171:
669:
152:
1283:(FCI) is neither a breed registry nor does it issue pedigrees or keep addresses for breeders. It is a global canine organization with member and contract partners (one member per country) that conduct international conformation shows, working/hunting/herding trials, and various other events. The results are submitted to FCI for processing, approval and international recognition. Each of the member and contract partners issue and maintain their own pedigrees and respective breed standards, and train their own judges. FCI ensures that each member mutually recognizes the pedigrees and judges of all FCI members.
1028:
226:
196:, arctic north-eastern Siberia, which was connected to the mainland at that time. The dogs were selectively bred as either sled dogs or as hunting dogs, which implies that a sled dog standard and a hunting dog standard existed at that time. The optimal maximum size for a sled dog is 20–25 kg (44–55 lb) based on thermo-regulation, and the ancient sled dogs were between 16–25 kg (35–55 lb). The same standard has been found in the remains of sled dogs from this region 2,000 years ago and in the modern
33:
4602:
56:, fur type, etc, but are only one species of dog. Their behavioral traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, and personality traits such as hyper-social behavior, boldness, and aggression. Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years. As a result of their adaptability to many environments and breedability for human needs, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world.
4612:
1091:
1381:, or crossbreed vigor. This advantage can be progressively diluted when two crossbreeds are bred in the attempt to create a breed, narrowing the gene pool. The best way to continue taking advantage of crossbreed vigor is from the breeding of dogs of purebred ancestry, as this vigor is typically seen only in the first generation cross of two purebred animals of separate breeds, thus taking advantage of
2203:
1048:
basal breeds have little or no genetic connections to their ancestral populations and that their genetic distinctiveness does not signify ancient heritage. They are distinctive from the modern breeds because the genetic heritage of the modern breeds has become blurred due to admixture, and the basal breeds have mostly avoided admixture with them due to geographic or cultural barriers.
182:
266:. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour. The difference in size has been attributed to a
211:-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred. Most modern dog breeds are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830-1900), and the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873 in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses.
956:-wide coverage of 1,375 dogs representing 35 breeds, 19 wolves, and previous published genetic signatures of other breeds, giving a total of 121 breeds covered. The study found a deep genetic split between old-world and new-world wolves, and confirmed the genetic divergence of 13 breeds from a 2010 study (
2158:
Boyko, Adam R.; Quignon, Pascale; Li, Lin; Schoenebeck, Jeffrey J.; Degenhardt, Jeremiah D.; Lohmueller, Kirk E.; Zhao, Keyan; Brisbin, Abra; Parker, Heidi G.; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Cargill, Michele; Auton, Adam; Reynolds, Andy; Elkahloun, Abdel G.; Castelhano, Marta; Mosher, Dana S.; Sutter, Nathan
1226:
for each breed of dog is a detailed description of the appearance and behaviour of an idealized dog of that breed. Included in the breed standard description are externally observable aspects of appearance and behaviour that are considered by the breed club to be the most important for the breed, and
1047:
were the very recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past. If those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. The combination of introgression and past population bottlenecks suggested that
98:
Prior to the standardization of dog breeds, there were many different types of dogs that were defined by their own, unique functions. Many different terms were used to describe dogs, such as breed, strain, type, kind, and variety. By the end of the
Victorian era, society had changed and so did the
1424:
associated with the latter term. The implication that such dogs must be a mix of defined breeds may stem from an inverted understanding of the origins of dog breeds. Purebred dogs have been, for the most part, artificially created from random-bred populations by human selective breeding with the
2295:
vonHoldt, Bridgett; Lohmueller, Kirk E.; Han, Eunjung; Parker, Heidi G.; Quignon, Pascale; Degenhardt, Jeremiah D.; Boyko, Adam R.; Earl, Dent A.; Auton, Adam; Reynolds, Andy; Bryc, Kasia; Brisbin, Abra; Knowles, James C.; Mosher, Dana S.; Spady, Tyrone C.; Elkahloun, Abdel; Geffen, Eli; Pilot,
704:
or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, scent-hounds, and sight-hounds. There were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other
107:
and the groups that hosted them, the term dog breed took on an entirely new meaning. Dog show competitions included best-in-breed winners, and the purebreds were winning. Breed standards are the reason the breed came to be, and with those standards are key features, including form, function and
275:
aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world. The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of
European lineage during the
274:
region arisen in wolves from northern latitudes c. 53.000 years ago and fixed by natural and subsequently by human selection. Their behavioral traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and
1035:
The 2012 study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. The study indicated that throughout history, global dog populations experienced numerous episodes of diversification and
1295:
dogs, and require more veterinary visits, and tend to have lower longevity. Indeed, studies have reported lifespans that are shorter by between one and almost two years. Notably, dog breeds with flat faces and short noses have breathing difficulties, eye trouble and other health issues.
1155:, producing young that are very similar to their parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable. Such records, called
632:"Ancient breed" is a term formerly, but no longer, used for a particular group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club. These breeds were referred to as "ancient", as opposed to modern, breeds because historically it was believed their origins dated back more than 500 years.
685:
are broad categories of dogs based on form, function or style of work, lineage, or appearance. In contrast, modern dog breeds are particular breed standards, sharing a common set of heritable characteristics, determined by the kennel club that recognizes the breed.
294:
that explained most of the phenotype variation. Indicators of recent selection were shown by many of the 51 genomic regions that were associated with traits that define a breed, which include body size, coat characteristics, and ear floppiness.
1056:
As dogs are a subspecies but their breeds are distinct genetic units, and because only certain breeds share the same type of cancers as humans, the differences in the genes of different breeds may be useful in human medical research.
