557:
397:
954:
545:
385:
730:
718:
937:
921:
517:
246:
3864:
259:
614:
594:
222:
905:
530:
569:
3849:
2477:
766:
754:
309:
742:
486:
271:
357:
3521:
889:
873:
853:
498:
455:
443:
431:
297:
2782:
4570:
369:
4393:
646:
626:
234:
4578:
3959:
698:
678:
666:
285:
2715:
3536:
326:
4332:
4142:
3898:
3574:
3274:
3132:
3967:
467:
4075:. This was followed by a treaty signed in 1255 by the Master of the Order, Anno Sangerhausenn, and, on behalf of the Oeselians, elders whose names were phonetically transcribed by Latin scribes as Ylle, Culle, Enu, Muntelene, Tappete, Yalde, Melete, and Cake. The treaty granted the Oeselians several distinctive rights regarding the ownership and inheritance of land, the social order, and the practice of religion.
3548:
4195:
3673:, which were the key centers of Estonian counties, were besieged, captured, and re-captured a number of times. A truce between the war-weary sides was established for three years (1213–1215). It proved generally more favourable to the Germans, who consolidated their political position, while the Estonians were unable to develop their system of loose alliances into a centralised state. They were led by
39:
5130:"Liv-, est- und kurländisches Urkundenbuch: Bd. 1. 1093–1300. Bd. 2. 1301–67. Bd. 3. 1368–93, mit Nachträgen zu Bd. 1 und 2. Bd. 4. 1394–1413. Bd. 5. 1414–Mai 1423. Bd. 6. Nachträge zu Bd. 1–5. Bd. 7. Mai 1423–Mai 1429. Bd. 8. Mai 1429–35. Bd. 9. 1436–43. Bd. 10. 1444–49. Bd. 11. 1450–59. Bd. 12. 1461–72. Sachregister zu Abt. 1, Bd. 7–9"
4248:
from the north; in the west, on the sea-shore, their arch-enemies, the Danes and Swedes, were lurking, waiting for an opportunity. In this hopeless situation, further aggravated by famine, the
Curonians preferred to try to make peace with the Christian conquerors, inviting the monks into their
3443:
As the German grip tightened, the
Livonians and their christened chief rebelled against the crusaders. Caupo's forces were defeated at Turaida in 1206, and the Livonians were declared to be converted. Caupo subsequently remained an ally of the crusaders until his death in the
4516:
In the 1280s, the
Livonian Order started a massive campaign against the Semigallians, which included burning their fields and thus causing famine. Semigallians continued their resistance until 1290, when they burned their last castle in
3405:
in 1193. When peaceful means of conversion failed to produce results, the impatient
Meinhard plotted to convert Livonians forcibly but was thwarted. He died in 1196, having failed in his mission. His appointed replacement, bishop
4008:
and the bishop
Theodorich joined forces and invaded Saaremaa over the frozen sea. The Oeselians retaliated by raiding German-held territories in Latvia the following spring. In 1220, a Swedish army led by the king
2045:
4233:. After a day of fighting, the Curonians were unable to break through the city walls. They crossed to the other bank of the Daugava to burn their dead and mourn for three days. In 1228 Curonians together with
4032:
attempted the second conquest of
Saaremaa, this time establishing a stone fortress housing a strong garrison. The stronghold was besieged and surrendered within five days, the Danish garrison returning to
3834:, one of the greatest medieval narratives, was written probably as a report for William of Modena, giving him the history of the Church in Livonia up to his time. It relates how in 1226, in the stronghold
1803:
2397:
2402:
4441:
In 1219, the
Semigallian–German alliance was cancelled after a crusader invasion in Semigallia. Duke Viestards promptly formed an alliance with Lithuanians and Curonians. In 1228, Semigallians and
3417:
arrived with a large contingent of crusaders in 1198. Shortly afterwards, while riding ahead of his troops in battle, Berthold was surrounded and killed, and his forces were defeated by
Livonians.
2290:
3763:
had promised the fortress and its surrounding lands "if he could conquer them for himself". Tharbata was finally captured by the crusaders in August 1224 and all its defenders were killed.
4817:
2056:
1825:
1793:
2417:
2412:
2003:
2285:
2156:
4109:
led a campaign over the frozen sea to
Saaremaa. The Oeselians' stronghold was conquered and their leader Vesse was hanged. In the early spring of 1345, the next campaign of the
2340:
2325:
1614:
4725:
4714:
2009:
4078:
Warfare erupted in 1261 as the
Oeselians once more renounced Christianity and killed all the Germans on the island. A peace treaty was signed after the united forces of the
1798:
4908:
4893:
4873:
4845:
4693:
4283:, one of the biggest battles in Livonia in the 13th century. They were forced to fight on the crusader side. When the battle started, the Curonians abandoned the knights.
3104:
1921:
4888:
4868:
4449:
monastery, the main crusader stronghold at the Daugava river delta. The crusaders took revenge and invaded Semigallia. The Semigallians in turn pillaged land around the
1842:
4709:
4698:
4688:
2033:
2028:
1131:
4919:
4828:
1857:
1820:
1776:
4898:
4883:
2433:
4903:
4683:
2089:
1832:
4498:
began near the Garoza river. The crusader forces were besieged and badly defeated. More than 40 knights were killed, including the master of the Livonian Order
4775:
4763:
1436:
4499:
2295:
2050:
1781:
4793:
3863:
3681:, who by 1211 had come to the attention of German chroniclers as the central figure of the Estonian resistance. The Livonian leader Caupo was killed in the
4703:
2149:
117:
4719:
4025:
in Western Estonia. The Oeselians attacked the Swedish stronghold later the same year and killed the entire garrison, including the Bishop of Linköping.
2365:
2305:
1607:
630:
4518:
2360:
5205:
1877:
4811:
2350:
1815:
4244:
After the defeat of Estonians and Osilians in 1227, the Curonians were confronted by Lithuanian enemies in the east and south, and harassed by the
3654:
in Southern Estonia. The Estonian tribes fiercely resisted the attacks from Riga and occasionally sacked territories controlled by the crusaders.
5359:
2634:
2142:
1949:
1837:
3440:
to aid in the conversion of the pagans to Christianity and, more importantly, to protect German trade and secure German control over commerce.
