Polish People's Republic

2834: 3459: 2291: 2086: 1776: 3242: 2354: 1795: 1298: 1698:. The election of a Polish Pope had an electrifying effect on what had been, even under communist rule, one of the most devoutly Catholic nations in Europe. Gierek is alleged to have said to his cabinet, "O God, what are we going to do now?" or, as occasionally reported, "Jesus and Mary, this is the end". When John Paul II made his first papal tour of Poland in June 1979, half a million people heard him speak in Warsaw; he did not call for rebellion, but instead encouraged the creation of an "alternative Poland" of social institutions independent of the government, so that when the next economic crisis came, the nation would present a united front. 384: 1635: 5181: 4018: 4006: 1938: 2580: 436: 1566: 1038: 1702: 5750:

desired testimonies; also an entire system of legal norms, regulating the organisation and functioning of bodies of the judiciary, was used for victimising. Nuns also stood trials in communist courts, becoming victims of the fight of the atheist state against the Catholic Church. The majority of trials from the first decade of the Polish People's Republic in which nuns were in the dock had a political character. A mass propaganda campaign, saturated with hate, led in the press and on the radio, measured up against defendants, was their distinctive feature.

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infrastructure amounted to approximately 38%. The implementation of the immense tasks involved with the reconstruction of the country was intertwined with the struggle of the new government for the stabilisation of power, made even more difficult by the fact that a considerable part of society was mistrustful of the communist government. The occupation of Poland by the Red Army and the support the Soviet Union had shown for the Polish communists was decisive in the communists gaining the upper hand in the new Polish government.

86: 10888: 3723: 6351: 4038: 1749: 1492: 2657: 3648: 2401: 10963: 3417: 2981: 370: 190: 1662:, to re-equip and modernize Polish industry, and to import consumer goods to give the workers some incentive to work. While it boosted the Polish economy, and is still remembered as the "Golden Age" of socialist Poland, it left the country vulnerable to global economic fluctuations and Western undermining, and the repercussions in the form of massive debt are still felt in Poland even today. This Golden Age came to an end after the 2271: 6337: 45: 1063: 3628:' of the Eastern Catholics in Poland. After the removal of Metropolitan Dionizy from the leadership of the Polish Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Macarius was placed in charge. He was from western Ukraine (previously eastern Poland) and had been instrumental in the compulsory conversion of eastern Catholics to orthodoxy there. Polish security forces assisted him in suppressing resistance to his taking control of 3020: 446: 1674: 1522:

arrest. Later, some historiansannounced that the official results were only obtained through massive fraud. Government officials didn't even count the real votes in many areas and simply filled in the relevant documents in accordance with instructions from the communists. In other areas, the ballot boxes were either destroyed or replaced with boxes containing prefilled ballots.

2911: 1550: 2427:, state-owned enterprises and state-controlled prices and trade. After the West refused to grant Poland further loans, the living standards began to sharply fall again as the supply of imported goods dried up, and as Poland was forced to export everything it could, particularly food and coal, to service its massive debt, which would reach US$ 23 billion by 1980. 1586:, the land seized from the pre-war landowners and redistributed to the lower-class farmers, and millions of Poles were transferred from the lost eastern territories to the lands acquired from Germany. Poland was now to be brought into line with the Soviet model of a "people's democracy" and a centrally planned socialist economy. The government also embarked on the 2618:

However, at this point, the communists generally still believed that they should retain the reins of power for the near future, and only allowed the opposition limited, advisory participation in the running of the country. They believed that this would be essential to pacifying the Soviet Union, which they felt was not yet ready to accept a non-Communist Poland.

1772:). The government then disallowed Solidarity on 8 October 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985 and became president (chairman of the Council of State). 2470: 2668: 3071:(1973) was so controversial, the communist government forbade Wojciech Has to direct for a period of ten years. The authorities also hired or bribed film critics and literary scholars to poorly review the film. The reviewers, however, were so ineffective that in turn the film was applauded in the West and won the Jury Prize at the 422: 1484:(PSL) in particular suffered persecution; it had opposed the abolition of the Senate as a test of strength against the government. Although it supported the other two questions, the Communist-dominated government branded the PSL "traitors". This massive oppression was overseen by Gomułka and the provisional president, 3288:, with archways, decorated cornices, mosaics, forged gates and columns. It was under this style that the first skyscrapers were erected in communist states. Stalin wanted to ensure that Poland would remain under communist yoke and ordered the construction of one of the largest buildings in Europe at the time, the 3451:, the communists took full control of education in the newly formed Polish People's Republic. All private schools were nationalized, subjects that could question the socialist ideology (economics, finance) were either supervised or adjusted and religious studies were completely removed from the curriculum ( 3774:

According to the national census, which took place on 14 February 1946, the population of Poland was 23.9 million, out of which 32% lived in cities and towns, and 68% lived in the countryside. The 1950 census (3 December 1950) showed the population rise to 25 million, and the 1960 census (6

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The Allied punishment of Germany for the war of destruction was intended to include large-scale reparations to Poland. However, those were truncated into insignificance by the break-up of Germany into East and West and the onset of the Cold War. Poland was then relegated to receive her share from the

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squads committed various serious crimes to maintain the communists in power, including the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in some cases, murder. According to Rudolph J. Rummel, at least 22,000 people killed by the regime during its rule. As a result, Poland had a high

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Planned atheisation afflicted all areas of activity of monastic communities To victimise clergymen and consecrated people not only provisions of the criminal procedure were used, often violating not only the right for defence, but also basic human rights, allowing to use tortures in order to extort

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to direct work in the factories — it grudgingly accepted pressures to liberalize the economy. The government introduced a series of small-scale reforms, such as allowing more small-scale private enterprises to function. However, the government also realized that it lacked the legitimacy to carry out

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government on 6 September 1944. All estates over 0.5 km in pre-war Polish territories and all over 1 km in former German territories were nationalised without compensation. In total, 31,000 km of land were nationalised in Poland and 5 million in the former German territories, out

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This did not prevent Solidarity from gaining more support and power. Eventually, it eroded the dominance of the PUWP, which in 1981 lost approximately 85,000 of its 3 million members. Throughout the mid-1980s, Solidarity persisted solely as an underground organization, but by the late 1980s was

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parishes. Many eastern Catholics who remained in Poland after the postwar border adjustments were resettled in Western Poland in the newly acquired territories from Germany. The state in Poland gave the POC a greater number of privileges than the Roman Catholic Church in Poland; the state even gave

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in charge. The Film Polski output was limited; only thirteen features were released between 1947 and its dissolution in 1952, concentrating on Polish suffering at the hands of the Nazis during World War II for propaganda purposes. In 1947, Ford's contribution to film was crucial in establishing the

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was regularly watched by over 11 million viewers, approximately in every third household in the Polish People's Republic. The long legacy of communist television continues to this day; the older generation in contemporary Poland refers to every televised news program as "Dziennik" and the term

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in Kraków, were eventually finished decades later, most were never finished at all, wasting the considerable resources devoted to their construction. Polish investment in economic infrastructure and technological development fell rapidly, ensuring that the country lost whatever ground it had gained

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In this desperate situation, all development and growth in the Polish economy slowed to a crawl. Most visibly, work on most of the major investment projects that had begun in the 1970s was stopped. As a result, most Polish cities acquired at least one infamous example of a large unfinished building

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apartment blocks began to appear in Poland in the 1960s and their construction continued until the early 1990s, although the first examples of multi-dwelling units in Poland date back to the 1920s. The aim was to quickly urbanize rural areas, create space between individual blocks for green spaces

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they were fairly certain they had total control of the state and could deal a heavy blow to eventual public protests. Some semi-official nationalisation of various private enterprises had begun also in 1944. In 1946, all enterprises with over 50 employees were nationalised, with no compensation to

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intensified, included the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in extreme cases, executions, with an estimated 22,000 people killed or disappeared from 1947 to 1989. Despite the numerous economic hardships, some achievements were established during this period, including

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in Warsaw. With the permission of the Polish authorities who wouldn't dare to object, the construction started in 1952 and lasted until 1955. It was deemed a "gift from the Soviet Union to the Polish people" and at 237 meters in height it was an impressive landmark on European standards. With its

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The only way to carry out such changes without social upheaval would be to acquire at least some support from the opposition side. The government accepted the idea that some kind of a deal with the opposition would be necessary, and repeatedly attempted to find common ground throughout the 1980s.

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The official results of the election showed the Democratic Bloc with 80.1 percent of the vote. The Democratic Bloc was awarded 394 seats to only 28 for the PSL. Mikołajczyk immediately resigned to protest this so-called 'implausible result' and fled to the United Kingdom in April rather than face

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death squads. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland, and another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland, settled mostly in

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in order to use it as a weapon against the anti-communist efforts of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, and it attempted to control the person who was named as Metropolitan for the Polish Orthodox Church; Metropolitan Dionizy (the post-war head of the POC) was arrested and retired from service

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was also seen as superfluous. In order to strengthen the post-war Polish economy, the government created many common-labour faculties across the country, including dairying, fishing, tailoring, chemistry and mechanics to achieve a better economic output alongside efficiency. However, by 1980 the

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Poland's western border. The communist-controlled Interior Ministry issued results showing that all three questions passed overwhelmingly. Years later, however, evidence was uncovered showing that the referendum had been tainted by large-scale fraud, and only the third question actually passed.

