
2585:
2551:
2526:
2468:
2443:
2257:After
2083:Muslim
2051:, and
1755:Modern
1696:Turkey
1681:Taiwan
1671:Sweden
1641:Serbia
1631:Russia
1609:Poland
1589:Panama
1584:Norway
1544:Mexico
1529:Latvia
1507:Israel
1470:Greece
1455:France
1420:Cyprus
1378:Canada
1368:Brazil
1328:Europe
1226:Macron
1171:Madero
1136:Deakin
1126:Levski
1101:Cavour
1086:Juárez
1076:Cobden
1008:Badawi
998:Nozick
978:Berlin
968:Popper
943:Keynes
938:Ortega
903:Arnold
863:Guizot
823:Korais
788:Turgot
748:Milton
628:Rights
621:Public
530:Speech
508:Market
481:Gender
428:Techno
423:Social
411:Jewish
347:Equity
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3558:Macau
3477:Yemen
3437:Syria
3412:Qatar
3392:Nepal
3327:Japan
3302:India
3292:Egypt
3277:China
2713:(8).
2688:S2CID
2629:S2CID
2567:Ibid.
2441:S2CID
2087:caste
2079:Hindu
1881:Right
1666:Spain
1524:Japan
1512:Italy
1497:India
1440:Egypt
1388:China
1383:Chile
1221:Obama
1196:Ohlin
1131:Kemal
988:Rawls
963:Hayek
953:ÄŚapek
933:Mises
923:Croce
913:Weber
908:Acton
838:Staël
803:Paine
793:Burke
778:Smith
753:Locke
520:Press
513:Trade
486:Legal
354:Green
131:JSTOR
117:books
3397:Oman
3362:Laos
3317:Iraq
3312:Iran
3154:2024
3113:2019
3079:ISBN
3058:2024
3051:Mint
3032:2008
2998:2008
2953:2020
2902:2024
2889:ISBN
2868:2017
2845:2024
2801:2020
2771:2017
2748:2024
2726:2024
2657:2023
2583:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2506:2024
2479:2024
2466:ISBN
2264:The
2081:and
2069:and
1876:Left
1599:Peru
1502:Iran
1415:Cuba
1181:King
1071:Deák
973:Aron
893:Mill
868:List
783:Kant
379:Ordo
103:news
3529:and
3026:(1)
2715:doi
2680:doi
2621:doi
2433:doi
2011:).
993:Sen
843:Say
374:Neo
188:by
86:by
3603::
3144:.
3102:.
3049:.
3022:.
3018:.
2969:.
2836:.
2817:.
2787:.
2709:.
2686:.
2674:.
2627:.
2617:23
2615:.
2496:,
2439:.
2427:.
2228:.
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2180:.
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2047:,
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2007:,
1999:,
1991:,
958:Hu
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