London Ringways - Knowledge

1427: 631: 1407: 1720: 980: 1535: 655: 231: 1619: 97: 1658:(TfL) was formed, taking responsibility for all related projects in Greater London, including roads. They did not have responsibility for maintaining any motorways, so the built parts of the Westway and West and East Cross Routes were downgraded to all-purpose roads. TfL has concentrated primarily on improving public transport in London and discouraging the use of private cars where practical. The only new road constructed by TfL has been the A23 Coulsdon Relief Road, which opened in 2006. In a significant departure from the Ringways, the road incorporates a 367:, calculated that costs had been enormously underestimated and would show marginal economic returns. They predicted large quantities of additional traffic that would be generated purely as a result of the new roads. Access to the new roads would soon be overwhelmed even before the rings and radial roads were near capacity, while about 1 million Londoners would find their lives blighted by living within 200 yards of a motorway. Reports suggested between 15,000 and 80,000 Londoners would lose their homes as a result of the Ringways. The 1706: 455: 1259: 1147: 856: 22: 4773: 4783: 1466:. These were all begun and completed before the plan was cancelled. With its elevated roadway on concrete pylons flying above the streets below at rooftop height, the Westway provides a good example of how much of Ringway 1 would have appeared had it been constructed. The East Cross route was the only part to be built in its entirety and it includes a permanently unfinished junction at 874:(A205). The North Circular Road was largely a coherent route (see "Background" above), but the South Circular Road was merely a signposted route through the suburbs of South London on pre-existing sections of standard roads, involving twists and turns, selected by route planners in the 1930s. South of the river, Ringway 2 would have headed roughly toward the North Circular Road at 348:. A principal problem was the route of Ringway 2 in south London, given that the South Circular Road was largely an unimproved series of urban streets and there were fewer railway lines to follow. Parts would be built with four lanes in each direction, and in some cases there was no other plan than to destroy whatever urban streets were in the way of the new road. At 301:

the same distance from the centre as the B Ring. It used some of Abercrombie's suggested route, but it was planned to use existing transport corridors, such as railway lines, much more than before. The location of these lines produced a ring that was distinctly box-shaped, and Ringway 1 was unofficially called the

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The Ringway plans were largely made in secret, and in some cases no definitive route was proposed, which has made it difficult to work out its exact location and impact. Consequently, the project is not particularly well known to the general British public. The website roads.org.uk, run by enthusiast

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which said if a road was not built, there would be no demand along that route anyway. The 1960s plans were developed over a period of several years and were subject to a continuing process of review and modification. Roads were added and omitted as the overall scheme was altered, and many alternative

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The GLC attempted to hold on to the Ringway plans until the early 1970s, hoping that they would eventually be built. By 1972, in an attempt to placate the Ringway plan's vociferous opponents, the GLC removed the northern section of Ringway 1 and the southern section of Ringway 2 from the proposals.

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The Ringway plans attracted vociferous opposition towards the end of the decade over the demolition of properties and noise pollution the roads would cause. Local newspapers published the intended routes, which caused an outcry among local residents living on or near them who would have their lives

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demanded an audit of all road schemes being worked on, including the remnants of Ringway plans, and cancelled many of them. One of the few schemes that did survive was the A2 Rochester Way Relief Road, the successor to the original Dover Radial. The road was constructed in a cutting instead of the

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and sold 18,000 copies. Several key ideas in the report would later be perceived as being correct as road protesting grew from the 1980s onward. The London Traffic Survey was published the following year, and concluded that the Ringways should be built in order to cater for future network traffic,

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The Ringway plan took Abercrombie's earlier schemes as a starting point and reused many of his proposals in the outlying areas but scrapped the plans in the inner zone. Abercrombie's A Ring was scrapped as being far too expensive and impractical. The innermost circuit, Ringway 1, was approximately

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Bressey's plans called for significant demolition of existing properties, that would have divided communities if they had been built. However, he reported that the average traffic speed on three of London's radial routes was 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h), and consequently their construction

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for approval and, for a short period, it appeared that the GLC had made enough concessions for the scheme to proceed. A report around this time commissioned by planning lawyer Frank Layfield showed that the GLDP was too dependent on roads for its transport plans. Because the GLC had proposed the

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or motorway standards was considered significant; the A ring would have displaced 5,300 families. Because of post-war funding shortages, Abercrombie's plans were not intended to be carried out immediately. They were intended to be gradually built over the next 30 years. The subsequent austerity

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and a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) extension from South Woodford to Barking had land reserved from 1968. This extension was approved in 1976, and opened in 1987. Improvements have been made to the existing North Circular, so that most of it is now dual carriageway. However, these have been done in a

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The South Circular Road was in the 1960s, and remains still, little more than an arbitrary route through the southern half of the city following roads that are mainly just single carriageway. The road planners considered the existing routing unsuitable for a direct upgrade so a new replacement

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in 1943. The Ringways originated from these earlier plans, and consisted of the main four ring roads and other developments. Certain sections were upgrades of existing earlier projects such as the North Circular, but much of it was new-build. Construction began on some sections in the 1960s in

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However, the M23 up to Streatham remained a projected route throughout the 1970s, and appeared on some road atlases of the time. The Wallington M23 Action Group campaigned for the motorway to be formally cancelled, as the inability to develop land along the line of the proposed M23 had led to

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clockwise to the current junction 3 with the M20). Two additional sections of motorway were added to the plan to join the two original sections and the remaining parts of the two rings were cancelled. The south-eastern section of Ringway 4 between Wrotham and Sevenoaks was redesignated as the

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By comparison, very little has been done to improve the condition of South Circular Road and no part of the southern part of Ringway 2 was built, mainly because of the density of the residential areas through which the route runs. The road remains predominantly single carriageway throughout.

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While the construction of the first section was in progress, the plan for Ringways 3 and 4 was modified considerably. Broadly speaking, the motorway section of Ringway 4 was to be built and connected to the northern and eastern section of Ringway 3 (from the current M25 junction 23 with the

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irreversibly disrupted. Following an increasing series of protests, the scheme was cancelled in 1973, at which point only three sections had been built. Some traffic routes originally planned for the Ringways were re-used for other road schemes in the 1980s and 1990s, most significantly the

618:, to protests; some residents hung a huge banners with 'Get us out of this Hell – Rehouse Us Now' outside their windows and protesters disrupted the opening procession by driving a lorry the wrong way along the new road. The East Cross Route, incorporating the new 'eastern bore' of the 204:, which reviewed London's road needs and recommended the construction of many miles of new roads and the improvement of junctions at key congestion points. Amongst their proposals was the provision of a series of orbital roads around the city with the outer ones built as American-style 332:

route alignments were considered during the planning process The plan was published in stages starting with Ringway 1 in 1966 and Ringway 2 in 1967. After the Conservatives won the GLC elections in the latter year, they confirmed that both Ringways would be constructed as planned.