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In 1973, Poland's voivodeships were changed again. This reorganization of the administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973 to 1975. In place of the three-level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), a new two-level administrative

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also sanctioned the transfer of the German population out of the acquired territories. Stalin was determined that Poland's new communist government would become his tool towards making Poland a satellite state like other countries in Central and Eastern Europe. He had severed relations with the

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provided more information on world news, particularly bad events, war, corruption or scandals in the West. This method was intentionally used to minimize the effects of the issues that were occurring in communist Poland at the time. With its format, the show shared many similarities with the

2568:). During the era, hundreds of thousands of Poles left the country permanently and settled in the West, few of them returning to Poland even after the end of socialism in Poland. Tens of thousands of others went to work in countries that could offer them salaries in hard currency, notably 2388:. However, even this was attenuated, as the Soviets pressured the Polish Government to cease receiving the reparations far ahead of schedule as a sign of 'friendship' between the two new communist neighbors and, therefore, now friends. Thus, without the reparations and without the massive 2286:

Poland suffered tremendous economic losses during World War II. In 1939, Poland had 35.1 million inhabitants, but the census of 14 February 1946 showed only 23.9 million inhabitants. The difference was partially the result of the border revision. Losses in national resources and

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The Catholic Church unequivocally condemned communist ideology. This led to the antireligious activity in Poland being compelled to take a more cautious and conciliatory line than in other Communist countries, largely failing in their attempt to control or suppress the Polish Church.

1622:. Voices began to be raised in the Party and among the intellectuals calling for wider reforms of the Stalinist system. Eventually, power shifted towards Gomułka, who replaced Ochab as party leader. Hardline Stalinists were removed from power and many Soviet officers serving in the 2673: 2672: 2669: 2540:

at the same time. The trend led to an unhealthy state of affairs where the chief determinant of economic status was access to hard currency. This situation was incompatible with any remaining ideals of socialism, which were soon completely abandoned at the community level.

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often directed films which were a political satire aimed at stultifying the communist authorities in the most gentle manner as possible. However, due to censorship, some films were not screened in cinemas until 1989 when communism ended in Central and Eastern Europe.

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December 1960) placed the population of Poland at 29.7 million. In 1950, Warsaw was again the biggest city, with a population of 804,000 inhabitants. Second was Łódź (pop. 620,000), then Kraków (pop. 344,000), Poznań (pop. 321,000), and Wrocław (pop. 309,000).

3980:" and was also Minister of National Defense. It was heavily tied into the Soviet military structures and was intended to increase Soviet influence as well as control over the Polish units in case of war. This process, however, was stopped in the aftermath of the 2564:

relative to Western European economies in the 1970s. To escape the constant economic and political pressures during these years, and the general sense of hopelessness, many family income providers traveled for work in Western Europe, particularly West Germany (

3394:'s personal patronage. It was the most modern railway station building in that part of Europe when completed and was equipped with automatic glass doors and escalators, an unlikely sight in communist countries. Another example of pure late modernism was the 3466:

Primary as well as secondary, tertiary, vocational and higher education was made free. Attendance gradually grew, which put an end to illiteracy in rural areas. The communist government also introduced new beneficial content into the system; sports and

1529:. However, Gomułka never supported Stalin's control over the Polish communists and was soon replaced as party leader by the more pliable Bierut. In 1948, the communists consolidated their power, merging with Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS to form the 1853:

and Democratic Party, to switch their support to Solidarity. This all but forced Jaruzelski, who had been named president in July, to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister. Finally, he appointed a Solidarity-led coalition government with

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primary school was made compulsory. Furthermore, the pre-war system of education was in disarray; many educational facilities were much more accessible in wealthier western and central Poland than in the rural east (Kresy), particularly in the

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Zdzislawa Walaszek. An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 483, Religion and the State: The Struggle for Legitimacy and Power (January 1986), pp.

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to members of the anti-Stalinist left. By the end of 1981, Solidarity had nine million members—a quarter of Poland's population and three times as many as the PUWP had. Kania resigned under Soviet pressure in October and was succeeded by

3883:. Almost half of the soldiers and recruits in the Polish People's Army were Soviet. In March 1945, Red Army officers accounted for approximately 52% of the entire corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained by July 1946. 5803:

Ediger, Ruth M. (2005). "History of an institution as a factor for predicting church institutional behavior: the cases of the Catholic Church in Poland, the Orthodox Church in Romania, and the Protestant churches in East Germany".

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After several years of the situation continuing to worsen, during which time the socialist government unsuccessfully tried various expedients to improve the performance of the economy—at one point resorting to placing military

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Despite the political agenda of Telewizja Polska, the authorities did emphasize the need to provide entertainment for younger viewers without exposing the children to inappropriate content. Initially created in the 1950s, an

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to express their dissatisfaction with the government repression of the opposition, while at the same time, the government had to use most of the foreign currency it could obtain to pay the crushing rates on its foreign debt.

130:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 3482:

The number of universities nearly doubled between 1938 and 1963. Medical, agricultural, economical, engineering and sport faculties became separate colleges, under a universal communist model used in other countries of the

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or newsreaders in military uniforms and broadcast 24-hours a day. The running time has also been extended to 60 minutes. The program returned to its original form in 1983. The audience viewed this move as an attempt to

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Being produced in a then-socialist country, the shows did contain a socialist agenda, but with a more informal and comical tone; they concentrated on everyday life which was appealing to ordinary people. These include

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Females were the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, and in 1960, the ratio was 106.7/100.

2703:, was founded after the war in 1952 and was hailed as a great success by the communist authorities. The foundation date corresponds to the time of the first regularly televised broadcast which occurred at 07:00 p.m 1677:

Queues waiting to enter grocery stores in Warsaw and other Polish cities and towns were typical in the late 1980s. The availability of food and goods varied at times, and the most sought-after basic item was toilet

1465:, argued that the socialists should support the communists in carrying through a socialist program while opposing the imposition of one-party rule. Pre-war political hostilities continued to influence events, and 2707:

on 25 October 1952. Initially, the auditions were broadcast to a limited number of viewers and at set dates, often a month apart. On 23 January 1953 regular shows began to appear on the first and only channel,

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As Western currency came into the country from emigrant families and foreign workers, the government in turn attempted to gather it up by various means, most visibly by establishing a chain of state-run

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gave clients an exchange rate far better than the official one and became wealthy from their opportunism albeit at the risk of punishment, usually diminished by the wide-scale bribery of the Milicja.

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began in 1944, with the pro-Soviet government taking over industries in the newly acquired territories along with the rest of the country. As nationalization was unpopular, the communists delayed

3695:. At the same time, approximately 5 million remaining Germans (about 8 million had already fled or had been expelled and about 1 million had been killed in 1944–46) were similarly 3272:

in the late 1940s and 1950s, the Eastern Bloc countries adopted socialist realism, an idealized and monumental realistic art intended to promote communist values, such as the emancipation of the

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in exchange for the promise of social and economic reforms. None of these were delivered due to resistance from the hardline communist leadership as it would effectively require abandoning the

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in Poland, which formed the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe at about 3.3 million people, was all but destroyed by 1945. Approximately 3 million Jews died of starvation in

6075: 3379:, were built on East German and Czechoslovak standards, alongside department stores, pavilions and public spaces. As of 2017, 44% of Poles reside in blocks built between the 1960s and 1980s. 116: 12140: 3845: 2670: 3578:, was seen as a rival competing for the citizens' allegiance by the government, which attempted to suppress it. To this effect the communist state conducted anti-religious propaganda and 1964:

because these two parties were completely subservient to the Communists and had to accept the PZPR's "leading role" as a condition of their existence. It was politically influenced by the

7434: 7221: 3601:. It became the strongest anti-communist body during the epoch of Communism in Poland, and provided a more successful resistance than had religious bodies in most other Communist states. 2895:. The goal was to strengthen the artificial Polish-Soviet friendship and eliminate any knowledge of the crimes or acts of terror committed by the Soviets during World War II, such as the 2062:

were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as secret police. The official police organization, which was also responsible for peacekeeping and suppression of protests, was renamed

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provided strong resistance to Communist rule and Poland itself had a long history of dissent to foreign rule. The Polish nation rallied to the Church, as had occurred in neighbouring

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The Parliament amended the Constitution on 29 December 1989 to formally rescind the PUWP's constitutionally-guaranteed power and restore democracy and civil liberties. This began the

2504:, since the government exchange rate undervalued the dollar and placed heavy restrictions on the amount that could be exchanged, and so the only practical way to obtain it was from 1525:

The 1947 election marked the beginning of undisguised communist rule in Poland, though it was not officially transformed into the Polish People's Republic until the adoption of the

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had automatic doors and escalators. It was a flagship project during the 1970s economic boom and was dubbed the most modern station in Europe at the time of its completion in 1975.

2614:, a decision in some ways justifiable from an economic point of view but also largely political, there was a wave of public outrage and the government was forced to back down. 10941: 1713:

A new wave of labour strikes undermined Gierek's government, and in September Gierek, who was in poor health, was finally removed from office and replaced as Party leader by

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would not agree to form a united front with the socialists. The communists played on these divisions by dismissing Osóbka-Morawski and making Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister.