1600:
987:
3339:
5324:
4254:
2743:
1809:
4542:
3751:
fell into Estonian hands, with their defenders killed. By 1224 all of the larger fortresses were reconquered by the crusaders, except for
4249:
country thereby escaping attacks by the Scandinavian nations. In 1230 the Curonians in the northern part of Courland, under their ruler (
3160:
4554:
1429:
4546:
3472:
2190:
2112:
4601:. On 7 June 1238, by the Treaty of Stensby, the Teutonic knights returned the Duchy of Estonia to Valdemar II, until in 1346, after
4105:'s castle at Pöide. After the garrison surrendered the Oeselians massacred the defenders and destroyed the castle. In February 1344
4550:
3639:
3476:
4101:
On 24 July 1343 the Oeselians arose yet again, killing all the Germans on the island, drowning all the clerics, and besieging the
4090:, including mainland Estonians and Latvians, defeated the Oeselians by capturing their stronghold at Kaarma. Soon thereafter, the
1736:
2381:
4502:, and an unknown number of crusader allies. It was the last Semigallian victory over the growing forces of the Livonian Order.
3084:
2040:
4306:
Curonian resistance was finally subdued in 1266 when the whole of Courland was partitioned between the Livonian Order and the
5231:
5112:
1916:
1726:
1422:
5369:
5277:
3074:
3016:
2687:
2652:
2518:
2185:
1992:
5374:
5364:
3755:, which was defended by a determined Estonian garrison and 200 Russian mercenaries. The leader of the Russian troops was
3069:
2102:
1955:
4299:. It was a heavy defeat for the Order and uprisings against the crusaders soon afterwards broke out in the Curonian and
3993:, whose war fleets had continued to raid Denmark and Sweden during the years of fighting against the German crusaders.
3642:, led by elders, with limited co-operation between them. With the help of the newly converted local tribes of Livs and
2677:
2662:
1871:
1209:
1139:
1017:
980:
5287:
5260:
5005:
4978:
4379:
4353:
4181:
4159:
4014:
3945:
3919:
3621:
3595:
3321:
3295:
3089:
3054:
1977:
1960:
1671:
1306:
4361:
3927:
3603:
3303:
5344:
3767:
2978:
2736:
2586:
2551:
1911:
1704:
1109:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5349:
4494:
and plundered nearby lands. As they returned to Semigallia they were caught by the Order's forces, and the great
3463:(Selburg) had been taken over as a result of Albert's energetic campaigning. In the same year, the rulers of the
3153:
2330:
313:
3848:
5404:
5394:
5354:
4781:
4658:
4602:
4586:
4357:
4245:
4237:
again attacked Riga. Although they were again unsuccessful in storming the city, they destroyed a monastery in
4163:
4005:
3923:
3682:
3599:
3514:
of the Archbishopric of Riga in 1214, and in 1224 was finally divided between the Archbishopric and the Order.
3445:
3437:
3299:
2892:
2082:
1931:
1499:
226:
111:
48:
3510:, and received back a portion of it as a fief. Tālava, weakened in wars with Estonians and Russians, became a
3064:
4402:
3831:
3230:
3109:
2355:
2335:
2315:
1965:
1882:
1764:
973:
3361:
in 1186. In those days the riverside town was the center of the missionary activities in the Livonian area.
373:
5202:
5039:
3689:
on 21 September 1217, but Lembitu was also killed, and the battle was a crushing defeat for the Estonians.
2703:
2657:
2067:
1677:
1494:
1396:
1386:
263:
5076:
The Discovery of the Baltic: The Reception of a Catholic World-system in the European North (AD 1075–1225)
5022:
4509:, Grand Duke Traidenis of Lithuania supported a Semigallian revolt against the Livonian Order led by Duke
746:
4933:
4606:
3983:
3120:
3059:
2729:
2629:
2456:
2077:
2062:
1318:
1311:
1214:
5379:
5303:
5128:
Hildebrand, Hermann; Schwartz, Philipp; Arbusow, Leonid; Bulmerincq, August Michael von (24 May 1970).
4624:
4041:'s brother Theodoric and others behind as hostages for peace. The castle was leveled by the Oeselians.
3520:
3146:
2761:
2574:
1997:
1926:
1749:
2407:
5339:
4823:
4628:
4106:
2122:
2117:
1519:
4730:
4654:
4083:
4072:
3975:
3704:
for assistance, but Valdemar instead arranged a deal with the Order. The king was victorious in the
1464:
4741:
4558:
4342:
4118:
3908:
3815:
in Sackalia, where the walls of the Master's castle are still standing. Other strongholds included
3584:
3428:, consecrated as a bishop in 1199, arrived the following year with a large force, and established
3284:
2345:
1972:
1889:
1754:
1565:
1474:
1119:
945:
929:
758:
521:
5129:
4291:
and other local people soon followed the Curonians and abandoned the Knights and that allowed the
275:
4538:
claims that 100,000 migrated to Lithuania and once there continued to fight against the Germans.
