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we could not understand it. It is only because the graph abstracts away from the structure of its subject matter that it can be visualized. Alternatively, consider a graphical user interface on a computer. The reason graphical user interfaces are useful is that they abstract away from lower-level computational processes, such as machine code, or the physical state of a circuit-board. In general, it seems that data is most useful to us when it is abstracted from its original structure and repackaged in a way that is easier to understand, even if this comes at the cost of accuracy. Hoffman offers the "fitness beats truth theorem" as mathematical proof that perceptions of reality bear little resemblance to reality's true nature. From this he concludes that our senses do not faithfully represent the external world.
1946:. But when the box is unsealed, the observer finds a cat that is either dead or alive; there is no superposition of states. Since the cat is no longer in a superposition of states, then neither is the radioactive atom (nor the vial or the Geiger counter). Hence Schrödinger's wave function no longer holds and the wave function that described the atom—and its superposition of states—is said to have "collapsed": the atom now has only a single state, corresponding to the cat's observed state. But until an observer opens the box and thereby causes the wave function to collapse, the cat is both dead and alive. This has raised questions about, in John S. Bell's words, "where the observer begins and ends".
1797:(1) Like many sciences, physics describes the world through mathematics. Unlike other sciences, physics cannot describe what Schopenhauer called the "object that grounds" mathematics. Economics is grounded in resources being allocated, and population dynamics is grounded in individual people within that population. The objects that ground physics, however, can be described only through more mathematics. In Russell's words, physics describes "certain equations giving abstract properties of their changes". When it comes to describing "what it is that changes, and what it changes from and to—as to this, physics is silent". In other words, physics describes matter's
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1914:. The apparatus is configured so that when the Geiger counter detects radioactive decay, the flask will shatter, poisoning the cat. Unless and until the Geiger counter detects the radioactive decay of a single atom, the cat survives. The radioactive decay the Geiger counter detects is a quantum event; each decay corresponds to a quantum state transition of a single atom of the radioactive material. According to Schrödinger's wave equation, until they are observed, quantum particles, including the atoms of the radioactive material, are in quantum state superposition; each unmeasured atom in the radioactive material is in a quantum superposition of
1962:
2105:; mind and matter are two sides of the same coin, and mental causation is merely the extrinsic description of intrinsic properties of mind. Robert Howell has argued that all causal functions are still accounted for dispositionally (i.e., in terms of the behaviors described by science), leaving phenomenality causally inert. He concludes, "This leaves us once again with epiphenomenal qualia, only in a very surprising place". Neutral monists reject such dichotomous views of mind-body interaction.
1819:(3) Consciousness has many similarities to these intrinsic properties of physics. It, too, cannot be directly observed from an outside perspective. And it, too, seems to ground many observable extrinsic properties: presumably, music is enjoyable because of the experience of listening to it, and chronic pain is avoided because of the experience of pain, etc. Russell concluded that consciousness must be related to these extrinsic properties of matter. He called these intrinsic properties
916:. It has been described as an alternative to panpsychism, or as a form of panpsychism. Proponents of cosmopsychism claim that the cosmos as a whole is the fundamental level of reality and that it instantiates consciousness. They differ on that point from panpsychists, who usually claim that the smallest level of reality is fundamental and instantiates consciousness. Accordingly, human consciousness, for example, merely derives from a larger cosmic consciousness.
2017:; both regularities in nature and conscious experience are expressions of information's underlying character. The theory implies panpsychism, and also solves the problem Penrose poses. On Chalmers's formulation, information in any given position is phenomenally realised, whereas the informational state of the superposition as a whole is not. Panpsychist interpretations of quantum mechanics have been put forward by such philosophers as Whitehead, Shan Gao,
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1593:, the now discredited hypothesis that life is inexplicable and can only be understood if some vital life force exists. He maintains that given time, consciousness and its evolutionary origins will be understood just as life is now understood. Daniel Dennett called the hard problem a "hunch", and maintained that conscious experience, as it is usually understood, is merely a complex cognitive
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980:: the problem of explaining how the consciousness of microscopic physical things might combine to give rise to the macroscopic consciousness of the whole brain. Because protophenomenal properties are by definition the constituent parts of consciousness, it is speculated that their existence would make the emergence of macroscopic minds less mysterious. The philosopher
1759:(3) Panpsychism has all the benefits of materialism because it could mean that consciousness is physical while also escaping the grasp of epiphenomenalism. After some argumentation Chalmers narrows it down further to Russellian monism, concluding that thoughts, actions, intentions and emotions may just be the quiddities of neurotransmitters, neurons, and glial cells.
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neutral monism, which may overlap with other philosophies. In versions of neutral monism in which the world's fundamental constituents are neither mental nor physical, it is quite distinct from panpsychism. In versions where the fundamental constituents are both mental and physical, neutral monism may lead to panpsychism, panprotopsychism, or
272:. Pancognitivism, by contrast, is the view that thought is present everywhere at a fundamental level—a view that had some historical advocates, but no present-day academic adherents. Contemporary panpsychists do not believe microphysical entities have complex mental states such as beliefs, desires, and fears.
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Protophenomenal properties are usually picked out through a combination of functional and negative definitions: panphenomenal properties are those properties that logically entail phenomenal properties (a functional definition), which are themselves neither physical nor phenomenal (a negative definition).
1834:. Chalmers has argued that the extrinsic properties of physics must have corresponding intrinsic properties; otherwise the universe would be "a giant causal flux" with nothing for "causation to relate", which he deems a logical impossibility. He sees consciousness as a promising candidate for that role.
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Animism maintains that all things have a soul, and hylozoism maintains that all things are alive. Both could reasonably be interpreted as panpsychist, but both have fallen out of favour in contemporary academia. Modern panpsychists have tried to distance themselves from theories of this sort, careful
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to lower-level physical facts, just as the fundamental laws of physics are irreducible to lower-level physical facts. Therefore, consciousness should be taken as fundamental in its own right and studied as such. Just as fundamental properties of reality are ubiquitous (even small objects have mass),
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For example, consider a graph, such as a pie chart. A pie chart is easy to understand and use not because it is perfectly homomorphic with the data it represents, but because it isn't. If a graph of, for example, the chemical composition of the human body were to look exactly like a human body, then
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Panpsychism holds that mind or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. It is also described as a theory in which "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe". Panpsychists posit that the type of mentality we know through our own
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is ever discovered, it will be a set of "psychophysical laws", rather than simply a set of physical laws. With
Chalmers as their inspiration, Bohm and Pylkkänen set out to do just that in their panprotopsychism. Chalmers, who is critical of the Copenhagen interpretation and most quantum theories of
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Neutral monism rejects the dichotomy of mind and matter, instead taking a third substance as fundamental that is neither mental nor physical. Proposals for the nature of the third substance have varied, with some theorists choosing to leave it undefined. This has led to a variety of formulations of
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A related criticism is what seems to many to be the theory's bizarre nature. Goff dismisses this objection: though he admits that panpsychism is counterintuitive, he argues that
Einstein's and Darwin's theories are also counterintuitive. "At the end of the day," he writes, "you should judge a view
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of quantum mechanics does not take observation as central to the wave-function collapse, because it denies that the collapse happens. On the many-worlds interpretation, just as the cat is both dead and alive, the observer both sees a dead cat and sees a living cat. Even though observation does not
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It is a natural and near-universal assumption that the world has the properties and causal structures that we perceive it to have; to paraphrase
Einstein's famous remark, we naturally assume that the moon is there whether anyone looks or not. Both theoretical and empirical considerations, however,
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But what consciousness is, we know not; and how it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about as the result of irritating nervous tissue, is just as unaccountable as the appearance of the Djin when
Aladdin rubbed his lamp in the story, or as any other ultimate fact of
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contrasted panpsychism and idealism, saying that while idealists rejected the existence of the world observed with the senses or understood it as ideas within the mind of God, panpsychists accepted the reality of the world but saw it as composed of minds. Chalmers also contrasts panpsychism with
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Many proponents of panpsychism base their arguments not on empirical support but on panpsychism's theoretical virtues. Chalmers says that while no direct evidence exists for the theory, neither is there direct evidence against it, and that "there are indirect reasons, of a broadly theoretical
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I do not see why a conscious being need be aware of only "one" of the alternatives in a linear superposition. What is it about consciousnesses that says that consciousness must not be "aware" of that tantalising linear combination of both a dead and a live cat? It seems to me that a theory of
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O molecules logically entail facts about water: the lower-level facts are sufficient to explain the higher-order facts, since the former logically entail the latter. Similarly, adherents of panprotopsychism believe that "protophenomenal" facts logically entail the existence of consciousness.
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puts it, do these "tiny consciousnesses combine" to create larger conscious experiences such as "the twinge of pain" he feels in his knee? This objection has garnered significant attention, and many have attempted to answer it. None of the proposed answers has gained widespread acceptance.
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has alleged that panpsychism's unfalsifiability goes deeper than run-of-the-mill untestability: it is unfalsifiable because "It does not get up to the level of being false. It is strictly speaking meaningless because no clear notion has been given to the claim". The need for coherence and
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math; comparing physics to economics or population dynamics is a disanalogy. While population dynamics may be grounded in individual people, those people are grounded in "purely mathematical objects" such as energy and charge. The universe is, in a fundamental sense, made of nothing.
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is ubiquitous, while distinguishing these qualities from more complex human mental attributes. They therefore ascribe a primitive form of mentality to entities at the fundamental level of physics but do not ascribe mentality to most aggregate things, such as rocks or buildings.