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and blind children. Such institutions for the impaired were almost nonexistent in the Second Polish Republic. During the 1960s, thousands of modern schools were founded.

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were enforced and students were encouraged to learn foreign languages, especially German, Russian, or French, and from the 1980s also English. On July 15, 1961, two-year

9459: 5574: 4029: 9204: 5864: 8805: 4119:(the Polish unit of administrative division). After World War II, the new administrative divisions were based on the pre-war ones. The areas in the East that were not 3597:, which made it more difficult for the government to impose its antireligious policies as it had in the USSR, where the populace did not hold mass solidarity with the 3398:, constructed in 1952 when socialist realism was still in effect; it was criticized for its appearance as it resembled the styles and motifs of the pre-war capitalist 2606:

any large-scale reforms, which would inevitably cause large-scale social dislocation and economic difficulties for most of the population, accustomed to the extensive

4853: 2806:, which was targeted at young children, is still broadcast today under a different format. Among the most well-known animations of the 1970s and 1980s in Poland were 2434:(a group of Western-European central banks) of its insolvency, and a series of negotiations on the repayment of its foreign debt was completed between 1989 and 1991. 10810: 8821: 1590:

of agriculture, although the pace was slower than in other satellites: Poland remained the only Eastern Bloc country where individual farmers dominated agriculture.

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was made obligatory to boost the number of skilled labourers and the minimum age of graduation rose to 15. Additionally, special schools were established for deaf,

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region where there was one large school per 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). Schools were also in desperate need of staff, tutors and teachers before 1939.

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which had a significant population of Eastern Orthodox Belarusians and Ukrainians, led to Poland becoming more homogeneously Catholic than it had previously been.

1768:, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see 9148: 11772: 8744: 8716: 7860: 3609: 3886:

It was not the only Polish formation that fought along the Allied side, nor the first one in the East – although the first Polish force formed in the USSR, the

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was established in June 1946 with the communists holding a majority of key posts, and with Soviet support they soon gained almost total control of the country.

12464: 11777: 10789: 9468: 9155: 8282: 1912: 1476:, the opposition was subjected to persecution. Only the candidates of the pro-government "Democratic Bloc" (the PPR, Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS, and the 3010:(1946), which was seen by 10.8 million people in its initial theatrical screening, almost half of the population at the time. Ford's biggest success was 11406: 11187: 9771: 9134: 8436: 8061: 7600: 4764: 1769: 2350:"PGR"). However, the collectivization of Polish farming never reached the same extent as it did in the Soviet Union or other countries of the Eastern Bloc. 8777: 8723: 7909: 2236: 5087: 1717:. However, Kania was unable to find an answer for the fast-eroding support of communism in Poland. Labour turmoil led to the formation of the independent 1249:

squads, conducted mass surveillance and violent suppression of protests. The various crimes committed to maintain the PZPR in power, especially after the

12459: 9241: 8730: 8346: 7361: 7207: 2369: 2201: 5258: 3458: 10934: 7756: 2833: 2716:, was launched in 1970 and coloured television was introduced in 1971. Most reliable sources of information in the 1950s were newspapers, most notably 7243: 6050: 5494: 3876: 9127: 8567: 8443: 5969: 5407: 3821:, the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. Virtually all people in Poland claim Polish nationality, with 3382:

Some groundbreaking architectural achievements were made during the People's Republic, most notably the reconstruction of Warsaw with its historical

2003:. Despite these changes, Poland was one of the most liberal communist nations and was the only communist country in the world which did not have any 6079: 3280:

due to its grandeur, excessive size and political message (a powerful state) it tried to convey. This expensive form greatly resembled a mixture of

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of which 12,000 km were redistributed to farmers and the rest remained in the hands of the government (Most of this was eventually used in the

1509:", were granted as war reparations. Despite the western lands being more industrialized, Poland lost 77,035 km (29,743 sq mi) and major cities like 133:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

12380: 12130: 8420: 7800: 7271: 2449:, Poland entered a decade of economic crisis, officially acknowledged as such even by the regime. Rationing and queuing became a way of life, with 1342: 1593:

Through a careful balance of agreement, compromise and resistance — and having signed an agreement of coexistence with the communist government —

12323: 12238: 8857: 8169: 7376: 3621: 1988: 1572: 1526: 1480:) were allowed to campaign completely unmolested. Meanwhile, several opposition candidates were prevented from campaigning at all. Mikołajczyk's 1203: 814: 4890: 4569: 2290: 17: 11966: 8676: 7978: 2954:

if necessary and political content was erased. Ridiculing the communist government was illegal, though Poland remained the most liberal of the

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in December the same year resulted in a number of deaths. They also forced another major change in the government, as Gomułka was replaced by

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and resettle people from densely-populated poorer districts to increase living conditions. The apartment blocks in Poland, commonly known as

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eventually lost its authority by the mid-1980s. The majority of the TV shows and serials made during the Polish People's Republic earned a

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architecture was promoted globally, with simplistic designs made of glass, steel and concrete. Due to previous extravagances, the idea of

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remained as Poland's national emblem; the only feature removed by the communists from the pre-war design was the crown, which was seen as

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or an educated class that would accept and favour socialist ideas over capitalism to maintain the communists in power for a long period.

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since 1965, it was infamous for its manipulative techniques and emotive language as well as the controversial content. For instance, the

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were made available, and the population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. Poland also maintained a large standing army, known as the

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In 1970, Gomułka's government decided to adopt massive increases in the prices of basic goods, including food. The resulting widespread

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movement, a training ground for some of the icons of the world cinematography. It was then that independent Polish filmmakers such as

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were taboo topics, avoided and downplayed when possible. In most cases, producers and directors were encouraged to portray the Soviet

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In response to this situation, the government, which controlled all official foreign trade, continued to maintain a highly artificial

1413:. These were confirmed, pending a final peace conference with Germany, at the Tripartite Conference of Berlin, otherwise known as the 497: 12454: 12160: 11895: 11435: 11240: 10972: 10803: 9431: 7814: 7772: 7150: 5625: 5604: 5448:

architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu – architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu – Architektura – Wiedza – HISTORIA: POSZUKAJ

4627: 3814:. Groups of Ukrainians and Polish Ruthenians also lived in western Poland, where they were forcefully resettled by the authorities. 2305:. It was also a major industrial centre in Europe and served as the temporary capital due to its economic significance in the 1940s. 12298: 12263: 12212: 11997: 11278: 11182: 11007: 10652: 8464: 8238: 8001: 7867: 7678: 7281: 4794: 4120: 2085: 1899:, the first democratic election since the 1920s. This completed Poland's transition from a communist party rule to a Western-style 1533:(known in Poland as 'the Party'), which would monopolise political power in Poland until 1989. In 1949, Polish-born Soviet Marshal 1427: 1043: 6020: 3574:, actively advocated for the disenfranchisement of religion and planned atheisation. The Catholic Church, as the religion of most 233: 11645: 9547: 9344: 8996: 8374: 7874: 7786: 7722: 7276: 6465: 3783: 3696: 3086:

by Polanski in 1963. Between 1974 and 1981, Polish films were nominated five times and three consecutively from 1974 to 1976.

2334: 1666:. The failure of the Gierek government, both economically and politically, soon led to the creation of opposition in the form of 1334: 5944: 5217: 4464: 383: 12449: 12286: 11920: 11813: 11650: 11382: 11134: 11072: 9750: 9262: 8105: 7643: 7570: 7062: 5887: 5349: 4514: 2216: 2170: 1481: 5582: 5021: 1775: 1426:

in London in 1943, but to appease Roosevelt and Churchill he agreed at Yalta that a coalition government would be formed. The

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money to this Church, although it often defaulted on promised payments, leading to a perpetual financial crisis for the POC.

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or work outside the country. An entire illegal industry of street-corner money changers emerged as a result. These so-called

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in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and the communists were in control of its administration. The

12419: 4140: 2689:, the chief news program in communist Poland. The famous melody became one of the most recognizable tunes in Polish history. 1658:

as the new First Secretary. Gierek's plan for recovery was centered on massive borrowing, mainly from the United States and

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minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the

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number of graduates from primary and secondary schools was so high that admission quotas for universities were introduced.

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in an efficient and orderly manner. A great influence on this type of architecture was Swiss-French architect and designer

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interrupted further progress at establishing a regularly televised program. The first prime state television corporation,

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Ekiert, Grzegorz (March 1997). "Rebellious Poles: Political Crises and Popular Protest Under State Socialism, 1945–89".

