3241:
0.006â1.7 individuals per square kilometre (0.4 square mile). Alternatively, by multiplying the density of either bovids, elephants, or hippos by the percentage of hominin remains out of total mammal remains found at the formation, Boaz estimated a density of 0.001â2.58 individuals per square kilometre. Biologist Robert A. Martin considered population models based on the number of known specimens to be flimsy. In 1981, Martin applied equations formulated by ecologists Alton S. Harestad and Fred L. Bunnel in 1979 to estimate the home range and population density of large mammals based on weight and diet, and, using a weight of 52.4 kg (116 lb), he got: 130 ha (320 acres) and 0.769 individual per square kilometre if herbivorous; 1,295 ha (3,200 acres) and 0.077 individual if omnivorous; and 287,819 ha (711,220 acres) and 0.0004 individual if carnivorous. For comparison, he calculated 953 ha (2,350 acres) and 0.104 individual per square kilometre for omnivorous, 37.5-kilogram (83 lb) chimps.
129:
2680:
2921:
2778:
3116:
673:
2856:
2754:), and the greater surface area would have permitted the processing of larger quantities of food at once. In the upper jaw, the 1st molar averages roughly 250 mm (0.39 sq in), the 2nd molar 320 mm (0.50 sq in), and the 3rd molar 315 mm (0.488 sq in); in the lower jaw, the 1st molar averages roughly 260 mm (0.40 sq in), the 2nd molar 315 mm (0.488 sq in), and the 3rd molar 340 mm (0.53 sq in). The molars are
153:
2907:, the best proxy for estimating body mass, is missing, but using the shaft, OH 80 weighed about 50 kg (110 lb) assuming humanlike proportions, and 61.7 kg (136 lb) using the proportions of a non-human ape. The ambiguously attributed, presumed female femur KNM-ER 1500 is estimated to have been of an individual about 124 cm (4 ft 1 in) tall which would be consistent with the argument of sexual dimorphism, but if the specimen does indeed belong to
3245:
7757:
553:
7781:
7769:
3373:, as there are no australopithecine sites that were below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in elevation at the time of deposition. This would mean that, like chimps, they often inhabited areas with an average diurnal temperature of 25 °C (77 °F), dropping to 10 or 5 °C (50 or 41 °F) at night.
3304:
largely due to dental development trends. Broadly speaking, the emergence of the first permanent molar in early hominins has been variously estimated anywhere from 2.5 to 4.5 years of age, which all contrast markedly with the modern human average of 5.8 years. The tips of the mesial cusps of the 1st
2881:
instead of the anterior branch as in earlier hominins, and considered this a derived characteristic due to increased brain capacity. It has since been demonstrated that the parietal branch could originate from either the anterior or posterior branches, sometimes both in a single specimen on opposite
721:
associated with facial elements, OH 80 (isolated teeth with an arm and a leg), were discovered in 2013. Previously, body remains lacking unambiguous diagnostic skull elements had been dubiously assigned to the species, namely the partial skeleton KNM-ER 1500 associated with a small jawbone fragment.
453:
where females are much smaller than males, though body size is difficult to estimate given only one specimen, OH 80, definitely provides any bodily elements. The presumed male OH 80 may have been 156 cm (5 ft 1 in) tall and 61.7 kg (136 lb) in weight, and the presumed female
716:
from Koobi Fora in 1970. In 1997, the first specimen with both the skull and jawbone (and also one of the largest specimens), KGA10-525, was discovered in Konso. In 1999, a jawbone was recovered from Malema, Malawi, extending the species' southernmost range over 2,000 km (1,200 mi) from
620:
Gully. Sometime around 11:00 AM, she noticed what appeared to be a portion of a skull poking out of the ground, OH 5. The dig team created a pile of stones around the exposed portion to protect it from further weathering. Active excavation began the following day; they had chosen to wait for
628:
Louis determined OH 5 to be a subadult or adolescent based on dental development, and he and Mary nicknamed it "Dear Boy". After they reconstructed the skull and jaws, newspapers began referring to it as "Nutcracker Man" due to the large back teeth and jaws which gave it a resemblance to vintage
3325:
may have had a higher tooth-root formation rate. The specimen's 1st molar may have erupted 2â3 months before death, so possibly at 2.7â3.3 years of age. In modern apes (including humans), dental development trajectory is strongly correlated with life history and overall growth rate, but it is
3240:
noticed that the relative proportions between large mammal families at the
Shungura Formation are quite similar to the proportion in modern-day across sub-Saharan Africa. Boaz believed that hominins would have had about the same population density as other large mammals, which would equate to
2902:
before it was broken and using modern humanlike proportions (which is probably an unsafe assumption), OH 80 was about 156.3 cm (5 ft 1.5 in) tall in life. For comparison, modern human men and women in the year 1900 averaged 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) and 152.7 cm
3417:
5 years earlier, he said, "There is no reason whatever, in this case, to believe that the skull represents the victim of a cannibalistic feast by some hypothetical more advanced type of man." OH 80 seems to have been eaten by a big cat. The leg OH 35, which either belongs to
2800:
specimens, brain size varied from 444â545 cc (27.1â33.3 cu in) with an average of 487.5 cc (29.75 cu in). However, the lower-end specimen, Omo L338ây6, is a juvenile, and many skull specimens have a highly damaged or missing
1885:
with each other and to other australopithecines is difficult to gauge with accuracy. The jaws are the main argument for monophyly, but such anatomy is strongly influenced by diet and environment, and could in all likelihood have evolved independently in
3212:. The infrequency of such large animals at this site may explain the relative rarity of bone tools. The toolmakers were modifying bone in much the same way as they did with stone. Though the Olduvan bone tools are normally ascribed to
1937:(the then only known australopithecines) were two distinct lineages. However, remains were not firmly dated, and it was debated if there were indeed multiple hominin lineages or if there was only 1 leading to humans. In 1975, the
3356:-driven periods of relative humidity while being more rare during intervals of aridity. During the Pleistocene, there seems to have been coastal and montane forests in Eastern Africa. More expansive river valleysânamely the
2722:
to resist high stresses while chewing, though the thick palate could instead be a byproduct of facial lengthening. The skull features large rough patches (rugosities) on the cheek and jawbones, and males have pronounced
637:, a colleague of the Leakeys, has also received attribution for this nickname. The cranium was taken to Kenya after its discovery and was there until January 1965 when it was placed on display in the Hall of Man at the
3112:, which can sustain themselves entirely on lower quality fallback foods year-round, as opposed to lighter built chimps (and presumably gracile australopithecines) which require steady access to high quality foods.
3208:. In East Africa, a few have been encountered at Olduvai Gorge Beds IâIV, occurring over roughly 1.7 to 0.8 million years ago, and are usually made of limb bones and possibly teeth of large mammals, most notably
448:
is the most robust of this group. Brain size was about 450â550 cc (27â34 cu in), similar to other australopithecines. Some skulls are markedly smaller than others, which is taken as evidence of
3360:
Valleyâmay have served as important refuges for forest-dwelling creatures. Being cut off from the forests of
Central Africa by a savanna corridor, these East African forests would have promoted high rates of
3060:
found that the microwearing patterns on the molars were inconsistent with a diet high in hard foods, and were effectively indistinguishable from the pattern seen in the molars of fruit-eating (
5853:
Colcord, Devon E.; Shilling, Andrea M.; Freeman, Katherine H.; Njau, Jackson K.; Stanistreet, Ian G.; Stollhoffen, Harald; Schick, Kathy D.; Toth, Nicholas; Brassell, Simon C. (15 June 2019).
3155:
may have been a generalist feeder with a predilection for USOs, and may have gone extinct due to an aridity trend and a resultant decline in USOs in tandem with increasing competition with
621:
photographer Des
Bartlett to document the entire process. The partial cranium was fully unearthed August 6, though it had to be reconstructed from its fragments which were scattered in the
2848:. In 1988, Falk and Tobias demonstrated that hominins can have both an occipital/marginal and transverse/sigmoid systems concurrently or on opposite halves of the skull, such as with the
6123:
Njau, J. K.; Blumenschine, R. J. (2012). "Crocodylian and mammalian carnivore feeding traces on hominid fossils from FLK 22 and FLK NN 3, Plio-Pleistocene, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania".
3185:
upon its description in 1964. In 2013, OH 80 was found associated with a mass of
Oldowan stone tools and animal bones bearing evidence of butchery. This could potentially indicate
3171:
By the time OH 5 was discovered, the
Leakeys had spent 24 years excavating the area for early hominin remains, but had instead recovered mainly other animal remains as well as the
3104:
have been thoroughly examined, and suggest that the heavy build of the skull was only relevant when eating less desirable fallback foods. A similar scheme may have been in use by
3288:
are comparatively small). However, it is also possible that male gorillas and orangutans require larger temporalis muscles to achieve a wider gape to better display the canines.
3181:. Because OH 5 was associated with the tools and processed animal bones, they presumed it was the toolmaker. Attribution of the tools was promptly switched to the bigger-brained
5453:
Griffith, Cameron S.; Long, Byron L.; Sept, Jeanne M. (2010). "HOMINIDS: An agent-based spatial simulation model to evaluate behavioral patterns of early
Pleistocene hominids".
825:
had met Dear Boy one dark night." At the time of discovery, there was resistance to erecting completely new genera based on single specimens, and the
Congress largely rejected "
6066:
Aramendi, K.; Arriaza, M. C.; Yravedra, J.; et al. (2019). "Who ate OH80 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)? A geometric-morphometric analysis of surface bone modifications of a
2894:
with males being notably bigger than females. However, it is difficult to predict with accuracy the true dimensions of living males and females due to the lack of definitive
2964:
is more towards the midline of the femur, and the mid-shaft in side-view is straighter, which likely reflect some difference in load-bearing capabilities of the leg. Unlike
722:
In 2015, based on OH 80, American palaeoanthropologist
Michael Lague recommended assigning the isolated humerus specimens KNM-ER 739, 1504, 6020 and 1591 from Koobi Fora to
3151:
relied on USOs as a fallback or possibly primary food source, and noted that there may be a correlation between high USO abundance and hominin occupation. In this model,
2988:, or was completely bipedal but retained an ape-like upper body condition from some ancestor species due to a lack of selective pressure to lose them. In contrast, the
3326:
possible that early hominins simply had a faster dental trajectory and slower life history due to environmental factors, such as early weaning age exhibited in modern
2805:
which can alter brain volume estimates. The brain volume of australopithecines generally ranged from 400â500 cc (24â31 cu in), and for contemporary
2625:
786:. Louis believed the skull had a mix of traits from both genera, briefly listing 20 differences, and so used OH 5 as the basis for the new genus and species "
5302:
Cerling, Thure E.; Mbua, Emma; Kirera, Francis M.; Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo; Grine, Frederick E.; Leakey, Meave G.; Sponheimer, Matt; Unoa, Kevin T. (2011).