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Except for a deviation from the original plan around Leatherhead, the current M26 and the M25 between junctions 5 and 19 mostly follow the planned Ringway 4 route. One short section of the dual-carriageway portion of Ringway 4 was constructed in Hoddesdon linking the town to the

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The M23 to Streatham was briefly revived in 1985 by the GLC after the government had announced plans to spend £1.5 billion on trunk roads in London. In December 2006, the A23 Coulsdon Relief Road opened to traffic. It was one of the few road proposals approved by the anti-car

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Even in a war-ravaged city with large areas requiring reconstruction, the building of the two innermost rings, A and B, would have involved considerable demolition and upheaval. The cost of the construction works needed to upgrade the existing London streets and roads to

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Between 1913 and 1916, a series of conferences took place, bringing all road plans in Greater London together as a single body. Over the next decade, 214 miles (344 km) of new roads were constructed, primarily as post-war unemployment relief. These included the

1243:). The remaining sections of the northern Ringway 3 were constructed over the next eleven years: the M25 motorway was completed in 1986 with the opening of the Ringway 4 to Ringway 3 linking section from Micklefield to South Mimms (junction 19 to junction 23). 288:

By the start of the 1960s, the number of private cars and commercial vehicles on the roads had increased considerably from the number before the war. British car manufacturing doubled between 1953 and 1960. The Conservative government, led by Prime Minister

406:, opened in 1970. It showed the public what the Ringways would be like for local residents and what demolition would be required, and led to increased complaints over the scheme. The GLDP received 22,000 formal objections by 1972. The GLC realised that the 322:. In contrast to earlier reports, it cautioned that road building would generate and increase traffic and cause environmental damage. It also recommended pedestrianisation of town centres and segregating different traffic types. The report was published by 79:, which was created out of two different sections of Ringways joined together. The project caused an increase in road protesting and an eventual agreement that new road construction in London was not generally possible without huge disruption. Since 2000, 352:, the road would have run in a deep-bored tunnel to avoid any impact on the local area, at an estimated cost of £38 million. However, until around 1967, the opposition was more towards specific proposals instead of the concept of Ringways generally. 386:(GLDP) along with much else not related to roads and traffic management. In 1970, the GLC estimated that the cost of building Ringway 1 along with sections of 2 and 3 would be £1.7 billion (approximately £33.2 billion as of 2023). 890:, but this was not planned to refer to the entire road. Since the Ringways Plan was cancelled, most of the route has been upgraded, some of it close to motorway standard, but this has been done piecemeal. In places, the road is a six-lane 1566:

planning blight in the area. In 1978, the M23 north of Hooley was cancelled, to be replaced by an all-purpose relief road replacing the A23. Some residents complained, saying the motorway should still be built, and that its terminus at

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Much of the scheme would have been constructed as elevated roads on concrete pylons and the routes were designed to follow the alignments of existing railway lines to minimise the amount of land required for construction, including the

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originally proposed elevated build, in order to adhere to new environmental guidelines. Another scheme was the A12 from Wanstead to Hackney Wick, which resurrected most (but not all) of the original route of the M11's inner section.

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In 1970, the British Road Federation surveyed 2,000 Londoners, 80% of whom favoured more new roads being built. In contrast, a public enquiry was held to review the GLDP in a climate of strong and vocal opposition from many of the

164:. In 1924, the Ministry of Transport proposed another circular route, the North Orbital Road. This ran further out from London than the North Circular and was planned to be around 70 miles (110 km) long, running from the 1250:). Unlike many other Ringway proposals it was favourably viewed by local residents, for it solved serious congestion problems. It was one of the few major road schemes approved by the GLC after Labour took control in 1981. 1223:

While the construction of the first section was in progress, the plan for Ringways 3 and 4 were modified considerably. Broadly speaking, the northern and eastern section of Ringway 3 (from the current junction 23 of the

267:. One of the topics that Abercrombie's two plans had examined was London's traffic congestion, and The County of London Plan proposed a series of ring roads labelled A to E to help remove traffic from the central area. 335:

The plan was hugely ambitious, and almost immediately attracted opposition from several directions. Ringway 1 was designed to be an eight-lane elevated motorway running through the middle of many town centres such as

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Ringway 1 was expected to cost £480 million (£9.38 billion today) including £144 million (£2.74 billion today) for property purchases. It would require 1,048 acres (4.24 km) and affect 7,585 houses.

963:. Although this tunnel was never built, the utility of an additional river crossing in this area continued to be recognised during the decades after the Ringway Scheme's cancellation and various proposals for an 878:, though there was no definite proposed route. Much of the Ringway, particularly the southern section where a new route was required, would have been placed in cuttings to mitigate disruption to local residents. 112:(1903–05) produced eight volumes of reports on roads, railways and tramways in the London area, including a suggestion for "constructing a circular road about 75 miles in length at a radius of 12 miles from 431:

Ringways as a complete scheme, protesters against specific parts of it in different areas were able to unite against a common goal, which led to the Layfield Inquiry successfully challenging the proposals.

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Despite this opposition, the GLC continued to develop its plans, and began the construction of some of the parts of the scheme. The plan, still with much of the detail to be worked out, was included in the

1173:. It was intended for traffic bypassing London, and was a central government scheme outside of the remit of London County Council. The route was roughly based on the earlier "D" ring designed by 1138:

In 1970 the GLC expected the 25-mile (40 km) long southern ring to cost £305m, including £63m for property purchases. It would require 1,007 acres (4.08 km) and affect 5,705 houses.

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and opened the following year. Before the first of these opened, the planned north and east sections of Ringway 3 and the planned south and west sections of Ringway 4 were combined as the

3243: 1634:, announced that the budget for developing London's road network would be cut from £500m to £170m. Several schemes which were roughly on the line of the Ringways, including Ringway 1 at 458:

Plan of Ringway 1 showing the parts of the central area scheme that were built. Blue lines are roads built as planned, red lines those built later. Roads shown in grey were never built.

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was more commonly known by the names "North Orbital Road" and "South Orbital Road", and was first mentioned in Bressey's report. The southern section became part of the

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At the western end of the North Circular Road a new section of motorway would have been constructed to take the route of Ringway 2 eastwards from the junction with the

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piecemeal fashion so that the road varies in quality and capacity along its length and still has several unimproved single carriageway sections and awkward junctions.

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There had been plans to construct new roads around London to help traffic since at least the 17th century. Several were built in the early 20th century such as the

3926: 1177:. The southern section was never planned in detail, so a specific route does not exist. The section in west London was eventually built to a lower standard as the 426:

In January 1973, the enquiry recommended that Ringway 1 be built, but that much of the rest of the Ringway schemes be abandoned. The project was submitted to the

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Cross Routes. Ringway 1 was planned to comprise four sections across the capital forming a roughly rectangular box of motorways. These sections were designated:

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Despite its name, the route of Ringway 4 did not make a complete circuit of London. It was, instead, C-shaped. The planned route started at a junction with the

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which was under construction at the same time. This opened in 1976; the remaining sections of the southern Ringway 4 were constructed over the next ten years.