6042: 1670:, student groups, clandestine newspapers and publishers, imported books and newspapers, and even a "flying university." 12303: 11992: 11930: 11441: 11197: 10703: 10572: 10450: 10028: 9743: 9694: 9452: 9007: 8252: 8091: 7939: 7793: 7301: 6684: 6613: 5733: 3387: 2904: 2240: 1896: 1881: 1753: 1461:, wanted to join forces with the Peasant Party and form a united front against the communists. Another faction, led by 1171: 1167: 222: 141: 5039: 1103:. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous 12278: 12105: 12085: 12010: 11925: 11890: 11848: 11446: 10819: 9701: 9673: 9490: 9072: 8784: 8751: 7536: 7230: 6853: 6795: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6523: 6224: 5308: 4925: 4898: 4723: 4710: 4637: 4610: 4435: 4408: 4387: 4366: 3241: 2488:

with Western currencies. The exchange rate worsened distortions in the economy at all levels, resulting in a growing

2197: 1862: 1850: 1831: 1287: 1211: 876: 853: 291: 273: 72: 7967: 5241:"Najlepsze seriale PRL. "Czterej pancerni", "Czterdziestolatek" i inne kultowe seriale sprzed lat! – Telemagazyn.pl" 3027:, Poland, 1989. Newspapers visible are from all Eastern Bloc countries including East Germany, the Soviet Union and 1603:

maintained and even strengthened the Polish church through a series of failed government leaders. He was put under

154:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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A demographics graph illustrating population growth between 1900 and 2010. The highest birth rate was during the

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Mirek, Agata (2014). "Law as an Instrument of the Communist Authorities in the Fight against Orders in Poland".

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In November 1945 the newly formed communist government founded the film production and distribution corporation

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of 1943 at the insistence of the Soviet Union. Poland lost 77,000 km of territory in its eastern regions (

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faculties were deemed unnecessary or potentially dangerous and were therefore removed from state universities.

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The party was forced to raise prices, which led to further large-scale social unrest and the formation of the

12202: 12100: 11880: 11524: 11273: 11002: 10826: 10759: 10710: 10641: 10466: 9972: 9923: 9687: 9680: 9283: 9044: 8828: 7881: 7580: 7531: 7506: 7486: 6802: 6572: 6216: 3895: 3642: 3544: 3528: 3289: 2794:. As a result, several newsreaders had difficulty in finding employment after the fall of communism in 1989. 2526:

stores in all Polish cities, where goods could only be bought with hard currency. It even introduced its own

2125: 1241:(SB) were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as the secret police. The official police organization, 5664: 5124: 3524: 2059: 1895:

was dissolved on 1 July 1991 and the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991. On 27 October 1991, the

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minorities resided along the borders, and a German minority was concentrated near the southwestern city of

3731: 3676: 3347: 3262: 3236: 3211: 2132:, Poland attempted to remain neutral to the conflict between the Soviets and the Americans. In particular, 1823: 1794: 1691: 982: 974: 621: 6101: 5973: 5686:"Polska. Oświata. Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa – Encyklopedia PWN – źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy" 12291: 11971: 11565: 11494: 10863: 10187: 10139: 9757: 9729: 9582: 9197: 9176: 8690: 8353: 7749: 7366: 7085: 6773: 6714: 6689: 6633: 6458: 3970: 3852: 3254: 2392:

implemented in the West at that time, Poland's postwar recovery was much harder than it could have been.

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The PZPR was disbanded on 30 January 1990, and Wałęsa was elected as president eleven months later. The

1830:) saw the PUWP abandon power and radically altered the shape of the country. In June, shortly after the 247: 12057: 11940: 11739: 11127: 10661: 10157: 10076: 10021: 9909: 9865: 9515: 9141: 9065: 8960: 8837: 8709: 8702: 8662: 8635: 8367: 8300: 7895: 7706: 7636: 7311: 7120: 7052: 6935: 6582: 6567: 6492: 4666: 4094: 4078: 3959: 3911: 3331:

in the foreground) in Warsaw, April 1977. Most apartment blocks built from the 1960s to the 1990s used

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Communist authorities placed an emphasis on education since they considered it vital to create a new

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Working for the enemy: Ford, General Motors, and forced labor in Germany during the Second World War

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to the west. After World War II, Poland's borders were redrawn, following the decision taken at the

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The architecture in Poland under the Polish People's Republic had three major phases – short-lived

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This article is about the Cold War-era Polish government. For the provisional 1918 government, see

8339: 8316: 4981: 3586:) and was permitted by the constitution, but the state attempted to achieve an atheistic society. 3249:, constructed in 1955. At the time of its completion it was one of the tallest buildings in Europe 12115: 11620: 11489: 11415: 11219: 10724: 10668: 10538: 10398: 10083: 9736: 9632: 9538: 9106: 8967: 8937: 8901: 8886: 8758: 8650: 8628: 8574: 8560: 8542: 8206: 7987: 7715: 7664: 7449: 6873: 6843: 6751: 6628: 6510: 5003:"Symboliczny początek Telewizji Polskiej. Te 30 minut powojenne pokolenie wspomina z łezką w oku" 4662:"Pirates and imperialists: Taiwan and the United States in the Polish communist press, 1953-1955" 3868: 3834: 3817:

As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Union's radically altered borders under the rule of

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was a Roman Catholic priest who supported the anti-communist opposition. He was murdered by the

3265:. Each of these styles or trends was imposed either by the government or by communist doctrine. 3051: 1683: 1634: 1619: 12333: 12328: 12268: 11719: 11662: 11608: 11603: 11456: 10416: 10309: 10111: 10062: 9965: 9858: 9828: 9611: 9499: 9225: 9016: 8600: 8581: 8551: 8098: 8068: 7133: 7128: 7072: 6965: 6903: 6719: 6699: 6451: 5389: 4110: 3973: 3848: 3652: 3613: 3432: 3399: 3294: 3277: 3258: 3204: 3190: 3168: 2844: 2610:

that the socialist system had provided. For example, when the government proposed to close the

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in 1988 were one of the factors that forced the government to open a dialogue with Solidarity.

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from 1953 to 1956 for failing to punish priests who participated in anti-government activity.

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Throughout the late 1940s and early 50s the Polish Army was under the command of Polish-born

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division was introduced (49 small voidships and communes). The three smallest voivodeships:

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Following the Second World War, the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) main

3907: 3435:(1918–1939) had many limitations and wasn't readily available to all, though under the 1932 1565: 1462: 12362: 12095: 12005: 11828: 11756: 11724: 11674: 11669: 11387: 10731: 10586: 10237: 10194: 10164: 10090: 9900: 9879: 8798: 8275: 7953: 7286: 7143: 7007: 6868: 6763: 6704: 5199: 4175: 4144: 4090: 3712: 3563: 3472: 3138: 2731: 2685: 2638: 2579: 2497: 1900: 1701: 1651: 1639: 1442: 1402: 1227: 1151: 1104: 960: 12338: 3520: 2166:

in 1953 and 1954, respectively, particularly inflamed tensions between the two countries.

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During its existence, the Polish People's Republic maintained relations not only with the

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Był sobie kraj... Polska w publicystyce i eseistyce niemieckiej. Grass – Bienek – Dönhoff

4136: 3343: 3163: 2871:(1967–1968), but were purely fictional and not based on real events. The horrors of war, 2782: 2457:) necessary to buy even such basic consumer staples as milk and sugar. Access to Western 2330: 2108:, but several communist states around the world. It also had friendly relations with the 2063: 1996: 1812: 1787: 1742: 1706: 1643: 1271: 1242: 1207: 891: 716: 7501: 7296: 5425: 4089:), gaining instead the smaller but much more industrialized (however ruined) so-called " 3312: 3059: 3004:, where he taught for 20 years. The first film produced in Poland following the war was 2695:

The origins of Polish television date back to the late 1930s, however, the beginning of

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Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1992). "The Society: The Polish Catholic Church and the State".

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to Orthodoxy, the Polish government called on the Orthodox church in Poland to assume '

3511: 3468: 3323: 3309:, but with style it possesses traditionally Polish and Art Deco architectural details. 3083: 3035: 2872: 2279: 2205: 2136:

sought to establish Poland as a mediator between the two powers in the 1970s. Both the

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took place. Much to its own surprise, Solidarity took all contested (35%) seats in the

1663: 1623: 1414: 1092: 764: 615: 575: 435: 7342: 5643: 5556: 4534:

Millard, Francis (September 1994). "The Shaping of the Polish Party System, 1989–93".

2611: 1714: 1541:, and in 1952 he became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (deputy premier). 1485: 701: 651: 12027: 11793: 11694: 11499: 10833: 10717: 10607: 10547: 10508: 10441: 10423: 10389: 10332: 10286: 10230: 10055: 9793: 9785: 9722: 9575: 9169: 8694: 8155: 8134: 7844: 7491: 7266: 7174: 7047: 7002: 6957: 6947: 6893: 6878: 6821: 6653: 6618: 6483: 6220: 6200: 6076:"21–26 kwietnia 1945 r. – bitwa pod Budziszynem. Hekatomba 2. Armii Wojska Polskiego" 6054: 5845:

Wynot, Edward D. Jr. (2002). "Captive faith: the Polish Orthodox Church, 1945–1989".

5786: 5329: 5304: 4942:"Building Export from Socialist Poland: On the Traces of a Photograph – Stadtaspekte" 4921: 4894: 4773: 4743: 4685: 4633: 4606: 4555: 4431: 4404: 4383: 4362: 4171: 4082: 3977: 3931: 3856: 3716: 3583: 3228: 3117: 3055: 3006: 2946:, work issues, human behaviour and interaction as well as comedy, sarcasm, drama and 2926: 2900: 2607: 2420: 2256: 2232: 2152: 2148: 2016: 2004: 1695: 1614:, who held the position for seven months. In June, workers in the industrial city of 1538: 1418: 1365: 1337:

was established by Soviet-backed Polish communists to control territory retaken from

1226:

on 17 October 1997, abolishing the socialist structure entirely and replacing with a

145: 12273: 6807: 5105: 4736:

Billstein, Reinhold; Fings, Karola; Kugler, Anita; Levis, Billstein (October 2004).