128:
454:
KNM-ER 1500 124 cm (4 ft 1 in) tall (though its species designation is unclear). The arm and hand bones of OH 80 and KNM-ER 47000 suggest
5859:
7626:
3163:. Like modern chimps and baboons, australopithecines likely foraged for food in the cooler morning and evening instead of in the heat of the day.
7886:
7654:
3349:
3100:
plants, such as low quality and abrasive grasses and sedges. Thick enamel is consistent with grinding abrasive foods. The microwear patterns in
1898:
to be ancestral to the other two species, or closely related to the ancestor. Proponents of paraphyly allocate these three species to the genus
2863:
5239:
Scott, Robert S.; Ungar, Peter S.; Bergstrom, Torbjorn S.; Brown, Christopher A.; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F.; Walker, Alan (2005).
3553:
5375:(2005). "The rise of the hominids as an adaptive shift in fallback foods: Plant underground storage organs (USOs) and australopith origins".
2025:
was at the time the oldest-known hominin species at roughly 3.5 million years old. Now, the earliest known South
African australopithecine ("
5410:
Hatley, T.; Kappelman, J. (1980). "Bears, pigs, and Plio-Pleistocene hominids: A case for the exploitation of belowground food resources".
692:
just north of
Olduvai Gorge in 1964. Especially from 1966 to 1975, several more specimens revealing facial elements were reported from the
7502:
4472:
3139:(USOs), such as roots and tubers. Since then, hominin exploitation of USOs has gained more support. In 2005, biological anthropologists
6780:
4708:
4687:
1684:
6890:
6850:
4899:(1988). "Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina: Their significance in hominid evolution". In Grine, F. E. (ed.).
3344:
remains have been found predominantly in what were wet, wooded environments, such as wetlands along lakes and rivers, wooded or arid
1554:
7968:
7873:
7742:
7586:
6900:
1574:
943:
3305:
molar (on the side closest to the premolar) of KNM-ER 1820 were at about the same level as the cervix (where the enamel meets the
2617:
472:
of hard foods, such as nuts, due to its heavily built skull, but it was more likely a generalist feeder of predominantly abrasive
3004:(finger bones) which are typically interpreted as adaptations for climbing. Nonetheless, despite lacking a particularly forceful
2594:
7983:
7978:
7644:
6895:
1534:
7649:
7527:
6905:
6406:
6339:
4908:
4498:
3942:
3868:
3646:
2606:
6511:
Leakey, Louis (January 1960). "The Newest Link in Human Evolution: The Discovery by L.S.B. Leakey of Zinjanthropus Boisei".
4258:
Morell, Virginia. "Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings". Touchstone, 2011. p. 193
3309:) of its non-permanent 2nd premolar. In baboons, this stage occurs when the 1st molar is about to erupt from the gums. The
484:, the apparently specialised adaptations of the skull may have only been used with less desirable fallback foods, allowing
3097:
3000:(which allows the hand to lock into the wrist to exert more pressure), a weak thumb compared to modern humans, and curved
2614:
2611:
473:
7606:
726:. In 2020, the first associated hand bones were reported, KNM-ER 47000 (which also includes a nearly complete arm), from
6811:
5597:"Bone tools from Beds IIâIV, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and implications for the origins and evolution of bone technology"
4102:"Taxonomic identification of Lower Pleistocene fossil hominins based on distal humeral diaphyseal cross-sectional shape"
2618:
7988:
7973:
7715:
6805:
3313:
is about 5 mm (0.20 in), which is similar to most other hominins at this stage. In contrast, the root of the
3919:
The mandible was discovered by Kamoya Kimeu in 1964, during an expedition conducted by Richard Leakey and Glynn Isaac.
7841:
7581:
6676:
6657:
6631:
6605:
6579:
6560:
6432:
6387:
6365:
6313:
6291:
6268:
3573:
3284:. This contrasts with other primates which flash the typically engorged canines in agonistic display (the canines of
3034:
469:
6819:
6687:
2621:
2620:
2619:
7773:
2997:
2898:
skeletal remains, save for the presumed male OH 80. Based on an approximation of 400 mm (1.3 ft) for the
1514:
3041:
extinction for the latter half of the 20th century was that it was unable to adapt to the volatile climate of the
7725:
7621:
5596:
3401:
was associated with Oldowan tools despite not being the tool maker, Louis Leakey and colleagues, when describing
3260:
have a larger sagittal crest than females (particularly gorillas and orangutans), the crest may be influenced by
2616:
2609:
2607:
1724:
6790:
2774:
on the cheek teeth are among the thickest of any known ape, which would help resist high stresses while biting.
7720:
7021:
5035:
4896:
4731:
Wood, B. A.; Zuckerman, L. (1981). "Tooth Size and Shape and their Relevance to Studies of Hominid Evolution".
3272:
has been correlated with reproductive success. They extended their interpretation of the crest to the males of
4782:
Elton, S.; Bishop, L. C.; Wood, B. (2001). "Comparative context of Plio-Pleistocene hominin brain evolution".
2623:
2622:
2612:
2608:
2604:
7963:
6843:
4568:
3760:"The Potassium-Argon Dating of Late Cenozoic Rocks in East Africa and Italy [and Comments and Reply]"
3053:
cracked open nuts and similar hard foods with its powerful teeth, giving OH 5 the nickname "Nutcracker Man".
5956:
7591:
7468:
7354:
6797:
5136:
4956:
3057:
3037:
diet specifically adapted for processing a narrow band of foods. Because of this, the predominant model of
2613:
2610:
2605:
1164:
936:
5854:
2615:
583:
Leakey had conducted excavations in Tanzania since the 1930s, though work was postponed with the start of
7785:
7689:
7507:
7028:
6882:
913:
638:
152:
7958:
7547:
7478:
7014:
7007:
7000:
5548:"Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity scheduling"
3475:
2679:
2366:
2252:
2119:
1617:
1351:
1343:
1335:
654:
649:
Louis preliminarily supposed OH 5 was about half a million years old, but in 1965, American geologists
2920:
821:, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Dart made his now famous joke, "... what would have happened if
7730:
7522:
3456:
2746:
and canines are reduced, which would hinder biting off chunks of large food pieces. In contrast, the
1455:
17:
7512:
6323:
5822:"Hominin palaeoecology in late Pliocene Malawi: first insights from isotopes (C, O) in mammal teeth"
7761:
7064:
6836:
3521:
2658:
comes Olduvai Gorge (OH 80) about 1.34 mya; however, due a large gap in the hominin fossil record,
2036:
Such arguments are based on how one draws the hominin family tree, and the exact classification of
6158:
Lee-Thorp, J.; Thackeray, J. F.; der Merwe, N. V. (2000). "The hunters and the hunted revisited".
616:
On the morning of July 17, 1959, Louis felt ill and stayed at camp while Mary went out to Bed I's
7699:
7636:
7596:
7483:
7042:
6801:
6619:
3483:
3269:
2870:
2777:
2650:
evolved even earlier, up to 3.3 mya, on the expansive Kenyan floodplains of the time. The oldest
2398:
1425:
929:
7917:
1640:
7930:
7891:
7803:
7694:
7669:
7664:
7557:
7473:
7035:
5174:
Ungar, Peter S.; Grine, Frederick E.; Teaford, Mark F. (April 2008). Petraglia, Michael (ed.).
4925:
3178:
2953:
2949:
2944:
femora, is quite thick, features a laterally flattened shaft, and indicates similarly arranged
1384:
6555:. Vol. 3: Excavations in Beds I & II, 1960â1963. London: Cambridge University Press.
3932:
3321:(an earlier stage of development than gum emergence), so, unless either specimen is abnormal,
428:
Robust australopithecines are characterised by heavily built skulls capable of producing high
7953:
7925:
7912:
7904:
7078:
3565:
3529:
3093:
2945:
2785:
2751:
2477:
2269:
2184:
1156:
766:
291:
6777:
5855:"Aquatic biomarkers record Pleistocene environmental changes at Paleolake Olduvai, Tanzania"
5241:"Dental microwear texture analysis shows within-species diet variability in fossil hominins"
3264:
in addition to supporting chewing muscles. Further, the size of the sagittal crest (and the
7860:
7659:
7562:
7463:
7424:
7369:
7274:
6978:
6971:
6454:
6206:
6195:"A New Horned Crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania"
6079:
5975:
5918:
5868:
5657:
5497:
5319:
5255:
5193:
5090:
4740:
4384:
4326:
4280:
4268:
4216:
4054:
3982:
3759:
3124:
2985:
2813:
2732:
2639:
1793:
1594:
1441:
1310:
1295:
830:
795:
705:
8:
3470:
3431:
3201:
2556:
or if the differences stemming from archaicness justifies species distinction. The terms
1882:
841:
are due to OH 5 being slightly larger, and so recommended the species be reclassified as
382:
6458:
6210:
6083:
5979:
5922:
5872:
5661:
5501:
5323:
5259:
5197:
5094:
4744:
4388:
4330:
4284:
4220:
4058:
3986:
2890:
The wide range of size variation in skull specimens seems to indicate a great degree of
2770:
required an extended chewing surface for processing a lot of food at the same time. The
7616:
7458:
7334:
6726:
6536:
6478:
6421:
6327:
6280:
6229:
6194:
6105:
6043:
6018:
5999:
5884:
5802:
5754:
5727:
5681:
5627:
5572:
5547:
5520:
5481:
5435:
5427:
5342:
5303:
5279:
5216:
5175:
5113:
5074:
4756:
4522:
4450:
4350:
4296:
4232:
4183:
4128:
4101:
4077:
4038:
4006:
3833:
3806:
3787:
2961:
1704:
779:
693:
410:
320:
147:
5712:
5240:
3123:
In 1980, anthropologists Tom Hatley and John Kappelman suggested that early hominins (
1771:
790:" on August 15, 1959. The genus name derives from the medieval term for East Africa, "
7899:
7780:
7735:
7601:
7542:
7532:
7303:
7267:
7121:
6915:
6758:
6730:
6718:
6672:
6653:
6646:
6627:
6601:
6594:
6575:
6556:
6540:
6528:
6499:
6470:
6428:
6402:
6383:
6361:
6335:
6309:
6287:
6264:
6234:
6175:
6140:
6109:
6048:
5991:
5948:
5888:
5759:
5673:
5631:
5619:
5577:
5525:
5392:
5347:
5271:
5221:
5156:
5118:
5055:
4984:
4904:
4882:
4847:
4799:
4764:
4713:
4668:
4612:
4573:
4454:
4442:
4400:
4342:
4314:
4187:
4175:
4133:
4082:
4010:
3998:
3938:
3894:
3791:
3779:
3642:
3633:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 7â15.