4346:
4152:
3912:
3820:
3588:
3499:
3376:
3288:
3094:
3079:
2960:
2877:
2872:
2672:
2536:
2300:
1759:
1346:
573:
175:
171:
4670:
139:
5144:
3701:
3001:
2983:
2624:
2619:
2310:
2227:
1731:
1646:
1560:
1351:
1279:
734:
702:
4995:
1716:
4833:
4769:
4758:
4646:
4642:
4307:
4114:
3789:
3700:
were also eager for expansion on the eastern shores of the Baltic. In 1218 Albert asked King
3507:
3358:
2907:
2902:
2541:
2513:
2232:
2206:
1982:
1906:
1524:
1489:
1381:
1284:
1274:
361:
289:
160:
148:
4268:, signed a peace treaty with the Germans, and the lands they inhabited thus became known as
4004:, landed on Saaremaa and attempted to establish a stronghold, without success. In 1216, the
4878:
4787:
4506:
3873:
3705:
3666:
3346:
3006:
2950:
2253:
1987:
1721:
1699:
1658:
1580:
1504:
3338:
traders began to arrive in the second half of the 12th century to trade along the ancient
8:
4650:
4527:
4484:
3838:, William of Modena successfully mediated a peace between the Germans, the Danes and the
3796:
only, as opposed to being under the jurisdiction of local rulers. At the end of the year
3407:
3373:
3049:
3011:
2968:
2806:
2072:
1391:
1376:
1326:
1184:
1154:
682:
650:
301:
152:
4063:
in 1236 fighting again broke out on Saaremaa. In 1241 the Oeselians once again accepted
4746:
4053:
3498:
In 1209 Albert, leading the forces of the Order, captured the capital of the Latgalian
3394:
3206:
3099:
2973:
2940:
2682:
2601:
2465:
2320:
2222:
2107:
1936:
1479:
1301:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1204:
1199:
1172:
1149:
1094:
1022:
1012:
913:
828:
534:
416:
4735:
1469:
5283:
5256:
5249:
5227:
5108:
5001:
4974:
4856:
4638:
4623:. The conquerors upheld military control through their network of castles throughout
4415:
4284:
4022:
3824:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3760:
3725:
3674:
3547:
3433:
3421:
3387:) to be useful allies. The first prominent Livonian to be converted was their leader
3257:
3245:
3241:
3202:
3198:
2770:
1941:
1901:
1682:
1336:
1253:
1144:
1049:
857:
549:
389:
30:
3989:
The last Estonian county to hold out against the invaders was the island country of
3460:
5056:
4944:
4913:
4805:
4799:
4752:
4662:
4534:
4495:
4476:
4431:
4010:
3775:
3733:
3721:
3388:
3226:
3182:
3039:
2945:
2591:
2023:
1694:
1663:
1575:
1542:
1514:
1509:
1484:
1368:
1331:
1296:
1189:
1159:
1124:
1054:
1027:
958:
861:
832:
819:
796:
779:
775:
770:
729:
717:
706:
686:
654:
634:
602:
411:
330:
251:
5209:
5102:
4968:
4939:
4862:
4850:
4666:
4590:
4457:
4280:
4060:
3869:
3855:
3717:
3713:
3535:
3414:
3402:
3236:
On 2 February 1207, in the territories conquered, an ecclesiastical state called
2955:
2824:
2596:
2486:
1895:
1689:
1641:
1636:
1570:
1555:
1341:
1266:
1167:
1104:
1099:
1074:
1059:
1044:
507:
459:
341:
4095:
3816:
3506:
captive. Visvaldis was forced to submit his kingdom to Albert as a grant to the
3480:
2476:
4839:
4598:
4594:
4461:
4435:
4423:
4407:
4311:
4296:
4125:
4110:
4102:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4068:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4001:
3971:
3784:
3484:
3425:
3253:
3214:
2917:
2897:
2719:
2667:
2561:
1788:
1770:
1529:
1361:
1261:
1114:
1079:
1064:
722:
670:
561:
401:
238:
156:
44:
4446:
3479:
established military alliances with the Order, and construction began on both
3256:- and Danish-occupied territory was divided into six feudal principalities by
5333:
5173:
4964:
4300:
4215:
3811:
In 1224 the Livonian Brothers of the Sword established their headquarters at
3651:
3647:
3526:
3488:
3210:
3136:
2912:
2801:
2796:
2556:
2498:
2493:
2134:
1852:
1089:
1084:
1069:
1039:
191:
164:
135:
105:
73:
4523:
3720:, which was unsuccessfully besieged by the Estonians in 1220 and 1223. King
1592:
788:
4635:
4613:
4491:
4480:
4263:
4234:
4207:
4064:
3805:
3511:
3380:
3350:
3201:
in the 12th–13th century. The Livonian crusade was conducted mostly by the
2935:
2854:
2820:
2581:
1847:
1356:
1177:
502:
101:
4612:
After the conquest, all of the remaining local population were ostensibly
4617:
4292:
4259:
4238:
4219:
4029:
3997:
3634:
By 1208 the Crusaders were strong enough to begin operations against the
3411:
3021:
2781:
1402:
1194:
811:
4569:
4541:
The unconquered southern parts of Curonian and Semigallian territories (
4392:
4287:
alleged that the Curonians even attacked the Knights from the rear. The
4450:
4166: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4048:
organized a combined attack against Saaremaa. After the destruction of
4044:
In 1227, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the town of Riga, and the
3747:
During the uprising of 1223, all Christian strongholds in Estonia save
3661:, Latgalia, and other Estonian counties, with the Livs, Latgalians and
3643:
3464:
3218:
2839:
2811:
2269:
2017:
476:
435:
349:
345:
4577:
4456:
In 1236, Semigallians attacked crusaders retreating to Riga after the
4315:
3958:
881:
4620:
4468:
4442:
4419:
4411:
4310:. The Curonian nobles, among them 40 clans of the descendants of the
4288:
4276:. The southern Curonians, however, continued to resist the invaders.
4226:
4203:
3979:
3887:
3839:
3782:
and a number of neighboring provinces would henceforth be considered
3729:
3670:
3635:
3503:
3452:
3365:
3354:
2849:
2844:
941:
877:
841:
815:
490:
471:
447:
423:
333:
187:
183:
97:
4490:
In 1287, around 1400 Semigallians attacked a crusader stronghold in
4331:
4141:
3897:
3573:
3468:
3273:
2882:
792:
318:
179:
5127:
4593:
the surviving members of the Brothers of the Sword merged into the
4510:
4472:
3990:
3966:
3835:
3812:
3686:
3678:
3662:
3638:, who were at that time divided into eight major and seven smaller
3398:
3249:
3044:
1414:
997:
925:
909:
893:
337:
212:
93:
3492:
4202:
Following the defeat of the Estonians, the crusade moved against
3771:
3756:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3709:
3693:
3658:
3456:
3335:
3190:
3178:
2692:
897:
845:
598:
4616:. In 1535, the first extant native language book was printed, a
4589:
conquered all Danish territories in Northern Estonia. After the
3657:
In 1208–27, war parties of the different sides rampaged through
38:
4605:, the lands were sold back to the order and became part of the
4018:
3779:
3697:
3384:
3379:, and were often under attack by their southern neighbours the
3263:
3222:
3186:
4194:
4059:
After the defeat of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the
4211:
4034:
3752:
3669:
serving variously as allies of both crusaders and Estonians.
2834:
2828:
2815:
2503:
618:
4318:, preserved personal freedom and some of their privileges.
4230:
3429:
3194:
2508:
965:
5000:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 161.
4396:
Tērvete hillfort, main Semigallian centre in 13th century
3744:, the whole of northern Estonia, fell to Danish control.
3724:
tried to establish a Swedish presence in the province of
3424:
issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians.
5279:
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520
4414:
before 1203, and received military support to hold back
3495:
rivers meet, replacing the wooden castle of Latgalians.
5089:
Henriku Liivimaa kroonika. Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae.