3894:. The Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the 3516: 2536:

in Polish). This paralleled the financial practices in East Germany running its own

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voivodeships. In addition, three other cities were granted the voivodeship status:

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and was viewed as an illegitimate state by Poland's government. The seizure of the

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The government and politics of the Polish People's Republic were dominated by the

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sufficiently strong to frustrate Jaruzelski's attempts at reform, and nationwide

1737: 1583: 1556: 1505:) were annexed by the Soviet Union. The western territories, referred to as the " 1434: 1313:

occupied the entire country, presented several alternatives which granted Poland

1190:

and internal opposition. The state's official name was the "Republic of Poland" (

1179: 1163: 594: 587: 532: 348: 324: 10887: 6918: 6192: 4547: 3667:. After the war, however, Poland's minorities were mostly gone, due to the 1945 2987:

was a key figure in Polish cinematography during and after the fall of communism

1956:). Despite the presence of two minor parties, the United People's Party and the 12233: 11798: 11534: 11529: 10782: 10318: 10244: 8289: 8148: 7563: 7401: 7138: 6980: 6643: 6262: 5995: 5765:

Dinka, Frank (1966). "Sources of Conflict between Church and State in Poland".

5529: 4519: 4062: 3981: 3860: 3755: 3722: 3452: 3425: 3355: 3339: 3043: 3028: 2943: 2896: 2791: 2787: 2212: 2141: 2113: 2020: 1977: 1920: 1866: 1733: 1263: 1088: 827: 375: 6208: 5913: 5778: 5279: 4917:

The Political Economy of Poland's Transition: New Firms and Reform Governments

2192:, which led to Israel's recognition by Poland on 19 May 1948. However, by the 1709:

served as the last leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989

12413: 12395: 12382: 12313: 12067: 11823: 11734: 11613: 11544: 11378: 10593: 8511: 8360: 8199: 7460: 7356: 7337: 7188: 7080: 6736: 6423:

PRL Tube, a categorized collection of videos from the Polish Communist period

6342: 6058: 5408:"70 lat temu wprowadzono w Polsce socrealizm jako programowy kierunek sztuki" 5259:"Niezręczna prawda o "Czterech Pancernych". W rzeczywistości byli… Rosjanami" 4913: 4689: 4070: 3818: 3625: 3575: 3391: 3306: 3145: 3039: 2984: 2966:

status in Poland today, particularly due to their symbolism of a bygone era.

2942:(1987–1988). The wide range of topics covered featured petty disputes in the 2932: 2919:(People's Tribune) was a government-sponsored newspaper and propaganda outlet 2868: 2485: 2477: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2389: 2196:, it severed diplomatic relations with Israel in June 1967 and supported the 2133: 2109: 2036: 1819: 1655: 1370: 1357: 1326: 1306: 1147: 1009: 618: 568: 564: 549: 512: 499: 3016:

from 1960, one of the most celebrated and attended Polish films in history.

12318: 12207: 12187: 11729: 11258: 11155: 11143: 11091: 11034: 10987: 10892: 10696: 8989: 8894: 8525: 7888: 7652: 7476: 7022: 5069: 5047: 4859:. Portal Naukowy Wiedza i Edukacja. pp. 13, 22–23 / 25. Archived from 4054: 4050: 3989: 3880: 3872: 3795: 3660: 3536: 3484: 3367: 3359: 3096: 3063: 3047: 2955: 2915: 2753: 2743:

as a propaganda tool to control the masses. Transmitted daily at 07:30 p.m

2718: 2696: 2548: 2537: 2501: 2489: 2385: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2121: 2105: 1981: 1973: 1965: 1659: 1611: 1604: 1496: 1406: 1375: 1338: 1255: 1140: 1132: 1108: 928: 600: 6310:

Work covers the secret police in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany.

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and the annexed east German territories at the end of the war, while many

3760: 3734:, built due to the ever-growing population and high birth rate at the time 3342:

in 1956, the concept of socialist realism was condemned. It was then that

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in the west whilst the Red Army simultaneously permanently annexed Polish

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policies than other socialist states due to its strategic location in the

1120: 12047: 12032: 11679: 11307: 11096: 10531: 10517: 10179: 8848: 8669: 8654: 8008: 6985: 6435: 5823:

Clark, Joanna Rostropowicz (2010). "The Church and the Communist Power".

4964:"80 lat temu wyemitowano pierwszy w Polsce oficjalny program telewizyjny" 4490: 4116: 3887: 3803: 3791: 3727: 3488: 3273: 2992: 2888: 2584: 2505: 2458: 2450: 2400: 2244: 2220: 2193: 2097: 2032: 1892: 1718: 1667: 1398: 1379: 1275: 1112: 473: 5716: 5182:"Kultowe dobranocki wychowały całe pokolenia. Pamiętasz swoją ulubioną?" 3608:

The state attempted to take control of minority churches, including the

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as a friendly and victorious force which entirely liberated Poland from

456:

Location of the Polish People's Republic (dark green)

11557: 9886: 9639: 9618: 8504: 7837: 7765: 6970: 4046: 4037: 3984:

in 1956. Rokossovsky, viewed as a Soviet puppet, was excluded from the

3787: 3747: 3647: 3492: 3363: 3328: 3224: 3197: 2951: 2892: 2656: 2560: 2557: 2376: 2156: 2151:, which had retreated to Taiwan following the Communist victory in the 2040: 1806:

were instrumental in strengthening the Solidarity movement's influence.

1745:, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. 1646:. The riots resulted in the deaths of 42 people and over 1,000 injured. 1183: 1128: 152:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4195: 3768: 1555:

A propaganda poster encouraging a vote for Communist policies in the "

11588: 11297: 11160: 10951: 10149: 9554: 9351: 9162: 8953: 8908: 6238:. Yale-Hoover Series on Authoritarian Regimes. Yale University Press. 6043:"Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945–1956" 6021:"Dr J. Pałka: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie wymyka się prostym klasyfikacjom" 5472: 4354: 3672: 3594: 3269: 3232: 3131: 2980: 2938: 2876: 2602: 2593: 2329:

economy. One of the first major steps in that direction involved the

2309:

As control of the Polish territories passed from occupying forces of

2208:

on 14 December 1988. In 1989, Poland restored relations with Israel.

2185: 1390: 597: 8429: 7229: 6398: 5996:"Languages in Poland · Explore which languages are spoken in Poland" 4215: 4203: 4199: 3947: 3939: 3934:: the Warsaw Military District with its headquarters in Warsaw, the 3764: 1842:, the Parliament's lower house, and all but one seat in the elected 1615: 1389:

In compensation, Poland was granted German-populated territories in

1124: 189: 11749: 8413: 8141: 5892: 5703:

Cieplak, Tadeusz N. (1969). "Church and State in People's Poland".

3963: 3476: 3285: 2880: 2726: 2544: 2325:

was forcibly imposed and began moving towards a radical, communist

2270: 2129: 2051: 2008: 1537:

became the Minister of National Defence, with the additional title

1378:

was in the process of reincorporating the lands to the east of the

1345:, all the key posts of which were held by members of the communist 1310: 1250: 1187: 1155: 1004: 932: 788: 6443: 5088:"30 lat temu wyemitowano ostatnie wydanie Dziennika Telewizyjnego" 3955: 2556:

languishing in a state of limbo. While some of these, such as the

2071:

imprisonment rate but one of the lowest crime rates in the world.

1849:

Solidarity persuaded the communists' longtime allied parties, the

12062: 11343: 11302: 11101: 4263: 3811: 3799: 3704: 3700: 3571: 3441: 2358: 2343: 2224: 2169:

Under pressure from the Soviet Union, Poland participated in the

1514: 1394: 1202:. The name "People's Republic" was introduced and defined by the 559: 477: 2770:, propaganda, manipulation, lies, deception and disinformation. 1858:

as the country's first non-communist prime minister since 1948.

127: 11838: 11630: 11112: 9030: 7621: 6474: 6373: 4795:"Próby reform realnego socjalizmu (gospodarka PRL – 1956–1989)" 4222:

had a special status of municipal voivodeship; the city mayor (

4211: 4152: 3935: 3743: 3298: 3019: 2995:, and placed the well-known Polish filmmaker of Jewish descent 2947: 2808: 2589: 2528: 2298: 2181: 2117: 1870: 1757: 1116: 1115:

alliance. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was

1056: 491: 459: 6236:

Security Empire: The Secret Police in Communist Eastern Europe

4626:

Daems, Tom; Smit, Dirk van Zyl; Snacken, Sonja (17 May 2013).

4127:

in the west and north were organized into the voivodeships of

3462:

One of many schools constructed in central Warsaw in the 1960s

3034:

The change in political climate in the 1950s gave rise to the

2910: 12052: 12022: 9218: 4086: 3807: 3688: 3556: 2820: 2569: 2518: 2473: 2373: 2211:

The Polish People's Republic participated as a member of the

2054:

in its territory, as Poland was a Warsaw Pact signatory. The

2012: 1501: 1437:" referendum was held on a number of issues—abolition of the 1318: 1091:

that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic

445: 27:

Country of the Warsaw Pact and Eastern Bloc from 1947 to 1989

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offered value meals to citizens throughout Communist Poland.