2296:
Malgorzata; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz; Greco, Claudia; Randi, Ettore; Bannasch, Danika; Wilton, Alan; Shearman, Jeremy; Musiani, Marco; Cargill, Michelle; Jones, Paul G.; Qian, Zuwei; Huang, Wei; et al. (17 March 2010).
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Kennel clubs provide the recognition of distinct dog breeds, but there are many independent clubs with differing, and sometimes inconsistent standards and they need not apply scientific standards. Four varieties of the
1973:
In the strictest sense, dog breeds date back only to the last couple of decades of the nineteenth century, or to more recent decades in this (the twentieth) century but distinct types of dogs have existed centuries
647:
which grouped together with strong statistical support and could be separated from the other breeds with a modern
European origin. These 9 breeds had been referred to as "ancient breeds". The study found that the
1171:. Further, some groups of dogs which clearly share a persistent set of characteristics and documented descent from a known foundation stock may still not be recognized by some clubs as breeds. For instance, the
1206:
to be shown but under the condition the animals have been spayed or neutered, are not a wolf hybrid, and not eligible for the AKC Foundation Stock
Service Program or an AKC Purebred Alternative Listing (PAL).
2223:
Parker, H. G.; Kim, L. V.; Sutter, N. B.; Carlson, S; Lorentzen, T. D.; Malek, T. B.; Johnson, G. S.; Defrance, H. B.; Ostrander, E. A.; Kruglyak, L (2004). "Genetic
Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog".
249:
developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes. Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid
689:
The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the product of the controlled breeding practices of the
Victorian era (1830–1900). In 2010, a study looked at 48,000
116:
was founded in 1911 as a worldwide organization. Its objective is to bring global uniformity to the breeding, exhibiting and judging of pure-bred dogs. It now has 99 member countries. According to
639:
of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. The study found that dog breeds were so genetically distinct that 99% of individual dogs could be correctly assigned to their breed based on their
1883:
705:
phenotypes. As in a 2004 study that found 9 'ancient breeds' to be genetically divergent, the study found 13 breeds that were genetically divergent from the modern breeds: the
1065:
In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, may be linked to gene mutations. Other temperaments may be due to the legacies of 'ancient' ancestry.
1602:
Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wang, Guo-Dong; Larson, Greger; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Davis, Brian W.; Jagannathan, Vidyha; Hitte, Christophe; Wayne, Robert K.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019).
1151:
have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics. Dogs of a specific breed
3785:(Print) (5th ed.). Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD: TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network. p. 912.
3747:(Print) (6th ed.). Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD: TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network. p. 960.
2380:
Edward, of
Norwich; Baillie-Grohman, William A. (William Adolph); Baillie-Grohman, F. (Florence); Roosevelt, Theodore; Gaston III Phebus, Count of Foix (1 January 1909).
59:
A dog breed will consistently produce the physical traits, movement and temperament that were developed over decades of selective breeding. For each breed they recognize,
1458:
rose through time in response to a particular environment and in isolation from other populations of the species. This environment included humans but with little or no
643:, indicating that breeding barriers (purebred breeding) have led to distinct genetic units. The study identified 9 breeds that could be represented on the branches of a
3224:
2751:
1314:
The Fédération
Cynologique Internationale is a global organisation with 98 members and contract partners (one member per country) that recognize 356 purebreds.
3446:
The mongrel is not a true breed, but it is certainly a common category of domestic dog. It has been estimated that, worldwide, there are 150 million of them."
4116:
200:
breed standard. Other dogs were larger at 30 kg (66 lb) and appear to be dogs that had been crossed with wolves and used for polar-bear hunting.
1233:). In addition, most breed standards include a historical section, describing the place of origin and the original work done by the breed or its ancestor
48:
that was purposefully bred by humans to perform specific tasks, such as herding, hunting, and guarding. Dogs are the most variable mammal on Earth, with
1338:
is the result of mating two different breeds. "Designer Dog" became a fad in the late 20th century. Dog crossbreeds are combinations of lineages of the
52:
producing upward of 360 globally recognized breeds. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size and shape, tail
1277:, such as Hound, Terrier, Working, Herding, Sporting, Non-Sporting, Toy and Miscellaneous; some groups may be further subdivided by some registries.
1540:
Parker, Heidi G.; Dreger, Dayna L.; Rimbault, Maud; Davis, Brian W.; Mullen, Alexandra B.; Carpintero-Ramirez, Gretchen; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2017).
3194:
165:
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breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence but not all of them were historically considered to be "ancient breeds".
2427:
English hawking and hunting in the Boke of St. Albans : a facsimile edition of sigs. a2-f8 of the Boke of St. Albans (1486) / by Rachel Hands
1886:. In:Serpell, J. (Ed.), The Domestic Dog, its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 16-20
1147:
A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same
3572:
3543:
3252:
2159:
B.; Johnson, Gary S.; Novembre, John; Hubisz, Melissa J.; Siepel, Adam; Wayne, Robert K.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2010).
1848:
Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Kasparov, Aleksey K. (2017). "Archaeological dogs from the Early
Holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic".
2986:
Proschowsky, Helle Friis; Rugbjerg, Helene; Ersbøll, Annette Kjær (30 April 2003). "Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in
Denmark".
3134:
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principles) did not yet exist. Some crossbred dogs, created by breeding two purebred dogs of different breeds, may have the advantage of
1373: Historically, crosses between dogs of different types were more well accepted at a time when modern purebred breeds (based on the
1036:
homogenization, with each round further reducing the power of genetic data derived from modern breeds to help infer their early history.
1280:
145:
2797:
2370:, by Edward, second Duke of York: ed. Baillie-Grohman, William.1st Ed. London: 1904 Ballantine, Hanson & Co Folio, 302pp. 52 pl
1797:
822:
The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely,
3273:
170:
1718:
237:, to have been domesticated. The first dogs were certainly wolflike, but the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog–wolf
760:
The study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs.