5063:
1215 proclaimed it the Terra Mariana, subject directly.
4634:
The land was divided into six feudal principalities by
4321:
3563:
5145:"Euratlas Periodis Web – Map of Livonia in Year 1500"
4581:
Territories controlled by the Teutonic Order in 1410
4460:, killing many of them. After regular attacks, the
3716:
is attributed. He subsequently founded the fortress
4471:, together with Semigallians, attacked Livonia and
4131:
3558:
5248:
5224:Gud vill det! – Nordiska korsfarare under medeltid
4483:, the Livonian Order was defeated, and its master
4124:Saaremaa remained the vassal of the master of the
4113:ended with a treaty mentioned in the Chronicle of
16:12th–13th century Baltic Christianisation campaign
3881:
3353:in 1184 with the mission of converting the pagan
5331:
4056:, the Oeselians formally accepted Christianity.
3229:. The available information is largely based on
4418:attacks in 1205. In 1207, the Semigallian duke
3451:By 1208 the important Daugava trading posts of
4406:, Semigallians formed an alliance with bishop
2164:
3340:trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
3154:
2737:
2150:
1622:
1608:
1430:
981:
5246:
4279:In 1260, the Curonians were involved in the
3264:Wars against Livs and Latgalians (1198–1209)
5282:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
5132:. Scientia Verlag – via Google Books.
4993:
4360:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4214:tribes living to the south and west of the
4128:and the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek until 1559.
3926:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3808:for Livonia, Prussia, and other countries.
3602:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3302:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5169:
5167:
5107:. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center.
5037:
3342:, some natives had already been baptized.
3161:
3147:
2744:
2730:
2157:
2143:
1615:
1601:
1437:
1423:
988:
974:
37:
5191:Lettland och letterna: Ha de rätt at leva
4464:partly subdued the Semigallians in 1254.
4380:Learn how and when to remove this message
4182:Learn how and when to remove this message
3946:Learn how and when to remove this message
3622:Learn how and when to remove this message
3322:Learn how and when to remove this message
3240:was established as a principality of the
3217:. The lands on the eastern shores of the
5221:
5212:from Estonia.eu, retrieved 12 March 2016
5054:
5020:
4576:
4568:
4557:etc.) were united under the rule of the
4391:
4193:
3965:
3957:
3252:. After the success of the crusade, the
5164:
4597:of Prussia in 1237 and became known as
4430:) helped the christened Livonian chief
3996:In 1206, a Danish army led by the king
3788:, that is, subordinate directly to the
3383:, at first considered the Low Germans (
5360:Conflicts involving the Livonian Order
5332:
3728:, but his troops were defeated by the
3372:), who had been paying tribute to the
5226:(in Swedish). Ordfront. p. 573.
5100:
4963:
3646:, the crusaders initiated raids into
2138:
1596:
1418:
969:
5275:
5142:
5024:Latvian–Russian Relations: Documents
4358:adding citations to reliable sources
4325:
4164:adding citations to reliable sources
4135:
4071:'s Master Andreas de Velven and the
3924:adding citations to reliable sources
3891:
3800:announced the appointment of Bishop
3712:in 1219, to which the origin of the
3600:adding citations to reliable sources
3567:
3300:adding citations to reliable sources
3267:
3017:The First Latvian National Awakening
1444:
5038:Herbermann, Charles George (1907).
4467:In 1270, the Lithuanian Grand Duke
4322:Wars against Semigallians (1219–90)
3564:Conquest of the Estonian hinterland
13:
1034:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
1018:Military order (religious society)
14:
5416:
5318:
3502:, and took the wife of the ruler
3397:had called for a crusade against
3177:consists of the various military
3090:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
3055:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
4818:Battle of the Ümera River Bridge
4330:
4140:
4132:Wars against Curonians (1242–67)
3896:
3872:falling from the sky during the
3862:
3847:
3572:
3559:Wars against Estonians (1208–27)
3546:
3534:
3519:
3436:in 1201. In 1202, he formed the
3391:, who was baptized around 1189.
3272:
3209:. It ended with the creation of
3130:
2979:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
2780:
2713:
2475:
1550:Campaign against the Lithuanians
952:
935:
919:
903:
887:
871:
851:
764:
752:
740:
728:
716:
696:
676:
664:
644:
624:
612:
592:
567:
555:
543:
528:
515:
496:
484:
465:
453:
441:
429:
395:
383:
367:
355:
324:
307:
295:
283:
269:
257:
244:
232:
220:
5296:
5269:
5240:
5215:
5196:
5183:
5155:
5136:
4973:. University Press of America.
4151:needs additional citations for
5121:
5094:
5091:p. 246. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.
5081:
5068:
5048:
5031:
5014:
4994:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005).
4987:
4957:
4659:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
4587:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
4246:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
4218:river and closely allied with
4006:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
3882:War against Saaremaa (1206–61)
3438:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
3221:were one of the last parts of
2893:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1459:Campaign against the Estonians
1140:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
112:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1:
5161:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
4950:
4067:by signing treaties with the
3832:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
3420:To avenge Berthold's defeat,
3110:2008 Latvian financial crisis
1537:Campaign against the Latvians
63:Around 1198 – 1290 (92 years)
4564:
4094:established a stone fort at
3248:in 1215 as a subject of the
2587:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
995:
7:
5370:Military history of Estonia
5247:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
4934:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
4926:
4782:Battle of St. Matthew's Day
4603:St. George's Night Uprising
4403:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
4314:, who lived in the town of
4002:Andreas, the Bishop of Lund
3984:National Archives of Sweden
3683:Battle of St. Matthew's Day
3446:Battle of St. Matthew's Day
3231:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
3105:Restoration of Independence
2688:Restoration of independence
2653:Declaration of Independence
2113:St. Thomas & Santa Cruz
10:
5421:
5375:Military history of Latvia
5365:Medieval history of Sweden
5101:Urban, William L. (1994).
5055:Bilmanis, Alfreds (1945).
5044:. Robert Appleton Company.
5021:Bilmanis, Alfreds (1944).
4846:Siege of Aizkraukle (1229)
4694:Battle of Salaspils (1206)
4676:
4532:and moved southwards. The
4241:and killed all the monks.