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became even more restricted, as Western governments applied

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which toppled the communist government. He later became the

1162:

in World War II. Communist control was strengthened through

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Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

4400:

The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law

4324:

Statistics of democide: genocide and mass murder since 1900

3891: 3431:

Prior to the Second World War, education in the capitalist

2963: 2884: 2713: 2709: 2573: 2067: 1916: 1839: 1673: 1510: 1246: 1206:. The Polish People's Republic was dissolved following the 778: 6422: 4914:

Jackson, John E.; Jacek Klich; Krystyna Poznanska (2005).

4151:

voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status:

4045:

Geographically, the Polish People's Republic bordered the

1626:

were dismissed. This marked the end of the Stalinist era.

1111:

country in Europe, and one of the main signatories of the

5125:"Dziennikarze w mundurach – Propaganda w stanie wojennym" 4887:

Taking Liberties: Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights

4766:

Multilateralism, German foreign policy and Central Europe

4735: 3739: 3699:

from those territories into the Allied occupation zones.

2729:

under the Polish People's Republic for over 31 years was

2317:, and from the Soviet Union to the Soviet-imposed puppet 1880:, and served as a prelude to the democratic elections of 1254:

improved living conditions, rapid industrialization, and

1198:) between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with the temporary 32:

Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland

4030:

Administrative divisions of the Polish People's Republic

3562:

The Polish anti-religious campaign was initiated by the

2469: 1736:

social movement ranging from people associated with the

1549: 2739:, aired in the years 1958–1989 and was utilized by the 2735:(Television Journal). Commonly known to the viewers as 1417:

in August 1945 after the end of the war in Europe. The

8283:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4821:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club | Club de Paris" 4495:. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress 4358:

The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics

4115:

The Polish People's Republic was divided into several

2480:

stores which sold unobtainable Western goods and items

2407:, the first self-serve shopping centre in Poland, 1969 1341:. On 1 January 1945 the committee was replaced by the 10950:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

7601:

1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum

6187:(2). American Council of Learned Societies: 299–338. 5626:"Miliardy na budowę. Tak powstawał Dworzec Centralny" 4605:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Transaction Publishers. 4340:

History of Modern Europe Ad 1789-2002: A.D. 1789-2002

1907:

left Poland on 18 September 1993. After ten years of

6332: 6207: 5840: 5838: 5798: 5796: 4375: 4326:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Transaction Publishers. 3655:

and consequently under the Polish People's Republic.

3293:

proportions and shape it was to mediate between the

2278:

in south-eastern Poland. State farms were a form of

2237:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

123: 5760: 5758: 5146:"Gwiazda stanu wojennego pracował jako nocny stróż" 5022:"55. rocznica pierwszej audycji Telewizji Polskiej" 4570:"Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego – Virtual Shtetl" 4299:"Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego - Virtual Shtetl" 3918:before taking part in its final offensive with the 2297:was Poland's largest city after the destruction of 214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 119:

a machine-translated version of the Polish article.

