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tribal laws out of respect for the chief and the council. The tribe discourages verbal attacks against members. As the former Chief Brown explains, they have strict slander laws because, "We're like a 400-year-old subdivision. If we didn't get along we'd have probably killed each other long before now." The chief continued to pay the annual tribute to
Virginia's governor. This consists of game, usually a deer, and pottery or a "peace pipe". The Pamunkey have been paying such tribute since the treaty of 1646. Making this annual payment has not always been easy. Former Chief Miles remembers one year that was particularly hard, "We couldn't find anything, no deer, no turkeys—nothing. My dad was chief then, and we knew we had to have something to present to the governor; so we went to a turkey farm, bought a live turkey, brought it back to the reservation and killed it. That way we were able to fulfill the terms of the treaty—after all it was killed on the reservation." As far as anyone knows, they have not missed a payment in 342 years.
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1900 and 1910 censuses as their only base rolls has been considered problematic by many because it excludes those
Pamunkey Indians who were disenfranchised and forced to move from the Reservation before those censuses were taken. Despite the Black Laws supposedly being repealed in 2014, the tribe has yet to change their enrollment criteria. Due to this discrimination after the "Black laws" many mixed Black Pamunkey's moved to New Kent (these families were inaccurately referred to as "fringe Pamunkey" by Helen Rountree) and Cumberland Counties, Virginia, and despite the disenfranchisement they still maintained their Pamunkey identity. For example, during the late 1800s John Howell as trying to build an Indian only school for Pamunkeys living in New Kent. This was even referenced in OFA's preliminary decision for Pamunkey federal acknowledgement. It's also interesting to note that John R Dungee taught at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute.
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414:(chief) and a tribal council composed of seven members, elected every four years. The chief and council execute all the tribal governmental functions as set forth by their laws. Traditional elections used a basket, as well as peas and corn kernels, in the same number as voters. Members first voted for the chief, followed by votes for the seven council members. For each candidate, a corn kernel signified approbation and a pea a "no" vote, or if there were but two candidates, each could be indicated by a type of seed.
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576:, and the English. The treaty set up boundaries between lands set aside for the Virginia tribes and those that were now considered property of English colonists, reservations lands, and yearly tribute payment of fish and game (made to the English). These boundaries could not be crossed unless it was on official business and badges had to be worn to illustrate the point. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, settlers continued to expand the
394:" by English colonists. They were structures made from bent saplings lashed together at the top to make a barrel shape. Indians covered the saplings with woven mats or bark. The 17th-century historian William Strachey thought that bark was harder to acquire, as he noticed that only higher-status families owned bark-covered houses. In summer, when the heat and humidity increased, the mats could be rolled up or removed to allow more air circulation.
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525:. This first meeting between Powhatan and Smith resulted in an alliance between the two people. Powhatan sent Smith back to Jamestown in the spring of 1608 and started sending gifts of food to the colonists. If not for Powhatan's donations, the settlers would not have survived through the first winters. As the settlement expanded, competition for land and other resources, and conflict between the settlers and Virginia tribes, increased.
569:, and nearly wiped out the colony. Jamestown was spared in the attack of 1622 due to a warning. During each attack, about 350–400 settlers were killed. In 1622, the population had been 1,200, and in 1644, 8,000 prior to the attacks. Captured in 1646, Opechancanough was killed by a settler assigned to guard him, against orders. His death contributed to the decline of the Powhatan chiefdom.