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junctions, while other parts remain at a much lower standard. In some cases this has been because of protests; the junction of the North Circular Road and the

210:– wide, landscaped roads with limited access and grade-separated junctions. These included an eastern extension of Western Avenue, which eventually became the 1236:) was to be built and connected to the southern and western section of Ringway 4 to create the M25. The remaining parts of the two rings became redundant. 606:

Only two parts of Ringway 1 were completed and opened to traffic. Part of the West Cross Route between North Kensington and Shepherd's Bush was opened by

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where its next junction would have been constructed. Next, heading west out of the London Borough of Greenwich, the motorway crossed to Baring Road (the

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at the southern end of the new tunnel in Thamesmead, the planned route for the new southern section of Ringway 2 would have first interchanged with the

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Parts of Ringways 3 and 4 were started soon after Ringway 1 was cancelled. The first section of the northern half of Ringway 3 was constructed between

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The North Circular Road was to have been improved to motorway standard along its existing route. Some plans refer to the section in east London as the

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was constructed as planned. North of the Westway, it would have continued to follow the West London line, crossing the Great Western railway and the

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Orbital Motorways: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and Held in Stratford-upon-Avon on 24–26 April 1990

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said he could not prevent the GLC from proposing the schemes, but assumed that the government could ultimately prevent them from being implemented.

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in Brixton, which was designed to shield the housing estate to its south from the noise of Ringway 1, leading to its nickname of "Barrier Block".

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and ran west as motorway around the capital to Hunton Bridge near Watford. From Watford, the road was to head east until it met Ringway 3 near

1049:. After this, there was a cut-and-cover tunnel underneath playing fields at Whitefoot Lane, followed by an elevated section over Bromley Road ( 2812: 3587: 280:'s Labour government in May 1950. After 1951, the County of London focused on improving existing roads rather than Abercrombie's proposals. 37:

planned in the 1960s to circle London at various distances from the city centre. They were part of a comprehensive scheme developed by the

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were established in the late 1830s and early 1840s in order to establish means of improving communication and transport in the city. The

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shortly after opening. The West Cross Route would have continued under the roundabout with the stubs linking to the northern slip roads.

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Chris Marshall, has been praised for its level of detail in researching the Ringways, and cited as a definitive source of information.

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coming south-east along the railway line from Ringway 1 at Brixton and heading to Ringway 3. Like Ringway 2 this road was never built.

3023: 1103:. This area would have required extensive demolition. Taking the easiest alignment, the Ringway continued towards a junction with the 991:

motorway was planned for a route further to the south where the road could be constructed with less destruction of local communities.

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with a policy of fighting the Ringways scheme. Given the continuing fierce opposition across London and the likely enormous cost, the

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caused a build up of traffic there, and contributed to congestion on other roads. These proposals were cancelled in May 1980.

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Heading south from the A2, Ringway 2 would have crossed Eltham Warren Golf Course and Royal Blackheath Golf Club to reach the

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The South Mimms to Potters Bar section (junction 23 to junction 24) was opened in 1975, temporarily designated as an A-road (

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was particularly affected by the cancellation of the Ringways. The original plan had been to connect it to Ringway 2 near

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during the planning stages but opened as the M25). The remaining sections of these two circular routes were never built.

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Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into and Report Upon the Means of Locomotion and Transport in London

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might be impractical to build, and looked instead at integrating public transport through a new park-and-ride scheme at

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Some of the radial routes that were planned to connect to the Ringway system were built much as planned, including the

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At its eastern end, Ringway 2 was planned to have crossed the River Thames at Gallions Reach in a new tunnel between

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through Hertfordshire follow its proposed route. The road was planned as a combination of motorway and all-purpose

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Ringway 2 took another elevated route crossing the railway by Goat House Bridge, before running in a cutting by

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and the Ministry of Transport both came out against the scheme, primarily because of worries over the cost. The

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councils and residents associations that would have seen motorways driven through their neighbourhoods. The

4837: 4776: 4541: 4377: 4307: 4111: 3573: 1750: 1120: 979: 887: 1534: 4822: 4812: 4610: 1599: 1135:. From here, it continued to Putney alongside railways, before meeting the northern section at Chiswick. 871: 372: 1076:, near Cambridge Road there was a proposed interchange with another of the GLC's planned motorways, the 4832: 4513: 4503: 4372: 4362: 4277: 4212: 3756: 3746: 3658: 1046: 995: 964: 944:) was built on the planned motorway alignment, opening in 1987. The section between South Woodford and 719: 675: 592: 364: 3269: 1485:

The North Circular Road section of Ringway 2 survived the cancellation of the Ringways. It remained a

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Thomson, John Michael (1969). Motorways in London (Report). London Amenity and Transport Association.

1610:, were truncated on the outskirts of London far from their intended terminal junctions on Ringway 1. 4453: 4106: 630: 230: 4807: 4753: 4631: 4626: 4532: 4483: 4402: 4342: 4157: 4067: 4057: 4047: 3874: 3525: 1385: 1104: 949: 933: 197: 2075:"London's lost mega-motorway: the eight-lane ring road that would have destroyed much of the city" 4786: 4697: 4636: 4438: 4392: 4387: 4332: 4243: 4238: 3960: 3953: 3916: 3864: 3706: 3688: 1711: 1627: 1618: 1372: 1322: 1310: 1229: 1116: 1023: 572: 294: 3344: 276:

period meant that very little of his plan was carried out. The A Ring was formally cancelled by

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The Great West Road was an early 20th century attempt to solve traffic congestion around London

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The route of the eastern section of the North Circular Road south from its junction with the

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was specifically designed to shield the housing estate behind it from the noise of Ringway 1

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The feedback and complaints from the Ringway plans led to an increased interest towards

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to be constructed and would have carried the merging eastbound carriageway of that road.

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One part of Ringway 3 in west London was eventually built as The Parkway/Hayes Bypass (

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The whole of the East Cross Route was built. It runs south from Hackney Wick as the

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where the motorway would have turned south to run alongside the railway line past

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Ringway 3 was planned to link the capital's outer suburbs linking areas such as

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were responsible for roads in the capital, and could not find adequate funding.

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Rings Around London – Orbital Motorways and The Battle For Homes Before Roads

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Strategic Planning in London: The Rise and Fall of the Primary Road Network

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West of Bromley Road, Ringway 2 remained on an elevated alignment towards

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and Reigate (junctions 6 to 8) in 1973, and included a junction with the

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was only completed in 1990 after several other schemes had been blocked.

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in a tunnel, following railways as much as possible for its route though

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London has been significantly congested since the 17th century. Various

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junction) was, for a time, temporarily designated as part of the M11.

