507:
549:
165:
711:(23,970 speakers). Bagri is spoken in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Bilaspuri and Bhateali are spoken in Himachal Pradesh. The status of Bagri is split between Punjabi and Rajasthani in the census returns with options available under Punjabi and Rajasthani. Gusain (1991) places Bagri as a Rajasthani dialect. Similarly, the identities of Bilaspuri and Bhateali are also split, in their case, between Punjabi and
718:
Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108,791 speakers listed in the 2011 census. The varieties listed under Lahnda are
Bahawalpuri (29,253 speakers); Multani which is described as Hindi Multani (61,722 speakers) and unclassified (17,816 speakers). Punchi is spoken
873:
Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from
Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi
739:
was regarded as a
Punjabi dialect but since 1971, it has been reclassified under Hindi. There were 1,117,342 Kangri speakers listed in the 2011 Census- India. Despite the independent status of Dogri and reclassification of Kangri, both languages are claimed to fall within Punjabi by some writers.
579:
Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and
Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world. Punjabi itself has several dialects that can vary based on geographical, cultural, and historical factors.
647:, there are 80,536,390 Punjabi speakers; 25,324,637 Saraiki speakers and 5,065,879 Hindko speakers. Saraiki was added to the census in 1981, and Hindko was added in 2017, prior to which both were represented by Lahnda language. In areas such as
740:
Others place Dogri and Kangri within the
Western Pahari group. Eberle et al. (2020) believe Dogri and Kangri are related to Eastern Punjabi and place these languages in a group of related languages descended from an intermediate division of
844:
As an independent language
Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to
730:
was listed under
Punjabi. Since 2003, Dogri is listed as an independent language in the constitution of India. According to the 2011 Census - India, there are 2,596,767 Dogri speakers. Similar to Dogri, the
1434:
Eberle, Ulrich J., et al. “Ethnolinguistic
Diversity and Urban Agglomeration.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 117, no. 28, 2020, pp. 16250–57. JSTOR,
1388:
Grewal, J.S. and Banga, Indu (1998) Punjab in prosperity and violence: administration, politics, and social change, 1947-1997. K.K. Publishers for
Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh
719:
in Jammu. The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it, together with
Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the "criterion of 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level".
1389:
1173:
1577:. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
1571:
Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.).
1070:
4037:
1942:
1489:
Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
3775:
370:
330:
1715:
655:
where Pothwari is a spoken language, speakers significantly selected 'Punjabi" instead of "Other" in all previous census enumeration.
1424:
1454:
Birmani, Ali H.; Ahmed, Fasih (2017). "Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan: A preliminary description".
4017:
1651:
1554:
1532:
1280:
1563:
Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al.,
1222:
595:, while others reserving this only for the western varieties, and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside
1098:
48:
1377:
Language Sciences. (1991). Japan: International Christian University Language Sciences Summer Institute.
1935:
1367:
1164:
572:
region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as the
535:
1378:
1127:
3468:
1582:
1270:
945:
920:
895:
866:
837:
809:
1355:
3768:
587:
double consonants in stressed syllables. Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single
583:
The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the
1423:
Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz (2017) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
816:
The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
1708:
695:
In India, Punjabi is listed as a constitutional language and is counted in the census returns. According to the
3971:
3926:
1143:
687:
refer to their mother tongue as Punjabi, hence those choosing 'Punjabi' may be referring to 'Pothwari/Pahari'.
576:
macrolanguage. Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.
3120:
2158:
1928:
1300:
95:
3886:
3091:
2911:
2757:
2077:
643:
Punjabi, Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan. According to the
334:
4022:
3761:
3654:
3622:
3478:
3961:
3188:
1701:
1688:
664:
4032:
4027:
3881:
3627:
3328:
3302:
2741:
2625:
262:
3523:
2287:
359:
148:
1680:
1505:
644:
233:
80:
3901:
3731:
3600:
2876:
2670:
2497:
2025:
1333:
528:
355:
286:
85:
1345:
607:
The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard
3784:
3401:
3214:
2700:
2665:
2660:
2492:
2005:
345:
321:
3911:
1662:
1003:
Muhr, Rudoplh (2016) Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide. Peter Lang
635:
intermediate between the two groups. Pothwari shares features with both Lahnda and Punjabi.