6070: 6068: 5523: 5296: 4851: 4716: 3715:region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 in the 1178:(PZPR) became the dominant political faction in a 5835: 5793: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4515:"Upheaval in the East; Lenin Statue in Mothballs" 4465:"Wyszynski Fortified Church Under Communist Rule" 4396: 4334: 4332: 3663:, a third of Poland's population was composed of 1999:. Elections were held on the single lists of the 1770:Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 12411: 7272:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland 5945:"Is Anyone German Here?; A Journey Into Silesia" 5755: 5723: 5669:Niepodległa – stulecie odzyskania niepodległości 5605:"Dworzec Centralny wpisany do rejestru zabytków" 5374:[Poet of Polish cinema – Wojciech Has]. 5123:S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (11 December 2013). 4625: 1610:Bierut died in March 1956 and was replaced with 1343:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland 1154:government established in the country after the 6065: 5925:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5696: 5020:S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (23 October 2007). 3877:Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division 3420:Polish university students during lecture, 1964 1642:were put down by the communist authorities and 1230:that has remained in place to the present-day. 5816: 4838: 4659: 4355:Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). 4329: 3555:at the end of the war, along with the loss of 1818:From 6 February to 15 April 1989, talks of 13 1274:were also stationed in Poland as in all other 160:{{Translated|pl|Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa}} 148:accompanying your translation by providing an 110:Click for important translation instructions. 97:expand this article with text translated from 12465:States and territories disestablished in 1989 11573: 11128: 10935: 7637: 7215: 6459: 5369: 2184:were on a fair level in the aftermath of the 1575:(Russian version) with Stalin's remarks, 1952 1321:, resulting in Poland losing over 20% of its 6436:Articles related to Polish People's Republic 5524:Kieszek-Wasilewska, Iza (18 December 2013). 5444:"architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu" 5323: 4920:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–. 4884: 3910:. The Polish First Army participated in the 3541:large ethnic Polish population was decimated 1989:Constitution of the Polish People's Republic 1582:Over the coming years, private industry was 1573:Constitution of the Polish People's Republic 1192: 405: 340: 316: 5930: 5526:"Prawdy i legendy o Pałacu Kultury i Nauki" 4703: 4660:Łuszczykiewicz, Antonina (2 October 2023). 3794:lived in territories incorporated into the 3276:. This style became alternatively known as 3080:nominated Polish film at the Academy Awards 2361:workers in a state-run factory, Łódź, 1950s 2190:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 1822:in 94 sessions, which became known as the " 1301:Poland's fate was heavily discussed at the 73:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12460:States and territories established in 1947 11580: 11566: 11135: 11121: 10942: 10928: 7644: 7630: 7222: 7208: 6466: 6452: 5297:Burakowska-Ogińska, Lidia (7 March 2011). 4264:Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych (2013). 3350:(serving for a purpose) was encouraged by 2313:to the subsequent occupying forces of the 2046:The Polish People's Republic maintained a 1954:Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR 1926: 1384:invaded and occupied between 1939 and 1941 444: 434: 5942: 4762: 4756: 4679: 4382:. Harvard University Press. p. 303. 4123:had their borders left almost unchanged. 3976:, who was intentionally given the title " 3412:Education in the Polish People's Republic 2837:The cast, crew and creators of TV series 2188:. In 1947, Poland voted in favour of the 903:312,685 km (120,728 sq mi) 292:Learn how and when to remove this message 274:Learn how and when to remove this message 11587: 11279:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 7382:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia 7282:Provisional Government of National Unity 5680: 5678: 5659: 5657: 5620: 5618: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5459: 5457: 5365: 5363: 5274: 5272: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5140: 5138: 4907: 4440: 4428:Referendum 30 czerwca 1946 roku w Polsce 4403:. East European Monographs. p. 33. 4162:In 1950, new voivodeships were created: 4036: 3843: 3721: 3646: 3580:persecution of clergymen and monasteries 3515: 3457: 3415: 3322: 3311: 3240: 3018: 2979: 2909: 2832: 2578: 2543: 2468: 2399: 2352: 2289: 2269: 2084: 1936: 1793: 1774: 1747: 1700: 1672: 1633: 1618:went on strike, in what became known as 1490: 1428:Provisional Government of National Unity 1360:was able to present his Western allies, 1296: 1099:, and it was also often simply known as 1095:. From 1947 to 1952 it was known as the 1044:Provisional Government of National Unity 439: 7277:Polish Committee of National Liberation 7257:Polish population transfers (1944–1946) 6040: 5885: 5702: 5575:"Ponad połowa Polaków mieszka w domach" 4997: 4995: 4533: 4527: 4361:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 3247:Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw 2632: 2628:Culture in the Polish People's Republic 2335:Polish Committee of National Liberation 1728:) in September 1980, originally led by 1335:Polish Committee of National Liberation 14: 12412: 11383:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 9498: 9476:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7571:Military Council of National Salvation 6178: 5923:, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 5802: 5317: 4726:Encyklopedia.PWN.pl (Internet Archive) 4713:Encyklopedia.PWN.pl (Internet Archive) 4699:– via Taylor and Francis Online. 4598: 4536:East European Politics & Societies 4488: 3992:where he remained a hero until death. 2851:Countless shows were made relating to 2217:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1450:then took advantage of a split in the 11561: 11349:1949 East German State Railway strike 11321:World Federation of Democratic Youth 11116: 10923: 10347:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9779:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 9425:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 9381:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8479:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7625: 7203: 6447: 6434: 6324:Bibliography of the history of Poland 6233: 5844: 5822: 5764: 5742: 5675: 5654: 5615: 5544: 5454: 5390:"Knife in the Water – Roman Polański" 5372:"Poeta polskiego kina – Wojciech Has" 5360: 5269: 5228: 5135: 4878: 4562: 4462: 4272:. Kancelaria Sejmu RP. Archived from 3620:Following the forcible conversion of 2144:or leaders visited communist Poland. 1732:. In fact, Solidarity became a broad 1158:'s takeover of Polish territory from 1119:, followed by the industrial city of 11220:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 9469:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8494:Rape during the liberation of France 6275: 6273: 6181:East European Politics and Societies 5907: 4992: 3851:, pictured in a Polish uniform, was 3730:in Warsaw representing the style of 3327:Domaniewska housing estate (with an 2074: 212:adding citations to reliable sources 183: 79: 38: 6473: 5465:"Pałac Kultury i Nauki w Warszawie" 5122: 5019: 4268:[Mała Konstytucja z 1947]. 4257: 3180:Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz 1987:From 1952, the highest law was the 1901:liberal democratic political system 1146:The Polish People's Republic was a 865:• People's Republic abolished 24: 11442:Sovietization of the Baltic states 9695:German invasion of the Netherlands 7968:Weather events during World War II 6317: 5943:Schneider, Peter (15 April 1990). 5747:. Teka Komisji Prawniczej: 64–72. 5328:. Berghahn Books. pp. 49–50. 4041:Poland's old and new borders, 1945 3871:(LWP) was initially formed during 3553:forcibly expelled from the country 3388:Warszawa Centralna railway station 2415:, Poland borrowed large sums from 2241:International Atomic Energy Agency 2031:founded by Polish monarchs in the 1897:1991 Polish parliamentary election 1754:Warszawa Centralna railway station 1629: 1172:1947 Polish parliamentary election 1127:. The country was bordered by the 25: 12481: 11313:World Federation of Trade Unions 10326:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7537:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations 7517:Independent Students' Association 7435:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation 7372:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951 6524:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms 6399:Komunizm, socjalizm i czasy PRL-u 6374:Internetowe Muzeum Polski Ludowej 6328: 6270: 5914:"Jews in Poland Since 1939" (PDF) 5218:"Kultowe dobranocki z czasów PRL" 4270:Original text at the Sejm website 4104: 3879:, but more commonly known as the 3784:Germans were expelled from Poland 3750:, were slaughtered at the German 3691:region and settle in the western 2781:was presented by officers of the 2198:Palestine Liberation Organization 1804:Summer 1981 Hunger Demonstrations 1405:, including the southern half of 1212:1990 Polish presidential election 54:This article has multiple issues. 12455:1989 disestablishments in Poland 11530:January 1991 events in Lithuania 11188:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 11142: 11017: 10961: 10886: 7651: 7425:1957 Polish legislative election 7307:1947 Polish legislative election 6909:Upper Silesian Industrial Region 6349: 6335: 5665:"Edukacja w II Rzeczypospolitej" 4016: 4004: 3925: 3551:, the large German minority was 3449:1947 Polish legislative election 2666: 2655: 1836:1989 Polish legislative election 1764:On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski 1564: 1548: 1222:, until the introduction of the 1218:retained the 1952 constitution, 1061: 1036: 418: 382: 368: 188: 84: 43: 18:People's Republic of Poland 11254:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 7512:Solidarity (Polish trade union) 7302:1946 Polish people's referendum 6304: 6172: 6150:"POLAND: Distrust in the Ranks" 6142: 6116: 6094: 6078:. 26 April 2016. Archived from 6034: 6013: 5988: 5970:"Poland most homogeneous in EU" 5962: 5936: 5879: 5857: 5636: 5597: 5567: 5517: 5487: 5436: 5418: 5400: 5382: 5376:Podkowiański Magazyn Kulturalny 5342: 5290: 5251: 5210: 5192: 5174: 5156: 5116: 5098: 5080: 5070:"Aktuelle Kamera – tvpforum.pl" 5062: 5032: 5013: 4974: 4956: 4934: 4813: 4787: 4729: 4653: 4619: 4592: 4507: 4503:– via Country Studies US. 4482: 4463:Saxon, Wolfgang (29 May 1981). 4456: 4420: 4342:, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 3859:until being deposed during the 3839: 3798:. Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, 3636: 3358:was seen as a way to construct 3218: 2176:The Polish People's Republic's 1495:Border changes of Poland after 1472:Between the referendum and the 1168:1946 Polish people's referendum 199:needs additional citations for 62:or discuss these issues on the 12086:Azerbaijan People's Government 10573:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 8276:Territorial changes of Germany 8184:Indonesian National Revolution 7430:Millennium of the Polish State 6289: 6250: 5886:Olchawa, Maciej (2 May 2017). 5581:. 19 July 2017. Archived from 4448:Stefan Wyszyński, (1901–1981). 4345: 4316: 4291: 4236: 4226:) was also province governor. 4023:Polish voivodeships after 1975 4011:Polish voivodeships after 1957 3506:Polish anti-religious campaign 3151:Anna Constantia von Brockdorff 2905:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2683:Opening panel and sequence of 2647:Censorship in Communist Poland 2395: 2265: 1474:January 1947 general elections 1454:. One faction, which included 1441:, land reform, and making the 1087:(1947–1952), was a country in 158:You may also add the template 13: 1: 12450:1947 establishments in Poland 11535:January 1991 events in Latvia 11525:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 11274:Socialist Republic of Romania 11249:People's Republic of Bulgaria 11241:People's Republic of Albania 11210:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 9973:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9924:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9688:German invasion of Luxembourg 8062:Mediterranean and Middle East 7532:1981 warning strike in Poland 6164:– via content.time.com. 6138:– via content.time.com. 6124:"POLAND: Child of the People" 5927:, Yale University Press, 2005 5888:"Ghosts of Operation Vistula" 4681:10.1080/14682745.2023.2206650 4430:, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2000, 4376:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). 