534:
676:, the state of Virginia helped the Pamunkey develop their pottery as a source of income. The state set up a program for a pottery school and provided a teacher. The state furnished materials for the building, but the tribe built it themselves. Tribal members learned methods to increase the speed of manufacture. They incorporated firing pottery in a
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initially said that the
Pamunkey had met its requirements for federal recognition in January 2014, but the final decision was repeatedly delayed until July 2, 2015, when the BIA granted them formal recognition.. In February 2016 the Pamunkey received a court victory over a challenge to their right to
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Today, Pamunkey use both traditional and newer techniques to create their pieces. To differentiate, pots made the traditional way are called 'blackware'. The
Pamunkey Indian Museum has a variety of vessels, as well as videos and exhibits, that explain the differences in construction methods, types of
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Inside the house, they built bedsteads along both walls. They were made of posts put in the ground, about a foot high or more, with small poles attached. The framework was about four feet (1.2 m) wide, over which reeds were put. One or more mats were placed on top for bedding; more mats or skins
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During the process of obtaining federal recognition controversy around the tribe's racist legacy came to light as the tribe disenfranchised and outlawed their members from intermarrying with Black families such as the Dungey's/Dungee families during their the 1861 "Black laws". Therefore, using the
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The
Pamunkey tradition of pottery making dates back to before the English settled Jamestown. They have been using clay from the banks of the Pamunkey River since prehistoric times. Many continue to use the traditional method. To do so, they let the clay dry, then break it into smaller pieces. These
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tribes, which had not formerly been under the paramount chiefdom of the
Pamunkey. Completion of the treaty ushered in a time of peace between the Virginia tribes and the English. This treaty was signed by more tribal leaders than that of 1646. It reinforced the annual tribute payments and added the
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of culture, roughly the years 900 to 1600. The peoples used the
Pamunkey River as a main mode of transportation and food source. The river also provided access to hunting grounds, and other tribes. Access to the river was crucial, because Pamunkey villages were seldom permanent settlements. Because
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hatchery to ensure continuation of an important food source. When shad are caught, the eggs of females are taken and placed into a bucket. Sperm from males are put into the same bucket. At holding tanks, the fertilized eggs are allowed to grow and hatch. Once the new fish are grown enough, usually
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The
Pamunkey have been able to survive because of their ability to adapt as a tribe. Withstanding pressure to give up their reservation lands has helped them maintain traditional ways. Men use some of the old methods for fishing, part of the tribe's traditional heritage. They also continue to hunt
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The
Powhatan could not understand the violent tactics employed by the colonists. As one noted, "What it will avail you to take by force you may quickly have by love, or to destroy them that provide you food? What can you get by war, when we can hide our provisions and fly to the woods? Whereby you
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The
Commonwealth of Virginia has always recognized the Pamunkey tribe, with formal relations dating back to the treaties of 1646 and 1677. However, since the United States did not exist at the time of those treaties, no formal relations existed between the Pamunkey and the federal government. In
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Differing concepts of land and farm animal ownership and use caused some conflicts between the Virginia tribes and English colonists. For native tribes, the land was "owned" only as long as it was farmed; after that, it was available for "public" use. The Englishmen had, instead, laws on private
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based on well-known and popular Southwestern Native American traditions. Two pictographs represent important stories to the tribe: the story of Captain John Rolfe and Pocahontas and the story of the treaty that set up payments of game. After the teacher left the school, some members returned to
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The story of Pocahontas (Matoaka) tells a piece of Pamunkey history, but from an English colonial perspective. Study of primary documents from the time of English arrival shows that initial contact was characterized by mutual cultural misunderstanding. Colonists portrayed the Virginia tribes by
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Tribal laws govern all civil matters. In criminal matters, outside authorities such as a Sheriff or Police, may respectfully notify the Tribal Chief about serving a warrant. But, such action is not legally required. The tribe does not operate a police force or jail. Most tribal members obey the
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The same 1896 study noted that tribal laws were concerned with, but not limited to, controlling land use, stealing, and fighting (breaking the peace). Instead of using corporal punishment, incarceration, or chastisement, anyone who broke a tribal law was fined or banished. Because the Pamunkey
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property and believed that the land was theirs as soon as the tribe sold it to them. As a result, when Englishmen allowed land to lie fallow, Native Americans assumed they were free to use it for hunting and gathering. Many Englishmen considered both as encroachments on their private property.