3846:
3821:
3689:
3664:
3533:
3503:
3360:
3140:
3130:
2940:
2519:
1951:
741:
696:
592:
90:
3946:
1322:
1233:
8:
3936:
3866:
3861:
3801:
3736:
3543:
3264:
3249:
3181:
3155:
3145:
3070:
2787:
2577:
2504:
2487:
2232:
2062:
1639:
1607:
1296:
652:
281:
210:
1486:
1198:
3986:
3931:
3916:
3836:
3816:
3806:
3548:
3461:
3426:
3198:
2716:
2454:
2144:
2072:
2067:
1623:
340:
291:
52:
961:
591:, with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of
135:
3951:
3906:
3891:
3871:
3811:
3796:
3741:
3555:
3224:
3193:
3171:
3135:
2977:
2935:
2840:
2782:
2547:
2479:
2467:
2376:
2297:
2277:
2199:
2124:
2041:
1974:
1647:
1627:
1578:
1550:
1528:
1499:
1493:
1467:
1276:
941:
916:
891:
862:
833:
805:
521:
326:
304:
269:
257:
176:
3585:
3571:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3841:
3831:
3659:
3649:
3595:
3528:
3431:
3406:
3396:
3375:
3370:
3345:
3284:
3176:
3150:
3113:
3108:
3062:
3008:
2961:
2920:
2871:
2816:
2777:
2726:
2645:
2615:
2562:
2552:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2386:
2336:
2292:
2204:
2010:
1959:
1907:
1868:
1825:
1807:
1738:
1619:
1459:
1306:
1251:
768:
758:
753:
736:
684:
680:
676:
632:
620:
612:
608:
447:
413:
311:
245:
223:
193:
188:
183:
68:
722:
Historically, Dogri was considered to be a dialect of Punjabi spoken primarily in
627:" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with
121:
3921:
3896:
3876:
3851:
3826:
3704:
3538:
3493:
3380:
3350:
3307:
3259:
3219:
3125:
3075:
3046:
3024:
2956:
2866:
2826:
2792:
2736:
2731:
2690:
2675:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2509:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2381:
2302:
2227:
2183:
2139:
2134:
2119:
2114:
2057:
2020:
2015:
1858:
1850:
1830:
1802:
1797:
1463:
732:
672:
628:
616:
438:
365:
350:
316:
75:
3856:
3714:
3456:
3365:
3297:
3292:
3274:
3254:
3041:
3034:
3003:
2897:
2845:
2685:
2680:
2635:
2610:
2602:
2557:
2527:
2472:
2348:
2257:
2222:
2214:
2178:
2129:
1995:
1903:
1876:
1779:
1758:
1753:
1366:
Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism. (2007). (n.p.): Taylor & Francis
773:
727:
712:
700:
588:
393:
1572:
1344:
Kli︠u︡ev, B. I. (1981). India, National and Language Problem. India: Sterling.
4011:
3699:
3355:
3269:
3244:
3029:
2371:
2272:
1881:
1792:
1787:
1748:
1743:
1684:
1631:
1471:
1356:
Census of India, 1941. (1943). India: Manager of publications
1001:
565:
511:
506:
164:
1646:. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621.
1310:
443:
3694:
2462:
1899:
1542:
1520:
1401:"Pushp & Warikoo: Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament"
668:
1052:, pp. 201) argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi (
3753:
2772:
2587:
2093:
1911:
779:
455:
408:
1436:
935:
699:, there are 33,124,726 Punjabi speakers which includes the varieties of
16:
Dialects and languages spoken in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India
2881:
2850:
2821:
1920:
1512:. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
1400:
1255:
763:
648:
493:
489:
477:
473:
469:
1596:
548:
3671:
3580:
3560:
2252:
2247:
1979:
704:
485:
481:
463:
459:
451:
428:
129:
64:
1693:
3709:
3451:
2802:
2267:
2262:
2242:
2000:
708:
423:
205:
156:
32:
1172:. Muzaffarabad: AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics. pp. 131, 140.
3643:
3514:
2987:
2721:
2237:
859:
Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures
856:
584:
433:
418:
60:
2982:
2831:
2806:
2366:
2358:
2282:
2173:
2098:
1840:
1817:
1768:
1514:
1048:
Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but
624:
569:
200:
44:
1144:"Table 11. Population of Rawalpindi District by mother tongue"
890:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423.
776:, term used to refer to diasporic Punjabis use of the language
552:
Map of dialects of Punjabi and some closely related languages.
2797:
2695:
1835:
1642:(2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).