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There is disagreement over whether idealism is a form of panpsychism or a separate view. Both views hold that everything that exists has some form of experience. According to the philosophers
William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson, "idealists are panpsychists by default".
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are merely semantic. Philip Goff believes that neutral monism can reasonably be regarded as a form of panpsychism "in so far as it is a dual aspect view". Neutral monism, panpsychism, and dual aspect theory are grouped together or used interchangeably in some contexts.
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endorsed a version of panpsychism. He believed that consciousness is not a mysterious property emerging at a certain level of the hierarchy of increasing material complexity, but rather an inherent property, implying the most elementary particles have these properties.
346:(c. 624 – 545 BCE), the first Greek philosopher, posited a theory which held "that everything is full of gods". Thales believed that magnets demonstrated this. This has been interpreted as a panpsychist doctrine. Other Greek thinkers associated with panpsychism include
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criticized explanations of consciousness invoking quantum physics, saying: "to my ear, this amounts to the feeling that quantum mechanics sure is weird, and consciousness sure is weird, so maybe quantum mechanics can explain consciousness"; a view echoed by physicist
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first articulated
Integrated information theory (IIT) in 2004, and it has undergone two major revisions since then. Tononi approaches consciousness from a scientific perspective, and has expressed frustration with philosophical theories of consciousness for lacking
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Panpsychism is incompatible with emergentism. In general, theories of consciousness fall under one or the other umbrella; they hold either that consciousness is present at a fundamental level of reality (panpsychism) or that it emerges higher up (emergentism).
1306:, consider it a form of panpsychism. IIT does not hold that all systems are conscious, leading Tononi and Koch to state that IIT incorporates some elements of panpsychism but not others. Koch has called IIT a "scientifically refined version" of panpsychism.
1295:(Φ). He believes consciousness is nothing but integrated information, so Φ measures consciousness. As it turns out, even basic objects or substances have a nonzero degree of Φ. This would mean that consciousness is ubiquitous, albeit to a minimal degree.
665:, the leading American absolute idealist, held that reality is a "world self", a conscious being that comprises everything, though he didn't necessarily attribute mental properties to the smallest constituents of mentalistic "systems". The American
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The consensus view is that perception is a reconstruction of one's environment. Hoffman views perception as a construction rather than a reconstruction. He argues that perceptual systems are analogous to information channels, and thus subject to
1123:. In some Buddhist traditions, the Buddha-nature doctrine may be interpreted as implying a form of panpsychism. Graham Parks argues that most "traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean philosophy would qualify as panpsychist in nature".
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Whitehead criticizes—Whitehead's concept of "actual occasion" refers to the "immediate experienced occasion" of any possible perceiver, having in mind only himself as perceiver at the outset, in accordance with his strong commitment to
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Philosophers such as
Chalmers have argued that theories of consciousness should be capable of providing insight into the brain and mind to avoid the problem of mental causation. If they fail to do that, the theory will succumb to
1605:, maintains that philosophers ought to be more patient: neuroscience is still in its early stages, so Chalmers's hard problem is premature. Clarity will come from learning more about the brain, not from metaphysical speculation.
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experience is present, in some form, in a wide range of natural bodies. This notion has taken on a wide variety of forms. Some historical and non-Western panpsychists ascribe attributes such as life or spirits to all entities (
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philosophy is also a form of panpsychism, Berkeley rejected panpsychism and posited that the physical world exists only in the experiences minds have of it, while restricting minds to humans and certain other specific agents.
1708:. The goal of such arguments is to argue for sides of a debate (the thesis and antithesis), weigh their vices and merits, and then reconcile them (the synthesis). Chalmers's thesis, antithesis, and synthesis are as follows:
101:. It is also described as a theory that "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe". It is one of the oldest philosophical theories, and has been ascribed to philosophers including
2001:
may be the theory
Penrose is seeking. Chalmers believes that information will play an integral role in any theory of consciousness because the mind and brain have corresponding informational structures. He considers the
1528:. The term is attributed to Chalmers. He argues that even after "all the perceptual and cognitive functions within the vicinity of consciousness" are accounted for, "there may still remain a further unanswered question:
826:, while distancing himself from orthodox panpsychists, has written that his view is "not unlike panpsychism" in that he rejects a line in nature between "events lit up by phenomenology those that are mere darkness".
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Physics is mathematical, not because we know so much about the physical world, but because we know so little: it is only its mathematical properties that we can discover. For the rest our knowledge is negative.
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character, for taking the view seriously". Notwithstanding Tononi and Koch's criticism of panpsychism, they state that it integrates consciousness into the physical world in a way that is "elegantly unitary".
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went so far as to argue that natural objects such as rocks and stones are part of the supreme embodiment of the Buddha. According to Parks, Buddha-nature is best described "in western terms" as something
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argues that the fundamental elements of the universe are "occasions of experience", which can together create something as complex as a human being. Building on
Whitehead's work, process philosopher
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The measurement problem has largely been characterised as the clash of classical physics and quantum mechanics. Bohm argued that it is rather a clash of classical physics, quantum mechanics, and
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Before the first premise is accepted, the range of possible explanations for consciousness is fully open. Each premise, if accepted, narrows down that range of possibilities. If the argument is
1411:). Meixner writes that formulations of panpsychism can be divided into dualist and idealist versions. He further divides the latter into "atomistic idealistic panpsychism", which he ascribes to
1869:"a magnet for anyone who wants to find room for crazy properties of the mind", but not entirely without warrant. The relationship between observation (and, by extension, consciousness) and the
1756:). If consciousness plays no causal role, then it is unclear how Chalmers could even write this paper. On the other hand, consciousness is irreducible to the physical processes of the brain.
1024:. Just as the extrinsic properties of matter can form higher-order structure, so can their corresponding and identical quiddities. Russell believed the conscious mind was one such structure.
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as a means to theorizing relations between "inner" and "outer" tropes in the context of psychotherapy. Panpsychism has also been applied in environmental philosophy by
Australian philosopher
204:"). The use of "psyche" is controversial because it is synonymous with "soul", a term usually taken to refer to something supernatural; more common terms now found in the literature include
2003:
2063:. Tononi and Koch write: "Besides claiming that matter and mind are one thing, has little constructive to say and offers no positive laws explaining how the mind is organized and works".
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This world is indeed a living being endowed with a soul and intelligence ... a single visible living entity containing all other living entities, which by their nature are all related.
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It evidently feels like something to be a human brain. This means that when things in the world are organised in a particular way, they begin to have an experience. The questions of
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and spacetime are illusory, and are merely a "species specific evolved user interface"; (2) Reality is made of a complex, dimensionless, and timeless network of "conscious agents".
29:
1953:; all three levels of description seem to be difficult to reconcile, or even contradictory. Though not referring specifically to quantum mechanics, Chalmers has written that if a
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argues that the view faces difficulty with the combination problem. He considers it "ad hoc", and believes it diminishes the parsimony that made the theory initially interesting.
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1558:, all wrote about the seeming incompatibility of third-person functional descriptions of mind and matter and first-person conscious experience. Likewise, Asian philosophers like
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schools of Buddhism explicitly attribute Buddha-nature to inanimate objects such as lotus flowers and mountains. This idea was defended by figures such as the Tiantai patriarch
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1752:(2) On one hand, if consciousness is separate from the physical world then there is no room for it to exert any causal power on the world (a state of affairs philosophers call
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rates" of neurons, finding that the brain is a "classical rather than a quantum system" and that quantum mechanics does not relate "to consciousness in any fundamental way".
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calls Russell's panpsychism "realistic physicalism". He argues that "the experiential considered specifically as such" is what it means for something to be physical. Just as
1823:. Just as extrinsic physical properties can create structures, so can their corresponding and identical quiddites. The conscious mind, Russell argued, is one such structure.
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Even if reality is an illusion, Hoffman takes consciousness as an indisputable fact. He represents rudimentary units of consciousness (which he calls "conscious agents") as
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Berkeley, George (1948–57, Nelson) Robinson, H. (ed.) (1996). "Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues", pp. ix–x & passim. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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separate, as well as dualism's problems explaining how mind and matter interact. By contrast, Uwe Meixner argues that panpsychism has dualist forms, which he contrasts to
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If (P3) is true, then consciousness exists, and is either (a) its own property of matter or (b) composed by the matter of the brain but not logically entailed by it.
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into philosophical vocabulary. According to Bruno, "There is nothing that does not possess a soul and that has no vital principle". Platonist ideas resembling the
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proposed a philosophy similar to panpsychism, "panbiotism", according to which "everything is fraught with life; it contains life; it has the ability to live".
268:. In the form of panpsychism under discussion in the contemporary literature, conscious experience is present everywhere at a fundamental level, hence the term
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579:), which has the aspects of mind (thought) and matter (extension). Leibniz's view is that there are infinitely many absolutely simple mental substances called
1749:. Cause and effect is a symmetrical process. There is no room for consciousness to exert any causal power on the physical world unless it is itself physical.
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discussed the problem of how consciousness arises from unconscious matter. Similar sentiments have been articulated through philosophical inquiries such as
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in relation to the original is minuscule, and does not necessarily—or, seemingly, even often—overlap with the subset that is efficient or easiest to use.
133:. In the 19th century, panpsychism was the default philosophy of mind in Western thought, but it saw a decline in the mid-20th century with the rise of
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If (P2) is true, then either consciousness does not exist, or it (a) exists as distinct property of matter or (b) is fundamentally entailed by matter.