546:'s account of the early years expresses such duality: "It pleased God, after a while, to send those people which were our mortal enemies to relieve us with victuals, as bread, corn fish, and flesh in great plenty, which was the setting up of our feeble men, otherwise we had all perished".
599:. The cause of the rebellion was Berkeley's refusal to come to the aid of colonists subjected to frequent raids and murder by natives. Bacon and other colonists, former indentured servants, were victims of raids by local Virginia tribes. Bacon's overseer was murdered by raiding Indians.
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pieces are soaked in water until reaching the consistency of cream. The clay is strained to remove rocks or debris. The water is drained and pressed out until the clay is like dough. It is then ready to be made into pots. Traditional pottery by Pamunkey ancestors of the
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must famish by wronging us your friends. And why are you thus jealous of our loves seeing us unarmed, and both do, and are willing still to feed you, with that you cannot get but by our labors?" Smith included this translation of Powhatan's questions in his writings.
740:, who noted that the tribe had historically forbidden intermarriage between its members and black people. The interracial marriage ban, which had long been unenforced and was formally rescinded in 2012, was a relic of the tribe's attempt to circumvent Virginia's
337:. Given the extensive ethnic mixing that occurred among the Pamunkey before 1844, it's possible that Dalrymple's list is from an inter-ethnic pidgin or even a language from an otherwise unknown language family, rather than from the original Pamunkey language.
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The colonists generally mistrusted most Indian tribes, but they noted the Pamunkey did not steal. "Their custom is to take anything they can seize off; only the people of Pamunkey we have not found stealing, but what others can steal, their king receiveth."
704:. Located on the reservation, the museum provides visitors with insight into the tribe's long history and culture. Included are artifacts from more than 10,000 years of indigenous settlement, replicas of prehistoric materials, and stories. The
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of the Pamunkey), who succeeded her husband after he was killed fighting for the English, was an ally of Berkeley against Bacon. To the English, she was known as "Queen of the Pamunkey". She is known for having signed the Articles of Peace
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and using glazes into their techniques. They learned to use squeeze molds to produce copies of pots quickly. Kiln firing produced finished pottery of more uniform brown tones than the shades of gray from traditional pottery techniques.
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tribes to the Tributary Indians of the colonial government. More reservation lands were established for the tribes, but the treaty required Virginia Native American leaders to acknowledge they and their peoples were subjects of the
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is generally assumed to have been Algonquian, but only fourteen words have been preserved, not enough to determine that the language actually was Algonquian. The words, which were recorded in 1844 by Reverend E.A. Dalrymple
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in 1607, the Powhatan Confederacy was visited by white men: Spanish, French, and English." (Barbour, 5). Scholars estimate that when the English arrived in 1607, this paramount chiefdom numbered about 14,000–21,000 people.
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contrasts. They had respect for Powhatan, but characterized other Native Americans by terms such as "naked devils". Their fear and appreciation of Native Americans was coupled with distrust and unease.
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591:, which began in 1675, resulted in attacks on several tribes that were loyal to the English. The rebellion was a joint effort of white and black former indentured servants. The rebellion was led by
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The Pamunkey, and all Virginia tribes, had an intimate, balanced relationship with the animals, plants, and the geography of their homeland. Like other native tribes, they had techniques, such as
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Powhatan's maternal half-brother and ultimate successor, Opechancanough, launched attacks in 1622 and 1644 as a result of English colonists encroaching on Powhatan lands. The first, known as the
838:, p. 26827: "The addition to the list of Indian entities results from the January 28, 2016, Interior Board of Indian Appeals dismissal of a request for reconsideration in docket number 16–003,
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Theodora Octavia Dennis Cook, wife of Chief George Major Cook, wearing a woven feather neck ornament of wild turkey feathers, wild goose, and shelldrake or shellduck, ca. 1864-ca. 1935
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after 21 days, they are flushed back into the river. Chief Miles estimated that seven million fry were put back into the river in 1998 and probably triple that number in 1999.