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and opened in 1975. The first section of Ringway 4 was built between

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One of Abercrombie's proposed inner ring roads, as shown in the 1945

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Railways, Urban Development and Town Planning in Britain: 1948–2008

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Construction began on the first section of the motorway between

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response to increasing concern about car ownership and traffic.

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on a viaduct. It continued along the North London line through

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The Ringway plan had developed from early schemes prior to the

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was a new road, the north section of which became part of the

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Congestion Charging in London: The Policy and the Politics

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of Ringway 1 were constructed together with the elevated

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in 1973 and the motorway was initially designated as the

1060:. From here, it continued through more open land towards 318:, which had been commissioned by the Transport Minister, 3183: 3107: 3092: 2929: 2700: 2403: 2379: 2343: 83:

has promoted public transport and discouraged road use.

3004: 2992: 2958: 2956: 2919: 2917: 2864: 2862: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2744: 2742: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2533: 2531: 2518: 2516: 2007: 1068:. It then rose to an interchange with Elmers End Road ( 917:

through Chiswick to meet and cross the River Thames at

702:. It diverged away from the railway and passed through 183: 3511: 3060: 3048: 2581: 2495:

Baker, T.F.T., ed. (1995). "Hackney: Communications".

2355: 2263: 2102: 2100: 2024: 2022: 1983: 1930: 1582:, and included a dedicated lane for buses and cycles. 1018:

and the adjacent Shepheardleas Wood to connect to the

967:

have been developed, the most recent of which was the

2715: 2593: 1896: 1894: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1802: 742:, leading to a junction with the East Cross Route at 3119: 2953: 2914: 2859: 2842: 2830: 2787: 2739: 2727: 2605: 2560: 2543: 2528: 2513: 2367: 2153: 1790: 1701: 226:

