Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India

959:

independent Indian state. The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man. The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement, with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress (INC) being to end discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects. This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919. The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before the law, free speech, trial by juries composed at least half of Indian members, political power, and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens. standard of conduct for the legislatures, government and the courts".

1466:

also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental character. However, there are certain rights – such as those in Articles 15, 17, 18, 23, 24 – that are also available against private individuals. Further, certain Fundamental Rights – including those under Articles 14, 20, 21, 25 – apply to persons of any nationality upon Indian soil, while others – such as those under Articles 15, 16, 19, 30 – are applicable only to

954:, the resolution, which later formed the basis for some of the Directive Principles, placed the primary responsibility of carrying out social reform on the State, and marked the increasing influence of socialism and Gandhian philosophy on the independence movement. The final phase of the Independence movement saw a reiteration of the socialist principles of the 1930s, along with an increased focus on minority rights – which had become an issue of major political concern by then – which were published in the 1984:

they derogated from the Fundamental Rights conferred by Articles 14, 19 and 21. The application of this article was sought to be extended to all the Directive Principles by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, but the Supreme Court struck down the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for

3581: 3569: 3557: 119: 1995:

to uphold the Constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects laid out in the Fundamental Duties. These Duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens, subject to the State enforcing the same by means of a valid law. The Supreme Court has also issued directions to the State in this regard, with a view towards making the provisions effective and enabling citizens to properly perform their duties.

1042: 1794: 1670: 1624:

after the 86th Amendment in 2002, this has been converted into a Fundamental Right and replaced by an obligation upon the State to secure childhood care to all children below the age of six. Article 47 commits the State to raise the standard of living and improve public health, and prohibit the consumption of

35: 937:, non-discrimination on the ground of sex, free elementary education and free use of public spaces. In 1927, the INC resolved to set up a committee to draft a "Swaraj Constitution" for India based on a declaration of rights that would provide safeguards against oppression. The 11-member committee, led by 1983:

have been used to uphold the Constitutional validity of legislations in case of a conflict with the Fundamental Rights. Article 31C, added by the 25th Amendment in 1971, provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b)–(c) would not be invalid on the grounds that

1465:

have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void. These rights are largely enforceable against the State, which as per the wide definition provided in Article 12, includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments, but

1994:

case, has adopted the view of the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles being complementary to each other, each supplementing the other's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution. Similarly, the Supreme Court has used the Fundamental Duties

1951:

and in response the Parliament passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 overturning the Supreme Court's verdict. This act provoked further outrage, as jurists, critics and politicians alleged that the fundamental right of equality for all citizens irrespective of religion

1855:

is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. The year 1990–1991 was declared as the "Year of Social Justice" in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar. The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes and tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses. During

1495:

may lead to a temporary suspension any of the Fundamental Rights, excluding Articles 20 and 21, by order of the President. The President may, by order, suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well, thereby barring citizens from approaching the Supreme Court for the enforcement of any of the

1448:

Seven main fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – the right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from

94:

are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These duties set out in Part IV–A of the Constitution, concern individuals and the nation. Like the Directive Principles, they are not enforceable by courts unless otherwise

86:

are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing any policies and

1648:

and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country, while Article 49 places an obligation upon the State to ensure the preservation of monuments and objects of national importance. Article 50 requires the State to ensure the separation of judiciary from executive in public services, in order to

987:

in February 1947. The sub-committee drafted the Fundamental Rights and submitted its report to the committee by April 1947, and later that month the Committee placed it before the Assembly, which debated and discussed the rights over the course of the following year, adopting the drafts of most of

945:

and those adopted by post-war European countries, and several of them were adopted from the 1925 Bill. Several of these provisions were later replicated in various parts of the Indian Constitution, including the Fundamental Right itself to the defence of civil rights and economic freedom, with the

1850:

Children are now unemployed in hazardous environments, but their employment in hazardous jobs, prevalently as domestic help, violates the spirit of the constitution in the eyes of many critics and human rights advocates. 16.5 million children are in employment. India was ranked 88 out of 159

1623:

currently in force in the country. However, this has remained a "dead letter" despite numerous reminders from the Supreme Court to implement the provision. Article 45 originally mandated the State to provide free and compulsory education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years, but

958:

in 1945. The report, apart from stressing on protecting the rights of minorities, also sought to prescribe a "The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement, which strove to achieve the values of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an

1689:

Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year. Originally ten in number, the fundamental duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education

1453:

in 1978. The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society. Dr Ambedkar said that the responsibility of the legislature is not just to provide fundamental rights but also and rather, more importantly, to

912:

rulers and their Indian subjects. This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919. The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before the law, free speech, trial by juries composed at least half of

1607:

to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are available to all citizens irrespective of economic or other disabilities. Article 43A mandates the State to work towards securing the participation of workers in the management of industries. The State, under Article 46, is also mandated to

1535:

Despite being non-justiciable, the Directive Principles act as a check on the state; theorised as a yardstick in the hands of the electorate and the opposition to measure the performance of a government at the time of an election. Article 37, while stating that the Directive Principles are not

924:

in the Indian independence movement marked a change in the attitude of its leaders towards articulating demands for civil rights. The focus shifted from demanding equality of status between Indians and the British to assuring liberty for all Indians. The Commonwealth of India Bill, drafted by

1970:

Most of the fundamental rights are violated in courtrooms in either criminal cases or civil cases. Before they get into the court with their matters everyone should be aware of these 5 writs which are 1. Habeas Corpus, 2. Mandamus, 3. Certiorari, 4. Prohibition, 5. Quo Warranto.

1531:

in nature. The Directive Principles may be classified under the following categories: ideals that the state ought to strive towards achieving; directions for the exercise of legislative and executive power; and rights of the citizens which the State must aim towards securing.

1551:

for men and women, proper working conditions, reduction of the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few, and distribution of community resources to "subserve the common good". These clauses highlight the Constitutional objectives of building an

1445:

The Fundamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians and prevent the State from encroaching an individual's liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens' rights from encroachment by

66:

that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the states to its citizens and the duties and the rights of the citizens to the State. These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India.

983:, protection of minorities and administration of tribal areas. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee was constituted in January 1947 with 64 members, and from among these a twelve-member sub-committee on Fundamental Rights was appointed under the chairmanship of 895:

independence movement, which strove to achieve the limits of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state. The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England's Bill of Rights, the

1952:

or gender was being jettisoned to preserve the interests of distinct religious communities. The verdict and the legislation remain a source of heated debate, with many citing the issue as a prime example of the poor implementation of Fundamental Rights.