3619:
3569:
3281:
3115:
2891:
890:
854:
739:
450:
370:
366:
362:
137:
41:
6741:& Wakefield, Jenny (1995). "Brain evolution and neurolinguistic preconditions".
6003:
5806:
5466:
5439:
4526:
4300:
4154:
Richmond, B. G.; Green, D. J.; Lague, M. R.; et al. (2020). "The upper limb of
3626:âA Premature Discovery: Remembered by One of Its Founding Fathers, 42 Years Later".
7611:
7364:
7181:
7143:
6990:
6750:
6710:
6702:
6520:
6482:
6462:
6353:
6224:
6214:
6167:
6132:
6095:
6087:
6038:
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5983:
5930:
5926:
5876:
5833:
5794:
5749:
5739:
5708:
5685:
5665:
5611:
5567:
5559:
5515:
5505:
5462:
5419:
5384:
5372:
5337:
5327:
5283:
5263:
5211:
5201:
5148:
5108:
5098:
5047:
4976:
4937:
4878:
4837:
4791:
4748:
4703:
4660:
4604:
4563:
4553:
4540:
Joordens, J. C. A.; Feibel, C. S.; Vonhof, H. B.; Schulp, A. S.; Kroon, D. (2019).
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4317:; Patterson, B. (1951). "Evolutionary Importance of the South African 'Man-apes'".
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3634:
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3507:
3437:
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3261:
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2841:
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1325:
750:
429:
415:
5777:
Kelley, J.; Schwartz, G. T. (2012). "Life-History Inference in the Early Hominins
3430:
predation. Other likely Oldowan predators of great apes include the hunting hyena
2869:
In 1983, French anthropologist Roger Saban stated that the parietal branch of the
2727:(on the midline) and temporonuchal (on the back) crests, which indicate a massive
672:
7418:
7391:
7289:
7247:
6859:
6823:
6784:
6641:
6416:
6219:
6136:
6091:
5880:
5669:
5615:
5563:
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5388:
5206:
5103:
4664:
4558:
4541:
4438:
4368:
4171:
4067:
3912:
3823:
3318:
3249:
3193:
2855:
2833:
2728:
2718:, and a robust and deep jawbone. This is generally interpreted as having allowed
2707:
2638:
is the earliest member of the genus, with the oldest remains, from the Ethiopian
1982:
1409:
1178:
1134:
630:
599:
5838:
5821:
4542:"Relevance of the eastern African coastal forest for early hominin biogeography"
3638:
3348:, and semi-arid woodlands, with the exception of the savanna-dominated Malawian
2040:
species with each other is quite contentious. For example, if the South African
893:
and Bruce D. Patterson in 1951, who recommended limiting hominin genera to only
7238:
6942:
6928:
6867:
6589:
6375:
5952:
5006:
4960:
3385:
3365:, especially during times of climatic volatility. Australopithecines and early
3265:
3005:
2837:
2759:
2724:
2694:
is the most robust of the robust australopithecines, whereas the South African
2445:
2302:
2143:
1230:
1217:
1147:
1121:
712:, Ethiopia. Among the notable specimens found include the well preserved skull
650:
634:
525:. These were likely preyed upon by the large carnivores of the time, including
511:
340:
6754:
6706:
6648:
Ancestral Passions: The Leakey family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings
5798:
5595:
Pante, M.; de la Torre, I.; dâ Errico, F.; Njau, J.; Blumenschine, R. (2020).
3934:
Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings
625:. Louis published a short summary of the find and context the following week.
7947:
7826:
7406:
7259:
6949:
6762:
6738:
6722:
6532:
6503:
6474:
6349:
4817:
3962:
3783:
3491:
3136:
3012:, the hand was still dextrous enough to handle and manufacture simple tools.
2960:. Nonetheless, the intertrochanteric line is much more defined in OH 80, the
2929:
2925:
2845:
2567:
1749:
1417:
814:
666:
610:
477:
437:
79:
5332:
5051:
4980:
4941:
4608:
4037:
DomĂnguez-Rodrigo, M.; Pickering, T. R.; Baquedano, E.; et al. (2013).
405:
along with other robust australopithecines. However, it is also argued that
7412:
7400:
7342:
7216:
7164:
7129:
7054:
6961:
6442:
6301:
6256:
6238:
6179:
6171:
6144:
6052:
6034:
5995:
5944:
5763:
5677:
5645:
5623:
5581:
5529:
5396:
5351:
5275:
5225:
5152:
5122:
4851:
4803:
4795:
4752:
4672:
4577:
4446:
4396:
4372:
4346:
4204:
4179:
4137:
4086:
3966:
3898:
3499:
3237:
3001:
2940:
2802:
2771:
2545:
1986:
1977:
1960:
1878:
1874:
1825:
1399:
1366:
1280:
1204:
1191:
771:
760:
755:
658:
617:
602:
584:
580:
558:
441:
401:
386:
311:
267:
6019:"The origins of stone tool technology in Africa: a historical perspective"
5160:
5059:
5010:
4988:
4768:
4717:
4709:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199707)103:3<375::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-P
4616:
4002:
2580:
7852:
7835:
7296:
7223:
7195:
7188:
7136:
6816:
6615:
6548:
4404:
3447:
3061:
3042:
2969:
2911:, it would show a limb anatomy quite similar to that of the contemporary
2747:
2026:
1952:
1943:
1728:
1471:
1095:
689:
606:
576:
517:
378:
54:
6427:. Principal photography by David Brill. New York: Simon & Schuster.
6100:
5267:
3244:
2570:("in the strict sense") can be used to respectively include and exclude
1941:
skull KNM-ER 406 was demonstrated to have been contemporaneous with the
845:. Louis rejected Robinson's proposal. Following this, it was debated if
7878:
7281:
7202:
5909:
Bobe, R. (2006). "The evolution of arid ecosystems in eastern Africa".
5431:
5423:
5368:
4842:
4821:
4760:
4518:
4118:
3889:
3310:
3175:
3140:
3069:
2913:
2736:
2711:
2703:
2560:
713:
701:
697:
505:
496:
433:
214:
99:
64:
6688:"Returning Zinj: curating human origins in twentieth-century Tanzania"
6193:
Brochu, C. A.; Njau, J.; Blumenschine, R. J.; Densmore, L. D. (2010).
5744:
3317:
specimen SK 62 was 6 mm (0.24 in) when emerging through the
2666:
changed remarkably little over its nearly one-million-year existence.
552:
488:
to inhabit a wider range of habitats than gracile australopithecines.
7348:
7253:
6714:
6466:
5987:
5002:
4338:
4292:
4228:
3452:
3441:
3357:
3345:
3327:
3257:
3197:
3073:
2992:
hand is not consistent with climbing. The hand of KNM-ER 47000 shows
2977:
2957:
2904:
2817:
2042:
1809:
1486:
858:
822:
748:), and at the time, the only australopithecine genera described were
530:
244:
234:
164:
104:
48:
7797:
6490:
Leakey, Louis (September 1960). "Finding the World's Earliest Man".
5038:(1991). "Femoral lengths and stature in Plio-Pleistocene hominids".
2731:(used in biting down) placed near the front of the head (increasing
1881:). Because skeletal elements are so limited in these species, their
1857:(otherwise known as "robust australopithecines") typically includes
7820:
7209:
7174:
7151:
6872:
6524:
5184:
4036:
3958:
3775:
3362:
3306:
3209:
3065:
2781:
2763:
2755:
2643:
2431:
2068:
2050:) is considered the ancestor or closely related to the ancestor of
1660:
1108:
1082:
866:
818:
685:
459:
254:
184:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
6828:
5139:(1981). "Diet and teeth: Dietary hypotheses and human evolution".
3994:
3296:
Australopithecines are generally considered to have had a faster,
2654:
remains date to about 2.3 mya from Malema. The youngest record of
7359:
6935:
5699:
Martin, R. A. (1981). "On extinct hominid population densities".
3515:
3512: â Extinct hominin from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa
3488: â Two-million-year-old hominin from the Cradle of Humankind
3427:
3276:
species, with the crest and resultantly larger head (at least in
3172:
3109:
2743:
2584:
1265:
1257:
1243:
1067:
596:
526:
493:
481:
358:
204:
109:
84:
7865:
4643:
Wood, B.; Strait, D. (2004). "Patterns of resource use in early
4271:(1960). "The affinities of the new Olduvai australopithecines".
545:"OH 5" redirects here. For the Ohio congressional district, see
5819:
3156:
2973:
2715:
813:
to the 4th Pan-African Congress on Prehistory in LĂ©opoldville,
727:
592:
588:
224:
194:
174:
6737:
6192:
5820:
Bocherens, H.; Sandrock, O.; Kullmer, O.; Schrenk, F. (2011).
2603:
503:
mainly inhabited wet, wooded environments, and coexisted with
7434:
7325:
7315:
5648:(1979). "Early Hominid Population Densities: New Estimates".
5594:
4375:(1979). "A Systematic Assessment of Early African Hominids".
3330:
3301:
3189:
was manufacturing this industry and ate meat to some degree.
2899:
798:, the Leakeys' benefactor. He initially considered the name "
709:
653:
and Jack Evernden dated OH 5 to 1.75 million years ago using
622:
534:
390:
4930:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
3025:
In 1954, Robinson suggested that the heavily built skull of
7093:
6157:
5176:"Dental Microwear and Diet of the Plio-Pleistocene Hominin
5075:"Dental Microwear and Diet of the Plio-Pleistocene Hominin
3628:
The First Humans â Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus
3128:
2381:
791:
744:
662:
546:
140:
5852:
4539:
3721:
Cracraft & Donoghue, 524; Deacon, 56; Morell, 183â184.