3834:
99:
role of dogs. The form was given a more prominent role than function. Different types or breeds of dog were being developed by
3733:
3708:
3614:
3497:
3467:
3439:
3351:
2628:
2595:
1966:
3234:
1405:
that does not belong to one officially recognized breed but can be a mix of two breeds and is not the result of intentional
1227:
externally observable details of appearance or temperament that are considered by the breed club to be unacceptable (called
2645:
144:
is not far behind, with 47 breeds. These three countries alone represent more than 40% of all dog breeds recognized by the
3489:
The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris
1542:"Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development"
3790:
3771:
3752:
3670:
3175:
1938:
1908:
1270:
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3645:
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Canines of unknown lineage used to be termed mongrels—how demeaning! Over time, the term 'mixed breed' was preferred.
3309:
3286:
the Beagle is one of the lowest priced purebred dogs, yet the Puggle often sells for much more than the purebred Pug.
2434:
1822:
3602:
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for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other
4641:
656:
were not as old as once believed; rather, they had been recreated from combinations of other breeds, and that the
241:
are not known. Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds. In the
113:
1202:
if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. The American Kennel Club allows
668:
4243:
2878:"Gender, age, breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996"
1604:"Dog10K: An international sequencing effort to advance studies of canine domestication, phenotypes, and health"
3261:
the stampede to acquire one (designer dog) has become so furious that puppies now sell for as much as ÂŁ2,000.
660:
grouped with the other European dogs despite reports of direct Scandinavian origins dating back 5,000 years.
3346:. Translated by Richard E. Quandt (First American ed.). New York: North Point Press. pp. 285–286.
17:
3202:
2048:"Natural and human-driven selection of a single non-coding body size variant in ancient and modern canids"
4462:
2695:
4333:
4174:
4111:
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purpose of enhancing desired physical, behavioral, or temperamental characteristics. Dogs that are not
112:
in the UK was founded in 1873, and was the world's first national kennel club and breed registry. The
2823:
258:
imposed by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from a 0.46 kg (1.0 lb) teacup
2772:
4556:
4435:
4305:
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3021:
O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (1 December 2013).
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220:
3648:, Chapter 3, "Natural Breeds", p. 85. "Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction"
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916:(Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there is a greyhound, a bastard, a
773:
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151:
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studied, which included body, cranial, dental, and long bone shape and size. There were three
103:
who wanted to define specific characteristics and desirable features in their dogs. Driven by
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1363:
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1021:
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4157:
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2532:
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2298:"Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication"
2233:
2059:
1857:
1679:"Analysis of Genetic Variation in 28 Dog Breed Populations With 100 Microsatellite Markers"
1359:
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2357:. Translated by Danielsson, B.; Cynegetica Anglica. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell Int.
1027:
700:
The study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to
75:
which is a written description of the ideal specimen of the breed. Other uses of the term
8:
4636:
4523:
4513:
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2015:
1998:
1903:(Print) (5th ed.). Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD: TFH Publications, Inc. p. 912.
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246:
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In 2017, a study showed that 9,000 years ago the domestic dog was present at what is now
3384:
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2913:
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2508:
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2187:
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2112:
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1471:
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often go for more money than purebreds, which can range from $ 200 to $ 2,000 per dog.
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3065:"Comparative Longevity of Pet Dogs and Humans: Implications for Gerontology Research"
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2020:
1962:
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1273:(1958), and other national breed registries. Recognized dog breeds are classified by
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Dogs with a breed standard may be accepted into one or more of the major registries (
644:
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2605:
2564:
2474:"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography"
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2111:
Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (2020).
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are not necessarily a mix of such defined breeds. Therefore, among some experts and
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2010:
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lays out strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "evolving breeds".
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1869:
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1097:
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969:
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207:-types of dogs were depicted on pottery and paintings in Egypt and Western Asia.
109:
88:
3081:
3064:
2933:"Mortality in insured Swedish dogs: rates and causes of death in various breeds"
2653:
2612:
2587:
858:. More significant in recording the use and description of various dog types is
4546:
4132:
4106:
3373:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3041:
2666:
The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog.
1335:
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1005:
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225:
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121:
84:
72:
68:
3069:
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2578:
Serpell, James A.; Duffy, Deborah L. (2014). "Dog Breeds and Their Behavior".
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32:
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species (wolves, coyotes, jackals, etc.). Notable canid hybrids include the
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4073:
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3434:(First Paperback ed.). Vermont: Tralfalgar Square. pp. 696–697.
3367:
Birchler, James A.; Yao, Hong; Chudalayandi, Sivanandan (29 August 2006).
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to take advantage of the inflated prices people are paying for these dogs.
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Groups of owners that have dogs of the same breed and have an interest in
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4147:
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3908:
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Patronek, Gary J.; Waters, David J.; Glickman, Lawrence T. (1 May 1997).
2161:"A Simple Genetic Architecture Underlies Morphological Variation in Dogs"
1619:
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1421:
1246:
1229:
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961:
847:
781:
742:
100:
64:
3684:(2nd ed.). Barron's Educational Series, Incorporated. p. 368.
2948:
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Egenvall, A.; Hedhammar, A.; Bonnett, B. N.; Olson, P. (29 April 2000).
2785:
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Donna L. Morden; Seranne, Ann; Wendell J. Sammet; Gasow, Julia (2004).
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924:" (small-to-medium-sized scenthounds), "kennets" (small hunting dogs),
851:
831:
722:
80:
3806:
2931:
Bonnett, B. N.; Egenvall, A.; Olson, P.; Hedhammar, Ă… (12 July 1997).