5817: 5107: 979:, commenced its proceedings in December 1946, and completed drafting the Constitution of India by November 1949. According to the Cabinet Mission plan, the Assembly was to have an Advisory Committee to advise it on the nature and extent of 1730:. Supreme court has ruled that these fundamental duties can also help the court to decide the constitutionality of a law passed by the legislature. There is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the 1008:. The Directive Principles, which were also drafted by the sub-committee on Fundamental Rights, expounded the socialist precepts of the Indian independence movement, and were inspired by similar principles contained in the 1160: 1760:

To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of

1536:

enforceable in any court of law, declares them to be "fundamental to the governance of the country" and imposes an obligation on the State to apply them in matters of legislation. Thus, they serve to emphasise the

3312: 1526:

instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the Constituent Assembly. The state is expected to keep these principles in mind while framing laws and policies, even though they are

262: 258: 970:

proposed a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution for India as part of the process of transfer of power. The Constituent Assembly of India, composed of indirectly elected representatives from the

326: 1514:

The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy, as proposed by the

330: 322: 334: 318: 2122:

The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.

1861: 210: 174: 186: 170: 946:

stated objectives of putting an end to exploitation, providing social security and implementing land reforms. Other new rights proposed by the resolution were the prohibition of State titles,

166: 1479:

case in 1973, the Supreme Court, overruling a previous decision of 1967, held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended, subject to judicial review in case such an amendment violated the

162: 1540:

model of the Constitution and emphasise the positive duty of the state to promote the welfare of the people by affirming social, economic and political justice, as well as to fight

1690:

between the ages of six and fourteen years. The other fundamental duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of India, including the constitution, to cherish its

1967:

also. However the judiciary is failing in this respect by causing inordinate delay considering time of rendering justice in a case arbitrarily is its constitutional liberty.

1889:(Universal Rural Employment Program) was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor. The program was implemented through the 941:, was constituted in 1928. Its report made a number of recommendations, including proposing guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians. These rights resembled those of the 5571: 766: 758: 1496:

Fundamental Rights, except Articles 20 and 21, during the period of the emergency. Parliament may also restrict the application of the Fundamental Rights to members of the

4323: 3723: 770: 762: 754: 3198: 1860: 4.77 crore (47.7 million) was released for this purpose. In order to protect scheduled castes and tribes from discrimination, the government enacted the 1706:, abjure violence, and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life. In case of violation of fundamental duties enshrined in the constitution by a citizen including 1612:

and protect them from discrimination and exploitation. Several enactments, including two Constitutional amendments, have been passed to give effect to this provision.

1947:

from her former husband under Indian law applicable for all Indian women. This decision evoked outrage in the Muslim community, which sought the application of the

1776:

To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement;

2105:

The right to property is still a Constitutionally recognised right, but is now contained outside the Part on Fundamental Rights, in Article 300A which states:

658: 1591:. These provisions aim at establishing a socialist state as envisaged in the Preamble. Article 43 also places upon the State the responsibility of promoting 738: 698: 662: 646: 638: 498: 458: 17: 1657:, must also strive for the promotion of international peace and security, and Parliament has been empowered under Article 253 to make laws giving effect to 2066:, for the purposes of the chapters on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, includes all authorities within the territory of India. It includes the 1735: 1234: 750: 742: 726: 718: 702: 686: 678: 666: 654: 650: 642: 634: 618: 578: 538: 502: 486: 478: 462: 446: 438: 2926: 2894: 901: 746: 734: 730: 722: 714: 706: 694: 690: 682: 674: 622: 606: 598: 582: 566: 558: 542: 526: 518: 506: 494: 490: 482: 474: 466: 454: 450: 442: 434: 3259: 1779:

Who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child, or as the case may be, ward between the age of six to fourteen years.

1727: 626: 614: 610: 602: 594: 586: 574: 570: 562: 554: 546: 534: 530: 522: 514: 418: 80:, creed, sex, gender, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The 5964: 5802: 5258: 1547:

Article 39 lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State, including providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens,

1013: 630: 426: 422: 406: 402: 3713: 3703: 710: 670: 470: 430: 414: 410: 1811: 2044: 1450: 855: 590: 550: 510: 394: 350: 5759: 5180: 3668: 398: 378: 298: 1556:

social order and establishing a welfare state, by bringing about a social revolution assisted by the State, and have been used to support the

1473:

The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of public interest. In the

1908:, half the seats have been reserved for women. The judiciary has been separated from the executive "in all the states and territories except 382: 366: 358: 302: 282: 1632:

has been introduced in several states, but financial constraints have prevented its full-fledged application. The State is also mandated by

4463: 1457:

They act as limitations on the powers of the legislature and executive, under Article 13, and in case of any violation of these rights the

390: 386: 374: 370: 362: 354: 286: 270: 4961: 4586: 972: 294: 290: 278: 274: 266: 6196: 5731: 5283: 3718: 1500:

and the police, in order to ensure proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline, by a law made under Article 33.

1767:

To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;

5336: 5153: 5037: 4817: 4509: 76:

are defined in Part III of the Indian Constitution from article 12 to 35 and applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion,

3230: 3146: 1963:

by courts is part of animating judiciary. Rendering prompt justice is the foremost purpose of the constitution as enshrined in the

5807: 5774: 1702:. They also obligate all Indians to promote the spirit of common brotherhood, protect the environment and public property, develop 1249: 5795: 3771: 1654: 1633: 904:. The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement, with one of the objectives of the 226: 2944: 5057: 4164: 3941: 3613: 3205: 1990: 1484: 1475: 997: 345: 242: 222: 202: 3585: 3561: 3172: 2986: 2763: 2438: 4951: 4653: 4493: 4478: 4272: 4202: 3539: 3450: 3080: 2969: 1964: 1731: 1609: 1515: 989: 238: 230: 218: 206: 198: 182: 158: 150: 127: 39: 3573: 6143: 6138: 5999: 5812: 5736: 4809: 4473: 3313:"What causes judicial delay? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments" 1094: 234: 214: 194: 178: 154: 146: 1904:. One-third of the total of number of seats have been reserved for women in Panchayats at every level; and in the case of 4827: 4658: 4080: 1948: 1909: 1405: 1190: 848: 190: 142: 5082: 5077: 4936: 4054: 4014: 1932: 1723: 5932: 5052: 4842: 4769: 4455: 4393: 4029: 3520: 3431: 3408: 2078:. It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations, Municipal Boards, District Boards, 1960: 1837: 1682: 1568:

have been enacted by the federal and state governments, in order to ensure equitable distribution of land resources.