3135:) adapted to eating abrasive and calorie-rich underground
587:. They returned in 1951, finding mostly ancient tools and
6322:
3712:
Louis Leakey, "A new fossil skull from Olduvai", 491â493.
3297:
3132:
2735:). This is typically considered to be evidence of a high
2698:
is smaller with comparatively more gracile features. The
2642:, dated to 2.6 million years ago (mya) at the end of the
2029:") dates to 3.67 million years ago, contemporaneous with
1842:
6348:
5238:
3552:
Wood, Bernard; Doherty, Dandy; Boyle, Eve (2020-05-29).
3397:, but it is unclear how they interacted. To explain why
369:
of East Africa about 2.5 to 1.15 million years ago. The
6065:
5301:
4901:
Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines
2820:
and anthropologist Glenn Conroy suggested that, unlike
717:
Olduvai Gorge. The first definitive bodily elements of
4869:: A new level of organization in cerebral evolution".
3496: â Extinct species or subspecies of archaic human
1877:) or an invalid grouping of similar-looking hominins (
6794:- The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
5482:"Baboon Feeding Ecology Informs the Dietary Niche of
4954:
4926:"Les veines méningées moyennes des AustralopithÚques"
4421:; Kuman, K. (2019). "The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 Ma
3917:. East African Literature Bureau. 1974. p. 129.
3256:
A 2017 study postulated that, because male non-human
2984:
used a combination of terrestrial walking as well as
389:
a month later. It was originally placed into its own
5728:"Sagittal crest formation in great apes and gibbons"
3957:
3108:. Such a strategy is similar to that used by modern
2968:, the arm bones of OH 80 are heavily built, and the
2766:
resemble molars (are molarised), which may indicate
2548:
and a few jaws and isolated teeth, it is debated if
861:(edited by Louis). Tobias and Louis still retained "
6415:
5545:
5073:Ungar, P. S.; Grine, F. E.; Teaford, M. F. (2008).
4473:"Hominin Taxonomy and Phylogeny: What's In A Name?"
4039:"First Partial Skeleton of a 1.34-Million-Year-Old
3914:
Journal of Eastern African Research and Development
2706:, receding forehead, rounded bottom margins of the
908:
853:until 1967 when South African palaeoanthropologist
833:
pointed out that the supposed differences between "
7338:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
6645:
6593:
6445:(August 1959). "A new fossil skull from Olduvai".
6420:
6279:
5943:
4692:: Examination of alternative developmental models"
4590:
4492:
4490:
4153:
3534: â Extinct species of hominin of South Africa
3504: â Archaic human species from 2.8 to 1.65 mya
857:gave a far more detailed description of OH 5 in a
595:for the next few years. In 1955, they unearthed a
6614:
6023:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
5860:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5725:
5173:
5141:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
5072:
5001:
4733:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
4569:20.500.11820/6c1ee960-79ba-45df-9e12-3350c768a497
4425:skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa".
4313:
3686:
3684:
3526: â Extinct species of hominin of East Africa
7945:
6122:
5452:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
3551:
2882:sides of the skull as in KNM-ER 23000 and OH 5.
5409:
5312:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4781:
4496:
4487:
4149:
4147:
3930:
3866:
2702:skull is heavily built, and features a defined
5776:
4466:
4464:
4249:Johanson, Edgar & Brill, 156; Morell, 183.
3757:
3742:
3681:
3369:likely preferred cooler conditions than later
3200:. In South Africa, these are unearthed in the
2864:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
2544:is only confidently identified from the skull
6844:
5726:Balolia, K. L.; Soligo, C.; Wood, B. (2017).
5367:
4730:
4367:
4199:
4197:
4017:
3807:"Garniss Curtis (1919â2012): Dating Our Past"
3703:Cela-Conde & Ayala, 158; Morell, 183â184.
1993:was instead the last common ancestor between
1929:), Broom and Robinson continued arguing that
937:
419:, so the species is also often classified as
6277:
5546:DĂĄvid-Barrett, T.; Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016).
5541:
5539:
5363:
5361:
5167:
5028:
4591:Wood, B.; Wood, C.; Konigsberg, L. (1994). "
4533:
4144:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3558:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology
3413:, perhaps as food. However, when describing
3405:in 1964, suggested that one possibility was
3236:In 1979, American biological anthropologist
7323:
6016:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4461:
4417:
4207:(1959). "A new fossil skull from Olduvai".
2088:evolved at a time in East Africa when only
665:(volcanic ash) bed. Such an application of
6851:
6837:
6685:
6186:
5937:
5770:
5297:
5295:
5293:
4858:
4642:
4194:
3969:; et al. (1997). "The first skull of
3924:
944:
930:
794:", and the specific name was in honour of
127:
6396:
6308:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6228:
6218:
6099:
6042:
6010:
5837:
5813:
5753:
5743:
5571:
5536:
5519:
5509:
5358:
5341:
5331:
5215:
5205:
5112:
5102:
5040:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4969:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4967:calvaria from East Lake Turkana, Kenya".
4841:
4830:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4707:
4696:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4597:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4567:
4557:
4127:
4117:
4076:
4066:
3888:
3877:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3867:Wood, Bernard; Constantino, Paul (2007).
3832:
3822:
3601:
3480: â Extinct hominid from South Africa
3352:. Its abundance likely increased during
3119:Reconstruction of MGL 95211 skull and jaw
3056:However, in 1981, English anthropologist
2809:500â900 cc (31â55 cu in).
1971:species, which at the time only included
871:Australopithecus ("Zinjanthropus") boisei
377:, was discovered by palaeoanthropologist
27:Extinct species of hominin of East Africa
7743:Human evolutionary developmental biology
6116:
5308:in the early Pleistocene of East Africa"
4685:
4623:
4497:Constantino, P. J.; Wood, B. A. (2007).
4267:
3951:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3243:
3114:
2919:
2873:originated from the posterior branch in
2854:
2816:, in 1983, American neuroanthropologist
2776:
2678:
2578:when discussing the lineage as a whole.
1955:, which is generally taken to show that
671:
551:
6666:
5290:
5034:
4895:
4688:"Palatal thickening and facial form in
4595:: an example of evolutionary stasis?".
4470:
3873:: Fifty years of evidence and analysis"
3804:
3758:Evernden, J. F.; Curtis, G. H. (1965).
889:was first suggested by anthropologists
613:, catalogue ID Olduvai Hominin (OH) 3.
476:plants, such as grasses or underground
468:was originally believed to have been a
381:in 1959 at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania and
14:
7946:
6640:
6588:
6572:Olduvai Gorge: My Search for Early Man
6569:
6547:
6510:
6489:
6441:
6374:
6300:
5698:
5135:
4864:
4203:
3618:
3566:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.194
2840:) sinuses, completely supplanting the
1838:
849:was simply an East African variant of
7802:
7801:
7528:Evolutionary models of human drug use
6832:
6332:Human Evolution: Trails from the Past
6261:Quarry Closing In On the Missing Link
5479:
4923:
4816:
4099:
4043:from Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania"
3841:
2972:shows similarities to that of modern
2058:to be placed more closely related to
2009:lineage or at least was ancestral to
922:
633:. South African palaeoanthropologist
7768:
6255:
5908:
5787:International Journal of Primatology
5644:
4865:Tobias, P. V. (1987). "The brain of
3598:, 52â53, 83; Lewin & Foley, 234.
2938:Instead, the OH 80 femur, more like
2791:
2540:are both known from East Africa and
1781:
1759:
1737:
1713:
1693:
1673:
1649:
1629:
1606:
1583:
1563:
1543:
1523:
1503:
911:
829:". In 1960, American anthropologist
6858:
6360:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6334:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3937:. Simon and Schuster. p. 303.
3931:Virginia Morell (11 January 2011).
3231:
3092:, very rarely ever ate hard foods.
1975:. In 1979, a year after describing
1894:. Proponents of monophyly consider
540:
24:
6806:National Museum of Natural History
6695:Journal of Eastern African Studies
6652:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
6263:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2980:. This could either indicate that
2934:Scale bar=1 cm (0.39 in)
2903:(5.01 ft), respectively. The
1981:from East Africa, anthropologists
865:", but recommended demoting it to
644:
25:
8000:
6771:
3080:molars is different from that on
3045:, unlike the much more adaptable
2066:. This would leave the Ethiopian
904:
7779:
7767:
7756:
7755:
6669:History of Physical Anthropology
6380:Human beginnings in South Africa
5826:South African Journal of Science
3336:
3196:of Africa coincides with simple
3015:
2998:third metacarpal styloid process
2662:may have persisted until 1 mya.
2524:Three example family trees with
802:" ("wonderful Titan-like man").
774:, and there were arguments that
151:
52:
7969:Pleistocene species extinctions
6626:(2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
6248:
6151:
6059:
5902:
5846:
5719:
5692:
5638:
5588:
5473:
5467:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.11.009
5446:
5403:
5232:
5129:
5066:
4995:
4948:
4917:
4903:. Routledge. pp. 133â148.
4889:
4810:
4775:
4724:
4679:
4584:
4411:
4361:
4307:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4093:
3905:
3798:
3751:
3733:
3724:
3661:Bowman-Kruhm, 66; Mary Leakey,
3248:Male (left) and female (right)
3096:report a diet of predominantly
2005:was the earliest member of the
669:was unprecedented at the time.
6686:Staniforth, Amy (March 2009).
6401:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6286:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
5931:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.01.010
3715:
3706:
3697:
3668:
3655:
3588:
3545:
3518: â Archaeological culture
3291:
3280:) being used for some kind of
3204:and are largely attributed to
2885:
2017:inhabited South Africa before
1502:
684:The first identified jawbone,
13:
1:
7984:Pleistocene mammals of Africa
7979:Fossil taxa described in 1959
6743:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
6624:Principles of Human Evolution
5713:10.1016/s0047-2484(81)80006-1
3539:
3166:
2862:facial reconstruction at the
2528:(note, they are not absolute)
1873:is a valid natural grouping (
805:Soon after, Louis presented "
6798:Human Timeline (Interactive)
6220:10.1371/journal.pone.0009333
6137:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.05.008
6092:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.029
5957:"A New Species of the Genus
5911:Journal of Arid Environments
5881:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.001
5670:10.1126/science.206.4418.592
5616:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102885
5564:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.006
5511:10.1371/journal.pone.0084942
5389:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.05.007
5207:10.1371/journal.pone.0002044
5104:10.1371/journal.pone.0002044
4883:10.1016/0047-2484(87)90022-4
4665:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.11.004
4559:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.012
4439:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005
4172:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102727
4068:10.1371/journal.pone.0080347
3824:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001650
3029:(at the time only including
2758:, featuring low and rounded
2750:of both sexes are enormous (
2054:, then this could allow for
1967:, both developing from some
570:
7:
7786:Evolutionary biology Portal
6358:Assembling the Tree of Life
6306:Primate and Human Evolution
6278:Bowman-Kruhm, Mary (2005).