2696:"Get Started – Register Your Mixed Breed Dog With AKC Canine Partners"
2646:"The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional?"
286:
which were associated with phenotype variation among breeds in the 57
4410:
4233:
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4198:
4142:
4018:
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3901:
2533:"Canine Genetics Offers New Mechanisms for the Study of Human Cancer"
1515:
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855:
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are the ground zero of dog fancying, with 57 registered breeds each.
53:
1953:
826:(1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the
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4405:
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4228:
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3609:. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing. pp. 392–393.
1894:
1892:
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1199:
1180:
1159:, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations.
1141:
1044:
1009:
1001:
909:
785:
677:
640:
338:
174:
117:
104:
2353:
Twiti, William (1977). Danielsson, B.; Cynegetica Anglica (eds.).
1651:
4293:
4223:
4188:
4101:
4061:
4027:
4003:
3994:
3950:
3930:
3923:
3869:
2850:
2822:
2206:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1396:
1367:
1355:
1292:
973:
929:
925:
917:
877:
873:
706:
446:
263:
208:
141:
129:
2397:
1889:
1823:"Over 40% of the world's dog breeds come from these 3 countries"
4066:
3972:
3945:
3891:
1351:
1269:(1898), United Kennel Clubs International (UCI, Germany 1976),
1144:
dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents.
993:
953:
869:
800:
710:
694:
543:
283:
259:
166:
Cultural depictions of dogs in Western art § Early history
137:
125:
4054:
4044:
4039:
3962:
2930:
2875:
1148:
985:
921:
868:, a treatise that describes dogs and their work, such as the
827:
769:
730:
697:-wide coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds.
185:
3682:
Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds: Profiles of More than 150 Breeds
3020:
2383:
The master of game : the oldest English book on hunting
1924:
1922:
1920:
1136:
and trials and accreditation of judges. They often serve as
3299:
2294:
1601:
937:
880:, used by the privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes.
309:
271:
155:
An 1897 illustration showing a range of European dog breeds
2985:
2650:
first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review
2110:
1743:
621:
of nine breeds that are genetically divergent from others
233:
The domestic dog is the first species, and the only large
60:
27:
Group of closely related and visibly similar domestic dogs
3913:
3843:
3807:
Fédération Cynologique Internationale breeds nomenclature
2355:
The Art of Hunting 1. Stockholm Studies in English XXXVII
2157:
1999:"Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes"
1917:
1539:
1402:
933:
254:
change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to
181:
45:
3812:
3366:
928:, "butcher's hounds", dung-heap dogs, "trundel tails" (
36:
Montage showing the morphological variation of the dog.
3432:
Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds
3062:
2222:
229:
Dogs share a recent common ancestor with modern wolves
3225:"Not all cute and cuddly in land of 'designer dogs,'"
2290:
2288:
2286:
2113:"Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics"
2450:
Berners, Juliana; Blades, William (1 January 1901).
1928:
3766:(Hardcover) (1st ed.). DK Adult. p. 360.
3530:
Intelligent and Loyal, a Celebration of the Mongrel
1884:
Origins of the dog: domestication and early history
120:, over 40% of the world’s dog breeds come from the
3023:"Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England"
2283:
3207:2008 will see the rapid growth of the puppy farm
3123:Vets warn people against buying 'flat-faced' dogs
282:A genetic study identified 51 regions of the dog
4628:
3698:
3605:. In Bowling, Ann T.; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (eds.).
3253:"Hounded out: Fur and loathing in the dog world"
2798:"List of Breeds by Group – American Kennel Club"
2537:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
2274:
3781:Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (March 1995).
3780:
3419:
3141:. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from
2530:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1899:Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (March 1995).
1898:
1847:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
3665:(Hardcover). Bath: Parragon Inc. p. 384.
3369:"Unraveling the genetic basis of hybrid vigor"
2816:
2531:Cadieu, Edouard; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2007).
1766:
1764:
1167:are recognised as four distinct breeds by the
936:, and small ladies puppies that bear away the
3828:
3761:
3699:De Prisco, Andrew; Johnson, James B. (1993).
3328:The dog, in health and disease, by Stonehenge
3112:How fashion has left this dog gasping for air
2467:
2465:
2463:
2449:
2218:
2216:
1996:
1420:among individuals who wish to avoid negative
1291:Purebred dogs have more health problems than
2679:"Standards of the Breeds: Group 5 – Working"
2577:
1979:
1586:
2643:
2398:"BNF – Le livre de chasse de Gaston Phebus"
1841:
1761:
904:, published in 1486, a "school" book about
3835:
3821:
3636:Coppinger, Raymond & Lorna Coppinger.
3603:"Genetic Resources and Their Conservation"
3600:
3571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3542:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2846:
2844:
2790:
2460:
2213:
2104:
1997:Freedman, Adam H; Wayne, Robert K (2017).
1961:. New York: Howell Book House. p. 8.
1850:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1790:
1711:
1346:, which are interspecific crosses between
3485:
3479:
3462:. Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. p. 11.
3402:
3392:
3222:
3080:
2688:
2507:
2497:
2471:
2329:
2186:
2176:
2151:
2079:
2014:
1694:
1627:
1569:
1559:
3724:(2nd ed.). Phoenix: Oryx. pp.
3660:
3492:. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 35.
3155:
2824:"Main activities of the FCI Secretariat"
2045:
1676:
1644:
1401:A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a
1089:
1026:
672:"Five different types of dogs", c. 1547.
667:
224:
180:
169:
150:
31:
3743:De Vito, Dominique (1 September 2005).
3742:
3556:
3297:
3192:
2841:
2421:
1770:
1132:(or studbook), and issue the rules for
1031:Phylogenetic tree of ancient dog breeds
14:
4629:
3717:
3703:. T. F. H. Publications. p. 886.