1600:
1060:, pp. 201) are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.
723:
596:
403:
398:
388:
56:
1129:
Information Seeking Behaviour of Users in Punjabi Literature
1099:"Table 11. Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban"
857:
Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form".
3498:
2811:
1527:. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
913:
One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost
874:
which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
782:, coded language of Nihang Sikhs largely based on Punjabic
3590:
1610:(1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab".
915:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115.
1565:
Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts
1018:
663:
In a statistical survey carried about by a proxy of the
619:
in the northwest. A distinction is usually made between
1030:
1006:
804:. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149.
936:
Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008).
1302:
A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
832:(Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV.
1295:
683:. Some Pothwari speakers in Azad Kashmir and the
4009:
1667:(Ph.D.). School of Oriental and African Studies.
1664:The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan
1234:Language (Paper 1 OF 2018)- Census of India2011
1199:"Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey"
984:For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see
3769:
1936:
1709:
1504:
861:(First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
529:
1453:
940:. Cambridge University Press. p. 411.
3783:
3776:
3762:
1943:
1929:
1716:
1702:
602:
536:
522:
888:International encyclopedia of linguistics
1950:
1612:Transactions of the Philological Society
1157:
830:Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar
547:
1638:
1606:
1482:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1057:
1049:
1036:
1012:
885:
4038:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects
4010:
1570:
1541:
1519:
1245:
1024:
989:
985:
910:
827:
799:
623:in the east and the diverse group of "
3757:
1924:
1723:
1697:
1660:
1591:Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore.
1437:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26935214
1125:
1053:
1250:(PhD). Jawaharlal Nehru University.
13:
1624:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x
1268:
1071:"Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020"
962:"Glottolog 4.8 - Greater Panjabic"
163:
14:
4049:
1674:
1547:Language and politics in Pakistan
3646:(unknown further classification)
1132:. K.K. Publications. p. 98.
1126:Singh, Dr Gurmeet (2021-09-11).
568:and languages spoken around the
505:
1428:
1417:
1393:
1382:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1289:
1262:
1238:
1227:
1216:
1191:
1179:from the original on 2022-10-09
1136:
1119:
1091:
1063:
1042:
658:
611:in eastern and central Punjab,
1661:Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997).
1248:A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri
995:
978:
954:
929:
904:
879:
850:
821:
793:
558:Punjabi dialects and languages
1:
4018:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan
1056:, p. 229) and Shahpuri (
786:
1464:10.1016/j.lingua.2016.12.003
1275:(in Hindi). Vani Prakashan.
1272:Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan
679:attained a plurality in the
7:
1549:. Oxford University Press.
747:
638:
10:
4054:
1689:Linguistic Survey of India
1510:Linguistic Survey of India
1446:
1166:Statistical Year Book 2020
665:Government of Azad Kashmir
3792:
3723:
3680:
3636:
3613:
3569:
3512:
3486:
3477:
3444:
3419:
3389:
3338:
3327:
3320:
3283:
3237:
3207:
3164:
3101:
3090:
3055:
3017:
2996:
2970:
2949:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2890:
2859:
2765:
2756:
2709:
2601:
2518:
2453:
2446:
2399:
2357:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2213:
2192:
2166:
2157:
2107:
2086:
2050:
2034:
1988:
1967:
1958:
1894:
1867:
1849:
1816:
1778:
1767:
1731:
886:Frawley, William (2003).
128:
114:
76:Linguistic classification
74:
38:
28:
23:
3524:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
1644:The Indo-Aryan languages
1525:The Indo-Aryan languages
1478:Burling, Robbins. 1970.
1439:. Accessed 12 Feb. 2023.
690:
1681:Map of Punjabi dialects
1669:(requires registration)
1246:Gusain, Lakhan (1999).
828:Bhatia, Tej K. (2013).
707:(295,805 speakers) and
645:2017 Census of Pakistan
603:Geographic distribution
3732:Indo-Iranian languages
938:Language in South Asia
911:Austin, Peter (2008).
800:Haldar, Gopal (2000).
726:. In the 1941 Census,
615:in the southwest, and
553:
168:
3402:Maharashtrian Konkani
1567:. Routledge. 219–240.
1500:Languages of Pakistan
703:(1,656,588 speakers)
551:
167:
3690:Andaman Creole Hindi
3121:Bishnupriya Manipuri
2941:Caribbean Hindustani
1952:Indo-Aryan languages
1640:Shackle, Christopher
1608:Shackle, Christopher
1593:Modern Asian Studies
1269:Tiwari, Dr Siyaram.