3885:
3692:The Christian kingdoms of
3179:Christianisation campaigns
2166:Swedish colonial conflicts
953:
936:
920:
904:
888:
872:
852:
765:
753:
741:
697:
677:
665:
645:
625:
613:
593:
568:
556:
544:
529:
516:
497:
485:
466:
454:
442:
430:
396:
384:
368:
356:
325:
308:
296:
284:
270:
258:
233:
221:
5193:. Stockholm 1943. p. 212.
5117:– via Google Books.
5087:Tarvel, Enn (ed.). 1982.
5041:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4824:Battle of Viljandi (1223)
4657:, the lands ruled by the
4295:to gain victory over the
4028:In 1222, the Danish king
3357:, and was consecrated as
3085:1944 Soviet re-occupation
2172:
1630:
1624:Danish colonial conflicts
1456:
1008:Ideology and institutions
1005:
582:
204:
55:
36:
28:
23:
4909:Battle of Tērvete (1281)
4894:Battle of Tērvete (1280)
4874:Battle of Tērvete (1270)
4742:Battle of Turaida (1211)
4710:Battle of Koknese (1208)
4699:Battle of Turaida (1206)
4689:Battle of Koknese (1205)
4559:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
4119:Novgorod First Chronicle
3970:The 1241 Treaty between
3065:1934 Latvian coup d'état
522:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
5345:13th century in Denmark
5222:Harrison, Dick (2005).
5027:. The Latvian legation.
4997:The Crusades: A History
4920:Battle of Dobele (1290)
4889:Siege of Kernavė (1279)
4869:Siege of Tērvete (1259)
4829:Siege of Tallinn (1223)
4726:Battle of Otepää (1210)
4715:Battle of Otepää (1208)
3825:Ascheraden (Aizkraukle)
3500:Principality of Jersika
3377:Principality of Polotsk
3095:Popular Front of Latvia
3080:The Holocaust in Latvia
2878:Principality of Koknese
2873:Principality of Jersika
574:Principality of Polotsk
5400:Wars involving Livonia
5390:Wars involving Estonia
5385:Wars involving Denmark
5350:13th-century conflicts
4899:Siege of Dobele (1281)
4884:Siege of Dobele (1279)
4731:Battle of Cēsis (1210)
4655:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
4582:
4574:
4573:Terra Mariana in 1260.
4427:
4397:
4199:
4107:Burchard von Dreileben
4084:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
4073:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
3986:
3976:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
3963:
3766:Early in 1224 Emperor
3702:Valdemar II of Denmark
3070:1940 Soviet occupation
3002:Governorate of Livonia
2984:Couronian colonization
735:Valdemar II of Denmark
703:Theoderich von Treyden
583:Commanders and leaders
374:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek
5405:Wars involving Sweden
5395:Wars involving Latvia
5355:13th-century crusades
5251:The Northern Crusades
4904:Battle of Riga (1281)
4759:Battle of Riga (1215)
4684:Battle of Riga (1203)
4647:Bishopric of Courland
4643:Archbishopric of Riga
4580:
4572:
4395:
4197:
4115:Hermann von Wartberge
4052:and the surrender of
4037:while leaving Bishop
3969:
3961:
3790:Roman Catholic Church
3508:Archbishopric of Riga
3426:Albert von Buxthoeven
2908:Bishopric of Courland
2903:Archbishopric of Riga
2514:Baltic Finnic peoples
362:Bishopric of Courland
276:Principality of Rügen
161:Bishopric of Courland
149:Archbishopric of Riga
5304:"Kernavė in English"
5276:Knut, Helle (2003).
5078:(Leiden 2005) p. 508
5058:The Church in Latvia
4879:Battle of Aizkraukle
4776:Battle of Soontagana
4764:Battle of Soontagana
4507:Battle of Aizkraukle
4354:improve this section
4160:improve this article
3920:improve this section
3667:Republic of Novgorod
3596:improve this section
3347:Meinhard of Segeberg
3296:improve this section
3244:, and proclaimed by
3007:Courland Governorate
2961:Polish–Swedish Wars
2951:Inflanty Voivodeship
2693:Contemporary Estonia
2418:5th Saint-Barthélemy
2413:4th Saint-Barthélemy
2408:3rd Saint-Barthélemy
2403:2nd Saint-Barthélemy
2398:1st Saint-Barthélemy
190:and more within the
4788:Battle of Lindanise
4651:Bishopric of Dorpat
4505:In 1279, after the
4500:Willekin von Endorp
4485:Otto von Lutterberg
4438:from pagan rebels.
4410:against rebellious
3874:Battle of Lindanise
3706:Battle of Lindanise
3432:as the seat of his
3408:Berthold of Hanover
3060:War of Independence
3050:United Baltic Duchy
3012:Vitebsk Governorate
2969:Second Northern War
2930:Early modern period
2807:Corded Ware culture
2658:War of Independence
1392:Crusade of the Poor
829:Vesceka of Kukenois
683:Berthold of Hanover
651:Otto von Lutterberg
302:Bishopric of Dorpat
153:Bishopric of Dorpat
5325:Saaremaa 1100–1227
5208:2016-04-07 at the
5104:The Baltic Crusade
4747:Battle of Viljandi
4704:Battle of Saaremaa
4583:
4575:
4398:
4308:Archbishop of Riga
4200:
4054:Valjala Stronghold
3987:
3964:
3821:Segewold (Sigulda)
3736:in 1220. Revelia,
3395:Pope Celestine III
3207:Kingdom of Denmark
3100:Singing Revolution
2996:National Awakening
2974:Great Northern War
2941:Kingdom of Livonia
2720:Estonia portal
2683:Singing Revolution
2630:National awakening
2602:Great Northern War
1843:5th Christiansborg
1821:4ht Christiansborg
1804:3rd Christiansborg
1799:2nd Christiansborg
1794:1st Christiansborg
1319:Against Christians
1023:Crusade indulgence
1013:Crusading movement
417:indigenous peoples
118:Livonian Civil War
47:on the left and a
5380:Northern Crusades
5233:978-91-7441-373-1
5203:Estonian Language
5114:978-0-929700-10-6
4857:Battle on the Ice
4720:Battle of Jersika
4639:William of Modena
4434:conquer back his
4400:According to the
4390:
4389:
4382:
4285:Peter von Dusburg
4192:
4191:
4184:
4015:Karl of Linköping
3956:
3955:
3948:
3813:Fellin (Viljandi)
3802:William of Modena
3798:Pope Honorius III
3794:Holy Roman Empire
3770:had announced at
3761:Novgorod Republic
3687:Viljandi (Fellin)
3675:Lembitu of Lehola
3632:
3631:
3624:
3553:Lands of Lotigola
3459:(Kokenhusen) and
3434:Bishopric of Riga
3422:Pope Innocent III
3332:
3331:
3324:
3258:William of Modena
3246:Pope Innocent III
3242:Holy Roman Empire
3203:Holy Roman Empire
3199:Northern Crusades
3171:
3170:
3137:Latvia portal
3045:German occupation
2964:
2963:(1600–1629)
2754:
2753:
2678:Soviet occupation
2635:German occupation
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2131:
2130:
1961:Strait of Malacca
1927:4th Bay of Bengal
1922:3rd Bay of Bengal
1917:2nd Bay of Bengal
1907:1st Bay of Bengal
1755:Cape of Good Hope
1589:
1588:
1500:St. Matthew's Day
1411:
1410:
1397:Shepherds' (1320)
1387:Shepherds' (1251)
1371:(1096–1320)
1321:(1209–1588)
1256:(1147–1410)
1134:(1291–1717)
964:
963:
858:Lembitu of Lehola
631:Wilken von Endorp
550:Novgorod Republic
390:Novgorod Republic
290:Bishopric of Riga
200:
199:
31:Northern Crusades
5412:
5340:Livonian Crusade
5312:
5311:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5219:
5213:
5200:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5171:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5149:www.euratlas.net
5140:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5098:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5074:Blomkvist Nils,
5072:
5066:
5065:
5061:. Drauga vēsts.