1099: 3110: 1819: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5268: 5238: 4343: 4308: 4085: 2901: 1956: 1431: 774: 3285: 6032: 5842: 5667: 5603: 5576: 4822: 4514: 4313: 4257: 2129:

has been defined to include not only legislation made by Parliament and the legislatures of the states, but also

2084: 1901: 1885: 1875: 1066: 1056: 1748:

To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;

6191: 5942: 5522: 4009: 1804: 917: 841: 102: 5927: 5790: 5552: 5346: 5263: 5102: 4852: 4528: 4488: 4232: 3263: 1509: 967: 878: 791: 81: 5937: 5832: 5512: 5404: 5304: 5223: 4774: 4222: 3978: 2024: 1974: 1719: 1071: 897: 874: 1685:

of citizens were added to the constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the

1595:, and the federal government has, in furtherance of this, established several Boards for the promotion of 6186: 5994: 5684: 5542: 5399: 5030: 5025: 4837: 4383: 4227: 4207: 3936: 3688: 2004: 1217: 1212: 1061: 1025: 71: 1931:

for all citizens has not been achieved owing to widespread opposition from various religious groups and

1641: 313: 6155: 6091: 5628: 5596: 5517: 4996: 4857: 4779: 4648: 4633: 4596: 4483: 4378: 4338: 4095: 4064: 3973: 3651: 3606: 2973: 1145: 1089: 796: 253: 3054: 1873:

of 1948 empowers government to fix minimum wages for people working across the economic spectrum. The

5949: 5689: 5527: 5500: 5429: 5364: 5278: 5250: 5047: 4946: 4643: 4468: 4318: 4130: 4034: 3951: 3746: 3708: 3678: 1380: 988:

them by, December 1948. The drafting of the Fundamental Rights was influenced by the adoption of the

1483:

of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights can be enhanced, removed or otherwise altered through a

6133: 5618: 5474: 5449: 5218: 4847: 4799: 4789: 4749: 4739: 4373: 4328: 4288: 4262: 4242: 4019: 3968: 3926: 3807: 3791: 2019: 1715: 1645: 1548: 905: 821: 816: 137: 6128: 5721: 5709: 5679: 5341: 5288: 5062: 4832: 4784: 4675: 4638: 4628: 4623: 4368: 4293: 4217: 3693: 3400: 2079: 1897: 1890: 1815: 1711: 1603:

etc., in coordination with the state governments. Article 39A requires the State to provide free

6076: 5716: 5672: 5547: 5479: 5469: 5434: 5072: 5067: 4916: 4729: 4724: 4670: 4591: 4361: 4356: 4333: 4169: 3656: 1467: 1458: 1300: 929:

in 1925, specifically included demands for seven fundamental rights – individual liberty,

3541:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1653:, and federal legislation has been enacted to achieve this objective. The State, according to 6037: 5910: 5895: 5764: 5741: 5459: 5309: 5233: 5185: 5175: 4764: 4712: 4697: 4138: 4059: 3988: 3983: 3776: 3741: 3683: 3599: 2014: 1650: 1560:

of mineral resources as well as public utilities. Further, several legislation pertaining to

1385: 1325: 1185: 1180: 1115: 1005: 993: 942: 930: 882: 110: 63: 43: 5822: 5557: 5495: 5464: 5454: 5414: 5409: 5148: 5087: 4941: 4734: 4717: 4194: 1852: 1462: 1424: 1360: 1244: 1155: 1140: 1135: 1125: 8: 6113: 6106: 6101: 5900: 5837: 5827: 5623: 5591: 5562: 4956: 4911: 4875: 4794: 4601: 4578: 4351: 4174: 3946: 3855: 3234: 3150: 3028: 2948: 2071: 2067: 1699: 1497: 1488: 1375: 1355: 1295: 1229: 1130: 934: 1975:

Relationship between the Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties

1751:

To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;

6057: 6042: 6009: 5959: 5922: 5699: 5662: 5532: 5439: 5394: 5389: 5228: 5213: 5192: 5122: 5097: 5042: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4618: 4118: 3993: 3963: 3916: 3883: 3698: 3469: 1928: 1707: 1616: 1588: 1492: 1395: 1390: 1320: 1264: 1222: 1195: 1009: 1001: 980: 947: 913:

Indian members, political power, and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens.

826: 1943:, a Muslim woman who had been divorced by her husband in 1978 was entitled to receive 1738:, and Article 51A brings the Indian constitution into conformity with these treaties. 6096: 6086: 6081: 5984: 5969: 5704: 5586: 5581: 5444: 5424: 5419: 5331: 5326: 5143: 5092: 4903: 4702: 4566: 4267: 3921: 3516: 3446: 3427: 3404: 1726:

members, etc., it amounts to contempt of the constitution which is punishable under

1703: 1658: 1541: 1400: 1365: 1350: 1269: 1254: 1202: 1175: 955: 2130: 1939:(1985–86) provoked a political firestorm in India when the Supreme Court ruled that 6024: 5979: 5974: 5874: 5847: 5694: 5505: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5319: 5208: 5163: 4984: 4893: 4665: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4523: 4252: 4212: 4143: 3845: 3673: 3663: 3633: 3392: 3176: 2990: 2760: 1695: 1691: 1637: 1592: 1345: 951: 3088: 6123: 6047: 5989: 5954: 5635: 5613: 5537: 5314: 4438: 4433: 4423: 4416: 4184: 4039: 4024: 3850: 3733: 2767: 2075: 1770:

To develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

1584: 1580: 1561: 1557: 1480: 1417: 1370: 1340: 1310: 1305: 1207: 984: 811: 3532:

The Concept of Duty in Asia; African Charter on Human and People's Right of 1981

6150: 6118: 6064: 6014: 6004: 5905: 5726: 5608: 5384: 4519: 4247: 4237: 4049: 3958: 3911: 3906: 3878: 3835: 3830: 3766: 1985: 1936: 1917: 1528: 1335: 1315: 1259: 976: 909: 2092:(encompassing all the authorities in India) has been capitalized and the term 6180: 6052: 5915: 5640: 5158: 5117: 4445: 4401: 4298: 3873: 3812: 3781: 3761: 3756: 3502: 3423: 1674: 1572: 1537: 1330: 1120: 938: 1757:

To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

1571:

Articles 41–43 mandate the State to endeavour to secure to all citizens the

5168: 5138: 4685: 4148: 3865: 3751: 3490: 1868: 1686: 1519: 1279: 1274: 1239: 1170: 1165: 1150: 1080: 926: 921: 1883:

of 1976 provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women. The

950:, the abolition of capital punishment and freedom of movement. Drafted by 6069: 5273: 4888: 4883: 4611: 4428: 4411: 4303: 3931: 3898: 3840: 3822: 3786: 3121: 1921: 1629: 1628:

drinks and drugs injurious to health. As a consequence, partial or total

1576: 1565: 1553: 963: 891:

The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the

3289: 2009: 1862:

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

34: 5112: 5004: 4406: 4090: 3888: 1625: 1620: 806: 801: 4606: 2108:

No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.

1940: 1754:

To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;

1604: 1523: 1012:. The Fundamental Duties were later added to the Constitution by the 4179: 1822:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5009: 4044: 1913: 1600: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3233:. Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations. Archived from 1041: 118: 2134: 1944: 1764:

To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

1741:

The fundamental duties noted in the constitution are as follows:

1608:

promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the

1669: 3591: 1619:

for all citizens, by eliminating discrepancies between various

1033: 1905: 1857: 1596: 892: 886: 77: 5769: 2895:"PART IV A Fundamental Duties, The Constitution of India" 3445:(13th ed.). Nagpur: Wadhwa & Co. p. 1972. 1924:

having participated in 37 UN peace-keeping operations.