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When the English arrived, the Pamunkey were one of the most powerful groups of the Powhatan chiefdom. They inhabited the coastal tidewater of Virginia on the north side of the
370:, to clear land for cultivation or hunting. The land belonged to the group as a whole. The chief and council would allot a parcel of cleared ground to a family head for life.
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The traditional Pamunkey way of life was subsistence living. They lived through a combination of fishing, trapping, hunting, and farming. The latter was developed in the late
477:-speaking language family. This was composed of a number of tribes who spoke variations of the same language, a language now mostly lost. By 1607, more than 30 tribes were
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Colonists of the first successful English settlement, based at Jamestown, had a complicated relationship with Virginia's Native Americans. In the winter of 1607,
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Today, about 430 tribal members remain, some of whom live on their 1,200-acre (4.9 km) reservation. Others are spread out across the United States.
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served as blankets, with a rolled mat for a pillow. The bedding was rolled up and stored during the day to make the space available for other functions.
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The Pamunkey Tribe is one of only two that retain the reservation lands assigned by the 1646 and 1677 treaties with the English colonial government. The
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Initial contact with Europeans was around 1570. "And from on at ever briefer intervals until the first permanent English colony was established at
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occupied this part of the mid-Atlantic coast for more than 10,000 years before European contact. Evidence has been collected by archaeologists,
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arrived in 1607. The Pamunkey nation made up about one-tenth to one-fifteenth of the total, as they numbered about 1,000 persons in 1607.
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Alfred A. Cave, Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial America (2011) University of Nebraska Press at pp. 151,165
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abducted her as a hostage in an attempt to secure the release of some English prisoners and ammunitions held by her father.
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A Vocabulary of Powhatan, compiled by Captain John Smith, with two word-lists of Pamumkey and Nansemond from other sources.
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resented that, in the past, outsiders picked out some laws for ridicule, no outsiders are now allowed to see tribal laws.
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Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017 on January 12, 2018. The historical people were part of the
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The Pamunkey practice of matrilineal succession also created some confusion for Englishmen, who finally in the 1677
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recognized the Pamunkey queen. As with other tribes in the Powhatan confederacy, the Pamunkey also had a
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580:, further displacing the Pamunkey and making it impossible for them to sustain traditional practices.
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614:) in 1677, after Bacon's Rebellion ended. As a result of the treaty, she gained authority over the
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Photograph of a 20th-century Pamunkey girl; the text says she has a sister named Pocahontas. (from
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Pamunkey pottery-makers learned how to paint and glaze pots. The teacher taught them designs and
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was strengthened with crushed or burned shells, crushed steatite, river pebbles, or quartz sand.
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Howell, Benita J.; Levy, Richard S.; Luckenbach, Alvin (1979). "What is Dalrymple's Pamunkey?".
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was made up of over 30 nations, estimated to total about 10,000–15,000 people at the time the
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1342:"How a long-dead white supremacist still threatens the future of Virginia's Indian tribes"
333:, none of the words correspond to any known Algonquian language, or to reconstructions of
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to historians), who achieved historical fame, were Pamunkey Native Americans. Captain
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Benita Howell, Richard Levy & Alvin Luckenbach, 'What Is Dalrymple's Pamunkey?',
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Pamunkey tribal members re-enact the story of Pocahantas – photo taken in 1910.
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359:, they moved their fields and homes about every ten years to allow land to lie
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Joanne Kimberlain, "We're Still Here," Virginian-Pilot. June 7–9, 2009: Print.
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Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown
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In 1646, the first treaty was signed between the Opechancanough's successor,
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recently selected the Pamunkey as one of 24 tribes to be featured in the
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Before and After Jamestown: Virginia's Powhatans and Their Predecessors
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485:, of which the Pamunkey were the largest and one of the most powerful.