3601:Sponenberg, D. Phillip (18 May 2000).
3527:
3512:
3457:
3425:
3341:
3335:
3250:
1959:The International Encyclopedia of Dogs
1299:
3816:
3679:
3585:
3324:
2856:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
2828:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
2621:The joy of breeding your own show dog
2352:
2046:Plassais, Jocelyn (27 January 2022).
1281:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
627:
146:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
3809:, lists 339 dog breeds in 78 groups.
2623:. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House.
2386:. London : Chatto & Windus.
2039:
2016:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937
1195:does not recognize any feist breed.
1060:
1020:. The study referred to these 16 as
262:to a 90 kg (200 lb) giant
3680:Coile, D. Caroline (1 April 2005).
3223:Patterson, Melissa (23 July 2008).
3193:Bennett, Laura (10 December 2007).
2580:Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior
2003:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
1240:
1187:recognizes one breed of feist, the
1051:
214:
159:
24:
3661:Alderton, David (September 2008).
3654:
3460:True Confessions of a Veterinarian
3318:
2852:"Presentation of our organisation"
2752:"Secretary's manual (page 1 of 9)"
1771:Worboys, Michael (13 April 2019).
1271:Australian National Kennel Council
1217:
920:, a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, "
203:Between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago
25:
4653:
3800:
1516:"Dog Breeds A-Z | All Dog Breeds"
1440:
188:, an ancient Egyptian sight-hound
4610:
4601:
4600:
3783:Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World
2201:
1933:. Ballantine Books; 20 edition.
1901:Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World
1286:
948:A study in 2012 examined 49,000
888:and the French hunting treatise
884:is a combination of the earlier
872:, greyhound, pack scent hounds,
3630:
3594:
3579:
3550:
3521:
3506:
3451:
3360:
3291:
3266:
3244:
3216:
3186:
3168:
3149:
3127:
3116:
3105:
3056:
3014:
2979:
2924:
2869:
2779:
2744:
2714:
2671:
2637:
2571:
2524:
2443:
2415:
2390:
2373:
2361:
2346:
2268:
1947:
1876:
1815:
1412:In the United States, the term
1390:
1317:
1175:is a hunting dog raised in the
1107:
950:single nucleotide polymorphisms
943:
691:single nucleotide polymorphisms
635:In 2004, a study looked at the
114:International Canine Federation
79:when referring to dogs include
71:usually maintain and publish a
3762:DK Publishing (15 July 2013).
3195:"Pet Industry Trends for 2008"
2988:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1736:
1670:
1533:
1508:
1342:; they are distinguished from
1085:
13:
1:
3000:10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2
2786:American Kennel Club Glossary
2726:Department of Justice, Canada
2549:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2667
2456:. London : Elliot Stock.
1929:American Kennel Club (2006).
1502:
1437:is still the preferred term.
3274:"Designer Dogs are the Rage"
2478:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2178:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000451
1870:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.003
1798:"History of the Kennel Club"
1652:"Dog Breeds - Types Of Dogs"
1561:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079
1460:selective breeding by humans
663:
7:
4463:List of longest-living dogs
3721:Kister's Best Encyclopedias
3718:Kister, Kenneth F. (1994).
3486:Budiansky, Stephen (2000).
3251:Caesar, Ed (8 March 2007).
2588:10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_2
2429:. Oxford University Press.
1957:; Brace, Andrew H. (1995).
1773:"The history of dog breeds"
1480:
1249:) of dog breeds, including
1140:, which are lists of adult
1008:), plus another three: the
10:
4658:
4436:Origin of the domestic dog
4334:Breed-specific legislation
4175:Psychiatric assistance dog
3325:Walsh, John Henry (1859).
3042:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020
2722:"Animal Pedigree Act 1985"
2684:. New Zealand Kennel Club.
1469:
1416:is a favored synonym over
1394:
1327:
1321:
1078:
1072:
940:and diverse small sorts."
675:
567:other breeds in the study
218:
163:
4596:
4565:
4532:
4449:
4314:
4269:
4125:
4082:
3850:
3745:World Atlas of Dog Breeds
3607:The Genetics of the Horse
3458:Witiak, Dr. Gene (2004).
3298:Brandow, Michael (2015).
3082:10.1093/gerona/52A.3.B171
2129:10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0
2072:10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.036
1882:Clutton-Brock, J., 1995.
1183:and breeds. However, the
1068:
1039:Of the basal breeds, the
565:
541:
526:
519:
512:
488:
473:
466:
459:
444:
437:
395:
380:
373:
358:
351:
336:
329:
322:
307:
3842:
3557:Patmore, Angela (1985).
3513:Riddle, Maxwell (1954).
3426:Morris, Desmond (2008).
2453:The boke of Saint Albans
1465:
1120:. Kennel Clubs maintain
908:, hunting, fishing, and
901:The Book of Saint Albans
221:Domestication of the dog
44:is a particular type of
4642:Rare breed conservation
4578:List of individual dogs
4573:Domesticated silver fox
4165:Mobility assistance dog
3394:10.1073/pnas.0605627103
3342:Csányi, Vilmos (2005).
3156:Buzhardt, Lynn (2016).
2499:10.1073/pnas.1203005109
2246:10.1126/science.1097406
2117:Nature Reviews Genetics
1719:"About Breed Standards"
1608:National Science Review
1476:List of dog crossbreeds
1330:List of dog crossbreeds
1259:New Zealand Kennel Club
1169:New Zealand Kennel Club
292:quantitative trait loci
177:types, sketched in 1833
4583:List of fictional dogs
3897:Livestock guardian dog
3528:Cooper, Jilly (1981).