5052:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4970:Livonian Crusade
4961:
4914:Battle of Garoza
4806:Siege of Tallinn
4800:Battle of Lihula
4794:Siege of Mežotne
4770:Battle of Otepää
4753:Battle of Lehola
4671:Duchy of Estonia
4663:Dominum directum
4535:Rhymed Chronicle
4531:
4496:Battle of Garoza
4477:Battle of Karuse
4428:dux Semigallorum
4385:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4334:
4326:
4267:
4187:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4144:
4136:
4011:John I of Sweden
3962:German conquests
3951:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3900:
3892:
3866:
3851:
3734:Battle of Lihula
3722:John I of Sweden
3627:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3576:
3568:
3550:
3538:
3523:
3389:Caupo of Turaida
3359:Bishop of Üxküll
3327:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3276:
3268:
3215:duchy of Estonia
3183:medieval Livonia
3175:Livonian crusade
3163:
3156:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3040:Latvian Riflemen
2962:
2946:Duchy of Livonia
2888:Livonian Crusade
2784:
2774:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2547:Livonian Crusade
2531:Medieval Estonia
2519:Ancient counties
2479:
2469:
2451:
2450:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2010:Dannemarksnagore
1878:Coromandel Coast
1625:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1451:
1449:
1448:Livonian Crusade
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1125:Fall of Outremer
1028:Papal income tax
1000:
990:
983:
976:
967:
966:
959:Alexander Nevsky
957:
956:
955:
940:
939:
938:
924:
923:
922:
908:
907:
906:
892:
891:
890:
876:
875:
874:
866:
856:
855:
854:
837:
824:
801:
784:
776:Caupo of Turaida
769:
768:
767:
759:Albert of Saxony
757:
756:
755:
747:Witslaw of Rügen
745:
744:
743:
733:
732:
721:
720:
711:
701:
700:
699:
691:
681:
680:
679:
669:
668:
667:
659:
649:
648:
647:
639:
629:
628:
627:
617:
616:
615:
607:
597:
596:
595:
572:
571:
570:
560:
559:
558:
548:
547:
546:
533:
532:
531:
520:
519:
518:
501:
500:
499:
489:
488:
487:
470:
469:
468:
458:
457:
456:
446:
445:
444:
434:
433:
432:
424:Livs (Livonians)
400:
399:
398:
388:
387:
386:
372:
371:
370:
360:
359:
358:
329:
328:
327:
312:
311:
310:
300:
299:
298:
288:
287:
286:
274:
273:
272:
264:Duchy of Estonia
262:
261:
260:
252:Medieval Denmark
250:
248:
247:
237:
236:
235:
225:
224:
223:
163:and more within
140:Duchy of Estonia
87:Crusader victory
57:
56:
41:
24:Livonian Crusade
21:
20:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5330:
5329:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5308:www.kernave.org
5302:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5220:
5216:
5210:Wayback Machine
5201:
5197:
5188:
5184:
5180:. 1960. p. 244.
5172:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5141:
5137:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5099:
5095:
5086:
5082:
5073:
5069:
5053:
5049:
5036:
5032:
5019:
5015:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4945:Baltic paganism
4940:Wendish Crusade
4929:
4924:
4863:Battle of Durbe
4851:Battle of Saule
4812:Battle of Soela
4736:Battle of Ümera
4679:
4667:King of Denmark
4591:Battle of Saule
4567:
4521:
4458:Battle of Saule
4386:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4351:
4335:
4324:
4281:Battle of Durbe
4257:
4198:Couronian lands
4188:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4157:
4145:
4134:
4061:Battle of Saule
4050:Muhu Stronghold
4013:and the bishop
3991:Saaremaa (Ösel)
3952:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3917:
3901:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3856:Ancient Estonia
3852:
3718:Castrum Danorum
3714:Flag of Denmark
3677:, the elder of
3628:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3593:
3577:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3542:
3541:Lands of Tālava
3539:
3530:
3524:
3415:abbot of Loccum
3403:Northern Europe
3364:The indigenous
3328:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3293:
3277:
3266:
3213:and the Danish
3167:
3131:
3129:
3115:
3114:
3075:Nazi occupation
3035:
3027:
3026:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2956:Swedish Livonia
2931:
2923:
2922:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2792:
2772:
2765:
2750:
2714:
2712:
2698:
2697:
2663:Interwar period
2648:
2640:
2639:
2625:Russian Livonia
2620:Russian Estonia
2615:
2614:Russian Estonia
2607:
2606:
2597:Swedish Livonia
2577:
2575:Swedish Estonia
2567:
2566:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2489:
2487:Ancient Estonia
2467:
2460:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2341:4th Carolusborg
2336:3rd Carolusborg
2331:2nd Carolusborg
2326:1st Carolusborg
2168:
2165:
2163:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2092:
2046:Nicobar Islands
1860:
1739:
1707:
1678:Veliky Novgorod
1626:
1623:
1621:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1547:
1534:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1377:People's (1096)
1001:
996:
994:
951:
950:
934:
918:
902:
886:
870:
862:
850:
833:
820:
805:
797:
780:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
707:
695:
687:
675:
663:
655:
643:
635:
623:
611:
603:
591:
578:
566:
554:
542:
527:
514:
512:
495:
483:
464:
452:
440:
428:
406:
394:
382:
378:
366:
354:
323:
306:
294:
282:
268:
256:
245:
243:
231:
219:
144:
127:
90:
76:
45:Teutonic Knight
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5418:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
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4339:This section
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4225:In July 1210