742:Indo-Aryan languages
697:2011 Census of India
3737:Nuristani languages
3469:Mitanni superstrate
2078:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
1687:early 20th-century
1506:Grierson, George A.
1297:Ralph Lilley Turner
671:spoke a variety of
667:, most speakers of
4023:Languages of India
3623:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3504:Early Ardhamagadhi
1494:Languages of India
1027:, pp. 446–63.
988:, p. 87) and
802:Languages of India
566:series of dialects
554:
169:
53:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4005:
4004:
3751:
3750:
3742:Iranian languages
3609:
3608:
3529:Dramatic Prakrits
3440:
3439:
3415:
3414:
3316:
3315:
3233:
3232:
3189:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
3086:
3085:
2906:
2905:
2752:
2751:
2742:list of languages
2442:
2441:
2395:
2394:
2311:
2310:
2153:
2152:
1918:
1917:
1890:
1889:
1725:Punjabi varieties
1653:978-0-7007-1130-7
1595:, 4 (3):239–267.
1574:Hindko and Gujari
1556:978-0-19-577692-8
1534:978-0-521-23420-7
1480:Man's many voices
1458:. 191–192: 3–21.
1282:978-93-5229-677-4
1203:SIL International
546:
545:
142:
141:
101:Punjabi languages
49:Jammu and Kashmir
24:Punjabi languages
4045:
4033:Punjabi dialects
4028:Punjabi language
3778:
3771:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3628:Proto-Indo-Aryan
3484:
3483:
3407:Canarese Konkani
3336:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3099:
3098:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2763:
2762:
2451:
2450:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2164:
2163:
1965:
1964:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1776:
1775:
1739:Standard Punjabi
1718:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1668:
1657:
1635:
1597:Available online
1588:
1560:
1538:
1521:Masica, Colin P.
1515:Online database
1513:
1475:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
999:
993:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
958:
952:
951:
933:
927:
926:
908:
902:
901:
883:
877:
876:
854:
848:
847:
825:
819:
818:
797:
769:Bazigar language
759:Sindhi languages
754:Bengali dialects
737:Himachal Pradesh
681:Bhimber district
538:
531:
524:
509:
263:Mexican American
144:
143:
138:
69:Himachal Pradesh
21:
20:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3788:
3782:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3719:
3682:
3676:
3632:
3615:
3605:
3565:
3508:
3494:Ashokan Prakrit
3473:
3436:
3411:
3385:
3330:
3312:
3279:
3229:
3203:
3160:
3093:
3082:
3051:
3013:
2992:
2966:
2945:
2902:
2886:
2855:
2827:Hyderabadi Urdu
2748:
2705:
2597:
2514:
2438:
2391:
2382:Pahari-Pothwari
2353:
2307:
2288:Pahari Kinnauri
2209:
2188:
2149:
2115:Indus Kohistani
2108:Hazara Division
2103:
2082:
2046:
2030:
1984:
1954:
1949:
1919:
1914:
1886:
1863:
1859:Pahari-Pothwari
1851:Pahari-Pothwari
1845:
1812:
1771:
1763:
1727:
1722:
1677:
1672:
1654:
1585:
1557:
1535:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1305:, p. xii,
1294:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
992:, p. 175).
983:
979:
970:
968:
960:
959:
955:
948:
934:
930:
923:
909:
905:
898:
884:
880:
869:
855:
851:
840:
826:
822:
812:
798:
794:
789:
750:
733:Kangri language
693:
673:Pahari-Pothwari
661:
641:
617:Pahari-Pothwari
605:
574:Greater Punjabi
562:Greater Punjabi
542:
510:
500:
499:
384:
376:
375:
307:
297:
296:
226:
216:
215:
179:
134:
124:
117:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4051:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Serbo-Croatian
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3333:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3105:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:Lisan ud-Dawat
2465:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1904:Baahar di boli
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:Jatki language
1773:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1675:External links
1673:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1652:
1636:
1618:(1): 191–210.
1604:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1539:
1533:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1427:
1416:
1392:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1348:
1337:
1326:
1315:
1288:
1281:
1261:
1237:
1226:
1223:Census catalog
1215:
1190:
1156:
1135:
1118:
1090:
1062:
1041:
1039:, p. 198.