County of London Plan and Greater London Plan, 1940s

3288: 3224: 3072: 2980: 2450: 2391: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2251: 2239: 2165: 2112: 2097: 2085: 2019: 1995: 1942: 1918: 1906: 1522:(the northern part was initially designated as the 1072:). Continuing along the railway line south-west of 3300: 3203: 2941: 2893: 2874: 2641: 2429: 2286: 2218: 2132: 1962: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1826: 1814: 1232:east and south to the current junction 3 with the 363:and Michael Thomson, a transport economist at the 60:, and further plans were put forward in 1937 with 3386:The Rise and Fall of London's Ringways, 1943–1973 4799: 1123:took it up to the Wandle Valley. It crossed the 1010:and then, via open land, to Shooters Hill Road ( 804:a motorway running south-east to Ringway 3, and 644:. The central slip road is the only part of the 3982:Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company 3581: 1546:north of junction 7, showing an unused bridge 359:, published in 1969 by the architect/planner 2765:"M25 : London Orbital Motorway – Dates" 2177: 465:was the London Motorway box, comprising the 3552:Pathetic Motorways – Ringways for beginners 2643:"Minister decides on tunnel for Thamesmead" 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 859:Plan of Ringway 2 as proposed in late 1960s 839:. The section north Shepherd's Bush to the 796:, where it was planned to connect with the 398:and a section of the West Cross Route from 16:Series of proposed ring roads around London 3997:Westminster Passenger Services Association 3588: 3574: 2431:"Road programme cost estimated at £1,700m" 2220:"Road programme cost estimated at £1,700m" 1764: 1538:Uncompleted London-bound slipway from the 753:(previously designated as the A102(M) and 2187:inflation figures are based on data from 870:(A406) and a new motorway to replace the 446:cancelled funding and hence the project. 218:was essential. The plans stalled, as the 3487: 2423: 2421: 2361: 2034: 1662:which was proposed by Livingstone, then 1617: 1533: 1257: 1145: 978: 854: 453: 283: 229: 95: 20: 4688:History of public transport authorities 3595: 3506: 3440: 3421: 3364: 3342: 3201: 2759: 2757: 2721: 2599: 2587: 2272: 2134:"Experts condemn London ringway scheme" 1796: 1078:"South Cross Route to Parkway D Radial" 730:, and crossed Kingsland High Street in 622:opened in 1967, was completed in 1979. 4800: 2810: 2284: 2278: 2210: 2124: 1954: 3569: 3468: 3449: 3323: 3205:"Bill will curb L T powers on routes" 3189: 3125: 3113: 3101: 2998: 2974: 2962: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2868: 2853: 2836: 2798: 2748: 2733: 2709: 2668: 2628: 2616: 2575: 2554: 2537: 2522: 2494: 2456: 2427: 2418: 2412: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2349: 2325: 2257: 2216: 2188: 2171: 2159: 2130: 2118: 2028: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1873: 1861: 1837: 1820: 1808: 1683:Hinkley Point C nuclear power station 1470:with the proposed North Cross Route. 1446:In the central London area, only the 983:Ringway 2 was planned to run through 800:South Cross Route to Parkway D Radial 674:The North Cross Route began south of 384:Greater London Development Plan, 1969 4693:Accessibility of transport in London 3402: 3383: 3343:Barbour, David; et al. (1905). 3306: 3294: 3230: 3202:Webster, Philip (14 December 1979). 3073:Sir Philip Goodhart (28 July 1989). 3010: 2986: 2880: 2754: 2498:A History of the County of Middlesex 2337: 2313: 2245: 2106: 2091: 2047: 1885: 1849: 1732: 1111:. An elevated section alongside the 202:The Highway Development Survey, 1937 184:The Highway Development Survey, 1937 2811:Calder, Simon (25 September 2010). 1497: 974: 881: 710:owing to local geography, and over 13: 2131:Baily, Michael (23 October 1969). 1671:road protest in the United Kingdom 1598:. Other radial roads, such as the 819:The West Cross Route followed the 784:The South Cross Route ran beneath 563:– from Battersea to Harlesden via 110:Royal Commission on London Traffic 14: 4849: 3545: 2428:Baily, Michael (19 August 1970). 2217:Baily, Michael (19 August 1970). 1961:Baily, Michael (7 January 1969). 1002:then headed south, first through 781:, meeting the South Cross Route. 4781: 4772: 4771: 3471:On Roads : A Hidden History 1718: 1704: 1688: 1681:and industrial projects such as 1425: 1405: 1095:up to a major junction with the 765:via the Blackwall Tunnel to the 682:eastwards then passed under the 653: 629: 3529:(3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. 3351:His Majesty's Stationery Office 3316: 3262: 3236: 3195: 3157: 3131: 3066: 3016: 2886: 2804: 2674: 2634: 2488: 2472:. Westway Trust. Archived from 2462: 2067: 1613: 1473:Another relic of the scheme is 1340:(then also being planned) near 761:, then, as the A102, under the 726:, then ran in a tunnel through 4148:Global Infrastructure Partners 3024:"Road building and management" 2895:"Route For South Orbital Road" 2813:"How London got its Ring Road" 1630:to the Ministry of Transport, 1480: 1396: 62:The Highway Development Survey 25:Plan of Ringways 1, 2, 3 and 4 1: 3557:Unfinished London – Episode 2 3274:Sutton & Croydon Guardian 2288:"Drastic review of Ringway 1" 1783: 614:in 1970, simultaneously with 91: 4818:Transport in Buckinghamshire 4112:London North Eastern Railway 3987:Uber Boat by Thames Clippers 3845:Taxi and Private Hire office 3139:"Coulsdon Inner Relief Road" 2285:Aldous, Tony (6 June 1970). 1744: 1253: 1141: 850: 449: 7: 4117:London Northwestern Railway 2902:. 26 April 1939. p. 18 2295:. No. 57889. p. 3 2227:. No. 57948. p. 3 2141:. No. 57698. p. 4 1971:. No. 57452. p. 7 1697: 1091:. It then passed under the 1020:"Rochester Way Relief Road" 996:London Borough of Greenwich 831:) at Earl's Court and with 440:GLC elections of April 1973 373:Chancellor of the Exchequer 10: 4854: 4828:Transport in Hertfordshire 4583:A102(M) (East Cross Route) 2650:. 12 March 1969. p. 3 2050:"London: Roads to nowhere" 1585: 965:East London River Crossing 593:Greenwich Park branch line 365:London School of Economics 86: 4767: 4741: 4675: 4649: 4619: 4591: 4540: 4531: 4411: 4263: 4256: 4221: 4179: 4170: 4153:Heathrow Airport Holdings 4140: 4005: 3974: 3857: 3802: 3772: 3697: 3624: 3612: 3603: 3488:Richards, Martin (2005). 3422:Haywood, Russell (2016). 2671:, pp. 151, 156, 163. 1412:Elevated junction of the 1391: 932:to the junction with the 252:Sir Patrick Abercrombie's 4459:Highbury & Islington 4373:St Pancras International 4158:Port of London Authority 4048:Govia Thameslink Railway 3875:Arriva Southern Counties 3865:Arriva Herts & Essex 3526:The London Encyclopaedia 913:along the course of the 438:made large gains in the 4698:London Transport Museum 4637:Ultra Low Emission Zone 4504:West Hampstead stations 3961:Transport UK London Bus 3917:RATP Dev Transit London 3707:Docklands Light Railway 3365:Bayliss, Derek (1990). 3270:"Bus lane or dead end?" 2189:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2048:Beanland, Christopher. 1765:London orbital railways 1712:London transport portal 1628:Parliamentary Secretary 1131:at a major junction in 517:– from Hackney Wick to 428:Conservative government 414:that would serve a new 295:British Road Federation 236:Ministry of Information 4601:London Inner Ring Road 4573:M41 (West Cross Route) 3659:Hammersmith & City 3523:; Keay, Julia (2008). 3441:Hillman, Judy (1971). 3403:Hart, Douglas (2013). 3384:Dnes, Michael (2019). 1739:London Inner Ring Road 1623: 1547: 1529: 1263: 1151: 1062:Lower Sydenham station 1058:Beckenham Hill station 987: 866:was an upgrade of the 860: 595:in the south, and the 459: 243: 101: 39:Greater London Council 33:were a series of four 26: 4313:Elephant & Castle 4127:South Western Railway 4080:Great Western Railway 4038:East Midlands Railway 3992:Thames River Services 3830:London River Services 3747:Gospel Oak to Barking 3324:Asher, Wayne (2018). 