1640:

on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and

1503: 3120:. Ministry of Rural Development, India. Archived from 4818:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

2927:"The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002" 1879:

provides for the better protection of consumers. The

3529: 2153:, AIR 1973 SC 1461. This was popularly known as the 2137:, notifications, or customs having the force of law. 1851:

countries in 2005, according to the degree to which

1773:

To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

1736:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2439:"Constituent Assembly debate on Fundamental Rights" 1864:, prescribing severe punishments for such actions. 4666:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 1728:Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 1744:It shall be the duty of every citizen of India — 6178: 3397:The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation 3199:"Seat Reservation for Women in Local Panchayats" 1988:. The Supreme Court, after the judgment in the 1896:A system of elected village councils, known as 908:(INC) being to end discrimination between the 3607: 3149:. Poorest Areas Civil Society. Archived from 3016:Indian History, World Developments and Civics 2652: 2500:Indian History, World Developments and Civics 2195:Indian History, World Developments and Civics 1425: 849: 3497:. New York and London: Harpers and Brothers. 3254: 3252: 1615:Article 44 encourages the State to secure a 1544:and ensure individual dignity, as mandated. 46: – India declaring itself as a country. 3371: 3369: 2877: 2875: 2862: 2860: 2681: 2679: 2582: 2580: 3614: 3600: 3530:O'Flaharty, W.D.; J.D.M., Derrett (1981). 2756: 2754: 2470: 2468: 2062:According to Articles 12 and 36, the term 2043:Fundamental Duty #11 was added after 86th 1487:, passed by a two-thirds majority of each 1432: 1418: 1004:in interpreting the Bill of Rights in the 856: 842: 4828:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 4708:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 3472:Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty 3420:Introduction to the Constitution of India 3249: 2989:. Dr. Ambedkar Foundation. Archived from 1838:Learn how and when to remove this message 1783: 902:France's Declaration of the Rights of Man 4770:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 3366: 3010: 3008: 2872: 2857: 2676: 2577: 2074:, the Government and legislature of the 1668: 33: 5869: 3772:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 2751: 2465: 920:of 1919, and the rise to prominence of 95:made enforceable by parliamentary law. 14: 6179: 5058:Securities and Exchange Board of India 4165:National Geological Monuments of India 3391: 3348: 3310: 2887: 2598: 2425: 2401: 2389: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2181: 2082:etc. To avoid confusion with the term 1920:in peace-keeping activities, with the 1476:Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala 998:United Nations Human Rights Commission 5868: 4982: 4858:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 4823:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 4564: 4116: 3631: 3595: 3510: 3489: 3005: 2373: 2371: 1732:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1664: 1610:scheduled castes and scheduled tribes 1019: 990:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 18:Part IVA of the Constitution of India 3440: 3417: 3375: 3360: 3336: 3014:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), 2881: 2866: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2586: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2498:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), 2486: 2474: 2459: 2413: 2377: 2302: 2290: 2193:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), 2140: 2113: 2099: 1787: 1644:. Article 48A mandates the State to 1504:Directive Principles of State Policy 1449:Part III of the Constitution by the 83:Directive Principles of State Policy 56:Directive Principles of State Policy 4853:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 4775:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 4464:Autonomous administrative divisions 3515:. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company. 3476:. World Legal Information Institute 3087:. IndianLawInfo.com. Archived from 2056: 24: 4843:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 3461: 3311:Ranjan, Brajesh (25 August 2016). 2368: 1673:Any act of disrespect towards the 27:Rights provided to Indian citizens 25: 6208: 6197:National human rights instruments 5038:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 4780:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 4065:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 3549: 2970:Index of perception of corruption 3621: 3579: 3567: 3555: 2947:. India Together. Archived from 2147:His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati 2088:, the administrative divisions, 1792: 1040: 117: 4081:History of India (1947–present) 3486:Date of ruling 15 December 1995 3384: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3304: 3278: 3223: 3191: 3165: 3139: 3113:Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana 3103: 3073: 3047: 3021: 2979: 2963: 2937: 2919: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2664: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2492: 2480: 2453: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2037: 1961:prompt rendering of the justice 1902:states and territories of India 1886:Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana 1876:Consumer Protection Act of 1986 1642:prohibiting slaughter of cattle 1067:Natural rights and legal rights 1057:Claim rights and liberty rights 962:During the final stages of the 4848:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 4800:Special Protection Group (SPG) 4790:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2187: 2175: 1000:, as well as decisions of the 933:, free expression of opinion, 13: 1: 5943:Engineering colleges in India 5572:Electronics and semiconductor 4785:National Security Guard (NSG) 4529:World Heritage Sites in India 4117: 3443:Shorter Constitution of India 2164: 1510:Directive Principles in India 1095:Economic, social and cultural 968:1946 Cabinet Mission to India 879:Constituent Assembly of India 792:Constituent Assembly of India 4833:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 4654:State legislative assemblies 4565: 4494:States and union territories 4203:Biogeographic classification 3507:; AIR 1978 S.C. 597, (1978). 