1029:
1017:
1015:, p. 591.
1005:
994:
977:
953:
946:
928:
921:
903:
896:
878:
867:
849:
838:
820:
810:
791:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
777:
774:Baahar di boli
771:
766:
761:
756:
749:
746:
692:
689:
660:
657:
640:
637:
604:
601:
589:language group
544:
543:
541:
540:
533:
526:
518:
515:
514:
502:
501:
498:
497:
467:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
363:
353:
348:
343:
338:
324:
319:
314:
308:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
273:
272:
267:
266:
265:
249:
248:
246:United Kingdom
237:
236:
227:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
197:
196:
186:
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
160:
159:
153:
152:
140:
139:
132:
126:
125:
120:
118:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
78:
72:
71:
42:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4050:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Haflong Hindi
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3655:Chinali–Lahul
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3602:
3601:Khasa Prakrit
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Chhattisgarhi
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Rathwi Bareli
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Mahasu Pahari
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
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2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1893:
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1875:
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1714:
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1707:
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1690:
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1679:
1678:
1666:
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1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
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1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1584:969-8023-13-5
1580:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:Rahman, Tariq
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1508:(1903–1928).
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
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1396:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1334:Census Tables
1330:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1265:
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1241:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Shackle (1979
1045:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
981:
967:
966:glottolog.org
963:
957:
949:
947:9781139465502
943:
939:
932:
924:
922:9780520255609
918:
914:
907:
899:
897:9780195139778
893:
889:
882:
875:
870:
868:9781136451089
864:
860:
853:
846:
841:
839:9781136894602
835:
831:
824:
817:
813:
811:9788123729367
807:
803:
796:
792:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
745:
743:
738:
734:
729:
725:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
550:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
519:
517:
516:
513:
512:Punjab portal
508:
504:
503:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
380:
379:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
360:Folk religion
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
336:
332:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
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309:
306:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
271:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:United States
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:North America
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
235:
232:
231:
230:
225:
220:
219:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
178:
173:
172:
166:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
150:
146:
145:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:Indo-European
79:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3941:
3787:of languages
3695:Bombay Hindi
3637:Unclassified
3534:Ardhamagadhi
3361:Berar Deccan
3215:Chittagonian
3208:Chittagonian
2701:Vaagri Booli
2666:Pauri Bareli
2661:Palya Bareli
2626:Dhodia–Kukna
2341:
2316:Northwestern
2006:Kundal Shahi
1900:Baar di Boli
1896:
1724:
1663:
1643:
1615:
1611:
1592:
1573:
1564:
1546:
1524:
1509:
1498:Ethnologue.
1492:Ethnologue.
1485:Ethnologue.
1479:
1455:
1430:
1419:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1340:
1329:
1323:Census Index
1318:
1301:
1291:
1271:
1264:
1247:
1240:
1229:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1205:. p. 44
1202:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1165:
1159:
1150:
1138:
1128:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1065:
1058:Shackle 1979
1044:
1037:Shackle 1979
1032:
1020:
1013:Shackle 2003
1008:
997:
990:Rahman (1996
986:Rensch (1992
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:
956:
937:
931:
912:
906:
887:
881:
872:
858:
852:
843:
829:
823:
815:
801:
795:
721:
717:
694:
669:Azad Kashmir
662:
659:Azad Kashmir
642:
606:
582:
578:
573:
561:
557:
555:
275:
274:
251:
250:
239:
238:
228:
100:
96:Northwestern
86:Indo-Iranian
41:distribution
18:
3822:Azerbaijani
3683:and creoles
3665:Lahul Lohar
3544:Maharashtri
3141:Mal Paharia
3131:Kharia Thar
2773:Braj Bhasha
1912:Khalsa bole
1256:10603/16847
1025:Masica 1991
780:Khalsa bole
448:Sindh Sagar
287:New Zealand
234:Afghanistan
211:Nationalism
122:Old Punjabi
4012:Categories
3937:Portuguese
3902:Macedonian
3586:Apabhraṃśa
3572:Apabhraṃśa
3549:Shauraseni
3265:Bodo Parja
3250:Sambalpuri
3182:Goalpariya
3156:Tanchangya
3146:Noakhailla
3071:Bote-Darai
2882:Fiji Hindi
2851:Sadhukkadi
2822:Judeo-Urdu
2788:Hindustani
2578:Shekhawati
2520:Rajasthani
2505:Saurashtra
2233:Bhadarwahi
2063:Gawar-Bati
1685:Grierson's
1487:Indo-Aryan
1410:2023-02-11
1405:koshur.org
1311:Q115652507
1209:2023-06-17
1151:pbs.gov.pk
1106:pbs.gov.pk
1078:pbs.gov.pk
1054:Wagha 1997
971:2023-07-13
787:References
764:Hindi Belt
735:spoken in
653:Rawalpindi
649:Gujar Khan
593:Indo-Aryan
371:Television
341:Literature
116:Early form
91:Indo-Aryan
39:Geographic
3987:Ukrainian
3917:Norwegian
3837:Bulgarian
3817:Aromanian
3807:Aragonese
3785:Varieties
3672:Sheikhgal
3616:languages
3581:Abahattha
3561:Paishachi
3462:Classical
3427:Maldivian
3199:Surjapuri
3165:Kamarupic
3067:Kuswaric
2929:Bhojpuric
2717:Khandeshi
2253:Chambeali
2248:Bilaspuri
2145:Mankiyali
2073:Shumashti
2068:Nangalami
1980:Kishtwari
1897:See also:
1772:(Western)
1632:0079-1636
1472:0024-3841
845:Present).