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853:"Bill passes to give 6 Va. Native American tribes federal recognition"
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Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century
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The Jamestown adventure: accounts of the Virginia colony, 1605–1614
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1253:"A renowned Virginia Indian tribe finally wins federal recognition"
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We're Still Here: Contemporary Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories.
791:"A renowned Virginia Indian tribe finally wins federal recognition"
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732:, which feared potential competition with its planned casino in
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1147:, Part 2, p. 198. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
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360:
1309:"Virginia's Pamunkey Indian Tribe Granted Federal Recognition"
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evidence, scholars estimate that various distinct cultures of
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779:, Virginia Council on Indians, Commonwealth of Virginia, 2009
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The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture.
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lived in the areas later occupied by the historic Pamunkey.
1471:
1416:, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
1370:"Pamunkey challenge denied, tribe now federally recognized"
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Federal Register; Vol. 81, No. 86; Wednesday, May 4, 2016;
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reservation, the only other in the state, is nearby on the
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Waugaman, Sandra F. and Danielle-Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D.
922:. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1992.
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In Re Federal Acknowledgment of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe.
744:, which recognized only "White" and "Colored" people. The
173:, were similarly recognized through the passage of the
1190:, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005.
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1982, the Pamunkey began the process of applying for
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Richmond: Palari Publishing, 2006 (revised edition).
728:. Their formal application met with opposition from
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882:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
521:. Smith was brought to Opechancanough's brother,
390:), were long and narrow; they were described as "
1757:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
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878:Rountree, Helen C. and E. Randolph Turner III.
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211:is located on some of its ancestral land on the
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436:A History of Virginia for Boys and Girls (1920)
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902:, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office
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1081:International Journal of American Linguistics
1035:International Journal of American Linguistics
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885:
863:
1333:
1281:"Pocahontas' Tribe Wins Federal Recognition"
1145:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
329:'one', which is clearly similar to Powhatan
1099:University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1989.
920:First People: The Early Indians of Virginia
700:, built in 1979, resembled the traditional
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1485:
561:, destroyed colonial settlements such as
489:and his daughter Matoaka (better known as
185:-speaking nations. The Powhatan paramount
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1409:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1969.
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517:, chief of the Pamunkey tribe, captured
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346:Subsistence and relationship to the land
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1083:, vol. 45, no. 1 (Jan. 1979), pp. 78–80
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1167:Virginia Foundation for the Humanities
1018:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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710:National Museum of the American Indian
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141:tribal governments recognized by the
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918:Egloff, Keith and Deborah Woodward.
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473:The Pamunkey are part of the larger
50:Regions with significant populations
1594:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
1579:Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
1157:Rountree, Helen C. (May 30, 2014).
817:. Governor.virginia.gov. 2015-07-02
693:temper, and decorating techniques.
595:against his relation, Governor Sir
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1762:Native American tribes in Virginia
1443:The Indian tribes of North America
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976:The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail
468:indigenous peoples of the Americas
34:Pamunkey Indian Reservation Emblem
14:
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1589:Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia
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1508:
1279:Sky News US Team (2 July 2015).
899:The Pamunkey Indians of Virginia
734:Prince George's County, Maryland
689:traditional pottery techniques.
355:the Pamunkey people did not use
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1446:, Genealogical Publishing Com,
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1307:Vergakis, Brock (2 July 2015).
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648:and trap on reservation lands.
640:Pamunkey Native Americans today
1143:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910).
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363:and recover from cultivation.
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749:exist as a political entity.
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217:King William County, Virginia
1426:, John F. Blair, Publisher,
789:Woodrow, John (2012-12-14).
742:Racial Integrity Act of 1924
698:Pamunkey Indian Tribe Museum
529:Gradual English colonization
7:
1440:Swanton, John Reed (2003),
1070:Evolution Publishing, 1997.