1808:(2) Russell argued that physics is mathematical because "it is only mathematical properties we can discover". This is true almost by definition: if
1586:. These problems have caused Chalmers to consider panpsychism a viable solution to the hard problem, though he is not committed to any single view.
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Chalmers calls panpsychism an alternative to both materialism and dualism. Similarly, Goff calls panpsychism an alternative to both physicalism and
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1471:. Strawson, on the other hand, describes panpsychism as a form of physicalism, on his view the only viable form. Panpsychism can be combined with
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According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's cat is both dead and alive until observed or measured in some way.
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Hoffman, D. (2019). The Case Against Reality: Why Evolution Hid the Truth from Our Eyes. pp. 94–115, 123–124. New York, NY: Norton & Co.
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1891:(which is to say, in many seemingly contradictory states or locations simultaneously) until measured in some way. This process is known as
3947:"Why Buddha Nature is one of the most important understandings in Mahayana Buddhism and why Tathagatagarbha Buddha Nature is not the soul"
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P4: Higher-order properties of matter (i.e., emergent properties) can, at least in principle, be reduced to their lower-level properties.
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Mørch, Hedda Hassel (October 1, 2019). "Is the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness Compatible with Russellian Panpsychism?".
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mental events, termed "actual occasions". But rather than signifying such exotic metaphysical objects—which would in fact exemplify the
1922:. This means that while the box remains sealed and its contents unobserved, the Geiger counter is also in a superposition of states of
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if it were. They hypothesize that reality is composed of these conscious agents, who interact to form "larger, more complex" networks.
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1201:, a cognitive scientist specialising in perception. He has written numerous papers on the topic which he summarised in his 2019 book
659:). According to Schopenhauer, "All ostensible mind can be attributed to matter, but all matter can likewise be attributed to mind".
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1236:. Though the theory was not initially panpsychist, he reports that he and his colleague Chetan Prakash found the math to be more
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Vaidya, Anand; Bilimoria, Purushottama (2015). "Advaita Vedanta and the Mind Extension Hypothesis: Panpsychism and Perception".
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One criticism of panpsychism is that it cannot be empirically tested. A corollary of this criticism is that panpsychism has no
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and reconstruction. The set of possible reconstructions for any given data set is quite large. Of that set, the subset that is
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Mørch, Hedda Hassel (2019). "Is the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness Compatible with Russellian Panpsychism?".
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1899:, one of the oldest interpretations and the most widely taught, it is the act of observation that collapses the wave-function
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2040:. In 2017, Penrose rejected these characterizations, stating that disagreements are about the nature of quantum mechanics.
2021:, and Hoffman, who is a cognitive scientist. Protopanpsychist interpretations have been put forward by Bohm and Pylkkänen.
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Dualism makes the problem insoluble; materialism denies the existence of any phenomenon to study, and hence of any problem.
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573:, can be said to be panpsychists. In Spinoza's monism, the one single infinite and eternal substance is "God, or Nature" (
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Mayner, William G. P.; Marshall, William; Albantakis, Larissa; Findlay, Graham; Marchman, Robert; Tononi, Giulio (2018).
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Steffes, David M. (2007). "Panpsychic Organicism: Sewall Wright's Philosophy for Understanding Complex Genetic Systems".
2097:, a view commonly criticised as implausible or even self-contradictory. Proponents of panpsychism (especially those with
250:, who has explored panpsychism as a viable theory, distinguishes between microphenomenal experiences (the experiences of
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693:, and this lands us in panpsychism and a belief that our physical perceptions are effects on us of 'psychical' realities
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article "Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism". Other recent proponents include American philosophers
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No, as it happens, I don't think it's crazy. I'm rather sympathetic to panpsychism. But not for the reasons you give.
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Therefore, if all four premises are true, consciousness is its own unique property of matter and panpsychism is true.
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nature of consciousness and its ubiquity. If consciousness is ubiquitous, then in panpsychism, every atom (or every
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and dualism. Chalmers says panpsychism respects the conclusions of both the causal argument against dualism and the
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501:, who ventured what might be called panpsychism, it was not a dominant strain in philosophical theology. But in the
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5308:"How diverse are physics instructors' attitudes and approaches to teaching undergraduate level quantum mechanics?"
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5282:"Episode 25: David Chalmers on Consciousness, the Hard Problem, and Living in a Simulation, 49:10 – Sean Carroll"
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famously articulated the Copenhagen interpretation's unusual implications in the thought experiment now known as
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in which the universe is suffused with mind, which he associated with spontaneity and freedom. Following Pierce,
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4857:"Locke's View of the Hard Problem of Consciousness and Its Implications for Neuroscience and Computer Science"
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Though Chalmers gave the hard problem of consciousness its present name, similar views were expressed before.
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for dualism. Goff has argued that panpsychism avoids the disunity of dualism, under which mind and matter are
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765:, was also panpsychism's most significant 20th century proponent. This misreading attributes to Whitehead an
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In 2015, Chalmers proposed a possible solution to the mind-body problem through the argumentative format of
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3372:(Podcast). The Panpsycast Philosophy Podcast. September 3, 2017. Event occurs at 00:27:17. Archived from
3273:"Does Consciousness Pervade the Universe? – Philosopher Philip Goff answers questions about 'panpsychism'"
1619:(1996), Chalmers attempts to pinpoint why the hard problem is so hard. He concludes that consciousness is
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David Chalmers writes that, in some instances, the differences between "Russell's neutral monism" and his
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One widespread misconception is that the arguably greatest systematic metaphysician of the 20th century,
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1119:. In numerous Indian sources, the idea is connected to the mind, especially the Buddhist concept of the
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to carve out the distinction between the ubiquity of experience and the ubiquity of mind and cognition.
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play a central role in this case, questions about observation are still relevant to the discussion. In
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more generally to refer to forms of panpsychism in which experience rather than thought is ubiquitous.
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Panpsychism encompasses many theories, united only by the notion that mind in some form is ubiquitous.
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5160:"Out of mind: philosopher Patricia Churchland's radical approach to the study of human consciousness"
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1852:, disagrees with these conclusions. By his account, the universe is not just describable by math but
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Rather than solely trying to solve the problem of consciousness, Russell also attempted to solve the
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1322:. Versions of panpsychism have been likened to each of these positions as well as contrasted to them.
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consciousness would be needed for one to square the many world view with what one actually observes.
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extrinsic properties are outwardly observable, then they will be the only ones discovered. This led
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argued that "insentient beings expound" the teachings of the Buddha, and wrote about the "mind" (心,
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3370:"Episode 25, Philip Goff and David Papineau Debate: 'Can Science Explain Consciousness?' (Part II)"
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If (P1) is true, then either consciousness does not exist, or it exists within the physical world.
6775:
6581:
6406:
5046:
4596:
Meixner, Uwe (2016). "Idealism and Panpsychism". In Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (eds.).
4095:
Prakash, Stephens, Hoffman, Singh, Fields. "Fitness Beats Truth in the Evolution of Perception".
1602:
1476:
1357:
1326:
Because panpsychism encompasses a wide range of theories, it can in principle be compatible with
740:
2556:
1675:
If (P4) is true, then (b) is false, and consciousness must be its own unique property of matter.
429:
developed a cosmology that held that the natural world is infused with the divine fiery essence
254:
entities) and macrophenomenal experiences (the experiences of larger entities, such as humans).
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5061:"What the History of Vitalism Teaches Us About Consciousness and the "Hard Problem""
4951:
4237:"From the Phenomenology to the Mechanisms of Consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0"
6643:
6633:
6571:
6521:
6495:
6401:
6396:
6283:
6258:
6133:
5134:"26th Distinguished Lecture on Brain, Learning and Memory with Patricia Churchland – YouTube"
1993:(1996) does just that. Leaning toward the many-worlds interpretation due to its mathematical
1888:
1699:
1472:
1408:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1291:. This has allowed Tononi to create a measurement for integrated information, which he calls
774:
485:
Illustration of the Cosmic order by Robert Fludd, where the World soul is depicted as a woman
363:
234:
37:
5356:
3553:
Groundwork for a Transpersonal Psychoanalysis: Spirituality, Relationship, and Participation
841:, postulates that consciousness is widespread and can be found even in some simple systems.
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4315:
4248:
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1954:
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860:. He argues that the true nature of reality is abstract "conscious agents". Science editor
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316:
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5238:
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by protophenomenal properties, at least in principle. This is similar to how facts about H
8:
6760:
6358:
6188:
3722:
3277:
2331:
2025:
1876:
1598:
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1352:
David Chalmers and Philip Goff have each described panpsychism as an alternative to both
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502:
398:
5323:
4625:
4382:
4319:
4252:
4160:
4012:
Saichō : the establishment of the Japanese Tiandai School : with a new preface
1910:. He imagines a box that contains a cat, a flask of poison, radioactive material, and a
193:
6770:
6711:
6586:
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6107:
5983:
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3005:
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2253:
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2150:
1989:
1615:
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Donald Hoffman, Conscious agent networks: Formal analysis and applications to cognition
941:
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791:
779:
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388:
284:
134:
45:
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5358:
Quantum Physics & Observed Reality: A Critical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
4212:
4177:
2006:
further evidence of information's central role, and suggests that information that is
1907:
755:
750:
published "A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter," a paper based on his
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6505:
6123:
6032:
6010:
5988:
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5904:
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4015:
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5432:
3116:
1270:. Though integral to his theory, he refrains from philosophical terminology such as
251:
185:
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6483:
6448:
6416:
6238:
5679:
5471:
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5327:
5072:
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3069:
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2133:, depending on the version of panpsychism) has a minimal level of it. How then, as
2094:
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1998:
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1237:
1233:
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126:
55:
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5807:
3303:
2400:
167:
6333:
6193:
6153:
5610:
A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science
4702:
4391:
4261:
2404:
2213:
2198:
2142:
2114:
2102:
2037:
1575:
1104:, the artist must be aware of the "ishigokoro" ('heart', or 'mind') of the rocks.