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4149:This section
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3581:This section
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3527:Baltic tribes
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3281:This section
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3259:
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3243:
3239:
3238:Terra Mariana
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3227:Christianised
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3211:Terra Mariana
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3193:– during the
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3034:Modern Latvia
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2802:Narva culture
2800:
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2797:Kunda culture
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2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Narva culture
2497:
2495:
2494:Kunda culture
2492:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:3rd Serampore
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:2nd Serampore
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:1st Serampore
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1737:Faroe Islands
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Lord Edward's
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
971:
968:
960:
947:
943:
933:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
901:
899:
895:
885:
883:
879:
869:
867:
865:
859:
849:
847:
843:
840:
838:
836:
830:
827:
825:
823:
817:
813:
810:
809:
807:
802:
800:
794:
790:
787:
785:
783:
777:
774:
772:
762:
760:
750:
748:
738:
736:
731:
726:
724:
719:
714:
712:
710:
704:
694:
692:
690:
684:
674:
672:
662:
660:
658:
652:
642:
640:
638:
632:
622:
620:
610:
608:
606:
600:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
575:
565:
563:
553:
551:
541:
540:
536:
526:
525:
524:
523:
509:
506:
504:
494:
492:
482:
478:
475:
473:
463:
462:
461:
451:
449:
439:
437:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
418:
414:
413:
412:Baltic pagans
408:
403:
393:
391:
381:
380:
375:
365:
363:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
331:christianized
322:
320:
317:
315:
305:
303:
293:
291:
281:
277:
267:
265:
255:
254:
253:
242:
240:
230:
228:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
209:
208:
203:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
165:Terra Mariana
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
141:
137:
136:Terra Mariana
133:
132:
130:
125:
124:
119:
116:Ensuring the
115:
113:
109:
107:
106:Terra Mariana
103:
102:Christianized
99:
95:
92:
91:
86:
85:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:Baltic States
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:on the right.
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
5307:
5298:
5278:
5271:
5250:
5242:
5223:
5217:
5198:
5190:
5189:F. Balodis.
5185:
5177:
5157:
5148:
5138:
5123:
5103:
5096:
5088:
5083:
5075:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5050:
5040:
5033:
5023:
5016:
4996:
4989:
4969:
4959:
4932:
4636:Papal Legate
4633:
4611:
4585:In 1227 the
4584:
4540:
4533:
4515:
4504:
4489:
4487:was killed.
4481:Gulf of Riga
4466:
4455:
4440:
4401:
4399:
4376:
4367:
4352:Please help
4340:
4305:
4278:
4273:
4270:Vredecuronia
4269:
4250:
4243:
4235:Semigallians
4224:
4208:Semigallians
4201:
4178:
4169:
4158:Please help
4153:verification
4150:
4123:
4100:
4077:
4065:Christianity
4058:
4043:
4027:
3995:
3988:
3942:
3933:
3918:Please help
3906:
3854:Counties of
3829:
3810:
3806:papal legate
3783:
3768:Frederick II
3765:
3746:
3691:
3656:
3633:
3618:
3609:
3594:Please help
3582:
3512:vassal state
3497:
3487:, where the
3483:and a stone
3481:Cēsis Castle
3450:
3442:
3419:
3393:
3381:Semigallians
3369:
3363:
3344:
3334:By the time
3333:
3318:
3309:
3294:Please help
3282:
3237:
3235:
3197:-sanctioned
3174:
3172:
3121:
2936:Livonian War
2887:
2855:Semigallians
2821:Baltic Finns
2704:
2673:World War II
2582:Livonian War
2546:
2426:20th century
2390:19th century
2374:18th century
2278:17th century
2262:16th century
2246:15th century
2237:
2215:13th century
2199:12th century
2191:2nd Courland
2186:1st Courland
2096:
2095:
2055:
2034:4th Dansborg
2016:
2002:
1973:3rd Dansborg
1956:2nd Dansborg
1948:
1937:2nd Balasore
1912:1st Balasore
1894:
1890:1st Dansborg
1870:
1864:
1863:
1808:
1769:
1743:
1742:
1710:
1709:
1670:
1652:
1651:
1632:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1520:2nd Viljandi
1480:1st Viljandi
1458:
1446:
1401:
1367:
1366:
1317:
1316:
1291:
1252:
1251:
1195:Holy Leagues
1130:
1129:
1033:
1032:
1007:
863:
834:
821:
798:
781:
708:
688:
656:
636:
604:
513:
503:Semigallians
410:
409:
211:
210:
205:Belligerents
170:Dissolution
147:Creation of
134:Creation of
110:Fall of the
49:Swordbrother
29:Part of the
5255:. Penguin.
4607:Ordensstaat
4522: [
4447:Daugavgrīva
4293:Samogitians
4258: [
4239:Daugavgriva
4220:Samogitians
4030:Valdemar II
3998:Valdemar II
3374:East Slavic
3349:arrived in
3022:New Current
2867:Middle Ages
2771:History of
2557:Old Livonia
2466:History of
2316:Saint Kitts
2270:4th Finland
2233:3rd Finland
2228:2nd Finland
2207:1st Finland
2178:9th century
1966:Philippines
1883:Trincomalee
1858:Prinsensten
1765:Carolusborg
1403:Reconquista
1352:Despenser's
1327:Albigensian
1155:Alexandrian
535:Samogitians
126:Territorial
100:tribes get
5334:Categories
5143:Euratlas.
4951:References
4453:hillfort.
4451:Aizkraukle
4416:Lithuanian
4255:Lammekinus
3886:See also:
3785:reichsfrei
3671:Hill forts
3644:Latgalians
3529:, c. 1200.