705:Bilaspuri
429:Bhattiana
327:Festivals
282:Australia
130:Glottolog
65:Rajasthan
29:Ethnicity
3952:Romanian
3892:Japanese
3872:Georgian
3812:Armenian
3797:Albanian
3728:See also
3710:Nefamese
3705:Nagamese
3596:Kamarupi
3556:Gāndhārī
3513:Middle (
3452:Sanskrit
3390:Konkanic
3339:Marathic
3329:Marathi–
3321:Southern
3225:Rohingya
3194:Rangpuri
3172:Assamese
3136:Kurmukar
3114:dialects
3094:Kamarupa
2978:Maithili
2971:Maithili
2936:Bhojpuri
2841:Kannauji
2803:Hinglish
2783:Haryanvi
2548:Dhundari
2498:Wadiyara
2480:Jandavra
2468:Gujarati
2455:Gujarati
2377:Khetrani
2342:dialects
2298:Sirmauri
2278:Jaunsari
2268:Mandeali
2263:Pangwali
2243:Bhateali
2200:Garhwali
2159:Northern
2125:Chilisso
2001:Brokskat
1975:Kashmiri
1968:Kashmiri
1908:Derawali
1826:Awankari
1808:Shahpuri
1545:(1996).
1523:(1991).
1307:Wikidata
1299:(1985),
1174:Archived
1111:20 March
1083:20 March
748:See also
709:Bhateali
685:Pothohar
675:, while
639:Pakistan
633:Shahpuri
424:Bhatiore
356:Religion
335:Pakistan
312:Clothing
292:Malaysia
224:Diaspora
206:Punjabis
194:Dialects
189:Language
184:Folklore
157:Punjabis
149:a series
147:Part of
136:lahn1241
33:Punjabis
3997:Yiddish
3982:Turkish
3977:Swedish
3972:Spanish
3967:Slovene
3957:Russian
3942:Punjabi
3927:Persian
3912:Maltese
3862:English
3847:Chinese
3842:Catalan
3832:Bengali
3681:Pidgins
3660:Chinali
3650:Bazigar
3644:Badeshi
3539:Magadhi
3515:Prakrit
3432:Sinhala
3420:Insular
3397:Konkani
3376:Katkari
3371:Phudagi
3351:Varhadi
3346:Marathi
3331:Konkani
3303:Bhunjia
3177:Kamrupi
3151:Sylheti
3109:Bengali
3102:Bengali
3063:Kumhali
3030:Kochila
3018:Tharuic
3009:Kurmali
2997:Sadanic
2988:Bajjika
2962:Khortha
2912:Eastern
2872:Bagheli
2860:Eastern
2817:Deccani
2793:Kauravi
2778:Bundeli
2766:Western
2758:Central
2727:Dawoodi
2722:Lambadi
2646:Bhilori
2616:Bhilali
2563:Marwari
2553:Harauti
2493:Parkari
2447:Western
2414:Kholosi
2409:Jadgali
2387:Saraiki
2337:Punjabi
2330:Eastern
2323:Punjabi
2293:Hinduri
2238:Churahi
2215:Western
2205:Kumaoni
2193:Central
2167:Eastern
2094:Kalasha
2087:Chitral
2042:Pashayi
2035:Pashayi
2011:Kalkoti
1869:Saraiki
1831:Chhachi
1803:Lubanki
1798:Jhangvi
1732:Eastern
1447:Sources
1183:3 March
677:Punjabi
629:Jhangvi
621:Punjabi
613:Saraiki
609:Punjabi
585:Prakrit
434:Chhachh
419:Derajat
414:Pothwar
383:Regions
317:Cuisine
305:Culture
276:Oceania
177:History
61:Haryana
3947:Romani
3932:Polish
3922:Pashto
3897:Korean
3877:German
3867:French
3852:Danish
3827:Basque
3802:Arabic
3614:Proto-
3570:Late (
3479:Middle
3381:Kadodi
3308:Nahari
3285:Halbic
3260:Bhatri
3220:Chakma
3126:Hajong