3030:The Veterinary Journal
2767:Cite journal requires
2275:American Kennel Club.
1177:Southern United States
1134:conformation dog shows
1104:
1032:
990:New Guinea singing dog
774:New Guinea singing dog
727:New Guinea singing dog
673:
230:
189:
178:
156:
37:
4251:Search and rescue dog
2894:10.1136/vr.146.18.519
1696:10.1093/jhered/esg004
1093:
1079:Further information:
1030:
676:Further information:
671:
228:
184:
173:
154:
108:fitness for purpose.
35:
4306:Dog–cat relationship
4153:Medical response dog
3764:The Dog Encyclopedia
3663:Encyclopedia of Dogs
2802:American Kennel Club
2700:American Kennel Club
2656:on 26 September 2000
2644:Lynn Marmer (1984).
1955:Clark, Annie Rodgers
1744:"Dog Breed Profiles"
1656:American Kennel Club
1263:Canadian Kennel Club
1255:American Kennel Club
1198:A dog is said to be
1193:American Kennel Club
1165:Belgian Shepherd Dog
256:artificial selection
50:artificial selection
4097:List of crossbreeds
3860:African village dog
3588:Book of the Mongrel
3586:White, Kay (1997).
3385:2006PNAS..10312957B
3379:(35): 12957–12958.
3278:designerdoggies.com
3237:on 6 October 2008.
3176:"Show Quality Dogs"
3139:Oxford Dictionaries
2949:10.1136/vr.141.2.40
2754:. 24 February 2003.
2490:2012PNAS..109.8878L
2322:10.1038/nature08837
2314:2010Natur.464..898V
2238:2004Sci...304.1160P
2064:2022CBio...32E.889P
1862:2017JArSR..13..491P
1829:. 26 September 2023
1683:Journal of Heredity
1300:List of pure breeds
1212:Animal Pedigree Act
1041:American Eskimo Dog
932:?) and prick-eared
834:type); the pack of
755:American Eskimo dog
3344:If Dogs Could Talk
3199:smallbiztrends.com
2582:. pp. 31–57.
2472:Larson, G (2012).
2368:The Master of Game
2277:"Dog breed groups"
1748:Dog Breed Profiles
1658:. 12 November 2017
1620:10.1093/nsr/nwz049
1492:List of dog breeds
1472:List of dog breeds
1308:List of dog breeds
1267:United Kennel Club
1185:United Kennel Club
1116:can form national
1105:
1075:List of dog breeds
1033:
882:The Master of Game
861:The Master of Game
674:
658:Norwegian Elkhound
628:Ancient dog breeds
239:genetic divergence
231:
190:
179:
157:
38:
4624:
4623:
4504:Rabies in animals
4431:Human–canine bond
4009:Bull-type terrier
3735:978-0-89774-744-8
3710:978-3-929545-60-9
3640:. Scribner 2001,
3616:978-0-85199-429-1
3499:978-0-670-89272-3
3469:978-0-944435-54-0
3441:978-1-57076-410-3
3353:978-0-86547-686-8
3180:show quality dogs
2937:Veterinary Record
2882:Veterinary Record
2630:978-0-7645-7302-6
2597:978-3-642-53993-0
2543:(11): 2181–2183.
2308:(7290): 898–902.
2058:(4): 889–897.e9.
1968:978-0-87605-624-0
1931:Complete Dog Book
1677:Irion, D (2003).
1383:genetic diversity
1364:jackal–dog hybrid
1061:Breed temperament
838:, which included
824:The Art of Venery
645:phylogenetic tree
625:
624:
612:
611:
603:
602:
594:
593:
585:
584:
576:
575:
554:
553:
501:
500:
426:
425:
417:
416:
408:
407:
245:, directed human
16:(Redirected from
4649:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4381:Dogs in religion
4244:usage by country
3865:Free-ranging dog
3837:
3830:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3796:
3777:
3758:
3739:
3714:
3695:
3676:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3590:. HarperCollins.
3583:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3396:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3304:. Beacon Press.
3295:
3289:
3288:
3284:on 4 July 2008.
3280:. Archived from
3270:
3264:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3233:. Archived from
3220:
3214:
3213:
3205:on 4 July 2008.
3201:. Archived from
3190:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3145:on 17 July 2012.
3131:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3084:
3075:(3): B171–B178.
3060:
3054:
3053:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2804:. 2 January 2019
2794:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2728:. Archived from
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2652:. Archived from
2641:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2423:Berners, Juliana
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2232:(5674): 1160–4.
2220:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
1994:
1977:
1976:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1599:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1512:
1360:dingo–dog hybrid
1241:Major registries
1204:mixed-breed dogs
1052:Medical research
966:Alaskan Malamute
912:, attributed to
864:(circa 1406) by
812:Alaskan Malamute
747:Alaskan malamute
739:Chinese Shar Pei
522:
521:
515:
514:
491:Alaskan Malamute
469:
468:
462:
461:
440:
439:
376:
375:
354:
353:
332:
331:
325:
324:
303:
302:
298:
297:
215:Genetic evidence
160:First dog breeds
69:breed registries
21:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4592:
4561:
4528:
4445:
4316:
4310:
4265:
4121:
4102:Mixed-breed dog
4078:
3846:
3841:
3803:
3793:
3774:
3755:
3736:
3711:
3692:
3673:
3657:
3655:Further reading
3652:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3599:
3595:
3584:
3580:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3515:Lovable Mongrel
3511:
3507:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3424:
3420:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3296:
3292:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:The Independent
3249:
3245:
3230:Chicago Tribune
3221:
3217:
3191:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3158:"VCA Hospitals"
3154:
3150:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3061:
3057:
3025:
3019:
3015:
2984:
2980:
2929:
2925:
2888:(18): 519–525.