3169:Mayor's Question Time 3143:Mayor's Question Time 2682:"London Motorway Box" 1621: 1537: 1261: 1149: 1066:New Beckenham station 982: 971:, cancelled in 2008. 969:Thames Gateway Bridge 858: 457: 284:Ringway Scheme, 1960s 256:County of London Plan 233: 220:London County Council 198:Ministry of Transport 99: 67:County of London Plan 24: 4378:Tottenham Court Road 3517:Hibbert, Christopher 3452:Reading the Everyday 3248:Transport for London 2977:, pp. 115, 121. 2631:, pp. 135, 137. 1656:Transport for London 1622:Coulsdon Relief Road 1220:before its opening. 1125:South West Main Line 708:cut-and-cover tunnel 538:– from Kidbrooke to 312:published a report, 81:Transport for London 4838:Transport in Surrey 4611:South Circular Road 4606:North Circular Road 4469:London City Airport 3825:IFS Cloud Cable Car 3784:East London Transit 3689:Waterloo & City 3597:Transport in London 3469:Moran, Joe (2009). 3450:Moran, Joe (2005). 3443:Planning for London 3192:, pp. 88, 135. 3116:, pp. 106–107. 3104:, pp. 53, 105. 3061:Weinreb et al. 2008 3049:Weinreb et al. 2008 3013:, pp. 218–219. 2938:, pp. 168–169. 2775:on 22 December 2019 2769:UK Motorway Archive 2476:on 12 December 2009 2415:, pp. 160–161. 2388:, pp. 160–162. 2352:, pp. 101–102. 2081:. 13 December 2022. 1679:Heathrow Terminal 5 1642:, and Ringway 3 at 1175:Patrick Abercrombie 1026:) at a junction at 938:"South Woodford to 872:South Circular Road 868:North Circular Road 833:Holland Park Avenue 357:Motorways in London 303:London Motorway Box 263:Greater London Plan 122:North Circular Road 50:North Circular Road 4823:Transport in Essex 4813:Roads in Berkshire 4565:M25 London Orbital 4514:Willesden Junction 4107:MTR Elizabeth line 4028:Caledonian Sleeper 4013:Arriva Rail London 3626:London Underground 3369:. Thomas Telford. 3250:. 18 December 2006 3145:. 13 December 2006 3001:, pp. 88, 93. 2712:, p. 165-166. 2185:Retail Price Index 2016:, pp. 53, 56. 1624: 1548: 1285:. Sections of the 1264: 1152: 1099:coming north from 1093:Brighton Main Line 1047:Grove Park station 988: 861: 714:'s goods depot at 676:Willesden Junction 591:in the north, the 460: 420:London Underground 244: 148:, and bypasses of 102: 64:, followed by the 27: 4833:Transport in Kent 4795: 4794: 4759:Network SouthEast 4742:Former BR sectors 4703:Places for London 4645: 4644: 4632:Low emission zone 4627:Congestion charge 4527: 4526: 4454:Heathrow stations 4252: 4251: 4166: 4165: 4033:Chiltern Railways 4018:Avanti West Coast 3939:Stagecoach London 3853: 3852: 3757:Romford–Upminster 3722:London Overground 3536:978-1-405-04924-5 3499:978-0-230-51296-2 3480:978-1-846-68052-6 3473:. Profile Books. 3461:978-1-134-37216-4 3433:978-1-317-07164-8 3414:978-1-483-15548-7 3395:978-1-00073-473-7 3376:978-0-727-71591-3 3335:978-1-85414-421-8 1992:, pp. 40–41. 1939:, pp. 27–28. 1811:, pp. 12–13. 1777:London Overground 1733:London ring roads 1171:Dartford Crossing 845:Grand Union Canal 688:Metropolitan line 684:Midland main line 680:North London line 678:and followed the 646:North Cross Route 612:Michael Heseltine 589:North London line 536:South Cross Route 486:North Cross Route 408:South Cross Route 238:documentary film 188:In May 1938, Sir 106:select committees 4845: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4578:A40(M) (Westway) 4538: 4537: 4434:Clapham Junction 4343:Liverpool Street 4328:Fenchurch Street 4261: 4260: 4177: 4176: 4097:Heathrow Express 4090:Stansted Express 3922:London Sovereign 3622: 3621: 3610: 3609: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3540: 3508: 3503: 3484: 3465: 3446: 3437: 3418: 3399: 3380: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3339: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3207: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3075:"Traffic London" 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2771:. Archived from 2761: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2645: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2558: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2433: 2425: 2416: 2410: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2222: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2136: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2045: 2032: 2026: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1498:Ringways 3 and 4 1452:West Cross Route 1450:and part of the 1448:East Cross Route 1429: 1414:West Cross Route 1409: 1295:dual carriageway 1113:Sutton Loop Line 1074:Birkbeck station 1008:Plumstead Common 994:Starting in the 975:Southern section 892:dual carriageway 882:Northern section 821:West London line 767:Sun in the Sands 662:West Cross Route 657: 638:East Cross Route 633: 620:Blackwall Tunnel 597:West London line 581:North Kensington 561:West Cross Route 515:East Cross Route 404:North Kensington 329:Traffic in Towns 315:Traffic in Towns 291:Harold Macmillan 273:dual carriageway 248:Second World War 4853: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4808:London Ringways 4798: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4763: 4737: 4671: 4641: 4615: 4587: 4523: 4439:Ealing Broadway 4407: 4303:City Thameslink 4248: 4217: 4197:London Heliport 4162: 4136: 4053:Gatwick Express 4006:Train operators 4001: 3975:River operators 3970: 3890:Docklands Buses 3880:Go-Ahead London 3849: 3798: 3768: 3693: 3615: 3605: 3599: 3594: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3500: 3481: 3462: 3434: 3415: 3396: 3377: 3355: 3353: 3349:. Vol. I. 3336: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3276:. 14 March 2007 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3030:. 12 March 1993 3022: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2817:The Independent 2809: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2688:. 20 March 1973 2680: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2561: 2553: 2544: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2426: 2419: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2054:The Independent 2046: 2035: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1773:– unimplemented 1767: 1747: 1735: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1691: 1664:Mayor of London 1648:Ken Livingstone 1616: 1588: 1580:Ken Livingstone 1576:Mayor of London 1542:to the unbuilt 1532: 1500: 1483: 1475:Southwyck House 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1433:Southwyck House 1430: 1422: 1421: 1410: 1399: 1394: 1256: 1144: 977: 896:grade separated 884: 853: 837:Shepherd's Bush 786:Blackheath Park 698:with a link to 672: 671: 670: 669: 668: 658: 650: 649: 634: 577:Shepherd's Bush 573:West Kensington 452: 400:Shepherd's Bush 286: 228: 190:Charles Bressey 186: 142:Great West Road 94: 89: 31:London Ringways 17: 12: 11: 5: 4851: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4779: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4713:Regent's Canal 4710: 4708:Port of London 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4257:Major stations 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4222:Outside London 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4085:Greater Anglia 4082: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4058:Great Northern 4055: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3927:London Transit 3924: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3900:London General 3897: 3895:London Central 3892: 3887: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3835:London Streets 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3719: 3714: 3712:Elizabeth line 3709: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3554: 3547: 3546:External links 3544: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3485: 3479: 3466: 3460: 3447: 3438: 3432: 3419: 3413: 3400: 3394: 3381: 3375: 3362: 3340: 3334: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3299: 3297:, p. 210. 