3422:(15th ed.). New Delhi: 3031:Prevention of Atrocities Act 2169: 2025:Rule according to higher law 1965:Preamble to the Constitution 1636:to organise agriculture and 1391:Self-determination of people 1072:Negative and positive rights 898:United States Bill of Rights 875:Indian Independence Movement 7: 6000:Water supply and sanitation 4983: 4765:Border Security Force (BSF) 4510:National monuments of India 3632: 3495:Liberty in the Modern State 3262:. p. 1. Archived from 3204:. p. 2. Archived from 2005:Fundamental Rights in India 1998: 1891:Panchayati Raj institutions 1818:the claims made and adding 1062:Individual and group rights 1026:Fundamental Rights in India 10: 6213: 5053:Central Statistical Office 4659:State legislative councils 4634:Union Council of Ministers 3231:"India and United Nations" 3173:"73rd Amendment Act, 1992" 2974:Transparency International 1507: 1023: 996:and the activities of the 918:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 872: 868: 797:Constitution bench (India) 6023: 5933:Medical colleges in India 5888: 5884: 5864: 5783: 5752: 5488: 5357: 5297: 5249: 5201: 5131: 5083:Foreign exchange reserves 5078:Foreign direct investment 5048:Economic Advisory Council 5018: 4995: 4991: 4978: 4902: 4874: 4808: 4795:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 4757: 4748: 4693: 4684: 4577: 4573: 4560: 4502: 4454: 4392: 4281: 4193: 4175:Sacred mountains of India 4157: 4129: 4125: 4112: 4073: 4002: 3897: 3864: 3821: 3800: 3747:Indus Valley Civilisation 3732: 3644: 3640: 3627: 3286:"Rule of law index, 2016" 3147:"Panchayati Raj in India" 2119:According to Article 13, 1463:High Courts of the states 948:universal adult franchise 5219:Multi Commodity Exchange 4838:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 3441:Basu, Durga Das (2003). 3418:Basu, Durga Das (1993). 2761:86th Amendment Act, 2002 2030: 2020:Constitutional economics 1927:The implementation of a 1549:equal pay for equal work 1485:constitutional amendment 1049:Theoretical distinctions 906:Indian National Congress 822:Basic structure doctrine 5063:Enforcement Directorate 4524:Indian-origin religions 4515:National parks of India 4324:Highest point by states 4086:Economic liberalisation 3401:Oxford University Press 2945:"Child labour in India" 2766:9 December 2011 at the 2155:Fundamental Rights Case 2045:constitution amendments 1916:." India supported the 1646:protect the environment 6033:Arts and entertainment 5668:Science and technology 5604:Information technology 5284:Government initiatives 4180:Sacred rivers of India 4170:Sacred groves of India 3724:Science and technology 3424:Prentice Hall of India 3083:Equal Remuneration Act 2987:"Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar" 2133:, rules, regulations, 2124: 2110: 1881:Equal Remuneration Act 1784:Criticism and analysis 1678: 1659:international treaties 1491:. The imposition of a 1459:Supreme Court of India 1288:Other groups of rights 47: 6192:Constitution of India 5990:Socio-economic issues 5938:Law colleges in India 5928:Universities in India 5176:Reserve Bank of India 3979:Independence movement 3777:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 2120: 2106: 2015:Human rights in India 1672: 1651:judicial independence 1518:. They set forth the 1108:Rights by beneficiary 1006:American Constitution 994:U.N. General Assembly 943:American Constitution 931:freedom of conscience 883:Constitution of India 111:Constitution of India 64:Constitution of India 62:are sections of the 44:Constitution of India 37: 5264:Economic development 5108:Voluntary guidelines 5103:Industrial licensing 4233:Environmental issues 4015:Non-Aligned Movement 3792:Seleucid–Mauryan war 3574:Directive Principles 3513:India's constitution 3511:Pylee, M.V. (1999). 3491:Laski, Harold Joseph 3035:. Human Rights Watch 2907:on 24 September 2014 2562:, pp. 1617–1618 2550:, pp. 1615–1616 2526:, pp. 1647–1649 1981:Directive Principles 1856:2002–2003, a sum of 1675:Indian National Flag 1406:Water and sanitation 5026:Ministry of Finance 4030:Indo-Pakistani wars 3974:Partition of Bengal 3266:on 1 September 2006 2072:Parliament of India 2068:Government of India 2010:Writs in Indian law 1991:Kesavananda Bharati 1949:Muslim personal law 1498:Indian Armed Forces 1489:House of Parliament 1090:Civil and political 935:freedom of assembly 916:The unsatisfactory 6187:Fundamental rights 5995:Standard of living 5685:Telecommunications 5202:Financial services 5123:Atmanirbhar Bharat 5043:Finance Commission 4208:Biosphere reserves 3964:Bengal Renaissance 3952:Commander-in-Chief 3917:East India Company 3586:Fundamental Duties 3562:Fundamental Rights 3351:, pp. 114–115 3317:The Times of India 3260:"Shah Bano legacy" 3211:on 5 February 2007 2854:, pp. 461–462 2806:, pp. 459–460 2794:, pp. 144–145 2736:, pp. 456–457 2724:, pp. 457–458 2673:, pp. 454–456 2649:, pp. 449–450 2637:, pp. 448–449 2613:, pp. 140–142 2574:, pp. 129–130 1929:uniform civil code 1900:covers almost all 1803:possibly contains 1720:parliament members 1698:and assist in its 1683:fundamental duties 1679: 1665:Fundamental Duties 1617:uniform civil code 1593:cottage industries 1589:standard of living 1493:state of emergency 1020:Fundamental Rights 1010:Irish Constitution 1002:U.S. Supreme Court 981:fundamental rights 827:Uniform civil code 92:Fundamental Duties 73:Fundamental Rights 60:Fundamental Duties 52:Fundamental Rights 48: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5405:Jammu and Kashmir 5031:Finance ministers 4974: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4962:Women in politics 4937:Political parties 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4676:Chief Secretaries 4649:State governments 4644:Cabinet Secretary 4597:Foreign relations 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4096:COVID-19 pandemic 3969:Political reforms 3584:Works related to 3572:Works related to 3560:Works related to 3505:v. Union of India 3452:978-81-8038-206-2 3393:Austin, Granville 3061:. Helplinelaw.com 3057:Minimum Wages Act 1933:political parties 1910:Jammu and Kashmir 1870:Minimum Wages Act 1848: 1847: 1840: 1805:original research 1724:state legislative 1704:scientific temper 1696:composite culture 1542:income inequality 1468:citizens of India 1442: 1441: 1100:Three generations 973:British provinces 866: 865: 87:passing of laws. 16:(Redirected from 6204: 6129:Physical culture 5950:Ethnic relations 5886: 5885: 5866: 5865: 5848:Mumbai Consensus 5400:Himachal Pradesh 5289:Numbering system 5279:Green revolution 5154:Historical Forex 4993: 4992: 4980: 4979: 4952:Scheduled groups 4755: 4754: 4691: 4690: 4575: 4574: 4562: 4561: 4544:Tourism in India 4539:History of India 4534:Culture of India 4144:Geology of India 4127: 4126: 4114: 4113: 4045:Naxal Insurgency 4040:White Revolution 4035:Green Revolution 3642: 3641: 3629: 3628: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3535: 3526: 3498: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3474:; 1995 ICHRL 69" 3456: 3437: 3414: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3292:on 29 April 2015 3288:. Archived from 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3175:. Archived from 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3091:on 22 March 2006 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2900:. Archived from 2899: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2489:, pp. 86–87 2484: 2478: 2472: 2463: 2462:, pp. 78–79 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2392:, pp. 50–51 2387: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2365:, pp. 73–74 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2329:, pp. 62–63 2324: 2318: 2317:, pp. 61–62 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2269:, pp. 56–57 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2233:, pp. 53–54 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2209:, pp. 52–53 2204: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2158: 2144: 2138: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2097: 2096:is in lowercase. 