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
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2732:on 26 July 2012
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2484:(23): 8878–83.
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2171:(8): e1000451.
2156:
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2109:
2105:
2052:Current Biology
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1995:
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1524:
1522:
1520:thepetworld.org
1514:
1513:
1509:
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1483:
1478:
1470:Main articles:
1468:
1443:
1399:
1393:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1302:
1289:
1251:The Kennel Club
1243:
1220:
1218:Breed standards
1210:In Canada, the
1122:breed standards
1110:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1054:
970:American Eskimo
946:
914:Juliana Berners
891:Livre de Chasse
680:
666:
637:microsatellites
630:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
555:
502:
427:
418:
409:
270:variant in the
223:
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110:The Kennel Club
61:ThePetWorld.org
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5:
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4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Crate training
4544:
4538:
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4530:
4529:
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4519:Skin disorders
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4506:
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4324:Animal testing
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4133:Assistance dog
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4114:
4112:Extinct breeds
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:List of breeds
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3802:
3801:External links
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:978-0793812844
3791:
3778:
3773:978-1465408440
3772:
3759:
3754:978-0793806560
3753:
3740:
3734:
3715:
3709:
3701:Canine Lexicon
3696:
3690:
3677:
3672:978-1407524382
3671:
3656:
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3651:
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3629:
3615:
3593:
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3185:
3167:
3148:
3126:
3115:
3104:
3055:
3036:(3): 638–643.
3013:
2994:(1–2): 63–74.
2978:
2923:
2868:
2840:
2815:
2789:
2778:
2769:|journal=
2743:
2713:
2702:. 28 July 2019
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2402:classes.bnf.fr
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2212:
2150:
2123:(8): 449–460.
2103:
2038:
1978:
1967:
1946:
1940:978-0345476265
1939:
1916:
1910:978-0793812844
1909:
1888:
1875:
1840:
1814:
1789:
1760:
1735:
1710:
1669:
1643:
1614:(4): 810–824.
1585:
1554:(4): 697–708.
1532:
1506:
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1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1464:
1456:Natural breeds
1453:
1452:
1442:
1441:Natural breeds
1439:
1433:of such dogs,
1395:Main article:
1392:
1389:
1336:dog crossbreed
1324:Dog crossbreed
1322:Main article:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1298:
1288:
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1242:
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1224:breed standard
1219:
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1130:breed registry
1109:
1106:
1087:
1084:
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1006:Siberian Husky
945:
942:
898:(circa 1387).
896:Gaston Phoebus
866:Edward of York
836:running hounds
820:
819:
816:Siberian Husky
808:northern group
804:
793:Middle Eastern
789:
751:Siberian husky
665:
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629:
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219:Main article:
216:
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198:Siberian Husky
194:Zhokhov Island
161:
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132:. It states: "
122:United Kingdom
93:natural breeds
73:breed standard
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4609:
4607:
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4589:
4588:Lists of dogs
4586:
4584:
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4574:
4571:
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4564:
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4557:Socialization
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4509:Rage syndrome
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4289:Body language
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4279:Communication
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4209:Detection dog
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4204:Companion dog
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3691:9780764157004
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3646:0-684-85530-5
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3311:9780807033432
3307:
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3258:
3254:
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3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:"cross-breed"
3130:
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3113:
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3088:
3083:
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3074:
3070:
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2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
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2464:
2455:
2454:
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2436:0-19-811715-9
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2403:
2399:
2393:
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2384:
2376:
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2255:
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2239:
2235:
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2227:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:public domain
2198:
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2184:
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2166:
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2154:
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2142:
2138:
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2114:
2107:
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2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
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1932:
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1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:See further:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
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1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:canid hybrids
1341:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1287:Health issues
1284:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:Treeing Feist
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1100:and purebred
1099:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Finnish Spitz
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
893:
892:
887:
886:Art of Venery
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
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4514:Reproduction
4484:Conformation
4426:Fear of dogs
4376:Dog grooming
4369:2007 recalls
4354:Dog fighting
4301:Intelligence
4214:Fighting dog
4194:Carriage dog
4117:Most popular
4083:
4074:Turnspit dog
3882:Hairless dog
3782:
3763:
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3622:28 September
3620:. Retrieved
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1655:
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1547:Cell Reports
1545:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
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1426:
1422:connotations
1417:
1413:
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1391:Mixed-breeds
1387:
1372:
1347:
1340:domestic dog
1333:
1318:Cross-breeds
1313:
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1253:(1873, UK),
1247:kennel clubs
1244:
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1191:, while the
1161:
1146:
1118:Kennel clubs
1114:dog breeding
1111:
1108:Kennel clubs
1081:Dog breeding
1064:
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1038:
1034:
958:Afghan Hound
952:that gave a
947:
944:Basal breeds
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843:
839:
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797:Afghan hound
792:
765:
759:
715:Afghan hound
699:
693:that gave a
688:
681:
654:Ibizan Hound
634:
631:
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529:Afghan Hound
527:
489:
474:
445:
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97:
89:mixed breeds
85:cross-breeds
76:
65:kennel clubs
58:
41:
39:
29:
18:Pedigree dog
4524:Vaccination
4421:Dog walking
4391:Dog licence
4364:dog biscuit
4349:Dog daycare
4339:Cynanthropy
4317:interaction
4170:Therapy dog
4158:Seizure dog
4148:Hearing dog
3909:Hunting dog
3887:Herding dog
3559:The Mongrel
3517:. All-Pets.
3301:Dogcutieshq
3209:crossbreeds
2660:13 December
2407:17 November
2009:: 281–307.
1856:: 491–515.
1753:29 February
1689:(1): 81–7.