1038:
811:
621:
584:
450:
6071:
4953:
The Elements of Physiology and Hygiene: A Text-book for Educational Institutions
6593:
6443:
6338:
6248:
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6183:
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5332:
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2316:
2311:
2301:
2134:
2126:
2098:
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1911:
1835:
1831:
1738:
1641:
P1: There is no spiritual plane or disembodied soul; everything that exists is
1621:
1583:
1563:
1424:
981:
872:
857:
823:
799:
732:
724:
698:
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633:
583:
that make up the universe's fundamental structure. While it has been said that
566:
518:
431:
247:
130:
5424:
5133:
4996:
4547:
4490:
4437:
4328:
4303:
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3073:
1994:
6754:
6673:
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6458:
6363:
6318:
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6288:
6263:
6253:
6233:
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6002:
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5502:
5341:
5084:
4882:
4873:
4455:
4337:
4270:
4203:
3411:
3407:
2931:. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, Vol. 17, No. 2. pp. 158–170.
2688:
2599:
2460:
2118:
2032:
1975:
1827:
1555:
1262:
1127:
1120:
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1091:
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861:
838:
834:
678:
641:
625:
613:
454:
393:
178:
118:
5574:
4096:
4029:
6628:
6618:
6613:
6576:
6526:
6323:
6303:
6293:
6223:
6143:
4900:
4410:
4288:
4221:
4194:
3760:
3647:
3449:
3431:
3226:
3169:
2258:
1826:
Proponents of panpsychism who use this line of reasoning include Chalmers,
1634:
1535:
1479:
because the latter denies the existence of the relevant mental attributes.
1222:
960:
Panprotopsychists believe that higher-order phenomenal properties (such as
945:
795:
666:
662:
609:
562:
546:
494:
462:
332:
142:
4940:
Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic (1843), Book V, Chapter V, Section 3.
2818:
2740:
1958:
consciousness, has coined this "the Law of the Minimisation of Mystery".
6694:
6668:
6478:
6391:
6368:
6343:
6328:
6228:
6203:
6178:
6173:
6052:
4525:
2321:
2243:
2185:
2066:
1845:
1715:
1642:
1559:
1462:
1458:
1404:
1377:
1353:
1338:, or other perspectives depending on the details of a given formulation.
1303:
924:
Panexperientialism is associated with the philosophies of, among others,
880:
681:
also espoused a form of panpsychism. In his lecture notes, James wrote:
600:
In the 19th century, panpsychism was at its zenith. Philosophers such as
296:
33:
6298:
5683:
4968:
3009:
2070:
clarification is accepted by David Skrbina, a proponent of panpsychism.
1987:
Chalmers believes that the tentative variant of panpsychism outlined in
833:
of consciousness (IIT), proposed by the neuroscientist and psychiatrist
6531:
6453:
6353:
6273:
6243:
6198:
4655:
4499:
4446:
3670:
3057:
3000:
2336:
2179:
1539:
1522:
particular experience rather than another experience, are known as the
1412:
1116:
747:
709:
542:
466:
377:
347:
213:
146:
5920:
Consciousness in the Physical World: Perspectives on Russellian Monism
5764:
5194:
Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality
5101:" ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PHILOSOPHY MILLENNIAL LECTURE. November 28, 1999.
4161:
Conscious agent networks: Formal analysis and application to cognition
3749:(Foreword by Nicholas Rescher, Frankfurt / Paris, Ontos Verlag, 2006).
3420:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2748:
Consciousness in the Physical World: Perspectives on Russellian Monism
1816:
to conclude that intrinsic properties are "intrinsically unknowable".
1626:
consciousness may also be, though he considers that an open question.
505:, it enjoyed something of a revival in the thought of figures such as
6603:
6536:
6500:
6163:
6128:
6076:
5763:
Chalmers, David (2016), Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (eds.),
5215:(Spring 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
4836:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
4757:
4235:
Oizumi, Masafumi; Albantakis, Larissa; Tononi, Giulio (May 8, 2014).
3833:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2846:
2248:
2233:
2146:
1662:, then by the last premise panpsychism is the only possibility left.
1571:
1530:
Why is the performance of these functions accompanied by experience?"
1096:
1076:
1009:
529:
was a fundamental part of the world, and Patrizi introduced the term
339:
230:
166:
For a definition of the term "panpsychism", see the Wiktionary entry
20:
6066:
5408:
4803:
4574:"A Neuroscientist's Radical Theory of How Networks Become Conscious"
2676:
2587:
1648:
P2: Consciousness is irreducible to lower-level physical properties.
1314:
1203:
The Case Against Reality: How evolution hid the truth from our eyes.
850:
The Case Against Reality: How evolution hid the truth from our eyes.
5641:(Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
5179:
Schopenhauer, A. Der Welt als Wille und Vorstellung. Book II, § 17.
5060:
4922:(Fall 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
4373:
3867:(Fall 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2851:
2238:
2193:
2125:
in 1995. The problem arises from the tension between the seemingly
1961:
1590:
1392:
1365:
1361:
1143:
1112:
766:
651:
Arthur Schopenhauer argued for a two-sided view of reality as both
588:
426:
404:
2906:
1142:, who spoke of the Buddha-nature of grasses and trees. Similarly,
396:
of Being and that it must have a psychic aspect of mind and soul (
28:
6546:
5266:(1999). "The Self". In Gallagher, Shaun; Shear, Jonathan (eds.).
3501:"Conscious: A Brief Guide to the Fundamental Mystery of the Mind"
3252:(2006). "Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism".
2078:
not for its cultural associations but by its explanatory power".
1737:(1) A centerpiece of Chalmers's argument is the physical world's
1139:
1131:
1072:
226:
114:
110:
98:
97:
or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of
5382:
4159:
Fields, Chris; Hoffman, Donald; Prakash, Chetan; Singh, Manish.
3886:
6663:
6007:
Conscious: A Brief Guide to the Fundamental Mystery of the Mind
5984:
Galileo's Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness
5559:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 158–60, 172–203.
4983:
Philosophy of Mind's Hard Problem in Light of Buddhist Idealism
4350:
3603:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 285.
3060:(1990). "A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter".
1884:
1272:
1135:
1059:
have argued that it can be considered a form of panpsychism or
1020:
properties. Russell called these identical internal properties
961:
913:
769:
according to which the basic nature of the world is made up of
674:
372:
343:
325:
102:
4548:"How do you explain consciousness? | David Chalmers – YouTube"
2101:
tendencies) hope to bypass this problem by dismissing it as a
856:
lacks concrete existence, and is nothing more than an evolved
6308:
2943:
English and American Philosophy Since 1800: A Critical Survey
2864:
2782:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 1.
1298:
The philosopher Hedda Hassel Mørch's views IIT as similar to
1159:
1147:
437:
383:
352:
106:
85:
3932:
Parks, Graham. "The awareness of rocks". Skrbina David, ed.
1283:
instead opting for mathematically precise alternatives like
864:
argues that panpsychism is a viable theory in her 2019 book
758:
has described Bohm's view as a version of panprotopsychism.
6638:
6566:
5113:"Illusionism as an obvious default theory of consciousness"
1880:
837:
in 2004 and since adopted by other neuroscientists such as
770:
497:
declined. Though there were mediaeval theologians, such as
358:
321:
310:
205:
201:
197:
94:
73:
5882:
The Mental as Fundamental: New Perspectives on Panpsychism
3951:
Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation
3147:
The Quantum of Explanation: Whitehead's Radical Empiricism
3038:
The Mental as Fundamental: New Perspectives on Panpsychism
1415:, and "holistic idealistic panpsychism", which he favors.
1154:) of "fences, walls, tiles, and pebbles". The 9th-century
4824:
3258:. Volume 13, No 10–11, Exeter, Imprint Academic pp. 3–31.
2874:
2395:
2130:
1842:, Strawson believes that consciousness "just is" matter.
810:
and David Skrbina, British philosophers Gregg Rosenberg,
283:
to refer specifically to the form of panpsychism used in
153:
have revived interest in panpsychism in the 21st century.
79:
61:
5665:"The Russellian Monist's Problems with Mental Causation"
3887:"Vedanta, Advaita | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
1747:
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
1589:
Brian Jonathan Garrett has compared the hard problem to
392:, in which he writes that all things participate in the
229:). Contemporary academic proponents, however, hold that
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2528:
Seager, William; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (May 23, 2001).
2141:
Concepts related to this problem include the classical
1518:
this material structure has experience, and why it has
914:
unified object that is ontologically prior to its parts
731:
also defended a form of panpsychism. The psychologists
5715:(1995). "Consciousness, information and panpsychism".
5306:
Siddiqui, Shabnam; Singh, Chandralekha (May 1, 2017).
4746:(1st ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
4234:
2436:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 365.
1247:
Axioms and postulates of integrated information theory
940:
view from other varieties of panpsychism. Whitehead's
705:(1883), has been described as advocating panpsychism.