2060: 2048: 2041: 1843: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820:inline citations 1796: 1795: 1788: 1638:animal husbandry 1585:maternity relief 1454:safeguard them. 1434: 1427: 1420: 1381:Rest and leisure 1044: 1030: 1029: 952:Jawaharlal Nehru 858: 851: 844: 121: 98: 97: 21: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6162: 6134:Public holidays 6019: 5965:Life expectancy 5880: 5879: 5852: 5779: 5748: 5653:Pharmaceuticals 5484: 5353: 5293: 5259:COVID-19 impact 5245: 5197: 5127: 5014: 4987: 4966: 4898: 4862: 4804: 4744: 4740:District Courts 4680: 4671:Chief Ministers 4569: 4548: 4498: 4450: 4388: 4362:Western coastal 4357:Eastern coastal 4344:Mountain passes 4277: 4263:Protected areas 4189: 4185:Stones of India 4153: 4121: 4100: 4069: 4055:Space programme 4025:Sino-Indian War 4020:Five-Year Plans 3998: 3893: 3860: 3851:Delhi Sultanate 3817: 3808:Middle kingdoms 3801:Middle Kingdoms 3796: 3728: 3636: 3623: 3620: 3552: 3547: 3523: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3464: 3462:Further reading 3459: 3453: 3434: 3426:. p. 475. 3411: 3403:. p. 390. 3387: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3153:on 30 July 2007 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2972:, published by 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2951:on 12 July 2014 2943: 2942: 2938: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2768:Wayback Machine 2759: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2151:State of Kerala 2145: 2141: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2100: 2076:states of India 2061: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2001: 1977: 1844: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1809: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1694:, preserve its 1667: 1587:, and a decent 1581:social security 1562:agrarian reform 1558:nationalisation 1529:non-justiciable 1512: 1506: 1481:basic structure 1438: 1311:Civil liberties 1028: 1022: 985:J. B. Kripalani 977:Princely states 889: 871: 862: 833: 832: 831: 817:Judicial review 812:Concurrent List 786: 778: 777: 348: 338: 337: 316: 306: 305: 293: 277: 256: 246: 245: 241: 209: 173: 140: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6210: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5823:Income Tax Act 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5665: 5660: 5658:Pulp and paper 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5646:Iron and Steel 5643: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:Madhya Pradesh 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5365:Andhra Pradesh 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5269:Liberalisation 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4989: 4988: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4646: 4641: 4639:Civil Services 4636: 4631: 4629:Prime Minister 4626: 4624:Vice President 4621: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4571: 4570: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4520:Nature worship 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4489:Municipalities 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314:Extreme points 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4258:National parks 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4218:Climate change 4215: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4123: 4122: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4050:Smiling Buddha 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3927:1857 rebellion 3924: 3919: 3914: 3912:Princely state 3909: 3903: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3884:European trade 3881: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3831:Medieval India 3827: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3767:Yavana Kingdom 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3714:Paper currency 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3551: 3550:External links 3548: 3546: 3545: 3538:Article 29 of 3536: 3527: 3521: 3508: 3499: 3487: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3438: 3432: 3415: 3409: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3303: 3277: 3248: 3222: 3190: 3164: 3138: 3127:on 1 July 2007 3102: 3072: 3046: 3020: 3004: 2978: 2962: 2936: 2918: 2886: 2871: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2538:, p. 1645 2528: 2516: 2504: 2491: 2479: 2464: 2452: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2186: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2139: 2112: 2098: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1986:social welfare 1976: 1973: 1957:Article 38 (1) 1937:Shah Bano case 1918:United Nations 1898:Panchayati Raj 1846: 1845: 1800: 1798: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1712:Vice President 1666: 1663: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1451:44th Amendment 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1336:Free migration 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1024:Main article: 1021: 1018: 1014:42nd Amendment 870: 867: 864: 863: 861: 860: 853: 846: 838: 835: 834: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 788: 787: 785:Related topics 784: 783: 780: 779: 349: 344: 343: 340: 339: 317: 312: 311: 308: 307: 257: 252: 251: 248: 247: 141: 136: 135: 132: 131: 123: 122: 114: 113: 107: 106: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6209: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Insurance Act 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5828:Companies Act 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5673:Biotechnology 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5577:Entertainment 5575: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Uttar Pradesh 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5159:Digital rupee 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118:Make in India 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5073:Foreign trade 5071: 5069: 5068:External debt 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4730:Chief Justice 4728: 4726: 4725:Supreme Court 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4592:Energy policy 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Indo-Gangetic 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4060:The Emergency 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3782:Kushan Empire 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:Mahajanapadas 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3588:at Wikisource 3587: 3582: 3578: 3576:at Wikisource 3575: 3570: 3566: 3564:at Wikisource 3563: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3522:81-219-1907-X 