3412:Cistercian
3219:Baltic Sea
3122:Chronology
2840:Latgalians
2812:Amber Road
2705:Chronology
2542:Viking Age
2004:2nd Bengal
1896:1st Bengal
1810:Gold Coast
1782:Cape Corso
1771:Cape Coast
1750:Cape Verde
1722:Jakobshavn
1700:Aizkraukle
1659:Lyndanisse
1633:Baltic Sea
1581:Aizkraukle
1405:(722–1492)
1382:Children's
1302:Lithuanian
789:Tālivaldis
477:Ungannians
436:Latgalians
350:Ungannians
346:Latgalians
4621:catechism
4565:Aftermath
4469:Traidenis
4443:Curonians
4420:Viestards
4412:Livonians
4370:July 2024
4341:does not
4289:Estonians
4229:attacked
4227:Curonians
4204:Curonians
4172:July 2024
4017:captured
3980:Oeselians
3936:July 2024
3907:does not
3888:Oeselians
3870:Dannebrog
3840:Vironians
3730:Oeselians
3636:Estonians
3612:July 2024
3583:does not
3504:Visvaldis
3467:counties
3465:Latgalian
3455:(Holme),
3453:Salaspils
3448:in 1217.
3366:Livonians
3355:Livonians
3312:July 2024
3283:does not
3185:– modern
2850:Selonians
2845:Curonians
2825:Livonians
2537:Oeselians
2351:Kauhajoki
2254:Satakunta
2123:St. Croix
2118:Caribbean
2097:Caribbean
2057:2nd India
1950:1st India
1932:2nd Pipli
1902:1st Pipli
1826:Crèvecœur
1727:Reykjavík
1647:Pomerania
1505:Lindanise
1337:Stedinger
1185:Nicopolis
1150:Smyrniote
1145:Aragonese
1050:Norwegian
946:Lithuania
942:Traidenis
930:Lithuania
914:Samogitia
878:Viestards
842:Visvaldis
816:Salaspils
491:Selonians
472:Oeselians
460:Estonians
448:Curonians
342:Estonians
213:Crusaders
188:Oeselians
184:Metsepole
167:territory
5206:Archived
4967:(1981).
4927:See also
4618:Lutheran
4511:Nameisis
4473:Saaremaa
4301:Prussian
4117:and the
3836:Tarwanpe
3792:and the
3753:Tharbata
3679:Sackalia
3663:Russians
3640:Counties
3254:Teutonic
3250:Holy See
3205:and the
2762:a series
2760:Part of
2457:a series
2455:Part of
2434:Svalbard
2382:Esequibo
2366:Libelits
2356:Värtsilä
2296:Tacorary
2223:Tavastia
2108:West Kay
2103:St. John
2090:Porreiar
2073:Nancowry
1978:Golconda
1672:Novgorod
1347:Bohemian
1332:Drenther
1297:Prussian
1292:Livonian
1271:Swedish
1254:Northern
1164:Barbary
1160:Savoyard
1055:Venetian
998:Crusades
926:Treniota
910:Vykintas
894:Nameisis
138:and the
98:Estonian
68:Location
4677:Battles
4625:Estonia
4543:Sidabrė
4519:Sidabrė
4492:Ikšķile
4362:removed
4347:sources
4316:Kuldīga
4303:lands.
4216:Daugava
4023:Rotalia
3928:removed
3913:sources
3876:, 1219.
3776:Prussia
3772:Catania
3757:Vyachko
3749:Tallinn
3742:Vironia
3738:Harrien
3732:in the
3710:Revelia
3694:Denmark
3665:of the
3659:Livonia
3652:Ugaunia
3604:removed
3589:sources
3489:Daugava
3473:Satekle
3457:Koknese
3351:Ikšķile
3304:removed
3289:sources
3191:Estonia
2468:Estonia
2361:Lembola
2301:Casimir
2238:Livonia
2024:Tillali
1983:Carical
1942:Hooghly
1838:3rd Osu
1789:1st Osu
1717:Iceland
1705:Estonia
1664:Tallinn
1653:Livonia
1637:Wendish
1566:Skuodas
1515:Tallinn
1475:Turaida
1369:Popular
1357:Hussite
1342:Bosnian
1307:Russian
1267:Wendish
1110:Catalan
1100:Seventh
1095:Barons'
898:Zemgale
882:Tērvete
864:†
846:Jersika
835:†
822:†
799:†
782:†
709:†
689:†
657:†
637:†
605:†
599:Volkwin
176:Koknese
172:Jersika
128:changes
94:Latvian
5286:
5259:
5230:
5178:Aestii
5111:
5004:
4977:
4865:, 1260
4859:, 1242
4853:, 1236
4842:, 1227
4836:, 1224
4820:, 1223
4814:, 1223
4808:, 1221
4802:, 1220
4796:, 1219
4790:, 1219
4784:, 1217
4778:, 1217
4772:, 1217
4766:, 1215
4755:, 1215
4749:, 1211
4738:, 1210
4722:, 1209
4706:, 1206
4669:, the
4629:Latvia
4555:Mėguva
4551:Ceklis
4212:Baltic
4086:, and
4082:, the
4019:Lihula
3823:, and
3780:Sambia
3740:, and
3698:Sweden
3648:Sakala
3477:Autine
3475:, and
3469:Tālava
3399:pagans
3385:Saxons
3345:Saint
3336:German
3225:to be
3223:Europe
3187:Latvia
2883:Tālava
2773:Latvia
2764:on the
2509:Chudes
2459:on the
2321:Kattan
1872:Ceylon
1853:Dodowa
1744:Africa
1695:Karuse
1576:Karuse
1543:Garoza
1510:Lihula
1495:Otepää
1485:Lehola
1262:Kalmar
1115:Eighth
1080:Fourth
1065:Second
860:
831:
818:
795:
793:Tālava
778:
705:
685:
653:
633:
601:
319:Tālava
314:Sweden
249:
194:region
192:Baltic
180:Tālava
81:Result
4547:Raktė
4530:]
4432:Caupo
4424:Latin
4266:]
4096:Pöide
4035:Revel
3685:near
3493:Pērse
3195:Papal
2835:Balts
2829:Vends
2816:Aesti
2504:Aesti
1848:Volta
1833:Ningo
1690:Durbe
1683:Pskov
1642:Rügen
1571:Durbe
1561:Memel
1556:Saule
1525:Tartu
1470:Ümera
1465:Cēsis
1312:Tatar
1190:Varna
1090:Sixth
1085:Fifth
1070:Third
1040:First
619:Wenno
508:Vends
338:Letts
5284:ISBN
5257:ISBN
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