5480:Macho, Gabriele A. (2014).
4423:Australopithecus prometheus
3639:10.1007/978-1-4020-9980-9_2
3463:
3084:molars, and indicates that
3049:. It was also once thought
2563:("in the broad sense") and
1839:
1061:
661:crystals from an overlying
639:National Museum of Tanzania
492:may have been able to make
409:is an invalid grouping and
399:", but is now relegated to
10:
8005:
6600:. London: Michael Joseph.
6160:Journal of Human Evolution
6125:Journal of Human Evolution
5701:Journal of Human Evolution
5604:Journal of Human Evolution
5552:Journal of Human Evolution
5377:Journal of Human Evolution
4871:Journal of Human Evolution
4784:Journal of Human Evolution
4653:Journal of Human Evolution
4546:Journal of Human Evolution
4477:Nature Education Knowledge
4427:Journal of Human Evolution
4160:Journal of Human Evolution
3477:Australopithecus africanus
2996:-like anatomy lacking the
2669:
2084:is monophyletic, and that
544:
436:, and some of the largest
7989:Taxa named by Mary Leakey
7974:Mammals described in 1959
7810:
7751:
7731:Evolutionary anthropology
7708:
7682:
7635:
7573:
7492:
7451:
7444:
7390:
7314:
7237:
7162:
7116:
7109:
7092:
7052:
6988:
6959:
6923:
6914:
6881:
6866:
6755:10.1017/s0140525x00037924
6707:10.1080/17531050902717203
6397:Dunsworth, Holly (2007).
5839:10.4102/sajs.v107i3/4.331
5799:10.1007/s10764-012-9607-2
4507:Evolutionary Anthropology
3554:"Hominin Taxic Diversity"
3457:Crocodylus anthropophagus
2836:and marginal (around the
2552:should be subsumed under
2474:
2457:
2450:
2428:
2421:
2395:
2378:
2371:
2359:
2316:
2299:
2292:
2266:
2249:
2242:
2181:
2164:
2157:
2140:
2133:
2116:
2109:
738:The remains were clearly
733:
326:
319:
297:
290:
148:Scientific classification
146:
135:
126:
34:
6817:Archaeology Info on OH 5
6671:. Taylor & Francis.
6282:The Leakeys: A Biography
6072:Quaternary International
6017:de la Torre, I. (2011).
4686:McCollum, M. A. (1998).
3523:Paranthropus aethiopicus
3433:Chasmaporthetes nitidula
3300:growth rate than modern
3270:western lowland gorillas
3228:obfuscates attribution.
2674:
954:
7842:Australopithecus boisei
7637:Origin of modern humans
6667:Spencer, Frank (1997).
5333:10.1073/pnas.1104627108
5052:10.1002/ajpa.1330850204
4981:10.1002/ajpa.1330910202
4965:Australopithecus boisei
4942:10.3406/bmsap.1983.3905
4824:Australopithecus boisei
4822:"No brain expansion in
4609:10.1002/ajpa.1330950202
4471:McNulty, K. P. (2016).
3971:Australopithecus boisei
3805:Gilbert, W. H. (2013).
3665:, 227; Morell, 180â181.
3485:Australopithecus sediba
3220:, the presence of both
3094:Carbon isotope analyses
3020:
2871:middle meningeal artery
2852:specimen KNM-ER 23000.
2710:, inflated and concave
2399:Australopithecus sediba
1925:was the only member of
1826:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1685:Dispersal beyond Africa
499:and butcher carcasses.
422:Australopithecus boisei
335:Australopithecus boisei
6419:; Blake Edgar (1996).
6172:10.1006/jhev.2000.0436
6035:10.1098/rstb.2010.0350
5153:10.1098/rstb.1981.0013
4796:10.1006/jhev.2001.0475
4753:10.1098/rstb.1981.0014
4397:10.1126/science.104384
3253:
3120:
3076:. The microwearing on
3033:) was indicative of a
2935:
2866:
2824:or modern humans, all
2788:
2688:
2646:. It is possible that
957:−10 —
877:to be synonymous with
681:
655:potassiumâargon dating
575:Palaeoanthropologists
567:
136:Reconstruction of the
7926:Paleobiology Database
7913:Paleobiology Database
7645:Recent African origin
6883:Last common ancestors
6570:Leakey, Mary (1979).
6423:From Lucy to Language
4158:from Ileret, Kenya".
4100:Lague, M. R. (2015).
3531:Paranthropus robustus
3247:
3118:
2923:
2858:
2786:postcanine megadontia
2780:
2752:postcanine megadontia
2682:
1047:−1 —
1037:−2 —
1027:−3 —
1017:−4 —
1007:−5 —
997:−6 —
987:−7 —
977:−8 —
967:−9 —
675:
555:
7964:Pleistocene primates
7660:Behavioral modernity
7650:Multiregional origin
7430:archaic Homo sapiens
7425:Homo heidelbergensis
7370:Red Deer Cave people
6513:Current Anthropology
5455:Ecological Modelling
4501:Zinjanthropus boisei
3883:(Suppl 45): 106â32.
3764:Current Anthropology
3426:, shows evidence of
2986:suspensory behaviour
2814:dural venous sinuses
2733:mechanical advantage
2640:Omo Kibish Formation
2046:(which evolved from
1641:Earliest stone tools
831:John Talbot Robinson
800:Titanohomo mirabilis
796:Charles Watson Boise
788:Zinjanthropus boisei
396:Zinjanthropus boisei
330:Zinjanthropus boisei
7812:Paranthropus boisei
7297:H. neanderthalensis
7217:H. e. tautavelensis
6791:Paranthropus boisei
6574:. London: Collins.
6492:National Geographic
6459:1959Natur.184..491L
6382:. Rowman Altamira.
6211:2010PLoSO...5.9333B
6084:2019QuInt.517..118A
6068:Paranthropus boisei
5980:1964Natur.202....7L
5961:from Olduvai Gorge"
5923:2006JArEn..66..564B
5873:2019PPP...524..250C
5662:1979Sci...206..592B
5502:2014PLoSO...984942M
5484:Paranthropus boisei
5324:2011PNAS..108.9337C
5306:Paranthropus boisei
5268:10.1038/nature03822
5260:2005Natur.436..693S
5198:2008PLoSO...3.2044U
5178:Paranthropus boisei
5095:2008PLoSO...3.2044U
5077:Paranthropus boisei
4745:1981RSPTB.292...65W
4593:Paranthropus boisei
4389:1979Sci...203..321J
4331:1951Natur.167..650W
4285:1960Natur.186..456R
4221:1959Natur.184..491L
4156:Paranthropus boisei
4059:2013PLoSO...880347D
4041:Paranthropus boisei
3987:1997Natur.389..489S
3871:Paranthropus boisei
3471:African archaeology
3202:Cradle of Humankind
2860:Paranthropus boisei
2598:
2446:P. aethiopicus
2349:
2232:
2099:
2072:as the ancestor of
1921:was described (and
1869:. It is debated if
764:(the South African
354:Paranthropus boisei
304:Paranthropus boisei
36:Paranthropus boisei
7484:Self-domestication
7275:H. heidelbergensis
7224:H. e. yuanmouensis
7189:H. e. lantianensis
6916:Australopithecines
6822:2011-05-16 at the
6783:2011-05-16 at the
6324:Cela-Conde, Camilo
5732:Journal of Anatomy
5424:10.1007/BF01561000
4924:Saban, R. (1983).
4843:10.1002/ajpa.21420
4519:10.1002/evan.20130
4499:"The Evolution of
4119:10.7717/peerj.1084
3890:10.1002/ajpa.20732
3254:
3192:Additionally, the
3121:
2962:gluteal tuberosity
2936:
2867:
2796:In a sample of 10
2789:
2689:
2683:Reconstruction of
2581:
2347:
2230:
2097:
1442:H. heidelbergensis
742:(not of the genus
694:Shungura Formation
682:
641:in Dar es Salaam.
568:
470:specialist species
444:of any known ape.
440:with the thickest
7959:Pliocene primates
7941:
7940:
7900:Open Tree of Life
7804:Taxon identifiers
7795:
7794:
7736:Paleoanthropology
7678:
7677:
7655:Archaic admixture
7533:Stoned ape theory
7469:Endurance running
7386:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7233:
7232:
7196:H. e. nankinensis
7152:H. tsaichangensis
7088:
7087:
6453:(4685): 491â493.
6408:978-0-313-33673-7
6399:Human Origins 101
6341:978-0-19-856780-6
5745:10.1111/joa.12609
5656:(4418): 592â595.
5015:Our World in Data
4910:978-1-351-52126-0
4383:(4378): 321â330.
4325:(4251): 650â651.
4279:(4723): 456â458.
3981:(6650): 489â492.
3944:978-1-4391-4387-2
3739:Bowman-Kruhm, 66.
3648:978-1-4020-9980-9
3438:sabertoothed cats
2956:lines around the
2954:intertrochanteric
2892:sexual dimorphism
2792:Brain and sinuses
2630:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2410:
2409:
2367:A. africanus
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2281:
2280:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
1851:
1850:
1843:million years ago
1802:
1801:
1780:
1779:
1758:
1757:
1750:Earliest rock art
1736:
1735:
1712:
1711:
1705:Earliest language
1692:
1691:
1672:
1671:
1648:
1647:
1628:
1627:
1618:Earliest sign of
1605:
1604:
1595:Earliest sign of
1582:
1581:
1562:
1561:
1542:
1541:
1522:
1521:
1165:Ou. macedoniensis
891:Sherwood Washburn
855:Phillip V. Tobias
740:australopithecine
688:, was discovered
451:sexual dimorphism
371:holotype specimen
367:Early Pleistocene
363:australopithecine
350:
349:
138:holotype specimen
42:Early Pleistocene
16:(Redirected from
7996:
7934:
7933:
7921:
7920:
7908:
7907:
7895:
7894:
7882:
7881:
7869:
7868:
7856:
7855:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7799:
7798:
7783:
7771:
7770:
7759:
7758:
7695:Human prehistory
7670:Recent evolution
7665:Early migrations
7607:Thermoregulation
7508:Expensive tissue
7479:Sexual selection
7449:
7448:
7321:
7320:
7203:H. e. pekinensis
7114:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7022:A. bahrelghazali
6991:Australopithecus
6921:
6920:
6891:Chimpanzeeâhuman
6879:
6878:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6778:Archaeology Info
6766:
6734:
6692:
6682:
6663:
6651:
6642:Morell, Virginia
6637:
6611:
6599:
6585:
6566:
6544:
6507:
6486:
6467:10.1038/184491a0
6438:
6426:
6417:Johanson, Donald
6412:
6393:
6371:
6354:Michael Donoghue
6345:
6319:
6297:
6285:
6274:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6222:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6103:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6046:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5988:10.1038/202007a0
5965:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5793:(6): 1332â1363.