3518: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3503:Maneka Gandhi 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3433:81-203-0839-5 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3410:0-19-564959-1 3406: 3402: 3399:. New Delhi: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3378:, p. 466 3377: 3372: 3370: 3363:, p. 444 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3339:, p. 142 3338: 3333: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3237:on 4 May 2006 3236: 3232: 3226: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3179:on 5 May 2003 3178: 3174: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3106: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3009: 2993:on 5 May 2006 2992: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2884:, p. 131 2883: 2878: 2876: 2869:, p. 465 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2842:, p. 461 2841: 2836: 2830:, p. 145 2829: 2824: 2818:, p. 460 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2782:, p. 459 2781: 2776: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2748:, p. 457 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2712:, p. 453 2711: 2706: 2700:, p. 144 2699: 2694: 2688:, p. 456 2687: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2661:, p. 143 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2625:, p. 140 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2589:, p. 137 2588: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2461: 2456: 2441:. 6 June 2014 2440: 2434: 2428:, p. 114 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2380:, p. 131 2379: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1842: 1839: 1831: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1801:This section 1799: 1790: 1789: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1621:personal laws 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:right to work 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1538:welfare state 1533: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 965: 960: 957: 953: 949: 944: 940: 939:Motilal Nehru 936: 932: 928: 923: 919: 914: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 888: 884: 880: 876: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 837: 836: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 782: 781: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 342: 341: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 310: 309: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 250: 249: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 134: 133: 130: 129: 125: 124: 120: 116: 115: 112: 109: 108: 104: 100: 99: 96: 93: 88: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 68: 65: 61: 57: 53: 45: 41: 36: 32: 30: 19: 6114:Martial arts 6038:Architecture 5911:Demographics 5896:Caste system 5873:Society and 5523:Construction 5305:By net worth 5139:Indian rupee 4942:Reservations 4810:Intelligence 4713:Human rights 4707: 4698:Constitution 4456:Subdivisions 4149:Indian Plate 4139:Fossil Parks 4074:Contemporary 3989:World War II 3866:Early Modern 3856:Vijayanagara 3752:Vedic period 3622:India topics 3540: 3531: 3512: 3501: 3494: 3478:. Retrieved 3471: 3442: 3419: 3396: 3385:Bibliography 3356: 3344: 3332: 3322:13 September 3320:. Retrieved 3316: 3306: 3294:. Retrieved 3290:the original 3280: 3270:11 September 3268:. Retrieved 3264:the original 3239:. Retrieved 3235:the original 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3206:the original 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3177:the original 3167: 3155:. Retrieved 3151:the original 3141: 3129:. Retrieved 3122:the original 3112: 3105: 3093:. Retrieved 3089:the original 3082: 3075: 3063:. Retrieved 3056: 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3030: 3023: 3015: 2995:. Retrieved 2991:the original 2981: 2965: 2953:. Retrieved 2949:the original 2939: 2931:India.gov.in 2930: 2921: 2909:. Retrieved 2902:the original 2889: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2601:, p. 75 2594: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2514:, p. 85 2507: 2499: 2494: 2482: 2477:, p. 35 2455: 2443:. Retrieved 2433: 2421: 2416:, p. 79 2409: 2404:, p. 51 2397: 2385: 2358: 2353:, p. 73 2346: 2341:, p. 59 2334: 2322: 2310: 2305:, p. 19 2298: 2293:, p. 15 2286: 2281:, p. 57 2274: 2262: 2257:, p. 56 2250: 2245:, p. 54 2238: 2226: 2221:, p. 53 2214: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2184:, p. 50 2177: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2107: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2063: 2058: 2039: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1954: 1926: 1895: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1849: 1834: 1828:October 2021 1825: 1802: 1743: 1740: 1687:Swaran Singh 1680: 1626:intoxicating 1614: 1570: 1546: 1534: 1520:humanitarian 1513: 1474: 1472: 1456: 1444: 1443: 1386:Self defense 1376:Reproductive 1081:Human rights 961: 956:Sapru Report 927:Annie Besant 922:M. K. Gandhi 915: 890: 126: 91: 89: 82: 72: 69: 59: 55: 51: 49: 31: 29: 6156:Traditional 5833:Banking Act 5818:SARFESI Act 5732:Electricity 5553:Oil and gas 5543:Electricity 5496:Agriculture 5480:West Bengal 5470:Uttarakhand 5435:Maharashtra 5274:Licence Raj 5229:Black money 5088:Remittances 4932:Nationalism 4917:Citizenship 4750:Enforcement 4735:High Courts 4612:Rajya Sabha 4273:sanctuaries 4223:Earthquakes 4195:Environment 4010:Integration 3984:1943 famine 3932:British Raj 3899:Late modern 3823:Middle Ages 3787:Alchon Huns 3699:Mathematics 3689:Linguistics 3349:Austin 1999 2599:Austin 1999 2426:Austin 1999 2402:Austin 1999 2390:Austin 1999 2363:Austin 1999 2351:Austin 1999 2339:Austin 1999 2327:Austin 1999 2315:Austin 1999 2279:Austin 1999 2267:Austin 1999 2255:Austin 1999 2243:Austin 1999 2231:Austin 1999 2219:Austin 1999 2207:Austin 1999 2182:Austin 1999 1922:Indian Army 1677:is illegal. 1630:prohibition 1577:living wage 1566:land tenure 1554:egalitarian 1361:Development 1301:Association 1196:Transgender 964:British Raj 6181:Categories 6107:television 6097:Literature 5901:Corruption 5624:Television 5592:Healthcare 5513:Automotive 5460:Tamil Nadu 5327:Labour law 5310:Demography 5113:NITI Aayog 5019:Governance 5005:BSE SENSEX 4957:Secularism 4912:Censorship 4703:Penal Code 4602:Parliament 4579:Government 4384:Waterfalls 4228:Ecoregions 4091:Pokhran-II 3889:Bengal War 3704:Metallurgy 2165:References 2131:ordinances 2080:Panchayats 1853:corruption 1812:improve it 1655:Article 51 1634:Article 48 1351:Linguistic 1326:Fair trial 1208:Minorities 1176:Indigenous 873:See also: 807:State List 802:Union List 346:Amendments 314:Appendices 6139:Sculpture 6092:Festivals 6058:Webcomics 6010:Sexuality 5960:Languages 5923:Education 5753:Regulator 5700:Transport 5597:Hospitals 5533:Education 5501:Livestock 5465:Telangana 5455:Rajasthan 5415:Karnataka 5410:Jharkhand 5214:Insurance 5193:Inflation 5098:Subsidies 4997:Companies 4927:Democracy 4922:Elections 4894:Air Force 4619:President 4607:Lok Sabha 4484:Districts 4439:Southeast 4434:Southwest 4424:Northeast 4417:Northwest 4379:Volcanoes 4339:Mountains 4282:Landforms 4119:Geography 3994:Partition 3959:Zamindari 3742:Stone Age 3679:Economics 3664:Astronomy 3645:Overviews 3376:Basu 2003 3361:Basu 2003 3337:Basu 1993 3018:, p. A-45 2882:Basu 1993 2867:Basu 2003 2852:Basu 2003 2840:Basu 2003 2828:Basu 1993 2816:Basu 2003 2804:Basu 2003 2792:Basu 1993 2780:Basu 2003 2746:Basu 2003 2734:Basu 2003 2722:Basu 2003 2710:Basu 2003 2698:Basu 1993 2686:Basu 2003 2671:Basu 2003 2659:Basu 1993 2647:Basu 2003 2635:Basu 2003 2623:Basu 1993 2611:Basu 1993 2587:Basu 1993 2572:Basu 1993 2560:Basu 2003 2548:Basu 2003 2536:Basu 2003 2524:Basu 2003 2512:Basu 1993 2502:, p. A-25 2487:Basu 1993 2475:Basu 2003 2460:Basu 1993 2445:5 October 2414:Basu 1993 2378:Basu 1993 2303:Basu 1993 2291:Basu 1993 2197:, p. A-23 2170:Footnotes 2125:The term 1941:Shah Bano 1816:verifying 1708:President 1605:legal aid 1601:handlooms 1524:socialist 1396:Sexuality 1321:Education 1245:Prisoners 1136:Creditors 1131:Consumers 1016:in 1976. 