1487:Dogs portal
1414:mixed-breed
1086:Pure breeds
850:); and the
830:(a leashed
766:Asian group
81:pure breeds
4637:Dog breeds
4631:Categories
4416:Dog sports
4239:Police dog
4184:Attack dog
4138:Autism dog
4107:Crossbreed
3990:Sighthound
3968:Scenthound
3875:Street dog
1503:References
1328:See also:
1157:stud books
1153:breed true
1138:registries
1102:Great Dane
978:Canaan dog
852:sighthound
832:bloodhound
723:Canaan dog
252:phenotypic
164:See also:
4411:Dog theft
4315:Human–dog
4234:Mercy dog
4219:Guard dog
4199:Catch dog
4143:Guide dog
4019:Schnauzer
3978:Coonhound
3956:Water dog
3941:Retriever
3902:Sheep dog
3567:cite book
3561:. London.
3538:cite book
3532:. London.
3091:1079-5006
2957:2042-7670
2902:2042-7670
2425:(1975) .
2145:214809393
2098:246387681
1497:Hypertype
1449:Landraces
1379:heterosis
1181:dog types
1126:pedigrees
1124:, record
1095:Chihuahua
1018:Shiba Inu
982:Chow Chow
856:greyhound
840:barcelets
778:chow chow
735:Chow Chow
702:phenotype
683:Dog types
664:Dog types
619:Cladogram
398:Akita Inu
383:Chow Chow
361:Shiba Inu
247:selection
235:carnivore
205:greyhound
105:dog shows
54:phenotype
42:dog breed
4606:Category
4534:Training
4494:Dog food
4489:Diseases
4474:Breeding
4406:Dog show
4401:Dog park
4396:Dog meat
4359:Dog food
4344:Dog bite
4271:Behavior
4256:Sled dog
4229:Meat dog
4014:Pinscher
3983:Foxhound
3413:16938847
3050:24206631
3008:12628771
2918:24303176
2910:11321213
2861:17 March
2833:15 March
2808:9 August
2706:9 August
2606:81062726
2565:28325634
2557:17982116
2518:22615366
2340:20237475
2262:43772173
2254:15155949
2197:20711490
2137:32265525
2090:35090588
2033:26721918
2025:27912242
1974:earlier.
1827:bigthink
1807:9 August
1782:8 August
1777:The Week
1728:9 August
1705:12692167
1662:8 August
1638:31598383
1580:28445722
1481:See also
1427:purebred
1407:breeding
1375:eugenics
1265:(1888),
1261:(1886),
1257:(1884),
1200:purebred
1142:purebred
1045:Eurasier
1010:Eurasier
1002:Shar-Pei
926:terriers
910:heraldry
844:brachetz
786:Shar Pei
678:Dog type
641:genotype
339:Shar Pei
175:Sled dog
118:BigThink
101:breeders
4566:Related
4542:Clicker
4469:Anatomy
4441:Therapy
4329:Baiting
4294:Howling
4284:Barking
4261:War dog
4224:Lap dog
4189:Bay dog
4062:Toy dog
4033:Bulldog
4028:Mastiff
4004:Terrier
3995:Longdog
3951:Spaniel
3936:Pointer
3931:Gun dog
3924:Lurcher
3870:Pye-dog
3726:329–330
3404:1559732
3381:Bibcode
3182:. 2020.
3099:9158552
2973:9721674
2965:9253830
2736:9 April
2509:3384140
2486:Bibcode
2331:3494089
2310:Bibcode
2234:Bibcode
2226:Science
2188:2919785
2081:8891063
2060:Bibcode
1858:Bibcode
1629:6776107
1571:5492993
1525:25 June
1435:mongrel
1418:mongrel
1397:Mongrel
1368:wolfdog
1356:coywolf
1306:Refer:
1293:mongrel
998:Samoyed
974:Basenji
930:lapdogs
918:mongrel
906:hawking
878:mastiff
874:spaniel
795:group (
719:Samoyed
707:Basenji
447:Basenji
264:mastiff
209:Mastiff
142:Germany
130:Germany
4616:Portal
4451:Health
4084:Breeds
4067:Bichon
3973:Basset
3946:Setter
3892:Collie
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1366:, and
1352:coydog
1275:groups
1230:faults
1069:Breeds
994:Saluki
954:genome
922:raches
876:, and
870:alaunt
846:(both
801:Saluki
711:Saluki
695:genome
544:Saluki
288:traits
284:genome
268:lncRNA
260:poodle
138:France
126:France
4459:Aging
4126:Roles
4055:Tugou
4050:Laika
4045:Husky
4040:Spitz
3963:Hound
3919:Feist
3852:Types
3026:(PDF)
2969:S2CID
2914:S2CID
2682:(PDF)
2602:S2CID
2561:S2CID
2258:S2CID
2141:S2CID
2094:S2CID
2029:S2CID
1466:Lists
1348:Canis
1235:types
1173:feist
1149:breed
1128:in a
1022:basal
986:Dingo
962:Akita
938:fleas
828:limer
782:Akita
770:Dingo
743:Akita
731:dingo
186:Tesem
77:breed
4499:Odor
4479:Coat
3844:Dogs
3787:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3749:ISBN
3730:ISBN
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3686:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3642:ISBN
3638:Dogs
3624:2014
3611:ISBN
3573:link
3544:link
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3409:PMID
3348:ISBN
3306:ISBN
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2953:ISSN
2906:PMID
2898:ISSN
2863:2022
2835:2022
2810:2019
2773:help
2738:2008
2708:2019
2662:2013
2625:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2553:PMID
2514:PMID
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1963:ISBN
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1802:Home
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1723:Home
1701:PMID
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1222:The
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310:Wolf
272:IGF1
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2011:doi
1866:doi
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