696:The Pamunkey ensured their
651:In 1998, the tribe built a
612:Treaty of Middle Plantation
408:Treaty of Middle Plantation
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775:February 24, 2012, at the
738:Congressional Black Caucus
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147:federally recognized tribe
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1392:indianz.com March 9, 2020
1340:Heim, Joe (1 July 2015).
1251:Heim, Joe (2 July 2015).
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1407:Pocahontas and Her World
974:Wood, Karenne (editor).
746:Bureau of Indian Affairs
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215:adjacent to present-day
145:, and the state's first
143:Commonwealth of Virginia
1584:Mattaponi Indian Nation
1472:Pamunkey Tribe Homepage
897:Pollard, John Garland.
706:Smithsonian Institution
559:Indian Massacre of 1622
438:by John Walter Wayland)
382:Pamunkey homes, called
1515:Native American tribes
1467:Pamunkey Indian Museum
1159:"Pocahontas (d. 1617)"
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466:. Varying cultures of
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1420:Southern, Ed (2004),
1412:Hatfield, April Lee.
1163:Encyclopedia Virginia
815:"Governor – Newsroom"
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445:
433:
135:Pamunkey Indian Tribe
112:Related ethnic groups
45:Enrolled members: 430
1767:Algonquian ethnonyms
1752:Powhatan Confederacy
1538:Chickahominy–Eastern
1526:Federally recognized
672:In 1932, during the
483:Powhatan Confederacy
209:Pamunkey reservation
179:Powhatan paramountcy
155:Eastern Chickahominy
1368:Review, Tidewater.
1186:Rountree, Helen C.
1095:Rountree, Helen C.
795:The Washington Post
726:federal recognition
719:Federal recognition
175:Thomasina E. Jordan
88:English, formerly
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1405:Barbour, Phillip.
859:. 12 January 2018.
578:colony of Virginia
567:Wolstenholme Towne
539:
519:Captain John Smith
481:of the Algonquian
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368:controlled burning
22:
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1733:
1697:(now in Oklahoma)
1453:978-0-8063-1730-4
1433:978-0-89587-302-6
1390:Gwen Moore letter
589:Bacon's Rebellion
584:Bacon's Rebellion
243:Pamunkey language
237:Pamunkey language
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1572:State-recognized
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994:. Archived from
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786:
780:
770:"Writer's Guide"
767:
714:Washington, D.C.
674:Great Depression
597:William Berkeley
501:European contact
456:Native Americans
335:proto-Algonquian
269:'thankfulness',
74:
72:
71:
62:
60:
59:
40:Total population
32:
25:
21:
16:Indigenous tribe
1782:
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1563:Upper Mattaponi
1521:
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1400:Further reading
1397:
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1347:Washington Post
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1321:on July 4, 2015
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989:"Archived copy"
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777:Wayback Machine
768:
764:
759:
721:
667:Woodland Period
662:
642:
634:King of England
593:Nathaniel Bacon
586:
531:
515:Opechanacanough
503:
460:anthropologists
428:
404:
380:
352:Woodland Period
348:
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239:
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225:Mattaponi River
159:Upper Mattaponi
139:Virginia Indian
69:
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57:
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35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1461:External links
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452:archaeological
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285:'go out dog',
277:'friendship',
235:Main article:
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213:Pamunkey River
202:Chesapeake Bay
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1001:on 2018-12-31