254:Schedules 6124:Painting 6087:Folklore 6043:Blogging 5985:Religion 5970:Literacy 5705:Aviation 5690:Textiles 5629:Printing 5619:FM Radio 5587:Gambling 5582:Forestry 5518:Chemical 5332:Pensions 5239:National 5181:Governor 5132:Currency 5093:Taxation 5010:NIFTY 50 4947:Scandals 4904:Politics 4876:Military 4587:Agencies 4567:Politics 4503:See also 4319:Glaciers 4268:Wildlife 4158:Heritage 4003:Republic 3937:Railways 3907:Colonial 3879:Marathas 3846:Kakatiya 3734:Ancient 3709:Military 3694:Maritime 3669:Clothing 3652:Timeline 3493:(1930). 3395:(1999). 2911:24 March 2764:Archived 2135:bye laws 2047:in 2002. 1999:See also 1914:Nagaland 1692:heritage 1516:Preamble 1461:and the 1446:society. 1366:Property 1356:Movement 1296:Assembly 1260:Students 1235:Peasants 1230:Patients 1181:Intersex 1146:Disabled 1126:Children 299:Eleventh 128:Preamble 103:a series 101:Part of 40:Preamble 6144:tallest 6065:Cuisine 6025:Culture 5980:Prisons 5975:Poverty 5916:Indians 5889:Society 5875:culture 5695:Tourism 5548:Nuclear 5528:Defence 5506:Fishing 5489:Sectors 5440:Mizoram 5395:Haryana 5390:Gujarat 5320:Poverty 5251:History 5224:Bullion 5209:Banking 5164:Coinage 5149:History 4985:Economy 4758:Federal 4469:Borders 4402:Central 4394:Regions 4374:Valleys 4348:Plains 4329:Islands 4289:Beaches 4253:Geology 4243:Forests 4213:Climate 4131:Geology 3942:Economy 3922:Plassey 3874:Mughals 3836:Hoysala 3762:Mauryas 3674:Coinage 3634:History 3241:29 June 3215:29 June 3183:29 June 3157:29 June 3131:29 June 3115:, 2001" 3095:29 June 3085:, 1976" 3065:29 June 3059:, 1948" 3039:29 June 3033:, 1995" 2997:29 June 2955:27 June 1945:alimony 1810:Please 1716:Speaker 1700:defence 1649:ensure 1346:Housing 1316:Digital 1275:Workers 1265:Victims 1223:Mothers 1218:Fathers 1213:Parents 1166:Fetuses 1161:Farmers 1121:Animals 1116:Accused 992:by the 910:British 869:History 303:Twelfth 283:Seventh 42:of the 6053:Comics 6048:Cinema 5955:Health 5663:Retail 5636:Mining 5614:Cinema 5538:Energy 5450:Punjab 5445:Odisha 5425:Ladakh 5420:Kerala 5358:States 5315:Income 5298:People 5234:Bombay 4479:Cities 4369:Rivers 4304:Desert 4299:Coasts 4294:Canals 3719:Postal 3519: 3480:25 May 3449: 3430: 3407: 3296:3 June 2085:states 2070:, the 1935:. The 1761:women; 1401:Speech 1371:Repair 1341:Health 1306:Asylum 1255:States 1250:Robots 1240:Plants 1171:Humans 1156:Family 1151:Elders 1034:Rights 966:, the 893:Indian 885:, and 287:Eighth 271:Fourth 263:Second 105:on the 6151:Sport 6119:Music 6102:Media 6082:Dress 6077:Dance 6015:Youth 6005:Women 5906:Crime 5796:NCLAT 5784:Other 5760:IRDAI 5742:Power 5737:Water 5727:Roads 5717:Ports 5710:Civil 5680:Space 5609:Media 5558:Solar 5380:Delhi 5375:Bihar 5370:Assam 5169:Paisa 4474:Towns 4429:South 4412:North 4334:Lakes 4248:Flora 4238:Fauna 3813:Chola 3657:Years 3209:(PDF) 3202:(PDF) 3125:(PDF) 3118:(PDF) 2905:(PDF) 2898:(PDF) 2094:state 2090:State 2064:State 2031:Notes 1906:Bihar 1597:khadi 1280:Youth 1270:Women 1186:Kings 887:India 295:Tenth 291:Ninth 279:Sixth 275:Fifth 267:Third 259:First 227:XVIII 138:Parts 78:caste 6070:wine 5843:FEMA 5808:IBBI 5803:BIFR 5791:NCLT 5775:IBBI 5770:SEBI 5722:Rail 5641:Coal 5563:Wind 5337:EPFO 5186:Mint 5144:Sign 4889:Navy 4884:Army 4718:LGBT 4446:West 4407:East 3947:Army 3841:Pala 3684:LGBT 3517:ISBN 3482:2006 3447:ISBN 3428:ISBN 3405:ISBN 3324:2017 3298:2017 3272:2006 3243:2006 3217:2006 3185:2006 3159:2006 3133:2006 3097:2006 3067:2006 3041:2006 2999:2006 2957:2006 2913:2014 2447:2015 1979:The 1955:Per 1912:and 1867:The 1734:and 1681:The 1575:, a 1564:and 1522:and 1331:Food 1191:LGBT 1141:Deaf 975:and 900:and 351:List 243:XXII 223:XVII 211:XIVA 203:XIII 175:VIII 90:The 70:The 58:and 50:The 38:The 5813:IBC 5765:RBI 5385:Goa 5347:PPF 5342:NPS 4686:Law 4522:in 4309:ECZ 2149:v. 2127:law 1858:Rs. 1814:by 1203:Men 775:106 771:105 767:104 763:103 759:102 755:101 751:100 329:∙ 327:III 239:XXI 231:XIX 219:XVI 207:XIV 199:XII 187:IXB 183:IXA 171:VII 159:IVA 157:∙ 151:III 6183:: 3368:^ 3315:. 3251:^ 3007:^ 2929:. 2874:^ 2859:^ 2753:^ 2678:^ 2579:^ 2467:^ 2370:^ 1959:, 1893:. 1722:, 1718:, 1714:, 1710:, 1661:. 1599:, 1583:, 1579:, 1470:. 881:, 877:, 773:∙ 769:∙ 765:∙ 761:∙ 757:∙ 753:∙ 749:∙ 747:99 745:∙ 743:98 741:∙ 739:97 737:∙ 735:96 733:∙ 731:95 729:∙ 727:94 725:∙ 723:93 721:∙ 719:92 717:∙ 715:91 713:∙ 711:90 709:∙ 707:89 705:∙ 703:88 701:∙ 699:87 697:∙ 695:86 693:∙ 691:85 689:∙ 687:84 685:∙ 683:83 681:∙ 679:82 677:∙ 675:81 673:∙ 671:80 669:∙ 667:79 665:∙ 663:78 661:∙ 659:77 657:∙ 655:76 653:∙ 651:75 649:∙ 647:74 645:∙ 643:73 641:∙ 639:72 637:∙ 635:71 633:∙ 631:70 629:∙ 627:69 625:∙ 623:68 621:∙ 619:67 617:∙ 615:66 613:∙ 611:65 609:∙ 607:64 605:∙ 603:63 601:∙ 599:62 597:∙ 595:61 593:∙ 591:60 589:∙ 587:59 585:∙ 583:58 581:∙ 579:57 577:∙ 575:56 573:∙ 571:55 569:∙ 567:54 565:∙ 563:53 561:∙ 559:52 557:∙ 555:51 553:∙ 551:50 549:∙ 547:49 545:∙ 543:48 541:∙ 539:47 537:∙ 535:46 533:∙ 531:45 529:∙ 527:44 525:∙ 523:43 521:∙ 519:42 517:∙ 515:41 513:∙ 511:40 509:∙ 507:39 505:∙ 503:38 501:∙ 499:37 497:∙ 495:36 493:∙ 491:35 489:∙ 487:34 485:∙ 483:33 481:∙ 479:32 477:∙ 475:31 473:∙ 471:30 469:∙ 467:29 465:∙ 463:28 461:∙ 459:27 457:∙ 455:26 453:∙ 451:25 449:∙ 447:24 445:∙ 443:23 441:∙ 439:22 437:∙ 435:21 433:∙ 431:20 429:∙ 427:19 425:∙ 423:18 421:∙ 419:17 417:∙ 415:16 413:∙ 411:15 409:∙ 407:14 405:∙ 403:13 401:∙ 399:12 397:∙ 395:11 393:∙ 391:10 389:∙ 385:∙ 381:∙ 377:∙ 373:∙ 369:∙ 365:∙ 361:∙ 357:∙ 353:∙ 333:∙ 331:IV 325:∙ 323:II 321:∙ 301:∙ 297:∙ 289:∙ 285:∙ 281:∙ 273:∙ 269:∙ 265:∙ 261:∙ 237:∙ 235:XX 233:∙ 229:∙ 225:∙ 221:∙ 217:∙ 215:XV 213:∙ 205:∙ 201:∙ 197:∙ 195:XI 193:∙ 189:∙ 185:∙ 181:∙ 179:IX 177:∙ 169:∙ 167:VI 165:∙ 161:∙ 155:IV 153:∙ 149:∙ 147:II 145:∙ 54:, 3615:e 3608:t 3601:v 3544:. 3534:. 3525:. 3484:. 3470:" 3455:. 3436:. 3413:. 3326:. 3300:. 3274:. 3245:. 3219:. 3187:. 3161:. 3135:. 3111:" 3099:. 3081:" 3069:. 3055:" 3043:. 3029:" 3001:. 2976:. 2959:. 2933:. 2915:. 2770:. 2449:. 2157:. 1841:) 1835:( 1830:) 1826:( 1808:. 1433:e 1426:t 1419:v 857:e 850:t 843:v 387:9 383:8 379:7 375:6 371:5 367:4 363:3 359:2 355:1 335:V 319:I 191:X 163:V 143:I 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.