5732:
5730:
5557:
The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory
5527:"Roger Penrose On Why Consciousness Does Not Compute"
5042:
The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory
3801:
The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory
3527:"Annaka Harris's 'Conscious' and the Trap of Dualism"
2828:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 179–214
2527:
798:'s 1979 article "Panpsychism" and further spurred by
82:
76:
70:
64:
4178:"An information integration theory of consciousness"
2796:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2278:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2276: – doctrine that God is the ground of all being
1637:
argues that panpsychism follows from four premises:
976:
Panprotopsychism is advertised as a solution to the
380:(who said "The thinking faculty is common to all").
58:
5937:Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig, eds. (2016).
5863:
Mind That Abides: Panpsychism in the New Millennium
4950:Huxley, Thomas Henry; Youmans, William Jay (1868).
4009:
2998:Carus, Paul. (1893). "Panpsychism and Panbiotism".
2929:
William James: Panpsychist and Metaphysical Realist
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2427:
2425:
1027:
948:argues for a pancreativism. Goff has used the term
67:
5901:Panpsychism: The Philosophy of the Sensuous Cosmos
5727:
5457:"Why the brain is probably not a quantum computer"
5206:
5018:Tiwald, Justin; Van Norden, Bryan W. eds. (2005),
4727:
4725:
4723:
4136:"Making Sense Podcast #178 – The Reality Illusion"
3804:, pp. 153–156. Oxford University Press, New York,
3669:Nagasawa, Yujin; Wager, Khai (December 29, 2016),
3348:Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Consciousness
2917:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 681.
2824:. In Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (eds.).
1727:is true; not everything is fundamentally physical.
790:Panpsychism has recently seen a resurgence in the
16:View that mind is a fundamental feature of reality
6072:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Panpsychism
6067:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Panpsychism
5591:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Basil Blackwell.
4828:; Seager, William; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (2020),
4742:. In Stich, Stephen P.; Warfield, Ted A. (eds.).
4644:
2399:; Seager, William; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (2017).
2113:The combination problem (which is related to the
1773:Bertrand Russell, An Outline of Philosophy (1927)
1693:John R. Searle, Consciousness and Language, p. 47
1302:, while other philosophers, such as Chalmers and
871:Panpsychism has been postulated by psychoanalyst
6752:
5936:
5032:
5030:
5028:
3900:
3329:
2702:
2431:
2422:
1487:
1309:
1251:
912:Cosmopsychism hypothesizes that the cosmos is a
868:, though she stops short of fully endorsing it.
40:, in some ways a precursor to modern panpsychism
4969:Is the Hard Problem of Consciousness Universal?
4720:
4632:. New York: Rider and Company. pp. 442–453
4530:"Can Information Theory Explain Consciousness?"
3906:
3598:
3304:"The Intrinsic Nature Argument for Panpsychism"
3024:Panpsychism of James Ward and Charles A. Strong
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2149:(the philosophical study of parts and wholes),
1205:Conscious realism builds upon Hoffman's former
1181:increasingly indicate that this is not correct.
727:views tended toward panpsychism. The physicist
414:, Plato argues for the idea of a world soul or
324:or spirit is said to reside in the religion of
32:Illustration of the Neoplatonic concept of the
5825:Panpsychism: Past and Recent Selected Readings
4357:: A toolbox for integrated information theory"
4000:, p. 42. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
3662:
3568:For Love of Matter: A Contemporary Panpsychism
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3266:
3264:
3144:
2626:Panpsychism: Past and Recent Selected Readings
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2081:
1897:Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics
1718:is true; everything is fundamentally physical.
1452:
441:. The relationship between beings' individual
279:had a narrower meaning, having been coined by
6092:
5917:
5305:
5256:
5099:The Zombic Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition?
5025:
4949:
4913:
4069:
3858:
3677:, Oxford University Press, pp. 113–129,
3668:
3599:Iovino, Serenella; Oppermann, Serpil (2014).
3492:
3182:
2961:. New York, Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 200
2432:Bruntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (2017).
1111:is an important and multifaceted doctrine in
6053:List of online classic papers on panpsychism
5918:Alter, Torin; Nagasawa, Yugin, eds. (2015).
5705:
5196:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 162–164.
4042:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3416:"Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?"
2964:
537:(world soul) also resurfaced in the work of
4804:"Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness"
4072:"The Evolutionary Argument Against Reality"
3518:
3391:
3261:
3245:
3243:
3087:
3085:
3083:
2746:. In Alter, Torin; Nagasawa, Yugin (eds.).
2360:
1848:, theoretical physicist and creator of the
932:, although the term itself was invented by
902:
525:. Cardano argued for the view that soul or
6099:
6085:
5658:
5656:
5632:
5270:. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 1–24.
4696:
4620:
4614:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4046:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3498:
3406:
3362:
3292:
2771:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
1318:A diagram depicting four positions on the
1197:Conscious realism is a theory proposed by
1115:that is related to the capacity to attain
685:Our only intelligible notion of an object
5765:"The Combination Problem for Panpsychism"
5491:"The Brain: The Mystery of Consciousness"
5331:
5207:Marshall, Dan; Weatherson, Brian (2018),
4890:
4872:
4744:The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind
4498:
4470:
4445:
4400:
4390:
4372:
4327:
4278:
4260:
4211:
4193:
4097:http://cogsci.uci.edu/~ddhoff/FBT-7-30-17
4014:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
3699:
3683:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199359943.003.0005
3439:
3091:
3050:
2819:"The Combination Problem for Panpsychism"
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2455:
2453:
1997:, he believes his variety of panpsychist
1930:; the vial is in a superposition of both
449:was a central concern of the Roman Stoic
435:, directed by the universal intelligence
5879:
5762:
5736:
5554:
5262:
5065:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
4914:Kulstad, Mark; Carlin, Laurence (2020),
4801:
4731:
4650:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3758:
3671:"Panpsychism and Priority Cosmopsychism"
3240:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3145:Auxier, Randall; Herstein, Gary (2017).
3080:
2813:
2735:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
1960:
1313:
1242:
1095:
1066:
977:
480:
309:
27:
5860:
5841:
5653:
5639:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5612:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
5521:
5519:
5454:
5213:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5191:
5187:
5185:
5157:
5110:
5058:
4920:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4834:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4789:LXXXIII, 4 (October 1974), pp. 435–450.
4737:"Consciousness and its Place in Nature"
4595:
4584:
3865:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3831:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3711:"Consciousness and Fundamental Reality"
3623:
3524:
3188:
1762:
743:also endorsed variants of panpsychism.
6753:
6106:
6023:
6001:
5939:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives
5827:. State University of New York Press.
5822:
5737:Frankish, Keith (September 20, 2016).
5711:
5662:
5628:
5626:
5550:
5548:
5488:
5354:
5236:
5232:
5230:
4854:
4797:
4795:
4690:
4598:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives
4301:
4175:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3824:
3467:
3298:
3191:"The Evolution of Nagel's Panpsychism"
2826:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives
2780:Panpsychism and the Religious Attitude
2777:
2635:
2536:
2450:
2434:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives
2108:
1299:
1169:
469:also made use of the Platonic idea of
6700:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
6080:
6029:The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism
5961:Consciousness and Fundamental Reality
5941:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5587:Lycan, William G., ed. (1990-01-01).
5020:Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy,
4667:The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism
4600:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4520:
4518:
4476:
4423:
4171:
4169:
3919:
3859:Alter, Torin; Pereboom, Derk (2019),
3820:
3818:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3747:Whitehead's Pancreativism. The Basics
3565:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3215:
3173:
2884:
2882:
2613:
2574:
2490:
2477:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0114-26
2048:
2024:Tegmark has formally calculated the "
1865:In a 2018 interview, Chalmers called
1745:explains this phenomenon succinctly:
1209:. In combination they argue that (1)
919:
5977:
5955:
5898:
5516:
5237:Harris, Annaka (February 27, 2020).
5209:"Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties"
5182:
4656:"Idealism and the Mind-Body Problem"
4571:
3705:
3556:. Abingdon, UK; New York: Routledge.
3335:
3270:
3149:. Routledge. pp. 39–49, 66–81.
3095:Mind, Matter and the Implicate Order
3056:
2958:An Introduction to Living Philosophy
2585:
2551:
2459:
2121:, but was given its present name by
2043:
1860:
1682:
1174:
987:
879:, who has put forward the notion of
141:, and developments in the fields of
5922:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5739:"Why Panpsychism Is Probably Wrong"
5623:
5545:
5489:Pinker, Steven (January 29, 2007).
5439:
5409:"A quantum theory of consciousness"
5406:
5239:"Consciousness Isn't Self-Centered"
5227:
5158:Baggini, Julian (October 8, 2019).
4792:
4707:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4572:Keim, Brandon (November 14, 2013).
4302:Tononi, Giulio (January 22, 2015).
4176:Tononi, Giulio (November 2, 2004).
3845:
3525:Epstein, Dmitry (August 23, 2019).
2750:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2681:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2674:
2592:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2588:"The Hard Problem of Consciousness"
2409:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
993:
955:
752:interpretation of quantum mechanics
673:espoused a sort of psycho-physical
350:(who saw the unifying principle or
13:
6060:, by various authors, compiled by
5787:
5608:Churchland, Paul M. (1989-01-01).
5274:
5077:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00584.x
4630:A History of Philosophical Systems
4524:
4515:
4166:
4110:"Experiencing a virtual interface"
3815:
3774:
3761:"Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism"
3723:10.1093/oso/9780190677015.001.0001
3456:
3178:. London: Canto. pp. 181–195.