5779:Australopithecus
5774:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5601:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5575:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5335:
5299:
5288:
5287:
5245:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5209:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5106:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4877:(7â8): 741â761.
4862:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4640:
4621:
4620:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4561:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4339:10.1038/167650a0
4311:
4305:
4304:
4293:10.1038/186456a0
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4229:10.1038/184491a0
4205:Leakey, L. S. B.
4201:
4192:
4191:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4121:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4034:
4015:
4014:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3864:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3826:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3755:
3749:
3748:Staniforth, 155.
3746:
3740:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3616:
3599:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3549:
3509:Homo rudolfensis
3262:sexual selection
3232:Social structure
3145:Richard Wrangham
2994:Australopithecus
2687:by Cicero Moraes
2599:
2593:
2589:
2453:
2452:
2424:
2423:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2295:
2294:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2160:
2159:
2136:
2135:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:existed there).
2038:Australopithecus
1969:Australopithecus
1900:Australopithecus
1831:
1829:
1828:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1772:Earliest clothes
1765:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1738:
1719:
1714:
1699:
1694:
1679:
1674:
1661:Earliest sign of
1655:
1650:
1635:
1630:
1620:Australopithecus
1612:
1607:
1589:
1584:
1575:Earliest bipedal
1569:
1564:
1555:Chimpanzee split
1549:
1544:
1529:
1524:
1509:
1504:
1490:
1489:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1444:
1430:
1402:
1389:
1369:
1356:
1328:
1326:Australopithecus
1315:
1300:
1283:
1270:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1169:
1150:
1137:
1124:
1112:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1070:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
946:
939:
932:
926:
916:
915:Hominin timeline
909:
895:Australopithecus
887:Australopithecus
879:Australopithecus
784:Australopithecus
751:Australopithecus
541:Research history
416:Australopithecus
306:
302:
266:
156:
155:
131:
121:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7916:
7911:
7903:
7898:
7890:
7885:
7877:
7872:
7864:
7859:
7851:
7849:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7825:
7824:
7819:
7806:
7796:
7791:
7747:
7704:
7690:Human evolution
7674:
7631:
7575:
7569:
7548:Cooperative eye
7493:Specific models
7488:
7440:
7419:Homo antecessor
7374:
7310:
7304:H. rhodesiensis
7268:H. floresiensis
7229:
7210:H. e. soloensis
7182:H. e. georgicus
7158:
7122:H. gautengensis
7097:
7095:
7084:
7048:
6984:
6955:
6910:
6901:Orangutanâhuman
6870:
6862:
6860:Human evolution
6857:
6824:Wayback Machine
6785:Wayback Machine
6774:
6769:
6690:
6679:
6660:
6634:
6608:
6590:Leakey, Richard
6582:
6563:
6435:
6409:
6390:
6376:Deacon, Janette
6368:
6342:
6328:Francisco Ayala
6316:
6294:
6271:
6251:
6246:
6191:
6187:
6156:
6152:
6121:
6117:
6064:
6060:
6015:
6011:
5963:
5942:
5938:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5851:
5847:
5818:
5814:
5775:
5771:
5724:
5720:
5697:
5693:
5643:
5639:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5544:
5537:
5478:
5474:
5451:
5447:
5408:
5404:
5366:
5359:
5318:(23): 9337â41.
5300:
5291:
5254:(7051): 693â5.
5243:
5237:
5233:
5172:
5168:
5147:(1057): 60â61.
5134:
5130:
5071:
5067:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5000:
4996:
4959:; Ward, C. V.;
4953:
4949:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4894:
4890:
4863:
4859:
4815:
4811:
4780:
4776:
4729:
4725:
4684:
4680:
4641:
4624:
4589:
4585:
4538:
4534:
4495:
4488:
4469:
4462:
4416:
4412:
4369:Johanson, D. C.
4366:
4362:
4315:Washburn, S. L.
4312:
4308:
4269:Robinson, J. T.
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4202:
4195:
4152:
4145:
4098:
4094:
4035:
4018:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3929:
3925:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3865:
3842:
3817:(9): e1001650.
3803:
3799:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3617:
3602:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3466:
3379:coexisted with
3339:
3319:dental alveolus
3294:
3266:gluteus muscles
3250:western gorilla
3234:
3194:Early Stone Age
3169:
3023:
3018:
2933:
2888:
2846:sigmoid sinuses
2832:) had expanded
2794:
2729:masseter muscle
2677:
2672:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2595:View references
2592:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2411:
2341:
2332:
2282:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
1989:suggested that
1983:Donald Johanson
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:H o m i n i d s
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1179:Chororapithecus
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1135:Samburupithecus
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
950:
924:
918:
914:
907:
881:. Synonymising
736:
647:
645:Other specimens
573:
550:
543:
385:by her husband
315:
308:
300:
299:
286:
264:
150:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8002:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7922:
7909:
7896:
7883:
7870:
7857:
7847:
7832:
7816:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7700:Human timeline
7697:
7692:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7578:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7523:Drunken monkey
7517:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7453:
7452:General models
7446:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7396:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7345:
7340:
7331:
7329:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7256:
7251:
7243:
7241:
7239:Archaic humans
7235:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7170:
7168:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7148:
7144:H. rudolfensis
7140:
7133:
7126:
7117:
7111:
7104:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7065:P. aethiopicus
7060:
7058:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6996:
6994:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6975:
6967:
6965:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6943:Sahelanthropus
6939:
6932:
6929:Nakalipithecus
6924:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6876:
6864:
6863:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6814:
6812:Images of OH 5
6809:
6808:(August 2016).
6795:
6787:
6773:
6772:External links
6770:
6768:
6767:
6739:Wilkins, Wendy
6735:
6701:(1): 153â173.
6683:
6677:
6664:
6658:
6638:
6632:
6612:
6606:
6586:
6580:
6567:
6561:
6545:
6525:10.1086/200077
6508:
6487:
6439:
6433:
6413:
6407:
6394:
6388:
6372:
6366:
6350:Cracraft, Joel
6346:
6340:
6320:
6314:
6298:
6292:
6275:
6269:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6185:
6166:(6): 565â576.
6150:
6131:(2): 408â417.
6115:
6058:
6029:(1567): 1030.
6009:
5936:
5917:(3): 564â584.
5901:
5845:
5812:
5769:
5738:(6): 820â832.
5718:
5707:(5): 427â428.
5691:
5637:
5587:
5535:
5472:
5445:
5418:(4): 371â387.
5402:
5383:(4): 482â498.
5357:
5289:
5231:
5166:
5128:
5065:
5046:(2): 149â158.
5036:McHenry, H. M.
5027:
5011:"Human Height"
4994:
4947:
4936:(3): 313â323.
4916:
4909:
4897:McHenry, H. M.
4888:
4857:
4836:(2): 155â160.
4809:
4774:
4723:
4702:(3): 375â392.
4678:
4659:(2): 119â162.
4622:
4603:(2): 117â136.
4583:
4532:
4486:
4460:
4410:
4360:
4306:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4193:
4143:
4092:
4053:(12): e80347.
4016:
3965:; Beyene, Y.;
3950:
3943:
3923:
3904:
3840:
3797:
3776:10.1086/200619
3770:(4): 342â385.
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3680:
3667:
3654:
3647:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3409:was killed by
3386:H. rudolfensis
3338:
3335:
3293:
3290:
3233:
3230:
3168:
3165:
3147:proposed that
3137:storage organs
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3006:precision grip
2887:
2884:
2838:foramen magnum
2812:Regarding the
2793:
2790:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2648:P. aethiopicus
2636:P. aethiopicus
2628:
2627:
2602:
2572:P. aethiopicus
2550:P. aethiopicus
2542:P. aethiopicus
2538:P. aethiopicus
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:P. aethiopicus
2298:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:P. aethiopicus
2139:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2086:P. aethiopicus
2074:P. aethiopicus
1908:A. aethiopicus
1896:P. aethiopicus
1863:P. aethiopicus
1849:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1377:H. rudolfensis
1362:
1361:
1360:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1231:Graecopithecus
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:Sahelanthropus
1214:
1213:
1212:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1148:Ouranopithecus
1144:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:Nakalipithecus
1118:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:0 —
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
923:
920:
919:
912:
906:
905:Classification
903:
873:, considering
735:
732:
651:Garniss Curtis
646:
643:
635:Phillip Tobias
572:
569:
542:
539:
512:H. rudolfensis
478:storage organs
348:
347:
346:
345:
341:P. aethiopicus
337:
332:
324:
323:
317:
316:
309:
295:
294:
288:
287:
283:P. boisei
279:
277:
273:
272:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:2.5â1.15
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8001:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7843:
7837:
7833:
7828:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7800:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7572:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7554:Life history
7553:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7408:
7407:Homo ergaster
7403:
7402:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7336:H. s. sapiens
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7316:Modern humans
7313:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7290:H. luzonensis
7287:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7248:H. antecessor
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7175:H. e. erectus
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7091:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7029:A. deyiremeda
7026:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6950:Kenyanthropus
6947:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6896:Gorillaâhuman
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6849:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6678:0-8153-0490-0
6674:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6659:0-684-82470-1
6655:
6650:
6649:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6633:0-632-04704-6
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6607:0-7181-2247-X
6603:
6598:
6597:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6581:0-00-211613-8
6577:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6562:0-521-07723-0
6558:
6554:
6553:Olduvai Gorge
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6443:Leakey, Louis
6440:
6436:
6434:0-684-81023-9
6430:
6425:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6389:0-7619-9086-0
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6367:0-19-517234-5
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6315:0-521-82942-9
6311:
6307:
6303:
6302:Cachel, Susan
6299:
6295:
6293:0-313-32985-0
6289:
6284:
6283:
6276:
6272:
6270:0-684-86378-2
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5974:(4927): 7â9.