3287: 3261: 3235: 3233:, p. 217. 3223: 3194: 3182: 3156: 3130: 3128:, p. 146. 3118: 3106: 3091: 3065: 3063:, p. 851. 3053: 3051:, p. 591. 3041: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2989:, p. 166. 2979: 2967: 2965:, p. 168. 2952: 2940: 2928: 2926:, p. 169. 2913: 2885: 2873: 2871:, p. 136. 2858: 2856:, p. 157. 2841: 2839:, p. 121. 2829: 2803: 2801:, p. 116. 2786: 2753: 2751:, p. 115. 2738: 2736:, p. 112. 2726: 2714: 2699: 2673: 2661: 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 135. 2604: 2592: 2590:, p. 133. 2580: 2578:, p. 164. 2559: 2557:, p. 163. 2542: 2540:, p. 162. 2527: 2525:, p. 161. 2512: 2487: 2461: 2449: 2417: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2376:, p. 205. 2366: 2354: 2342: 2340:, p. 174. 2330: 2318: 2316:, p. 168. 2306: 2277: 2275:, p. 178. 2262: 2250: 2248:, p. 167. 2238: 2209: 2196:MeasuringWorth 2176: 2164: 2162:, p. 202. 2152: 2123: 2111: 2109:, p. 214. 2096: 2094:, p. 202. 2084: 2066: 2033: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1905: 1890: 1888:, p. 101. 1878: 1866: 1854: 1852:, p. 102. 1842: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1715: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1632:Kenneth Clarke 1615: 1612: 1587: 1584: 1531: 1528: 1499: 1496: 1482: 1479: 1431: 1424: 1423: 1411: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1255: 1252: 1143: 1140: 1089:Thornton Heath 976: 973: 930:South Woodford 883: 880: 852: 849: 773:, then as the 769:roundabout at 692:West Hampstead 659: 652: 651: 635: 628: 627: 626: 625: 624: 584: 583: 558: 533: 512: 498:West Hampstead 451: 448: 392:London Borough 320:Ernest Marples 310:Colin Buchanan 285: 282: 278:Clement Attlee 240:The Proud City 227: 224: 185: 182: 138:Eastern Avenue 134:Western Avenue 93: 90: 88: 85: 58:Eastern Avenue 54:Western Avenue 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4850: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4733:Windsor House 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449:Finsbury Park 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424:Bromley South 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398:Waterloo East 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4363:Oxford Circus 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:London Bridge 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Charing Cross 4296: 4294: 4293:Cannon Street 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Bank-Monument 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180:Within London 4178: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4075:Grand Central 4073: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3932:London United 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3885:Blue Triangle 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3870:Arriva London 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858:Bus operators 3856: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840:Source London 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810:Coach station 3808: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614:Transport for 3611: 3608: 3606:organisations 3604:Companies and 3602: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3454:. Routledge. 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426:. Routledge. 3425: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388:. Routledge. 3387: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3309:, p. 13. 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3211: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3171:. 23 May 2007 3170: 3166: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2883:, p. 97. 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2724:, p. 53. 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2602:, p. 86. 2601: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2459:, p. 63. 2458: 2453: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2400:, p. 87. 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2364:, p. 45. 2363: 2362:Richards 2005 2358: 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2328:, p. 99. 2327: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2294: 2289: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2260:, p. 90. 2259: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2226: 2221: 2213: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174:, p. 75. 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2140: 2135: 2127: 2121:, p. 80. 2120: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2093: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2031:, p. 53. 2030: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2010: 2004:, p. 41. 2003: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1970: 1965: 1957: 1951:, p. 31. 1950: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1927:, p. 25. 1926: 1921: 1915:, p. 23. 1914: 1909: 1903:, p. 21. 1902: 1897: 1895: 1887: 1882: 1876:, p. 19. 1875: 1870: 1864:, p. 18. 1863: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1840:, p. 15. 1839: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1823:, p. 13. 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1799:, p. 33. 1798: 1793: 1789: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1727: 1726:London portal 1721: 1716: 1713: 1702: 1695: 1689:Documentation 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626:In 1979, the 1620: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1389: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:Hunton Bridge 1280: 1279:Wrotham Heath 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198:Waltham Cross 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Colliers Wood 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:South Norwood 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 986: 981: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 941: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 857: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:Cromwell Road 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 801: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:Finchley Road 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 667: 663: 656: 647: 643: 639: 632: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 600: 599:to the west. 598: 594: 590: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 484: 483: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 456: 447: 445: 441: 437: 432: 429: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 387: 385: 379: 377: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 333: 330: 325: 324:Penguin Books 321: 317: 316: 311: 306: 304: 298: 296: 292: 281: 279: 274: 268: 266: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 241: 237: 232: 223: 221: 215: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 195: 194:Edwin Lutyens 191: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 117: 115: 111: 107: 98: 84: 82: 78: 72: 69: 68: 63: 59: 55: 51: 46: 44: 40: 36: 32: 23: 19: 4749:British Rail 4728:Trolleybuses 4683:Cycle routes 4657:Freedom Pass 4569: 4444:East Croydon 4429:Canary Wharf 4338:King's Cross 4308:Earl's Court 4273:Baker Street 4265:Central area 4209: 4201: 4132:Southeastern 3774:London Buses 3737:South London 3727:North London 3669:Metropolitan 3524: 3513:Weinreb, Ben 3492:. Springer. 3489: 3470: 3451: 3442: 3423: 3407:. Elsevier. 3404: 3385: 3366: 3354:. Retrieved 3345: 3325: 3317:Bibliography 3302: 3290: 3278:. Retrieved 3273: 3264: 3252:. Retrieved 3247: 3238: 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3168: 3159: 3147:. Retrieved 3142: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3082:. Retrieved 3078: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032:. Retrieved 3027: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2950:, p. 8. 