2879:
2741:"Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism"
2630:State University of New York Press
1938:and the cat in a superposition of
1788:, which is arguably a form of the
1780:Intrinsic and extrinsic properties
1060:
1032:
331:Panpsychist views are a staple in
14:
6787:
6046:
5383:"Measurement problem – Wikiquote"
4855:Lisman, John E. (June 23, 2017).
3627:Journal of the History of Biology
3271:Cook, Gareth (January 14, 2020).
2955:Robinson, Daniel Sommer. (1932).
2145:(aggregates and organic wholes),
1706:thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
1418:
775:fallacy of misplaced concreteness
636:as well as psychologists such as
5756:
5717:Journal of Consciousness Studies
5602:
5581:
5482:
5448:
5400:
5375:
5348:
5059:Garrett, Brian Jonathan (2006).
4808:Journal of Consciousness Studies
4070:Amanda Gefter (April 21, 2016).
4060:Publications, Donald D. Hoffman.
3998:The Lion's roar of Queen Srimala
3996:Wayman, Alex and Hideko (1990),
3909:Journal of Consciousness Studies
3311:Journal of Consciousness Studies
3255:Journal of Consciousness Studies
3101:. Berlin: Springer. p. 38.
1850:mathematical universe hypothesis
1482:
1085:
1028:Religious or mystical ontologies
907:
648:all promoted panpsychist ideas.
188:: "all, everything, whole") and
54:
5880:Blamauer, Michael, ed. (2011).
5299:
5200:
5173:
5151:
5126:
5104:
5091:
5052:
5012:
4988:
4975:
4960:
4943:
4934:
4907:
4848:
4818:
4775:
4565:
4540:
4417:
4344:
4304:"Integrated information theory"
4295:
4228:
4153:
4128:
4102:
4089:
4063:
4054:
4003:
3990:
3965:
3939:
3879:
3752:
3739:
3617:
3592:
3566:Lucas, Rebecca Garcia (2005). "
3559:
3544:
3163:
3138:
3092:Pylkkänen, Paavo T. I. (2006).
3030:
3014:
2992:
2949:
2940:Rogers, Arthur Kenyon. (1922).
2934:
2921:
2899:
2858:
2840:
2004:computational nature of physics
992:Russellian monism is a type of
785:
715:
689:is that it should be an object
595:
556:
489:After Emperor Justinian closed
4916:"Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind"
3341:"The Problem of Consciousness"
3020:Calvert, Ernest Reid. (1942).
3004:. Vol. 3, No. 2. pp. 234–257.
1371:
1055:as illusory. Anand Vaidya and
996:. The theory is attributed to
476:
386:argues for panpsychism in his
241:
1:
6557:Hard problem of consciousness
5637:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
5476:10.1016/S0020-0255(00)00051-7
5455:Tegmark, Max (July 4, 2000).
5211:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
4918:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
4832:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
3973:"Definition of BUDDHA-NATURE"
3863:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
3829:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
3825:Irvine, Andrew David (2020),
2946:. New York: Macmillan. p. 326
2465:"Is Consciousness Universal?"
2292:Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov
1805:properties that ground them.
1525:hard problem of consciousness
1506:Hard problem of consciousness
1488:Hard problem of consciousness
1310:In relation to other theories
1258:Integrated information theory
1252:Integrated information theory
1044:
1043:Advaita Vedānta is a form of
883:as a version of panpsychism.
831:integrated information theory
139:hard problem of consciousness
6058:Online papers on panpsychism
5861:Skrbina, David, ed. (2009).
5813:Resources in other libraries
5633:Stubenberg, Leopold (2018),
5589:Mind and Cognition: A Reader
5531:Nautilus | Science Connected
5286:www.preposterousuniverse.com
4783:What is it Like to be a Bat?
4697:Stubenberg, Leopold (2016).
4628:. In Ferm, Vergilius (ed.).
4534:The New York Review of Books
4392:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006343
4262:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003588
4010:Groner, Paul, 1946– (2000).
1608:
1475:but cannot be combined with
1016:manifestations of identical
1008:. Russell believed that all
894:
305:
260:draws a distinction between
161:
7:
5963:. Oxford University Press.
5672:The Philosophical Quarterly
5312:European Journal of Physics
5022:p. 101. Hackett Publishing.
4802:Chalmers, David J. (1995).
3346:. In Kriegel, Uriah (ed.).
3036:Blamauer, Michael. (2011).
2219:Microcosm–macrocosm analogy
2166:
2088:Problem of mental causation
2082:Problem of mental causation
1791:problem of infinite regress
1453:Physicalism and materialism
1386:
818:, and Canadian philosopher
301:Microcosm–macrocosm analogy
156:
10:
6792:
5823:Clarke, D.S., ed. (2004).
4361:PLOS Computational Biology
4241:PLOS Computational Biology
3586:10.1177/096327190501400410
3470:"The Case Against Reality"
3235:Cambridge University Press
3172:(1979), "Panpsychism", in
2557:"The Case for Panpsychism"
2347:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2085:
2052:
1971:many-worlds interpretation
1777:
1697:
1568:the problem of other minds
1503:
1499:Thomas Henry Huxley (1896)
1456:
1422:
1390:
1375:
1345:
1341:
1255:
1190:
1089:
1070:
1036:
822:. The British philosopher
294:
290:
219:
165:
18:
6720:
6687:
6514:
6384:
6279:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
6269:David Lewis (philosopher)
6114:
5808:Resources in your library
5771:, Oxford University Press
5425:10.1007/s11023-007-9084-0
4491:10.1007/s10670-018-9995-6
4438:10.1007/s10670-018-9995-6
4329:10.4249/scholarpedia.4164
3715:Oxford Scholarship Online
3640:10.1007/s10739-006-9105-5
3350:. Oxford University Press
3074:10.1080/09515089008573004
2778:Clarke, David S. (2012).
1893:a wave-function collapse.
1651:P3: Consciousness exists.
1000:, and may also be called
848:Donald Hoffman published
561:In the 17th century, two
137:. Recent interest in the
5555:Chalmers, David (1996).
5355:Wimmel, Hermann (1992).
5333:10.1088/1361-6404/aa6131
5111:Dennett, Daniel (2016).
4874:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01069
4787:The Philosophical Review
3759:Chalmers, David (2013).
3062:Philosophical Psychology
2977:Skrbina, David. (2005).
2927:Ford, Marcus P. (1981).
2873:, 29/30; fourth century
2353:
2269:Transpersonal psychology
1801:properties, but not the
1006:Russell's neutral monism
903:Philosophical frameworks
630:William Kingdon Clifford
459:Hellenistic philosophies
297:Anima mundi (World soul)
19:Not to be confused with
6407:Eliminative materialism
5844:Panpsychism in the West
5842:Skrbina, David (2005).
5663:Howell, Robert (2014).
5047:Oxford University Press
4998:Buddhism Comes to China
4861:Frontiers in Psychology
3977:www.merriam-webster.com
2979:Panpsychism in the West
2914:Encyclopædia Britannica
1603:eliminative materialist
1477:eliminative materialism
1358:conceivability argument
1289:information integration
746:In 1990, the physicist
741:Charles Augustus Strong
457:finds connections with
455:metaphysics of Stoicism
93:) is the view that the
6659:Propositional attitude
6654:Problem of other minds
6562:Hypostatic abstraction
4195:10.1186/1471-2202-5-42
3474:The Book Room at Byron
3432:10.1098/rstb.2014.0167
3174:Nagel, Thomas (1979).
2297:Alfred North Whitehead
1985:
1966:
1872:wave-function collapse
1814:Alfred North Whitehead
1776:
1743:Newton's law of motion
1696:
1502:
1323:
1279:unity of consciousness
1248:
1193:Map–territory relation
1189:
1105:
1057:Purushottama Bilimoria
1002:Russell's panpsychism,
930:Alfred North Whitehead
763:Alfred North Whitehead
695:
671:Charles Sanders Peirce
486:
424:
418:. According to Plato:
328:
123:Alfred North Whitehead
41:
6730:Philosophers category
6634:Mental representation
6397:Biological naturalism
6284:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
6259:Frank Cameron Jackson
5192:Tegmark, Max (2014).
3601:Material Ecocriticism
3376:on September 25, 2019
3189:Coleman, Sam (2018).
2160:vinculum substantiale
2086:Further information:
1980:
1964:
1889:quantum superposition
1766:
1698:Further information:
1686:
1580:philosophical zombies
1491:
1473:reductive materialism
1457:Further information:
1403:idealism (as well as
1391:Further information:
1376:Further information:
1346:Further information:
1328:reductive materialism
1317:
1246:
1207:User-Interface Theory
1178:
1099:
1071:Further information:
1067:Animism and hylozoism
938:process philosophical
794:, set into motion by
683:
484:
420:
313:
275:Originally, the term
235:subjective experience
212:, mental aspect, and
31:
6412:Emergent materialism
5899:Ells, Peter (2011).
5464:Information Sciences
5361:. World Scientific.
3573:Environmental Values
3550:Brown, R.S. (2020).
3027:. Boston University.
2274:Theistic Personalism
2204:Holographic Universe
1955:theory of everything
1786:problem of substance
1763:Problem of substance
1733:panpsychism is true.
1102:Japanese rock garden
852:Hoffman argues that
697:English philosopher
655:and Representation (
646:Rudolf Hermann Lotze
499:John Scotus Eriugena
6609:Language of thought
6359:Ludwig Wittgenstein
6189:Patricia Churchland
5324:2017EJPh...38c5703S
4981:Arnold, Dan (2015)
4966:Chalmers, David J.
4622:Hartshorne, Charles
4383:2018PLSCB..14E6343M
4320:2015SchpJ..10.4164T
4253:2014PLSCB..10E3588O
3861:"Russellian Monism"
3709:(August 24, 2017).
3570:by Freya Mathews".
3278:Scientific American
3126:on November 4, 2019
2908:"Panpsychism"
2469:Scientific American
2463:(January 1, 2014).
2332:Mary Whiton Calkins
2117:) can be traced to
2109:Combination problem
2008:physically realised
1877:measurement problem
1599:Patricia Churchland
1552:Thomas Henry Huxley
1170:Scientific theories
978:combination problem
936:to distinguish the
846:cognitive scientist
703:Physical Metempiric
618:Eduard von Hartmann
602:Arthur Schopenhauer
503:Italian Renaissance
6437:Neurophenomenology
6108:Philosophy of mind
5865:. John Benjamins.
5413:Minds and Machines
5407:Gao, Shan (2008).
5268:Models of the Self
5097:Dennett, Daniel. "
4994:Bryan Van Norden,
4763:on October 3, 2017
4733:Chalmers, David J.
4652:Chalmers, David J.
3827:"Bertrand Russell"
3480:on August 10, 2020
3426:(1668): 20140167.
2254:Philosophy of mind
2229:Mythopoeic thought
2151:Gestalt psychology
2049:Theoretical issues
2010:is simultaneously
1990:The Conscious Mind
1967:
1616:The Conscious Mind
1440:The Conscious Mind
1432:dual aspect theory
1400:Charles Hartshorne
1324:
1249:
1106:
1100:In the art of the
966:logically entailed
950:panexperientialism
942:process philosophy
926:Charles Hartshorne
920:Panexperientialism
792:philosophy of mind
780:radical empiricism
754:. The philosopher
523:Tommaso Campanella
511:Bernardino Telesio
487:
445:and the universal
329:
285:process philosophy
277:panexperientialism
270:panexperientialism
262:panexperientialism
135:logical positivism
46:philosophy of mind
42:
6748:
6747:
6644:Mind–body problem
6542:Cognitive closure
6506:Substance dualism
6124:G. E. M. Anscombe
5929:978-0-19-992735-7
5910:978-1-84694-505-2
5891:978-3-86838-114-6
5884:. Gazelle Books.
5853:978-0-262-69351-6
5846:. The MIT Press.
5794:Library resources
5684:10.1093/pq/pqu058
5368:978-981-02-1010-6
3610:978-0-253-01395-8
3046:978-3-86838-114-6
2789:978-0-7914-5685-9
2757:978-0-19-992735-7
2443:978-0-19-935994-3
2307:Friedrich Paulsen
2224:Monistic idealism
2044:Arguments against
1928:no decay detected
1908:Schrödinger's cat
1904:Erwin Schrödinger
1895:According to the
1867:quantum mechanics
1861:Quantum mechanics
1700:Mind–body problem
1683:Mind-body problem
1544:Gottfried Leibniz
1469:substance dualism
1348:Mind–body dualism
1320:mind-body problem
1300:Russellian monism
1234:Markovian kernels
1211:consensus reality
1175:Conscious realism
1113:Mahayana Buddhism
1053:consensus reality
1049:Indian philosophy
988:Russellian monism
934:David Ray Griffin
854:consensus reality
808:David Ray Griffin
571:Gottfried Leibniz
551:Cornelius Agrippa
541:thinkers such as
515:Francesco Patrizi
320:– a rock where a
281:David Ray Griffin
210:mental properties
151:quantum mechanics
6783:
6496:Representational
6491:Property dualism
6484:Type physicalism
6449:New mysterianism
6417:Epiphenomenalism
6239:Martin Heidegger
6101:
6094:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6042:
6020:
5998:
5974:
5952:
5933:
5914:
5895:
5876:
5857:
5838:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5734:
5725:
5724:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5635:"Neutral Monism"
5630:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5552:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5533:. April 27, 2017
5523:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5470:(3–4): 155–179.
5461:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5387:en.wikiquote.org
5379:
5373:
5372:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5303:
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5294:
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5197:
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5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5120:Imprint Academic
5117:
5108:
5102:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5056:
5050:
5034:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5005:
4992:
4986:
4979:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4941:
4938:
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4927:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4876:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4799:
4790:
4781:Nagel, Thomas. "
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4762:
4756:. Archived from
4741:
4729:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4703:Zalta, Edward N.
4699:"Neutral monism"
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4660:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4618:
4612:
4611:
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4581:
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4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4522:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4485:(5): 1065–1085.
4474:
4468:
4467:
4449:
4432:(5): 1065–1085.
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4376:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4264:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4197:
4182:BMC Neuroscience
4173:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4116:. August 9, 2019
4106:
4100:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4033:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3943:
3937:
3934:Mind that Abides
3930:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3856:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3822:
3813:
3793:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3499:Kirkus Reviews.
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3476:. Archived from
3465:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3404:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3345:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3317:(10–11): 129–145
3308:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3268:
3259:
3247:
3238:
3231:Mortal Questions
3224:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3176:Mortal questions
3167:
3161:
3160:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3119:. Archived from
3100:
3089:
3078:
3077:
3054:
3048:
3040:. Ontos. p. 35.
3034:
3028:
3018:
3012:
2996:
2990:
2975:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2886:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2811:
2794:
2793:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2745:
2733:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2675:Skrbina, David.
2672:
2633:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2586:Weisberg, Josh.
2583:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2549:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2405:Zalta, Edward N.
2393:
2327:Iain McGilchrist
2279:
2264:Reflexive monism
2209:Mana (Mandaeism)
2095:epiphenomenalism
2061:predictive power
2019:Michael Lockwood
1999:property dualism
1879:. It seems that
1875:is known as the
1774:
1754:epiphenomenalism
1694:
1631:Mortal Questions
1548:John Stuart Mill
1500:
1446:property dualism
1285:entropy function
1268:predictive power
1219:data compression
1187:
1165:psychophysical".
998:Bertrand Russell
956:Panprotopsychism
804:realistic monist
729:Arthur Eddington
721:Bertrand Russell
701:, the author of
576:Deus sive Natura
507:Gerolamo Cardano
336:Greek philosophy
246:The philosopher
127:Bertrand Russell
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6716:
6683:
6629:Mental property
6522:Abstract object
6510:
6380:
6334:Wilfrid Sellars
6209:Donald Davidson
6194:Paul Churchland
6154:George Berkeley
6110:
6105:
6049:
6039:
6025:Seager, William
6017:
5995:
5971:
5949:
5930:
5911:
5892:
5873:
5854:
5835:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5788:Further reading
5785:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5761:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5735:
5728:
5713:Seager, William
5710:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5667:
5661:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5631:
5624:
5607:
5603:
5586:
5582:
5567:
5553:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5487:
5483:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5353:
5349:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5264:Strawson, Galen
5261:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5235:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5205:
5201:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5138:www.youtube.com
5132:
5131:
5127:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5096:
5092:
5057:
5053:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4980:
4976:
4965:
4961:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4912:
4908:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4823:
4819:
4800:
4793:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4739:
4730:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4663:Seager, William
4658:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4594:
4585:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4552:www.youtube.com
4546:
4545:
4541:
4523:
4516:
4475:
4471:
4422:
4418:
4367:(7): e1006343.
4349:
4345:
4300:
4296:
4247:(5): e1003588.
4233:
4229:
4174:
4167:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4076:Quanta Magazine
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4035:
4034:
4022:
4008:
4004:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3953:. June 25, 2017
3945:
3944:
3940:
3931:
3920:
3915:(7–8): 201–225.
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3857:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3823:
3816:
3794:
3775:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3745:See, e.g., his
3744:
3740:
3733:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3667:
3663:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3593:
3564:
3560:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3457:
3405:
3392:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3337:Papineau, David
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3306:
3300:Seager, William
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3269:
3262:
3250:Strawson, Galen
3248:
3241:
3225:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3109:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3055:
3051:
3035:
3031:
3019:
3015:
2997:
2993:
2976:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2922:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2887:
2880:
2863:
2859:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2815:Chalmers, David
2812:
2797:
2790:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2743:
2737:Chalmers, David
2734:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2673:
2636:
2623:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2584:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2526:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2430:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2394:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2282:
2277:
2214:Maya (illusion)
2199:Gaia hypothesis
2169:
2157:concept of the
2143:sorites paradox
2115:binding problem
2111:
2103:false dichotomy
2090:
2084:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2038:Stephen Hawking
1863:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1611:
1576:explanatory gap
1508:
1501:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1465:
1455:
1427:
1421:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1312:
1260:
1254:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1069:
1041:
1039:Advaita Vedanta
1035:
1033:Advaita Vedānta
1030:
1012:properties are
990:
971:
958:
922:
910:
905:
897:
886:The geneticist
812:Timothy Sprigge
788:
756:Paavo Pylkkänen
718:
622:F.C.S. Schiller
598:
585:George Berkeley
559:
491:Plato's Academy
479:
451:Marcus Aurelius
376:or spirit) and
338:. According to
308:
303:
293:
244:
222:
177:comes from the
171:
164:
159:
57:
53:
36:emanating from
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6789:
6779:
6778:
6776:Theory of mind
6773:
6768:
6763:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6624:Mental process
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6594:Intentionality
6591:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6444:Neutral monism
6441:
6440:
6439:
6429:
6427:Interactionism
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6339:Baruch Spinoza
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6249:Edmund Husserl
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6219:René Descartes
6216:
6214:Daniel Dennett
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6184:David Chalmers
6181:
6176:
6171:
6169:Franz Brentano
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6149:Alexander Bain
6146:
6141:
6139:Thomas Aquinas
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6062:David Chalmers
6055:
6048:
6047:External links
6045:
6044:
6043:
6038:978-1138817135
6037:
6027:, ed. (2020).
6021:
6016:978-0062906717
6015:
6003:Harris, Annaka
5999:
5994:978-1524747961
5993:
5975:
5970:978-0190677015
5969:
5953:
5948:978-0199359943
5947:
5934:
5928:
5915:
5909:
5896:
5890:
5877:
5872:978-9027252111
5871:
5858:
5852:
5839:
5833:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5755:
5726:
5704:
5678:(258): 22–39.
5652:
5622:
5618:978-0262031516
5601:
5597:978-0631160762
5580:
5565:
5544:
5515:
5481:
5447:
5438:
5399:
5374:
5367:
5347:
5298:
5273:
5255:
5226:
5199:
5181:
5172:
5150:
5125:
5103:
5090:
5071:(3): 576–588.
5051:
5037:David Chalmers
5024:
5011:
4987:
4974:
4959:
4956:. D. Appleton.
4942:
4933:
4906:
4847:
4817:
4791:
4774:
4753:978-0631217756
4752:
4719:
4689:
4676:978-1138817135
4675:
4643:
4613:
4607:978-0199359943
4606:
4583:
4564:
4539:
4514:
4469:
4416:
4343:
4294:
4227:
4165:
4152:
4127:
4101:
4088:
4062:
4053:
4020:
4002:
3989:
3964:
3938:
3918:
3899:
3878:
3844:
3814:
3796:David Chalmers
3773:
3751:
3738:
3731:
3698:
3691:
3661:
3634:(2): 327–361.
3616:
3609:
3591:
3580:(4): 523–524.
3558:
3543:
3517:
3505:Kirkus Reviews
3491:
3455:
3414:(March 2015).
3412:Koch, Christof
3408:Tononi, Giulio
3390:
3361:
3328:
3291:
3260:
3239:
3214:
3181:
3162:
3156:978-1138700161
3155:
3137:
3107:
3079:
3068:(2): 271–286.
3049:
3029:
3013:
2991:
2963:
2948:
2933:
2920:
2898:
2878:
2857:
2839:
2795:
2788:
2770:
2756:
2701:
2634:
2612:
2573:
2561:Philosophy Now
2535:
2489:
2461:Koch, Christof
2449:
2442:
2421:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:Gerard Heymans
2314:
2312:Galen Strawson
2309:
2304:
2302:David Chalmers
2299:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2135:Keith Frankish
2123:William Seager
2110:
2107:
2099:neutral monist
2083:
2080:
2055:Falsifiability
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
1924:decay detected
1912:Geiger counter
1887:, etc. are in
1862:
1859:
1840:mass is energy
1836:Galen Strawson
1832:Galen Strawson
1770:
1764:
1761:
1739:causal closure
1735:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1610:
1607:
1564:Guifeng Zongmi
1504:Main article:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1454:
1451:
1425:Neutral monism
1423:Main article:
1420:
1419:Neutral monism
1417:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1370:
1343:
1340:
1311:
1308:
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1199:Donald Hoffman
1183:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1090:Main article:
1087:
1084:
1068:
1065:
1037:Main article:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
994:neutral monism
989:
986:
982:David Chalmers
969:
957:
954:
921:
918:
909:
906:
904:
901:
896:
893:
873:Robin S. Brown
858:user-interface
824:David Papineau
820:William Seager
800:Galen Strawson
787:
784:
733:Gerard Heymans
725:neutral monist
717:
714:
699:Alfred Barratt
638:Gustav Fechner
634:Thomas Carlyle
597:
594:
567:Baruch Spinoza
558:
555:
519:Giordano Bruno
478:
475:
307:
304:
292:
289:
266:pancognitivism
248:David Chalmers
243:
240:
221:
218:
163:
160:
158:
155:
131:Galen Strawson
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6788:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:Understanding
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6599:Introspection
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6552:Consciousness
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6474:Phenomenology
6472:
6470:
6469:Phenomenalism
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:Occasionalism
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6432:Naïve realism
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Functionalism
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Stephen Yablo
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6319:Richard Rorty
6317:
6315:
6314:Hilary Putnam
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Marvin Minsky
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Immanuel Kant
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:William James
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6159:Henri Bergson
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6095:
6090:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6040:
6034:
6031:. Routledge.
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5834:0-7914-6132-7
5830:
5826:
5821:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5731:
5723:(3): 272–288.
5722:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5657:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5566:0-19-510553-2
5562:
5558:
5551:
5549:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5318:(3): 035703.
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5231:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5188:
5186:
5176:
5161:
5154:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5021:
5015:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4954:
4946:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4830:"Panpsychism"
4827:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4712:September 15,
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4678:
4672:
4669:. Routledge.
4668:
4664:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4631:
4627:
4626:"Panpsychism"
4623:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4098:
4092:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4021:0-8248-2371-0
4017:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3936:. Chapter 17.
3935:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3888:
3882:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3810:0-19-511789-1
3807:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3734:
3732:9780190677015
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3694:
3692:9780199359943
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3536:September 19,
3532:
3531:Areo Magazine
3528:
3521:
3510:September 19,
3506:
3502:
3495:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3380:September 25,
3375:
3371:
3365:
3354:September 24,
3349:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:Nagel, Thomas
3223:
3221:
3219:
3207:September 19,
3203:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3170:Nagel, Thomas
3166:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:9783540480587
3104:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2987:0-262-19522-4
2984:
2981:. MIT Press.
2980:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2763:September 15,
2759:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:"Panpsychism"
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2624:Clarke, D.S.
2621:
2619:
2617:
2605:September 11,
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:"Panpsychism"
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2482:September 13,
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2414:September 15,
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:"Panpsychism"
2398:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:William James
2116:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:Steven Pinker
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1976:Roger Penrose
1972:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:phenomenology
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:not shattered
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:Annaka Harris
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:Wilhelm Wundt
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1495:
1483:Arguments for
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:ontologically
1359:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1336:functionalism
1333:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1263:Giulio Tononi
1259:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:luminous mind
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Buddha-nature
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:Buddha-nature
1086:Buddha-nature
1083:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1061:cosmopsychism
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
983:
979:
974:
967:
963:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
917:
915:
908:Cosmopsychism
900:
892:
889:
888:Sewall Wright
884:
882:
878:
877:Freya Mathews
874:
869:
867:
863:
862:Annaka Harris
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
839:Christof Koch
836:
835:Giulio Tononi
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
783:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
713:
711:
706:
704:
700:
694:
692:
688:
682:
680:
679:William James
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
642:Wilhelm Wundt
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Ernst Haeckel
623:
619:
615:
614:William James
611:
607:
603:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
483:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
433:
428:
423:
419:
417:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
379:
375:
374:
369:
366:(who saw the
365:
361:
360:
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
327:
323:
319:
318:
312:
302:
298:
288:
287:(see below).
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
252:microphysical
249:
239:
236:
232:
228:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
169:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:William James
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
90:
51:
47:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
6710: /
6706: /
6702: /
6619:Mental image
6614:Mental event
6577:Intelligence
6527:Chinese room
6373:
6324:Gilbert Ryle
6304:Derek Parfit
6294:Thomas Nagel
6224:Fred Dretske
6144:J. L. Austin
6116:Philosophers
6028:
6006:
5987:. Pantheon.
5982:
5979:Goff, Philip
5960:
5957:Goff, Philip
5938:
5919:
5900:
5881:
5862:
5843:
5824:
5798:
5773:, retrieved
5768:
5758:
5746:. Retrieved
5743:The Atlantic
5742:
5720:
5716:
5707:
5695:. Retrieved
5675:
5671:
5643:, retrieved
5638:
5609:
5604:
5588:
5583:
5556:
5535:. Retrieved
5530:
5508:September 2,
5506:. Retrieved
5494:
5484:
5467:
5463:
5450:
5441:
5419:(1): 39–52.
5416:
5412:
5402:
5392:September 3,
5390:. Retrieved
5386:
5377:
5357:
5350:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5291:September 2,
5289:. Retrieved
5285:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5246:. Retrieved
5242:
5219:September 4,
5217:, retrieved
5212:
5202:
5193:
5175:
5163:. Retrieved
5153:
5141:. Retrieved
5137:
5128:
5119:
5106:
5093:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5045:. New York:
5040:
5019:
5014:
5004:December 29,
5002:, retrieved
4997:
4990:
4982:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4945:
4936:
4926:September 3,
4924:, retrieved
4919:
4909:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4840:September 3,
4838:, retrieved
4833:
4826:Goff, Philip
4820:
4814:(3): 200–19.
4811:
4807:
4786:
4777:
4765:. Retrieved
4758:the original
4743:
4710:. Retrieved
4706:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4666:
4646:
4634:. Retrieved
4629:
4616:
4597:
4577:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4551:
4542:
4533:
4526:Searle, John
4482:
4478:
4472:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4346:
4311:
4308:Scholarpedia
4307:
4297:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4185:
4181:
4155:
4145:September 1,
4143:. Retrieved
4139:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
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