Pangani - Knowledge

717: 709: 70: 266: 81: 454: 92: 314: 283: 130: 297: 387:

artefacts from more recent sites show that populations that used iron for agriculture continued to use (or even went back to) stone technologies after making the shift to an agricultural lifestyle, occasionally employing rare raw materials from upriver. By 600–1000 C.E., if not earlier, farming villages using iron began to appear in the region. They created TIW and dwelt near the Pangani River or atop escarpments with a view of the waterway. The famring peoples of Pangani Bay were the

1749: 196: 2283: 137: 469:. From the Zanjian to the Swahili periods, local people continued to practise the majority of their pottery, trading, and culinary practises. Minor alterations are also discernible, most likely due to ongoing interactions with bordering groups along the shore. From the Zanjian to the Swahili periods, pottery with comparable form and ornamentation was employed. 538:

widespread. The initial phase of these at Pangani was characterised by diffuse settlement. Compared to sites from earlier, Swahili times, those that included only Post-Swahili materials were found during the survey to be relatively smaller. On the other hand, findings from sites containing mostly Swahili artefacts are scarcely any Post-Swahili remains.

612:, or escaped slaves) established hideouts in remote locations. Slavery, servitude, and plantation labour have left behind structural remains that stand as reminders of violence. The diversified population of Pangani Bay includes residents from other places as well as people who self-identify as Zigua, Bondei, Digo, 555:

Villagers in Gombero and other locations along Tanzania's northeastern coast (such as Tongoni, Excavation Unit 3 and Mtakani, Site 51a, Excavation Unit 1) frequently ate mud whelks in recent centuries, possibly as a result of diminishing food supplies (and a growing population). As an alternative, plantation

643:

His letters to his family, sister, and brother-in-law, as well as to the readers of Vendsyssel Tidende, provide a window into the lives, ideas, and experiences of a pragmatic imperialist who was keen to modernise agricultural productivity and introduce "civilization" to the area. Yet the realities of

686:

This was never going to be an easy task because many crops did not adapt well to plantation cultivation, labour was still difficult to find and keep, and commodity prices fluctuated greatly. Unlike most, Lautherborn was more successful. He demonstrated the commercial viability of sisal, kept workers

658:

In the 1890s, German troops quenched the Bushiri Rebellion, a local uprising, and the residents of Pangani Bay once more fell victim to outside intrusion. They attempted to exert authority over the interior of the continent and "pacify" coastal populations. The popular leader of the insurrection was

554:

agriculture gained sway, compounding the pressures of earlier eras. The natives fled to hamlets far from Pangani Town, the occupied political hub. Increased foreign engagement is evidenced by the abundance of novel glass bead kinds and numerous pottery from India, China, and Europe found at Gombero.

537:

The situation along the coast was different after 1550 C.E. In contrast to Mombasa, the majority of coastal cities shrank in population, lost their once-dominant status, or even fell into ruin. By 1600 C.E. and 1850 C.E., respectively, pottery from Post-Swahili and Post-Post-Swahili settlements were

533:

homes. Foreign contacts, which may be seen in the archaeological record in the form of Asian ceramics and glass beads, had a significant impact on the formation of identity borders. For example, 62 of 81 (75.3%) of the beads found during excavations at these sites—92 of 108 (85.2%) at Muhembo (Site

729:

The Mauya plantations no longer grow sugar, but produce much coconut and betel-nut. Pangani was once a secondary center of the sisal industry, servicing sisal plantations to the north and south of town. Pangani also has a fishing industry. In recent years beach resorts north and south of the town

425:

During the Swahili era (1250–1550 CE), interactions between indigenous tribes of the Pangani coast and communities in the Indian Ocean took place, but at a minor level. Thus, the "Golden Age" of the Swahili (1250/1350-1550 C.E., but especially the earlier centuries within this range) influenced

386:

The first people to live in Pangani Bay were hunter-gatherers during the Palaeolithic era. They fashioned tools out of quartz river pebbles by hammering them with simple, forceful blows. Southwest of Bweni, the escarpment is covered in debris from the production and usage of stone tools. Lithic

508:

in Kenya) before 1250 C.E. Due to a shift in Islamic influence (from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea) that brought people together and encouraged settlement growth and expansion, the northern shore dominated the economy during this time. on this model, resurrected leadership anchored on

406:

in Kumbamtoni. Along the river bank, there are also a few Maore Ware sherds that come from the interior of the continent. At sites in Pangani Bay, there is no indication of foreign ceramics from before 1000 C.E., such as Sasanian Islamic variations. However, the discovery of a purported

480:

during the Zanjian period and black-and-yellow ceramics from the Red Sea during the Swahili eras is evidence of the old maritime trade history in Pangani Bay. The pottery in Zanjian and Swahili villages in Pangani Bay shared characteristics with that of sites on the East African coast

675:, one of the two surviving DOAG strongholds, during the uprising, took up guns, learned new skills as a builder, and created labour and management practises that would influence the rest of his stay in the area. In fact, he brought a large portion of his primarily 513:, iconography, and emulation increased trade monopolies and sparked close ties with other groups in the Indian Ocean through trade. During this time, it is likely that a rigid, emic idea of the African hinterland developed as wealthy coastal Swahili town dwellers ( 655:, a Swahili-speaker born in Zanzibar who owned a small estate at the suburb that now bears his name. Abushiri was instrumental in coordinating resistance to German conquest along much of the coast. The Germans hanged him at Pangani in December 1889. 574:

rule, it was a major terminus of caravan routes to the deep interior. From the 1860s onward townspeople established large plantations of sugar and coconut in Mauya, along the banks of the river just west of town. After Sultan

528:

were constructing coral structures and going to mosques for prayer by 1400 C.E. These were the two biggest towns in their respective regions at the time. Other community members (from Muhembo and Tongoni) resided in distant

1730: 730:

have brought tourists. The town is a district headquarters. Its hospital draws patients from many parts of the region. Funguni Secondary School is in Pangani Town and Boza Secondary School is a short distance north.

497:), in addition to the recognised internal cultural continuity. Such evidence suggests that the people of Pangani Bay are still connected to other communities in East Africa on a regional level. 663:

established indirect rule following World War I. Residents still living there have memories connected to these unique interactions, exploitations, and acts of violence that shape their legacy.

579:

signed treaties with Great Britain outlawing the ocean-going trade in slaves in 1873, Pangani became a center for smuggling slaves across the narrow channel to Pemba, in evasion of

632:(DOAG), plantation agriculture was largely recognised as the most effective strategy for advancing the new colony. Indeed, one of the main justifications for colonial expansion in 1572: 472:

Shellfish evidence reveals patterns of food collecting by the first inhabitants and the kinds of foods that were consumed, suggesting both change and continuity. The discovery of

562:

The plantations were worked by slave labor, and Pangani also became an important center of the slave trade, shipping captives taken in the wars attendant on the collapse of the

1737: 671:

Within months of Lautherbonrn's arrival, a coastal uprising (1888–1890) broke out, driving him and the other Europeans out of Pangani. Lautherborn relocated to

517:) saw the need to set themselves apart from people who lived in the interior in order to consolidate their authority and safeguard expanding trade monopolies. 1036: 739: 1715: 534:

37 in Survey Unit 4); and Tongoni—are of foreign (glass) provenance. Among other things, locals created iron tools, textiles, nonglass beads, and ceramics.

640:

through European-run plantations. This task was taken seriously by Lautherborn since it served as the cornerstone of his sense of identity and self-worth.

936: