520:
and basketball, respectively. Male pediatric patients had more incidence of concussions than females within sports-related concussion occurrences. Within different levels of schools (elementary, middle, and high school), the incidence of concussions was highest in high schoolers (43.1%) compared to elementary (25%) and middle schoolers (31.9%). Most of the concussions in a school setting were associated with
Physical Education (PE) class being sports-related as well as opposed to during recess, walking in the hall, or in a classroom. Among children that were diagnosed with concussions, there was not a significant difference in rate of concussions between males and females.
48:(LOC) and environment sensitivity. Concussion symptoms may vary based on the type, severity and location of the head injury. Concussion symptoms in infants, children, and adolescents often appear immediately after the injury, however, some symptoms may arise multiple days following the injury leading to a concussion. The majority of pediatric patients recover from the symptoms within one month (4 weeks) following the injury. 10-30% of children and adolescents have a higher risk of a delayed recovery or of experiencing concussion symptoms that are persisting.
308:
Post-Concussion
Symptom Questionnaire (RPCSQ). The GSC rates the symptoms based on severity, and it can be self-reported for individual ages 13 and over. The PCSS is also a self-report that measures the severity of symptoms; however, it has not been yet tested in individuals under the age of eleven. RPCSQ asks individuals to report the comparisons of the severity of symptoms prior to the injury and after the injury. These questionnaires can be self-reported or be reported by the parent or guardian.
52:
return to activity and school. Resting for more than 1–2 days is not recommended. Prescribed physical exercise may be helpful for recovery as early as 48–72 hours after the injury, however, all activities that have an inherent risk of another injury such as hitting the head or falling should be avoided completely until medically cleared by a doctor. Clinical practice guidelines do not suggest missing more than a week of school.
263:
consciousness using GCS as well as a cervical spine assessment can be done. For off-field assessments, it can be carried out in a clinical setting, with assessments such as careful evaluation of the symptoms, and the utilization of a neurological screen. The SCAT6 test is used for children above age thirteen. ChildSCAT6 is similar to the use of SCAT6, however, it is only used to evaluate children from age five to thirteen.
317:
407:
528:
possible underreporting of the condition. Also, there are differences on what type of patients are used as study subjects within studies to estimate the incidence. Many studies use emergency department visits as a proxy for the estimate; however, recently it was found that about 75% of 5–17 years old patients visited their primary care provider to be diagnosed with a concussion.
281:
bottom-right corner, as fast as possible and as accurately as possible. The time taken to complete this is measured, and any symptoms that occurred during the test is noted. The test assists the evaluation of impairment in the eye movements, language abilities as well as attention, which is important to assess, as such factors can be affected by a concussion.
508:, demographics and injury characteristics, health care professionals may closely monitor these children and refer to interventions if indications do not resolve within four to six weeks. Children suspected of a threat for delayed recovery are highly likely for intervention and will assess prognostic risk factors for effectively counselling patients.
432:
trauma; specific treatment depends on the severity and area of injury. Medical clearance is not necessary to return to school for pediatric patients. However, observation is required to monitor return-to-school and activities. Re-injury should be avoided to prevent long-term consequences and permanent brain damage.
245:
If the sum of the GCS is below eight or nine, the brain injury, such as concussion, is classified as severe, such as being in a coma. If the sum of the GCS is above or same as thirteen, it is classified to be a minor brain injury. Any value of GCS between nine and thirteen will be classified as moderate injury.
423:). Neuroimaging techniques can detect changes occurring in the brain through technology, further implying brain damage caused by a concussion. Neuroimaging is a less common technique utilized for pediatrics, as there may be obstacles such as procedural difficulties or discomfort of a pediatric patient.
523:
Despite the pediatric population having the highest rate of concussions among all age groups, the pediatric population has the lowest rate of loss of consciousness accompanying the concussion among all age groups. Among children attending school following a pediatric concussion, 13.7% continued to be
440:
Immediately after a person hits their head and concussion is suspected they must be removed from the activity and require a medical assessment before returning to play. After an initial rest of 24 – 48 hours, activities should be gradually started again. Activities involving contact, collision or any
244:
Both the normal and pediatric GCS aims to test the eye, verbal and motor responses. For each test, the scale value ranges from not testable (NT) to six, increasing in severity with higher numbers. Each of the values recorded is indicative of the person's best response provided during the examination.
215:
Toddlers, aged from 12 to 36 months, might be able to communicate vocally about symptoms. Symptoms will potentially include a headache, nausea, vomiting as physical symptoms. The portrayal of behavioral changes, such as a sudden change in sleeping patterns or excessive crying, and a loss of interest,
51:
A medical assessment by a physician or nurse practitioner is required if a concussion is suspected in an infant, child, or adolescent to rule out a more serious head injury and diagnose the concussion. Treatment for concussion includes a short cognitive and physical period of rest followed by gradual
532:
frequency of injury, increased participation in sport activities, and more awareness around concussions. The awareness in turn has led to an increased production of policies and procedures dealing with detection, managing symptoms, and return-to-play protocols among sports organizations and schools.
492:
The majority of pediatric patients recover completely from concussion; some may experience prolonged recuperation. Around 70-80% recover without difficulties after one to three months following the concussion. Each child's recovery follows a unique direction; an accurate prediction based on a single
483:
can be applied to lessen symptoms in the short term; though, recent studies indicate patients improved in the ailment after discontinuation of the treatment. However, medication and other forms of drugs are advised to not be administered unless prescribed by a doctor due to the potential detrimental
289:
The office evaluation is conducted to confirm that the individual has a sustained concussion. To do this, it requires a comprehensive concussion evaluation, including detailed records of the injury, symptomatic scale, neurological exam, evaluation of the behavior and cognition, visual-motor function
262:
The
Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool 6 has two major categories of carrying out an on-field assessment and off-field assessment. For the on-field, immediate assessment, several different physical examinations such as noting observable concussion signs, memory tests and observation of the level of
253:
Sideline testing is one of the physical assessments that can be made immediately, which usually utilized for a sports-related injury. There are various examples of sideline testing, including
Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT5), Child Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool (ChildSCAT5), Balance
519:
Concussions are one of the most common traumatic head injuries involved with sports or injuries; children under the age of eighteen having the highest rate among all age groups. Among various sports that were observed, soccer was found to have the highest number of concussions followed by football
531:
The rate of incidence of concussions, in general, decreases with age; the younger generation experience head traumas more often. However, overall the number of pediatric patients diagnosed with a concussion has increased from 2013 to 2018. This increase of diagnoses could be related to increased
527:
The most recent estimated range of concussions among patients 18 years of age or younger is between 1.1 million to 1.9 million concussions annually. The estimate is a wide range due to the difficulty of accurately reporting because of differing definitions used, lack of surveillance systems, and
410:
Image to show the MRI machine, which can be used to identify any brain injuries through imaging. As MRI involves a strong magnetic field, the patients to take precautions, as the strong magnetic field can exert strong power on magnetizable objects. Moreover, patients with claustrophobia can face
271:
The
Balance Error Score System (BESS) examination measures postural stability which can be affected with the occurrence of a concussion. BESS aims to demonstrate the individual's stability by testing the balancing ability of the individual for three different positions on firm and foam surfaces.
228:
All children and adolescents with suspected concussion require a medical assessment from a physician or nurse practitioner to accurately diagnose concussion and ensure that the child or adolescent does not have a more severe form of brain injury (TBI), an injury to their cervical spine, or other
219:
In older children, aged two or more, a pediatric concussion may lead to detectable modifications in the patients' cognition and behavior. Similar to toddlers, they may be vocal about symptoms. This includes feelings of dizziness, problems balancing, having blurry vision, increased sensitivity to
431:
Infants, adolescents and children suspected of having a concussion are recommended to seek immediate medical attention. Those with red flag symptoms should go to the nearest emergency room or call an ambulance (emergency medical service transport). Treatments vary to provide recovery from the
382:
The Acute
Concussion Evaluate (ACE) tool and the SCAT5 can be utilized to screen the cognitive status of the individual. These assessment tools can evaluate cognition, such as memory. Nonetheless, it lacks in its ability to judge attention, a factor that may be affected due to concussion. Poor
373:
The balance assessment is useful in observing the abnormalities in balancing abilities, which is a commonly reported symptom of concussed individuals. When conducting the balance test, it is important to focus on the footwear of the individual, as it may impact the results of the balance test.
211:
The symptoms of pediatric concussion can differ between babies, toddlers and older children. Babies, aged from birth to one-year-old, are usually unable to communicate their pain or emotions verbally. Therefore, more physical symptoms of pediatric concussion will be administered. This includes
391:
The neuropsychological evaluation facilitates the analysis of factors that may be affected by concussion such as learning, memory, efficacy, thinking process, reaction time, and attention. This is achieved through different assessments such as the
Performance Validity Test (PVTs) and Symptom
298:
It is critical to record down details of the initial injury, such as whether the symptoms of concussion were present immediately, how the injury occurred, or the severity of the symptoms presented. These records may be necessary and helpful for medical professionals to accurately identify the
280:
The King-Devick test is to assess the visual-motor function of the individual. Different sets of test cards are provided to the individuals, with different form of lines that have numbers in the middle. The individual is told to read the numbers of the card from the top-left corner to the
307:
Symptom scales can be varied among various age groups, and it can be provided to help health care providers to assess. Different checklists can be used to measure the symptoms of concussion, such as the Graded
Symptom Checklist (GSC), Post-Concussion Symptoms Survey (PCSS), and Rivermead
500:
and balance testing. Although these tests are incapable of being a strong predictive tool for outcomes, they are able to assess recovery from the pediatric concussion. These tools display greater benefits towards older adolescents for determining predictions for prognosis.
70:. Prevention for concussions involves reducing common risks in the youth; wearing a helmet to avoid sports-related head trauma. Treatment includes an initial period of 1–2 days of relative rest followed by a progressive return to physical and mental activities.
364:
nuclei, are susceptible to injuries in concussion. Therefore, the evaluation of the visual-motor function, the King-Devick Test as an example, can indicate the severity of the concussion, which can then be associated with the duration needed for recovery.
212:
excessive crying when slightly moving the baby's head, different portrayal of irritability such as persistent crying, fever, or poor appetite, distinctive changes in the baby's sleeping habits, vomiting, or a visible physical injury on the baby's head.
458:
Pharmacologic treatment at the present stage has been shown to be unable to speed the recovery of pediatric concussion; nevertheless, the medication can be prescribed to alleviate signs and symptoms of sleep disturbances, headaches, cognitive and
324:, which consists of the retina, optic disc, and blood vessels. This examination can detect any eye problems, such as glaucoma, optic nerve problems or macular degeneration. It can be useful when recognizing any eye injuries caused by a concussion.
241:(GCS) is a clinical scale utilized to measure the severity of the concussion. The normal GCS can be used for children above the age of two, and a pediatric GCS has also been developed to assess the symptoms for children under the age of two.
392:
Validity Tests (SVTs), which allows the interpretation of any injuries made by concussion. It can recognize the cognitive status of the patients as well as indicate the recommended duration of recovery based on the severity of the injury.
31:
that impacts the brain capacity. Concussion can affect functional, emotional, cognitive and physical factors and can occur in people of all ages. Symptoms following after the concussion vary and may include confusion, disorientation,
411:
difficulties staying inside the machine for a long time, due to its limited space. Different methods of familiarizing the patient with the machine or easing the discomfort should be adapted prior to the use of an MRI machine.
229:
mental health or neurological conditions that may have similar symptoms to concussion. There is no single physical or physiological test, imaging technique, or bodily fluids test to directly diagnose a pediatric concussion.
449:
After a brief 1–2 days of rest, school activities should be started. Absences of more than 1 week are discouraged to avoid deterioration of the manifestations and are recommended to take an active rehabilitation instead.
78:
The symptoms can typically be included in four major categories: physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep-related changes. Depending on the age group of the patient, the display of symptoms and signs may vary.
1149:
Borgialli DA, Mahajan P, Hoyle JD, Powell EC, Nadel FM, Tunik MG, et al. (August 2016). "Performance of the
Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale Score in the Evaluation of Children With Blunt Head Trauma".
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Children, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, et al. (Committee on Sports-Related Concussions in Youth) (2014-02-04).
1220:
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208:, vomiting and more. Delayed onset of symptoms may occur a few hours or days after the injury. The delayed symptoms involve all the physical, emotional and cognitive changes.
328:
Various neurological examinations can be initiated to indicate areas affected by pediatric concussion. This includes the examination of the mental status, fundoscopic (
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Barlow KM, Crawford S, Stevenson A, Sandhu SS, Belanger F, Dewey D (August 2010). "Epidemiology of postconcussion syndrome in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury".
196:
A pediatric concussion can lead to an immediate or delayed onset of symptoms. Immediate onset of symptoms includes physical impacts, such as dizziness, headache,
66:
Concussions are a common head trauma with an estimated amount of 16% of children over the age of 10 having already experienced at least one head injury requiring
356:
functions. Visual-motor screening evaluates the cognitive control of the eye movement which utilizes several pathways of the brain. These pathways, such as the
496:
Health care professionals may occasionally employ prognostic tools to provide assistance to determine a predictive outcome, such as validated symptoms scales,
2384:
Zemek RL, Farion KJ, Sampson M, McGahern C (March 2013). "Prognosticators of persistent symptoms following pediatric concussion: a systematic review".
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59:. Approximately 48% of concussions consequently originate from falls in pediatric patients. Within the United States, concussions resulting from
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1050:
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Image to show the medical professional conducting a funduscopic exam using a funduscope. The funduscopic method is used to examine the
725:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children"
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Therefore, it is recommended to remove footwear prior to balance testing. Such balance assessments include SCAT5, and the BESS.
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light and noise, trouble paying attention, difficulty in memory, various mood changes, fatigue, and irregular sleep patterns.
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symptomatic 3 months afterwards; this could not be explained by trauma, family dysfunction, or psychological adjustment.
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Presently, there is no test to accurately determine the recovery estimate of pediatric patients who had a concussion.
2058:"Effectiveness of return to activity and return to school protocols for children postconcussion: a systematic review"
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performance in the cognitive screen testing can suggest slower recovery or even a referral to a neuropsychologist.
1934:
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Common causes of a pediatric concussion include falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and
254:
Error Score System, Test of Individual Stability, King-Devick Test (KD), and Test of Visual-Motor function.
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risk of another hit to the body or head need to be completely avoided until medical clearance is granted.
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can assist patients experiencing sleep disturbances. Medication utilized for headaches like
2735:
1806:
1749:
1383:
Galetta KM, Barrett J, Allen M, Madda F, Delicata D, Tennant AT, et al. (April 2011).
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There are various methods of neuroimaging, commonly including magnetic resonance imaging (
8:
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McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvořák J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, et al. (June 2017).
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Davis GA, Anderson V, Babl FE, Gioia GA, Giza CC, Meehan W, et al. (June 2017).
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significance of the injury, as well as predict the recommended duration of recovery.
67:
2667:
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Kamins J, Bigler E, Covassin T, Henry L, Kemp S, Leddy JJ, et al. (June 2017).
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2421:"What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic review"
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evaluation, balancing tests, and assessment for risk factors for slower recovery.
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880:"Pediatric Concussion - Conditions and Treatments | Children's National Hospital"
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In pediatric patients at risk for persisting symptoms, including factors such as
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2529:"Epidemiology and Incidence of Pediatric Concussions in General Aspects of Life"
1502:"Concussion Diagnostic Exams | Neurological Tests at Beaumont | Beaumont Health"
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indicate that 3.8 million patients sustain this trauma each year.
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Table showing commonly reported symptoms of pediatric concussion
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340:, reflexes and coordination, and walking.
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336:testing to evaluate the brain, strength,
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182:Abnormally long or short sleep durations
2712:Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion
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311:
284:
2681:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.007
2614:
2515:
2453:
1932:
1919:
1900:
1726:
1665:
1445:
1230:
1139:
1029:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.003
980:
444:
377:
332:) exam to assess eye coordination,
275:
248:
216:such as hobbies, may also be seen.
150:Difficulty in recalling information
13:
2425:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2323:
2287:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2271:
2196:
2156:"Medical therapies for concussion"
1867:
1710:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)"
1648:"BESS Test for Balance Assessment"
1640:
1293:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1246:British Journal of Sports Medicine
934:British Journal of Sports Medicine
814:
778:British Journal of Sports Medicine
14:
2752:
2699:
1196:"What Is the Glasgow Coma Scale?"
896:
869:
707:
658:
564:
302:
224:Diagnosis of pediatric concussion
1819:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06457.x
1465:. National Academies Press (US).
1226:. National Academies Press (US).
741:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2853
2660:
2571:
2412:
2398:10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.216
2377:
2247:
2147:
2098:
2049:
2000:
1951:
1894:
1843:
1786:
1702:
1679:"Neuropsychological Assessment"
1591:
1542:
1518:
1494:
1469:
1425:
1376:
1327:
1280:
1213:
1188:
1115:
1091:
1067:
1043:
1008:
921:
514:
395:
1933:Society, Canadian Paediatric.
842:
765:
682:
1:
2718:Guideline on MTBI in children
557:
453:
436:Rest and return to activities
387:Neuropsychological evaluation
2438:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097464
2299:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097729
2123:10.2119/2008-00050.Beauchamp
1882:National Institute of Health
1401:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821184c9
1352:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000381
1340:Neurology. Clinical Practice
1305:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106982
1258:10.1136/bjsports-2023-107036
947:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699
791:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097415
487:
426:
344:Vestibular ocular evaluation
7:
1152:Academic Emergency Medicine
1055:www.nationwidechildrens.org
535:
419:) and computed tomography (
117:Light and noise sensitivity
68:immediate medical attention
10:
2757:
2160:Clinics in Sports Medicine
2154:Meehan WP (January 2011).
2074:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000667
2013:Clinics in Sports Medicine
1976:10.1007/s12178-019-09545-7
1762:10.1038/s41598-017-07742-3
997:. Mayo Clinic. 20 May 2023
634:10.1007/s12178-019-09561-7
484:implications on recovery.
399:
267:Balance Error Score System
185:Easily awoken during sleep
163:More emotionally sensitive
2353:10.1017/S1355617711000907
2172:10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.003
2026:10.1016/j.csm.2020.08.010
1481:National Cancer Institute
1462:Clinical Evaluation Tools
552:Prevention of concussions
2491:10.1177/2150132720985058
2222:10.3389/fneur.2018.01113
1616:10.1177/1941738114541238
1567:10.1177/0363546514543775
179:Irregular sleep patterns
2546:10.3390/brainsci9100257
1051:"Babies' Warning Signs"
61:sports-related injuries
2592:10.1542/peds.2009-0925
2209:Frontiers in Neurology
855:www.pedsconcussion.com
412:
325:
169:Often upset or nervous
884:childrensnational.org
863:10.17605/OSF.IO/3VWN9
461:emotional inflictions
409:
319:
206:loss of consciousness
188:Feeling of somnolence
156:Problems in academics
46:loss of consciousness
2485:: 2150132720985058.
1530:UPMC Sports Medicine
114:Difficulty Balancing
21:pediatric concussion
2669:Pediatric Neurology
1811:2012NYASA1252...43R
1754:2017NatSR...7.8297C
1103:www.reliasmedia.com
1017:Pediatric Neurology
147:Difficulty focusing
86:
2117:(11–12): 731–740.
2111:Molecular Medicine
1901:CDC (2020-10-02).
1742:Scientific Reports
1164:10.1111/acem.13014
413:
369:Balance assessment
326:
258:SCAT6 / ChildSCAT6
239:Glasgow coma scale
233:Glasgow coma scale
202:retrograde amnesia
153:Stagnant behaviour
82:
74:Symptoms and signs
57:blunt force trauma
2648:978-1-61002-149-4
2166:(1): 115–24, ix.
1855:www.ninds.nih.gov
1714:www.nibib.nih.gov
1561:(10): 2479–2486.
1395:(17): 1456–1462.
1079:nursingcenter.com
506:premorbid history
463:, of the injury.
350:vestibular ocular
312:Neurological exam
285:Office evaluation
194:
193:
166:Easily frustrated
2748:
2693:
2692:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2586:(2): e374–e381.
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2524:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2470:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2332:
2321:
2320:
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2278:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2259:www.uptodate.com
2251:
2245:
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2200:
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2193:
2183:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
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1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1733:
1724:
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1662:
1660:
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1588:
1578:
1546:
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1536:
1522:
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1512:
1506:www.beaumont.org
1498:
1492:
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1489:
1488:
1473:
1467:
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1442:
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1133:
1119:
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1109:
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1088:
1086:
1085:
1075:"CEArticlePrint"
1071:
1065:
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1047:
1041:
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1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
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720:
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702:
701:
686:
680:
679:
677:
676:
665:
656:
655:
645:
613:
445:Return-to-school
378:Cognitive screen
338:sensory analysis
276:King-Devick test
249:Sideline testing
87:
81:
23:, also known as
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2726:
2725:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2576:
2572:
2525:
2516:
2471:
2454:
2431:(12): 935–940.
2417:
2413:
2386:JAMA Pediatrics
2382:
2378:
2333:
2324:
2293:(12): 941–948.
2279:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2201:
2197:
2152:
2148:
2103:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2005:
2001:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1931:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1849:
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1500:
1499:
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1486:
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1475:
1474:
1470:
1457:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1381:
1377:
1332:
1328:
1299:(11): 636–647.
1285:
1281:
1252:(11): 622–631.
1238:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1129:
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1059:
1057:
1049:
1048:
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1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
981:
940:(11): 838–847.
926:
922:
913:
911:
902:
901:
897:
888:
886:
878:
877:
870:
847:
843:
834:
832:
823:
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784:(12): 949–957.
770:
766:
735:(11): e182853.
729:JAMA Pediatrics
721:
708:
699:
697:
688:
687:
683:
674:
672:
667:
666:
659:
614:
565:
560:
538:
517:
498:cognitive tests
490:
456:
447:
438:
429:
404:
398:
389:
380:
371:
346:
314:
305:
296:
287:
278:
269:
260:
251:
235:
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110:Lightheadedness
76:
34:lightheadedness
17:
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5:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2701:
2700:External links
2698:
2695:
2694:
2675:(5): 376–378.
2659:
2647:
2613:
2570:
2533:Brain Sciences
2514:
2452:
2411:
2392:(3): 259–265.
2376:
2347:(5): 886–895.
2322:
2270:
2246:
2195:
2146:
2097:
2068:(1): e000667.
2048:
2019:(1): 147–158.
1999:
1970:(2): 117–123.
1950:
1918:
1893:
1866:
1842:
1785:
1725:
1701:
1664:
1639:
1610:(5): 427–433.
1590:
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1468:
1444:
1424:
1375:
1346:(6): 464–473.
1326:
1279:
1229:
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1187:
1173:2027.42/133544
1158:(8): 878–884.
1138:
1127:www.rch.org.au
1114:
1090:
1066:
1042:
1023:(2): 108–118.
1007:
979:
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764:
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628:(3): 340–345.
562:
561:
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549:
544:
537:
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516:
513:
489:
486:
455:
452:
446:
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434:
428:
425:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
388:
385:
379:
376:
370:
367:
358:frontoparietal
345:
342:
330:ophthalmoscopy
313:
310:
304:
303:Symptom scales
301:
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292:
286:
283:
277:
274:
268:
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259:
256:
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42:blurred vision
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2018:
2014:
2010:
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1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
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1936:
1929:
1927:
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1604:Sports Health
1601:
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1290:
1289:"Child SCAT6"
1283:
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477:acetaminophen
474:
470:
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424:
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408:
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360:circuits and
359:
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351:
341:
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335:
334:cranial nerve
331:
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318:
309:
300:
291:
282:
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264:
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246:
242:
240:
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217:
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130:double vision
127:
124:
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119:
116:
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26:
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2630:
2583:
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2482:
2478:
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2424:
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2385:
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2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
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2208:
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2163:
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2110:
2100:
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2012:
2002:
1967:
1963:
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1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1805:(1): 43–50.
1802:
1798:
1788:
1745:
1741:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1694:, retrieved
1682:
1656:. Retrieved
1654:. 2018-06-13
1651:
1642:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1483:. 2011-02-02
1480:
1477:"Funduscopy"
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