5973:
5969:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5953:Napier, J. R.
5950:
5949:Tobias, P. V.
5946:
5940:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5540:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5461:(5): 738â60.
5460:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5412:Human Ecology
5406:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5005:; Appel, C.;
5004:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:(1993). "New
4962:
4961:Leakey, R. E.
4958:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4932:(in French).
4931:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4493:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4419:Clarke, R. J.
4414:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4215:(4685): 491.
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:10.1038/39037
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3693:
3690:Mary Leakey,
3687:
3685:
3677:
3674:Mary Leakey,
3671:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3620:Tobias, P. V.
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3594:Mary Leakey,
3591:
3577:
3575:9780190854584
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:Homo ergaster
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:Chiwondo Beds
3347:
3343:
3337:Palaeoecology
3334:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3016:Palaeobiology
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2927:
2926:femoral shaft
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:sensu stricto
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1813:
1811:
1795:
1794:Modern humans
1789:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1725:Earliest fire
1721:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1535:Gorilla split
1531:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1488:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1445:
1443:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1410:H. antecessor
1404:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1355:
1353:
1352:Au. anamensis
1347:
1345:
1344:Au. afarensis
1339:
1337:
1336:Au. africanus
1330:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1312:
1299:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1269:
1267:
1266:O. tugenensis
1261:
1259:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1219:
1208:
1206:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1180:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1138:
1136:
1125:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1097:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1071:
953:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
921:
917:
910:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Zinjanthropus
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:Zinjanthropus
832:
828:
827:Zinjanthropus
824:
820:
816:
815:Belgian Congo
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
731:
729:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
704:, Kenya; and
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
674:
670:
668:
667:geochronology
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
640:
636:
632:
626:
624:
619:
614:
612:
611:Olduvai Gorge
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
565:
561:
560:
554:
548:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:to a degree.
461:
457:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
343:
342:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
325:
322:
318:
313:
307:
305:
296:
293:
292:Binomial name
289:
285:
284:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
7954:Paranthropus
7811:
7784:
7772:
7760:
7627:Gender roles
7622:Intelligence
7435:Homo sapiens
7433:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7413:Homo erectus
7411:
7405:
7401:Homo habilis
7399:
7360:Manot people
7349:H. s. idaltu
7347:
7343:Jebel Irhoud
7335:
7326:Homo sapiens
7324:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7258:
7246:
7222:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7165:Homo erectus
7163:
7150:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7110:Proto-humans
7099:
7096:proto-humans
7077:
7071:
7070:
7063:
7055:Paranthropus
7053:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7015:A. anamensis
7013:
7008:A. africanus
7006:
7001:A. afarensis
6999:
6989:
6977:
6970:
6962:Ardipithecus
6960:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6906:Gibbonâhuman
6789:
6746:
6742:
6698:
6694:
6668:
6647:
6623:
6620:Robert Foley
6616:Lewin, Roger
6595:
6571:
6552:
6549:Leakey, Mary
6519:(1): 76â77.
6516:
6512:
6495:
6491:
6450:
6446:
6422:
6398:
6379:
6357:
6331:
6305:
6281:
6260:
6249:Bibliography
6205:(2): e9333.
6202:
6198:
6188:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6101:10366/155561
6075:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6026:
6022:
6012:
5971:
5967:
5958:
5939:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5864:
5858:
5848:
5832:(3â4): 1â6.
5829:
5825:
5815:
5790:
5786:
5783:Paranthropus
5782:
5778:
5772:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5653:
5649:
5640:
5607:
5603:
5590:
5555:
5551:
5496:(1): 84942.
5493:
5489:
5483:
5475:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5380:
5376:
5373:Wrangham, R.
5315:
5311:
5305:
5251:
5247:
5234:
5192:(4): e2044.
5189:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5089:(4): e2044.
5086:
5082:
5076:
5068:
5043:
5039:
5030:
5018:. Retrieved
5014:
4997:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4950:
4933:
4929:
4919:
4900:
4891:
4874:
4870:
4867:Homo habilis
4866:
4860:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4812:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4739:(1057): 71.
4736:
4732:
4726:
4699:
4695:
4690:Paranthropus
4689:
4681:
4656:
4652:
4649:Paranthropus
4648:
4644:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4513:(2): 49â62.
4510:
4506:
4500:
4480:
4476:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4413:
4380:
4376:
4373:White, T. D.
4363:
4322:
4318:
4309:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4212:
4208:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4050:
4046:
4040:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:White, T. D.
3953:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3814:
3811:PLOS Biology
3810:
3800:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3631:
3627:
3624:Homo habilis
3623:
3595:
3590:
3579:. Retrieved
3557:
3547:
3530:
3522:
3508:
3501:Homo habilis
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3455:
3446:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3341:
3340:
3322:
3314:
3295:
3286:Paranthropus
3285:
3277:
3274:Paranthropus
3273:
3255:
3238:Noel T. Boaz
3235:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3170:
3160:
3152:
3149:Paranthropus
3148:
3125:convergently
3122:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3039:Paranthropus
3038:
3030:
3027:Paranthropus
3026:
3024:
3009:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2965:
2939:
2937:
2912:
2908:
2905:femoral head
2895:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2859:
2849:
2830:A. afarensis
2829:
2826:Paranthropus
2825:
2822:A. africanus
2821:
2811:
2806:
2803:frontal bone
2797:
2795:
2767:
2741:
2719:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:KNM WT 17000
2541:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2476:
2475:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2397:
2396:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2301:
2300:
2268:
2267:
2253:A. africanus
2251:
2250:
2183:
2182:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2142:
2141:
2120:A. africanus
2118:
2117:
2089:
2085:
2082:Paranthropus
2081:
2078:A. africanus
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:Paranthropus
2063:
2059:
2056:A. africanus
2055:
2051:
2048:A. africanus
2047:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:A. afarensis
2030:
2023:A. afarensis
2022:
2018:
2015:A. africanus
2014:
2010:
2007:Paranthropus
2006:
2003:A. africanus
2002:
1999:Paranthropus
1998:
1994:
1991:A. afarensis
1990:
1987:Tim D. White
1978:A. afarensis
1976:
1973:A. africanus
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:sister taxon
1957:Paranthropus
1956:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1935:A. africanus
1934:
1930:
1927:Paranthropus
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1879:paraphyletic
1875:monophyletic
1871:Paranthropus
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:Paranthropus
1854:
1852:
1822:
1807:
1663:
1619:
1597:Ardipithecus
1596:
1515:Earlier apes
1472:Neanderthals
1456:Homo sapiens
1453:
1452:
1439:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1382:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1308:
1293:
1281:Ardipithecus
1278:
1277:
1263:
1255:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1205:Sivapithecus
1202:
1192:Oreopithecus
1189:
1176:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1107:
1093:
1080:
1065:
898:
894:
886:
883:Paranthropus
882:
878:
875:Paranthropus
874:
870:
862:
850:
846:
842:
839:Paranthropus
838:
834:
826:
810:
806:
804:
799:
787:
783:
776:Paranthropus
775:
772:Robert Broom
765:
761:Paranthropus
759:
756:Raymond Dart
749:
743:
737:
723:
718:
696:, Ethiopia;
683:
677:
648:
627:
618:Frida Leakey
615:
585:World War II
574:
563:
559:Paranthropus
557:
522:
516:
510:
504:
500:
489:
485:
465:
464:
455:
445:
427:
421:
420:
414:
407:Paranthropus
406:
402:Paranthropus
400:
395:
394:
374:
353:
352:
351:
339:
334:
329:
312:Louis Leakey
303:
298:
282:
281:
269:Paranthropus
268:
221:Infraorder:
35:
29:
7836:Wikispecies
7558:Grandmother
7513:Shore-based
7474:Aquatic ape
7365:Tam Pa Ling
7260:H. ergaster
7079:P. robustus
6802:Smithsonian
6078:: 118â130.
6070:skeleton".
5894:22 November
5867:: 250â261.
5646:Boaz, N. T.
5007:Ritchie, H.
4955:Brown, B.;
4552:: 176â202.
3730:Cachel, 48.
3692:Excavations
3663:Excavations
3448:Megantereon
3391:H. ergaster
3323:P. robustus
3315:P. robustus
3292:Development
3214:H. ergaster
3206:P. robustus
3102:P. robustus
3090:P. robustus
3082:P. robustus
3070:chimpanzees
3062:frugivorous
3058:Alan Walker
3043:Pleistocene
3031:P. robustus
2990:P. robustus
2970:elbow joint
2966:P. robustus
2928:(left) and
2886:Postcranium
2879:P. robustus
2748:cheek teeth
2712:cheek bones
2708:eye sockets
2696:P. robustus
2478:P. robustus
2270:P. robustus
2185:P. robustus
2076:instead of
2027:Little Foot
2019:P. robustus
2011:P. robustus
1953:KNM ER 3733
1944:H. ergaster
1931:P. robustus
1923:P. robustus
1912:A. robustus
1892:P. robustus
1867:P. robustus
1418:H. ergaster
1311:Ar. ramidus
1296:Ar. kadabba
1258:O. praegens
1096:Pleistocene
925:This box:
851:P. robustus
767:P. robustus
690:Lake Natron
659:anortoclase
631:nutcrackers
607:molar tooth
591:of extinct
518:H. ergaster
497:stone tools
434:bite forces
379:Mary Leakey
241:Subfamily:
225:Simiiformes
7948:Categories
7597:Skin color
7582:Bipedalism
7543:Killer ape
7355:Cro-Magnon
7254:Denisovans
7130:H. habilis
7094:Humans and
6979:A. ramidus
6972:A. kadabba
6749:(1): 161.
6257:Boaz, Noel
5945:Leakey, L.
5610:: 102885.
5137:Walker, A.
4975:(2): 157.
4957:Walker, A.
4433:: 102634.
4166:: 102727.