2943: 2931: 2904:. Retrieved 2899: 2888: 2876: 2832: 2820:. Retrieved 2816: 2806: 2777:. Retrieved 2773:the original 2768: 2729: 2722:Bayliss 1990 2717: 2690:. Retrieved 2685: 2676: 2664: 2652:. Retrieved 2647: 2636: 2624: 2600:Hillman 1971 2595: 2588:Thomson 1969 2583: 2503:. Retrieved 2497: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2474:the original 2464: 2452: 2440:. Retrieved 2435: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2297:. Retrieved 2292: 2280: 2273:Haywood 2016 2253: 2241: 2229:. Retrieved 2224: 2212: 2200:. Retrieved 2194: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143:. Retrieved 2138: 2126: 2114: 2087: 2079:The Guardian 2078: 2069: 2057:. Retrieved 2053: 2009: 1997: 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1968: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1845: 1816: 1804: 1797:Barbour 1905 1792: 1751:M12 motorway 1692: 1675:Twyford Down 1668: 1653: 1636:Earl's Court 1625: 1614:Later events 1589: 1572: 1564: 1549: 1501: 1492: 1484: 1472: 1468:Hackney Wick 1458:which links 1445: 1382: 1369: 1365:M23 motorway 1358: 1338:M20 motorway 1335: 1266: 1265: 1245: 1238: 1226:M25 motorway 1222: 1218:M16 motorway 1183: 1154: 1153: 1137: 1127:to meet the 1121:Haydons Road 1082: 1077: 1055: 1032: 1019: 993: 989: 954: 948:roundabout ( 942:Relief Road" 937: 923: 915:railway line 904: 885: 863: 862: 818: 797: 783: 763:River Thames 748: 744:Hackney Wick 724:King's Cross 712:British Rail 673: 642:Hackney Wick 605: 601: 585: 569:Earl's Court 494:Hackney Wick 462: 461: 436:Labour party 433: 424: 388: 383: 380: 356: 354: 334: 328: 313: 307: 302: 299: 287: 269: 261: 254: 245: 239: 216: 205: 201: 196:published a 187: 118: 103: 73: 65: 61: 47: 30: 28: 18: 4662:Oyster card 4509:Whitechapel 4403:Westminster 4288:Bond Street 4283:Blackfriars 4213:Biggin Hill 4102:Hull Trains 3944:East London 3820:Dial-a-Ride 3794:Night buses 3742:West London 3732:East London 3699:London Rail 3561:Jay Foreman 3559:– video by 3356:26 December 3280:17 November 3216:14 November 3212:. p. 5 2906:5 September 2654:5 September 2505:16 November 2480:28 December 2442:5 September 2438:. p. 3 1508:Potters Bar 1504:South Mimms 1327:Leatherhead 1214:Potters Bar 1210:South Mimms 1163:South Mimms 1016:Oxleas Wood 985:Oxleas Wood 911:Gunnersbury 716:Camden Town 696:M1 motorway 608:John Peyton 502:Camden Town 376:Roy Jenkins 355:The report 338:Camden Town 327:instead of 126:Hanger Lane 4802:Categories 4718:Thameslink 4667:Travelcard 4593:Ring roads 4368:Paddington 4353:Marylebone 4333:Green Park 4323:Farringdon 4068:Thameslink 3815:Cycle hire 3762:Watford DC 3752:Lea Valley 3679:Piccadilly 3634:Night Tube 3521:Keay, John 3445:. Penguin. 3254:29 October 3190:Asher 2018 3165:"Bus Lane" 3126:Asher 2018 3114:Asher 2018 3102:Asher 2018 3034:29 October 2999:Asher 2018 2975:Asher 2018 2963:Asher 2018 2948:Asher 2018 2936:Asher 2018 2924:Asher 2018 2869:Asher 2018 2854:Asher 2018 2837:Asher 2018 2799:Asher 2018 2749:Asher 2018 2734:Asher 2018 2710:Asher 2018 2669:Asher 2018 2629:Asher 2018 2617:Asher 2018 2576:Asher 2018 2555:Asher 2018 2538:Asher 2018 2523:Asher 2018 2457:Moran 2005 2413:Asher 2018 2398:Asher 2018 2386:Asher 2018 2374:Moran 2009 2350:Asher 2018 2326:Asher 2018 2258:Asher 2018 2172:Asher 2018 2160:Moran 2009 2119:Asher 2018 2059:8 February 2029:Asher 2018 2014:Asher 2018 2002:Asher 2018 1990:Asher 2018 1949:Asher 2018 1937:Asher 2018 1925:Asher 2018 1913:Asher 2018 1901:Asher 2018 1874:Asher 2018 1862:Asher 2018 1838:Asher 2018 1821:Asher 2018 1809:Asher 2018 1784:References 1759:Chelmsford 1487:trunk road 1464:Kensington 1460:Paddington 1133:Wandsworth 1039:Mottingham 1028:Falconwood 961:Thamesmead 814:Wandsworth 771:Blackheath 720:St Pancras 666:White City 416:Fleet line 361:Lord Esher 350:Blackheath 144:bypassing 130:Gants Hill 92:Background 35:ring roads 4754:InterCity 4650:Ticketing 4542:Motorways 4519:Wimbledon 4494:Upminster 4479:Stratford 4202:Military: 3954:Thameside 3912:Metroline 3789:Superloop 3307:Dnes 2019 3295:Dnes 2019 3231:Dnes 2019 3210:The Times 3011:Dnes 2019 2987:Hart 2013 2900:The Times 2881:Dnes 2019 2692:26 August 2648:The Times 2470:"History" 2436:The Times 2338:Hart 2013 2314:Hart 2013 2299:8 October 2293:The Times 2246:Hart 2013 2231:8 October 2225:The Times 2145:8 October 2139:The Times 2107:Dnes 2019 2092:Dnes 2019 1975:8 October 1969:The Times 1886:Dnes 2019 1850:Dnes 2019 1755:Brentwood 1745:Motorways 1654:In 2000, 1560:Stockwell 1556:Streatham 1481:Ringway 2 1462:to North 1397:Ringway 1 1350:Navestock 1331:Sevenoaks 1315:St Albans 1307:Hoddesdon 1267:Ringway 4 1262:Ringway 4 1254:Ringway 4 1228:with the 1155:Ringway 3 1150:Ringway 3 1142:Ringway 3 1004:Plumstead 946:Redbridge 864:Ringway 2 851:Ringway 2 810:Nine Elms 779:Kidbrooke 704:Hampstead 565:Sands End 540:Battersea 531:Greenwich 527:Blackwall 519:Kidbrooke 490:Harlesden 463:Ringway 1 450:Ringway 1 308:In 1963, 170:Colnbrook 146:Brentford 114:St Paul's 4777:Category 4620:Charging 4499:West Ham 4484:Surbiton 4474:Richmond 4464:Lewisham 4393:Waterloo 4388:Victoria 4383:Vauxhall 4358:Moorgate 4244:Stansted 4239:Southend 4210:Private: 4205:Northolt 4192:Heathrow 4172:Airports 4063:Southern 4043:Eurostar 3907:Metrobus 3717:Tramlink 3684:Victoria 3674:Northern 3654:District 3639:Bakerloo 3175:23 March 3149:23 March 1771:Orbirail 1698:See also 1660:bus lane 1512:Godstone 1361:Godstone 1311:Hatfield 1206:Dartford 1202:Chigwell 1169:via the 1115:between 1006:towards 876:Chiswick 759:Bow Road 740:Homerton 728:Highbury 544:Lewisham 506:Highbury 412:Lewisham 369:Treasury 250:through 207:Parkways 200:report, 192:and Sir 150:Kingston 43:motorway 4570:Former: 4419:Barking 4229:Gatwick 3949:Selkent 3664:Jubilee 3644:Central 3084:28 June 3079:Hansard 3028:Hansard 2686:Hansard 1586:Radials 1516:Reigate 1456:Westway 1437:Brixton 1418:Westway 1342:Wrotham 1319:Watford 1299:Tilbury 1186:Croydon 1167:Swanley 1117:Tooting 1101:Mitcham 1045:) near 957:Beckton 940:Barking 841:Westway 806:Clapham 794:Brixton 790:Peckham 736:Hackney 732:Dalston 616:Westway 556:Clapham 552:Brixton 548:Peckham 510:Dalston 488:– from 444:cabinet 418:on the 396:Westway 346:Dalston 342:Brixton 212:Westway 178:Tilbury 172:to the 158:Watford 154:Croydon 87:History 4787:Portal 4489:Sutton 4318:Euston 3649:Circle 3616:London 3533: 3496: 3477: 3458: 3430: 3411: 3392: 3373: 3332: 2822:11 May 2779:11 May 1640:Fulham 1568:Hooley 1392:Legacy 1323:Denham 1303:Epping 1194:Barnet 919:Barnes 265:, 1944 258:, 1943 162:Barnet 140:, the 4723:Trams 4676:Other 4533:Roads 4412:Other 4234:Luton 4141:Other 3803:Other 3618:(TfL) 2202:7 May 1644:Hayes 1354:Essex 1277:from 1241:A1178 1190:Esher 1161:from 1043:A2212 1000:A2016 936:(the 894:with 757:) to 706:in a 664:near 475:South 467:North 124:from 4187:City 4122:Lumo 3531:ISBN 3494:ISBN 3475:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3428:ISBN 3409:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3371:ISBN 3358:2019 3330:ISBN 3282:2020 3256:2019 3218:2020 3177:2021 3151:2021 3086:2019 3036:2019 2908:2020 2824:2019 2781:2019 2694:2015 2656:2020 2507:2020 2482:2009 2444:2020 2301:2017 2233:2017 2204:2024 2147:2017 2061:2011 1977:2017 1677:and 1638:and 1606:and 1594:and 1550:The 1514:and 1506:and 1416:and 1346:Kent 1329:and 1291:A414 1289:and 1287:A405 1273:and 1248:A312 1212:and 1204:and 1179:A312 1119:and 1087:and 1070:A214 1012:A207 959:and 755:A102 738:and 722:and 686:and 660:The 636:The 610:and 579:and 554:and 542:via 529:and 521:via 508:and 496:via 479:West 477:and 471:East 434:The 344:and 260:and 160:and 136:and 56:and 29:The 4560:M11 4023:c2c 3966:Uno 2183:UK 1757:or 1608:M23 1604:M11 1552:M23 1544:M23 1540:A23 1530:M23 1524:M16 1520:M25 1435:in 1386:A10 1378:M26 1352:in 1344:in 1281:to 1275:M26 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