3092:Gauda–
3076:Danwar
3056:Others
3047:Musasa
2983:Angika
2957:Magahi
2950:Magahi
2921:Bihari
2891:Others
2867:Awadhi
2832:Rekhta
2807:Urdish
2737:Romani
2732:Domari
2710:Others
2691:Vasavi
2676:Pardhi
2656:Magari
2651:Mawchi
2641:Bauria
2631:Dhanki
2621:Chodri
2593:Nimadi
2583:Dhatki
2573:Mewari
2568:Mewati
2543:Gujari
2538:Loarki
2533:Goaria
2510:Vaghri
2434:Sindhi
2429:Memoni
2424:Luwati
2419:Kutchi
2401:Sindhi
2367:Hindko
2359:Lahnda
2303:Sarazi
2283:Kullui
2228:Kangri
2184:Nepali
2174:Doteli
2140:Tirahi
2135:Kalami
2120:Bateri
2099:Khowar
2058:Dameli
2021:Palula
2016:Ushoji
1960:Dardic
1877:Riasti
1841:Kohati
1818:Hindko
1769:Lahnda
1759:Puadhi
1754:Malwai
1650:
1630:
1581:
1553:
1531:
1470:
1456:Lingua
1309:
1279:
944:
919:
894:
865:
836:
808:
625:Lahnda
570:Punjab
564:are a
494:Jungle
490:Gondal
478:Kirana
474:Sandal
456:Rachna
439:Kachhi
270:Canada
240:Europe
201:Punjab
45:Punjab
3907:Malay
3887:Hindi
3882:Greek
3857:Dutch
3715:Vedda
3487:Early
3457:Vedic
3366:Varli
3298:Kamar
3293:Halbi
3275:Kupia
3255:Desia
3042:Majhi
3035:Buksa
3025:Tharu
3004:Sadri
2898:Parya
2846:Sansi
2798:Hindi
2696:Wagdi
2686:Kalto
2681:Gamit
2636:Dubli
2611:Bhili
2558:Malvi
2528:Bagri
2488:Kachi
2484:Koli
2349:Sansi
2258:Gaddi
2223:Dogri
2179:Jumli
2130:Gowro
2051:Kunar
1996:Shina
1989:Shina
1882:Thali
1836:Ghebi
1788:Dhani
1749:Majhi
1744:Doabi
1683:from
1601:JSTOR
1177:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1147:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1074:(PDF)
728:Dogri
724:Jammu
713:Dogri
701:Bagri
691:India
597:Hindi
486:Ganji
482:Neeli
444:Doabs
409:Bagar
404:Puadh
399:Doaba
394:Malwa
389:Majha
366:Sport
351:Music
346:Media
331:India
322:Dance
57:Delhi
3992:Urdu
3499:Pāli
3356:Andh
3270:Reli
3245:Odia
3238:Odia
2812:Urdu
2603:Bhil
2372:Inku
2026:Sawi
1793:Inku
1648:ISBN
1628:ISSN
1579:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1468:ISSN
1277:ISBN
1185:2022
1113:2023
1085:2023
942:ISBN
917:ISBN
892:ISBN
863:ISBN
834:ISBN
806:ISBN
651:and
631:and
556:The
470:Bars
464:Bist
460:Bari
452:Chaj
229:Asia
67:and
3591:Elu
3445:Old
2463:Aer
1620:doi
1599:at
1460:doi
1252:hdl
560:or
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1906:,
1902:,
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1614:.
1466:.
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1622::
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1254::
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1115:.
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329:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