3581:2021-04-19
3540:References
3451:, and the
3424:H. habilis
3411:H. habilis
3403:H. habilis
3381:H. habilis
3354:precession
3346:shrublands
3311:tooth root
3268:) in male
3258:great apes
3226:H. habilis
3198:bone tools
3183:H. habilis
3176:stone tool
3167:Technology
3141:Greg Laden
3074:orangutans
3035:specialist
2978:orangutans
2941:H. erectus
2914:H. habilis
2842:transverse
2737:bite force
2714:, a thick
2704:brow ridge
2561:sensu lato
2080:(assuming
2013:, because
1883:affinities
1853:The genus
1487:Denisovans
1426:Au. sediba
1400:H. erectus
1367:H. habilis
1157:Ou. turkae
780:synonymous
714:KNM-ER 406
702:Chesowanja
698:Koobi Fora
605:and large
531:crocodiles
506:H. habilis
411:synonymous
215:Haplorhini
211:Suborder:
7716:Theorists
7683:Timelines
7563:Patriarch
7539:Behavior
7464:Gathering
7392:Ancestors
7137:H. naledi
7072:P. boisei
7043:A. sediba
6763:0140-525X
6731:145575347
6723:1753-1055
6715:2160/1932
6541:144334361
6533:1537-5382
6504:0027-9358
6475:0028-0836
6110:181391867
5889:133690020
5632:222351728
5558:: 72â82.
5369:Laden, G.
5304:"Diet of
5003:Roser, M.
4818:Hawks, J.
4790:(1): 16.
4455:201209318
4188:211233056
4112:: e1084.
4011:205026898
3963:Asfaw, B.
3792:143456420
3784:0011-3204
3676:My Search
3622:(2009). "
3596:My Search
3453:crocodile
3442:Dinofelis
3420:P. boisei
3415:P. boisei
3407:P. boisei
3399:P. boisei
3377:P. boisei
3358:Omo River
3342:P. boisei
3278:P. boisei
3222:P. boisei
3210:elephants
3187:P. boisei
3153:P. boisei
3106:P. boisei
3088:, unlike
3086:P. boisei
3078:P. boisei
3066:mandrills
3051:P. boisei
3002:phalanges
2982:P. boisei
2958:hip joint
2950:pectineal
2909:P. boisei
2896:P. boisei
2875:P. boisei
2850:P. boisei
2834:occipital
2818:Dean Falk
2798:P. boisei
2768:P. boisei
2764:premolars
2720:P. boisei
2700:P. boisei
2692:P. boisei
2685:P. boisei
2664:P. boisei
2660:P. boisei
2656:P. boisei
2652:P. boisei
2576:P. boisei
2565:P. boisei
2558:P. boisei
2554:P. boisei
2534:P. boisei
2526:P. boisei
2461:P. boisei
2348:Monophyly
2320:P. boisei
2231:Paraphyly
2168:P. boisei
2098:Monophyly
2043:A. sediba
1939:P. boisei
1919:P. boisei
1904:A. boisei
1888:P. boisei
1859:P. boisei
1385:Au. garhi
869:level as
859:monograph
847:P. boisei
843:P. boisei
823:Mrs. Ples
730:, Kenya.
724:P. boisei
719:P. boisei
680:specimens
678:P. boisei
571:Discovery
564:P. boisei
501:P. boisei
490:P. boisei
486:P. boisei
466:P. boisei
456:P. boisei
446:P. boisei
383:described
365:from the
276:Species:
245:Homininae
235:Hominidae
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
18:P. boisei
7892:10992869
7850:BioLib:
7821:Wikidata
7762:Category
7617:Language
7587:Skeleton
7282:H. longi
7036:A. garhi
6873:Hominins
6868:Taxonomy
6820:Archived
6781:Archived
6644:(1995).
6622:(2004).
6596:One Life
6592:(1983).
6551:(1965).
6378:(1999).
6356:(2004).
6330:(2007).
6304:(2006).
6259:(1998).
6239:20195356
6199:PLOS ONE
6180:11102267
6145:21937084
6053:21357225
6004:12836722
5996:14166722
5955:(1964).
5807:16288970
5764:28418109
5678:17759430
5624:33049586
5582:27178459
5530:24416315
5490:PLOS ONE
5440:86632664
5397:16085279
5352:21536914
5276:16079844
5226:18446200
5185:PLoS ONE
5123:18446200
5083:PLOS ONE
5009:(2013).
4852:21915845
4820:(2011).
4804:11414771
4673:14871560
4578:31182201
4527:53574805
4447:31446970
4347:14826894
4301:42964741
4180:32078931
4138:26213653
4087:24339873
4047:PLOS ONE
3959:Suwa, G.
3899:18046746
3464:See also
3363:endemism
3307:cementum
3179:industry
3110:gorillas
2784:showing
2782:Peninj 1
2756:bunodont
2744:incisors
2725:sagittal
2644:Pliocene
2590:(in mya)
2587:timeline
2583:African
2532:Because
2432:A. garhi
2090:A. garhi
2069:A. garhi
2062:than to
1109:Hominini
1083:Pliocene
867:subgenus
819:Kinshasa
686:Peninj 1
676:Various
527:big cats
482:gorillas
460:arboreal
430:stresses
321:Synonyms
255:Hominini
231:Family:
205:Primates
195:Mammalia
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
7905:3607689
7879:4827634
7866:4454137
7827:Q310531
7774:Commons
7726:Fossils
7592:Muscles
7503:Cooking
7459:Hunting
6936:Orrorin
6483:4217460
6455:Bibcode
6230:2827537
6207:Bibcode
6080:Bibcode
6044:3049100
5976:Bibcode
5919:Bibcode
5869:Bibcode
5755:5442144
5686:1531319
5658:Bibcode
5650:Science
5573:4874949
5521:3885648
5498:Bibcode
5432:4602571
5343:3111323
5320:Bibcode
5284:4431062
5256:Bibcode
5217:2315797
5194:Bibcode
5161:6115407
5114:2315797
5091:Bibcode
5060:1882979
5020:16 June
4989:8317557
4769:6115408
4761:2398644
4741:Bibcode
4718:9261500
4617:7802091
4483:(1): 2.
4385:Bibcode
4377:Science
4355:4207075
4327:Bibcode
4281:Bibcode
4237:4217460
4217:Bibcode
4129:4512774
4078:3855051
4055:Bibcode
4003:9333236
3983:Bibcode
3834:3769222
3516:Oldowan
3428:leopard
3395:erectus
3328:indriid
3298:apelike
3282:display
3218:erectus
3173:Oldowan
3157:baboons
2974:gibbons
2946:gluteal
2932:(right)
2670:Anatomy
2585:hominin
1949:erectus
1917:Before
1786:←
1764:←
1742:←
1729:cooking
1718:←
1698:←
1678:←
1654:←
1634:←
1611:←
1588:←
1568:←
1548:←
1528:←
1508:←
1244:Orrorin
1069:Miocene
1052:–
1042:–
1032:–
1022:–
1012:–
1002:–
992:–
982:–
972:–
962:–
597:hominin
593:mammals
589:fossils
566:in red)
562:finds (
556:Map of
523:erectus
494:Oldowan
480:. Like
359:species
314:, 1959)
301:†
280:†
261:Genus:
251:Tribe:
201:Order:
191:Class:
116:↓
7918:385303
7709:Others
7612:Speech
7574:Topics
7519:Drugs
7445:Models
6761:
6729:
6721:
6675:
6656:
6630:
6604:
6578:
6559:
6539:
6531:
6502:
6481:
6473:
6447:Nature
6431:
6405:
6386:
6364:
6338:
6312:
6290:
6267:
6237:
6227:
6178:
6143:
6108:
6051:
6041:
6002:
5994:
5968:Nature
5887:
5805:
5762:
5752:
5684:
5676:
5630:
5622:
5580:
5570:
5528:
5518:
5438:
5430:
5395:
5350:
5340:
5282:
5274:
5248:Nature
5224:
5214:
5159:
5121:
5111:
5058:
4987:
4907:
4850:
4802:
4767:
4759:
4716:
4671:
4615:
4576:
4525:
4453:
4445:
4405:104384
4403:
4353:
4345:
4319:Nature
4299:
4273:Nature
4235:
4209:Nature
4186:
4178:
4136:
4126:
4085:
4075:
4009:
4001:
3975:Nature
3941:
3897:
3831:
3790:
3782:
3694:, 227.
3645:
3572:
3436:, the
3331:lemurs
3302:humans
3252:skulls
2930:radius
2924:OH 80
2772:enamel
2762:. The
2716:palate
2021:, and
2001:, and
1959:was a
1951:skull
1497:
837:" and
811:boisei
734:Naming
728:Ileret
603:canine
535:hyenas
442:enamel
438:molars
7931:83068
7887:IRMNG
7853:32374
7721:Books
7499:Diet
6727:S2CID
6691:(PDF)
6537:S2CID
6498:(3).
6479:S2CID
6106:S2CID
6000:S2CID
5964:(PDF)
5885:S2CID
5803:S2CID
5682:S2CID
5628:S2CID
5600:(PDF)
5436:S2CID
5428:JSTOR
5280:S2CID
5244:(PDF)
4757:JSTOR
4523:S2CID
4451:S2CID
4351:S2CID
4297:S2CID
4233:S2CID
4184:S2CID
4106:PeerJ
4007:S2CID
3788:S2CID
3678:, 75.
3129:bears
3127:with
3008:like
2900:femur
2828:(and
2760:cusps
2675:Skull
2574:from
885:with
817:(now
782:with
770:) by
710:Konso
623:scree
581:Louis
413:with
391:genus
387:Louis
357:is a
7874:GBIF
7602:Hair
7422:) â
7100:Homo
6759:ISSN
6719:ISSN
6673:ISBN
6654:ISBN
6628:ISBN
6602:ISBN
6576:ISBN
6557:ISBN
6529:ISSN
6500:ISSN
6471:ISSN
6429:ISBN
6403:ISBN
6384:ISBN
6362:ISBN
6336:ISBN
6310:ISBN
6288:ISBN
6265:ISBN
6235:PMID
6176:PMID
6141:PMID
6049:PMID
5992:PMID
5959:Homo
5896:2022
5781:and
5760:PMID
5674:PMID
5620:PMID
5578:PMID
5526:PMID
5393:PMID
5348:PMID
5272:PMID
5222:PMID
5157:PMID
5119:PMID
5056:PMID
5022:2020
4985:PMID
4905:ISBN
4848:PMID
4800:PMID
4765:PMID
4714:PMID
4669:PMID
4647:and
4645:Homo
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