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495:Samuel Argall
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341:Way of living
338:
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332:
328:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:'thank you',
280:
276:
273:'O my Lord',
272:
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137:is one of 11
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81:
77:
65:
64:United States
53:
48:
43:
38:
31:
26:
1706:Wachapreague
1558:Rappahannock
1552:
1533:Chickahominy
1442:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1345:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1312:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1256:
1238:, p. 70
1236:Swanton 2003
1231:
1226:, p. 97
1219:
1214:, p. 83
1207:
1202:, p. 35
1195:
1187:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1127:
1104:
1096:
1080:
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1038:
1034:
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1003:. Retrieved
996:the original
983:
975:
949:
919:
898:
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856:
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839:
835:
830:
819:. Retrieved
809:
798:. Retrieved
794:
784:
765:
751:
722:
701:
695:
691:
683:
671:
663:
650:
646:
643:
620:Chickahominy
616:Rappahannock
606:
601:
587:
571:
556:
552:
548:
544:George Percy
540:
512:
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472:
449:
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314:
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286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:'daughter',
258:
254:
240:
206:
195:
163:Rappahannock
151:Chickahominy
134:
132:
122:Chickahominy
102:Christianity
19:Ethnic group
1660:Nacotchtank
730:MGM Casinos
686:pictographs
603:Cockacoeske
574:Necotowance
479:tributaries
357:fertilizers
325:Except for
198:James River
1741:Categories
1721:Wicocomico
1675:Patawomeck
1670:Occaneechi
1630:Chesapeake
1625:Assateague
1620:Arrohattoc
1615:Appomattoc
1005:2018-12-31
821:2015-10-24
800:2015-10-24
757:References
607:weroansqua
491:Pocahontas
475:Algonquian
464:historians
402:Government
392:longhouses
183:Algonquian
169:, and the
126:Patawomeck
106:Indigenous
1680:Paspahegh
1548:Nansemond
1055:143441104
1041:: 78–80.
629:Iroquoian
507:Jamestown
450:Based on
317:'eight',
313:'seven',
303:nahnkitty
297:'three',
221:Mattaponi
171:Nansemond
118:Mattaponi
83:Languages
1747:Pamunkey
1716:Weyanoke
1665:Nottoway
1655:Meherrin
1645:Manahoac
1603:Historic
1553:Pamunkey
1519:Virginia
1286:Sky News
1132:Flaherty
1014:cite web
773:Archived
563:Henricus
412:weroance
388:yehakins
384:yihakans
307:vomtally
305:'five',
301:'four',
295:kiketock
279:baskonee
275:kenaanee
271:o-ma-yah
231:Language
187:chiefdom
96:Religion
90:Powhatan
76:Virginia
23:Pamunkey
1695:Shawnee
1650:Manskin
1610:Accomac
1543:Monacan
1375:22 July
978:, 2007.
836:Notices
702:yehakin
660:Pottery
426:History
315:tingdum
311:talliko
309:'six',
299:mitture
293:'two',
289:'one',
265:'cat',
263:petucka
259:nucksee
257:'son',
255:tonshee
250:, are,
191:English
167:Monacan
1726:Xualae
1701:Tutelo
1690:Senedo
1685:Saponi
1635:Chisca
1450:
1430:
1353:2 July
1325:2 July
1292:2 July
1264:2 July
1053:
625:Siouan
462:, and
361:fallow
327:nikkut
321:'ten'.
319:yantay
291:orijak
287:nikkut
283:eeskut
248:S.T.D.
219:. The
165:, the
161:, the
157:, the
153:, the
73:
61:
1711:Westo
1051:S2CID
999:(PDF)
992:(PDF)
378:Homes
331:nekut
267:kayyo
200:near
1640:Doeg
1448:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1377:2016
1355:2015
1327:2015
1294:2015
1266:2015
1174:2014
1020:link
857:WTVR
678:kiln
653:shad
627:and
618:and
565:and
386:(or
241:The
133:The
1517:in
1043:doi
712:in
1743::
1344:.
1311:.
1283:.
1255:.
1243:^
1165:.
1161:.
1113:^
1088:^
1049:.
1039:45
1037:.
1016:}}
1012:{{
957:^
927:^
907:^
887:^
865:^
855:.
793:.
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124:,
120:,
104:;
1500:e
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1008:.
842:"
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803:.
610:(
605:(
78:)
66:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