4229: 3681:Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny 3643:Demographic history of Poland 3622:Eastern Catholics in the USSR 3570:which, under the doctrine of 3535:The experiences in and after 3290:Palace of Culture and Science 3125:Knights of the Teutonic Order 3013:Knights of the Teutonic Order 1288:History of Poland (1945–1989) 11520:Collapse of the Soviet Union 11510:Fall of communism in Albania 9880:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9569:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8880:Independent State of Croatia 7611:Polish Round Table Agreement 7591:Federation of Fighting Youth 7440:1968 Polish political crisis 7352:Polish United Workers' Party 5303:. Lidia Burakowska-Oginska. 5280:"Filmy prl, socjalizm – FDB" 5200:"Kultowe polskie dobranocki" 4523:. Reuters. 11 December 1989. 4446:Britannica (10 April 2013), 4379:The United States and Poland 4266:"Small Constitution of 1947" 4244:"What Was the Eastern Bloc?" 3995: 3986:Polish United Workers' Party 3952:Pomeranian Military District 3890:, had by that time moved to 3728:socialist apartment building 3677:National Repatriation Office 3529:Ministry of Internal Affairs 3405: 3212:How I Unleashed World War II 3002:National Film School in Łódź 2843:at its premiere in Warsaw's 2766:also became synonymous with 2741:Polish United Workers' Party 2445:years and the imposition of 2215:(as a founding member), the 1950:Polish United Workers' Party 1943:Polish United Workers' Party 1531:Polish United Workers' Party 1292: 1270:. In addition, units of the 1176:Polish United Workers' Party 342:Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa 7: 12126:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 11495:End of communism in Hungary 11264:Hungarian People's Republic 10864:End of World War II in Asia 10704:Western invasion of Germany 10211:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 10188:Second Battle of El Alamein 9758:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9730:Battle of the Mediterranean 9583:Italian invasion of Albania 7750:Air warfare of World War II 7367:Socialist realism in Poland 6690:Central European Initiative 6501:Prehistory and protohistory 6193:10.1177/0888325497011002006 4889:. Public Affairs. pp. 4864:(PDF file, direct download) 4852:Karolina Szamańska (2008). 4599:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). 4548:10.1177/0888325494008003005 4121:annexed by the Soviet Union 3988:and driven out back to the 3971:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3853:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3828: 3685:forced to leave their homes 3499: 2950:. Every televised show was 2372:until 1946, when after the 2229:International Energy Agency 2081:Foreign relations of Poland 1968:to the extent of being its 1873:by the Polish authorities. 1800:1980 Gdańsk Shipyard Strike 1499:. The eastern territories ( 1333:In the summer of 1944, the 1235:Ministry of Public Security 10: 12486: 12430:Former socialist republics 11259:German Democratic Republic 10790:Naval bombardment of Japan 10158:First Battle of El Alamein 10077:Battle of Christmas Island 10022:Japanese invasion of Burma 9786:Italian invasion of Greece 9702:German invasion of Belgium 9674:German invasion of Denmark 9647:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9516:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7773:Comparative military ranks 7552:autocratic rule and demise 7487:Workers' Defence Committee 7312:Small Constitution of 1947 6321: 6211:; Żakowski, Jacek (1995). 5106:"W mrokach propagandy PRL" 4982:"Zapomniany jubileusz TVP" 4770:(Google Books, no preview) 4397:Phillip A. Bühler (1990). 4125:Newly acquired territories 4108: 3960:Silesian Military District 3832: 3683:), millions of Poles were 3640: 3549:annihilated by the Germans 3509: 3503: 3473:vocational career training 3409: 3222: 2973: 2636: 2625: 2621: 2370:the nationalization reform 2254: 2250: 2171:invasion of Czechoslovakia 2147:Poland was hostile to the 2126:People's Republic of China 2078: 1930: 1782:co-founded and headed the 1424:Polish government-in-exile 1327:Soviet sphere of influence 1315:industrialized territories 1285: 1281: 1200:Small Constitution of 1947 1083:(1952–1989), formerly the 630:First Secretary and Leader 223:"Polish People's Republic" 122:Machine translation, like 29: 12360: 12221: 12153: 12078: 11985: 11954: 11868: 11857: 11786: 11765: 11596: 11470: 11447:Information dissemination 11424: 11374:1956 Hungarian Revolution 11364:1953 East German uprising 11332: 11290: 11233: 11170: 11150: 11087: 11068: 11026: 11015: 10968: 10959: 10879: 10711:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10651: 10642:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 10379: 10266:Allied invasion of Sicily 10220: 10126:Aleutian Islands campaign 10098:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10045: 10036:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9931:Second Battle of Changsha 9836:German invasion of Greece 9804: 9681:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9656: 9594: 9489: 9370: 9096: 9006: 8847: 8550: 8541: 8299: 8124: 8016:North and Central Pacific 7977: 7739: 7732: 7659: 7545: 7458: 7411: 7335: 7241: 7168: 7119: 7071: 6956: 6943: 6934: 6829: 6820: 6680: 6671: 6609: 6600: 6560: 6491: 6482: 6441: 6041:Kałużny, Ryszard (2007). 5779:10.1017/S0034670500007130 5426:"Socrealizm nieoczywisty" 5378:(in Polish). No. 63. 5313:– via Google Books. 5263:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl 4763:Hofhansel, Claus (2005). 4649:– via Google Books. 4632:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3954:with its headquarters in 3693:former German territories 3591:Catholic Church in Poland 3073:1973 Cannes Film Festival 2969: 2492:and the development of a 2430:In 1981, Poland notified 1861:On 10 December 1989, the 1832:Tiananmen Square protests 1214:, but the post-communist 1182:but the country had more 1015: 1003: 991: 981: 957: 939: 924: 914: 907: 897: 890: 886: 873: 863: 850: 837: 824: 811: 798: 794: 784: 774: 770: 755: 740: 736: 726: 722: 707: 692: 688: 678: 674: 657: 642: 638: 628: 574: 558: 538: 528: 484: 469: 431: 400: 364: 359: 306: 99:the corresponding article 12420:Polish People's Republic 11432:Emigration and defection 11269:Polish People's Republic 10303:Allied invasion of Italy 10280:Solomon Islands campaign 10029:Third Battle of Changsha 9626:First Battle of Changsha 9532:Second Sino-Japanese War 8465:German military brothels 8331:United States war crimes 7507:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes 7235:Polish People's Republic 6685:Administrative divisions 6415:Propaganda komunistyczna 6243: 6234:Pucci M (14 July 2020). 6217:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie 5644:"Centralny Dom Towarowy" 5044:www.irekw.internetdsl.pl 4139:and partially joined to 3916:Battle of Kolberg (1945) 3825:as their native tongue. 3752:Nazi extermination camps 3709:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 3372:multi-family residential 3333:large panel construction 3069:The Hourglass Sanatorium 2761:. Throughout the 1970s, 2348:State Agricultural Farms 1909:democratic consolidation 1682:On 16 October 1978, the 1081:Polish People's Republic 332:Polish People's Republic 12445:Soviet satellite states 12136:North Korea (1947–1948) 12131:North Korea (1946–1947) 11490:Fall of the Berlin Wall 11416:1981 protests in Kosovo 11354:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 10725:Second Guangxi campaign 10580:Philippines (1944–1945) 10084:Battle of the Coral Sea 9987:Fall of the Philippines 9633:Battle of South Guangxi 9539:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8938:Italian Social Republic 7450:Polish protests of 1970 7397:Poznań protests of 1956 6884:Regional GDP per capita 6102:"Śląski Okręg Wojskowy" 5919:7 November 2006 at the 5847:East European Quarterly 5806:East European Quarterly 5705:Polish American Studies 5557:"Skąd się wzięły bloki" 5495:"Pałac Kultury i Nauki" 4724:Nacjonalizacja w Polsce 4492:Poland: A Country Study 4451:Encyclopædia Britannica 3950:Military District, the 3599:Russian Orthodox Church 3557:the eastern territories 3282:classicist architecture 3157:Salt of the Black Earth 2864:Stakes Larger Than Life 2858:Four Tank-Men and a Dog 2840:Four Tank-Men and a Dog 2588:, a former milk bar in 2276:State Agricultural Farm 2128:. At the height of the 2001:Front of National Unity 1993:Polish Council of State 1927:Government and politics 1828:Rozmowy Okrągłego Stołu 1319:territories in the east 529:Official languages 169:For more guidance, see 11858:Current and historical 10310:Armistice of Cassibile 10112:Battle of Dutch Harbor 10063:Battle of the Java Sea 9966:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9866:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9859:Battle of South Shanxi 9829:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9612:Battle of the Atlantic 9226:Korean Liberation Army 8932:(until September 1943) 8889:(until September 1944) 8867:(until September 1944) 7151:Orders and decorations 6388:2 October 2015 at the 6299: 6283: 6260: 6219:. pp. 348 pages. 6215:(in Polish). Wrocław: 6213:PRL dla początkujących 5767:The Review of Politics 5326:Polish national cinema 5222:wiadomosci.dziennik.pl 5092:wiadomosci.dziennik.pl 5040:"Dziennik Telewizyjny" 4854:"Sklepy w czasach PRL" 4322:Rummel, R. J. (1997). 4111:Voivodeships of Poland 4042: 3974:Konstantin Rokossovsky 3912:Vistula–Oder Offensive 3864: 3849:Konstantin Rokossovsky 3735: 3656: 3653:Second Polish Republic 3614:Polish Orthodox Church 3532: 3463: 3433:Second Polish Republic 3421: 3400:Second Polish Republic 3386:and the completion of 3335: 3320: 3278:Stalinist Empire style 3250: 3169:Battle of Westerplatte 3031: 2988: 2920: 2848: 2712:. The second channel, 2597: 2552: 2481: 2408: 2362: 2306: 2283: 2261:Eastern Bloc economies 2101: 2066:. The Milicja's elite 1945: 1807: 1791: 1766:proclaimed martial law 1761: 1710: 1679: 1647: 1535:Konstantin Rokossovsky 1518: 1459:Edward Osóbka-Morawski 1452:Polish Socialist Party 1330: 1193: 877:Presidential elections 622:parliamentary republic 413:Poland Is Not Yet Lost 406: 341: 317: 11540:Breakup of Yugoslavia 10474:Second Battle of Guam 10370:Bengal famine of 1943 10340:Second Battle of Kiev 10296:Battle of the Dnieper 10001:Battle of Wake Island 9873:East African campaign 9815:Battle of South Henan 9460:atrocities by Germans 9233:Korean Volunteer Army 8207:Occupation of Germany 7961:Music in World War II 7576:Pacification of Wujek 7559:Martial law in Poland 7465:international opening 7445:Kniefall von Warschau 7387:Trial of the Generals 7252:Recovered Territories 6284:Rzeczpospolita Polska 6047:Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL 5324:Marek Haltof (2002). 4885:Neier, Aryeh (2003). 4709:Wojciech Roszkowski, 4277:(PDF direct download) 4182:– previously part of 4174:– previously part of 4166:– previously part of 4040: 3847: 3725: 3650: 3641:Further information: 3519: 3461: 3419: 3396:Smyk Department Store 3370:. Mass-prefabricated 3326: 3317:Smyk Department Store 3315: 3303:Empire State Building 3244: 3022: 2983: 2913: 2836: 2824:(Polish: Krecik) and 2800:evening cartoon block 2777:, from December 1981 2775:martial law in Poland 2582: 2547: 2472: 2441:movement. During the 2403: 2356: 2293: 2273: 2255:Further information: 2088: 1940: 1878:Third Polish Republic 1851:United People's Party 1797: 1778: 1751: 1704: 1676: 1637: 1507:Recovered Territories 1494: 1482:Polish People's Party 1467:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 1347:Polish Workers' Party 1300: 1260:universal health care 1245:(MO), along with its 1216:Third Polish Republic 1194:Rzeczpospolita Polska 1123:and cultural city of 1057:Third Polish Republic 608:military dictatorship 318:Rzeczpospolita Polska 171:Knowledge:Translation 142:copyright attribution 12363:History of socialism 11388:1970 Polish protests 11369:1956 Poznań protests 11234:Soviet-allied states 10760:Surrender of Germany 10238:Battle of West Hubei 10195:Guadalcanal campaign 10165:Battle of Stalingrad 10091:Battle of Madagascar 8858:Albania protectorate 8645:(formerly Swaziland) 8354:Wehrmacht war crimes 8170:Expulsion of Germans 7954:Art and World War II 7852:British contribution 7801:Governments in exile 7287:Trial of the Sixteen 7262:Expulsion of Germans 7063:World Heritage Sites 6404:3 April 2008 at the 6376:at PolskaLudowa.com 6000:languageknowledge.eu 4799:www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl 4091:Regained Territories 3869:Polish People's Army 3835:Polish People's Army 3713:Bieszczady Mountains 3564:communist government 3175:Death of a President 3025:communist censorship 2790:the country under a 2763:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2732:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2722:(People's Tribune). 2639:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2633:Television and media 2319:satellite government 1997:presidency of Poland 1960:, the country was a 1684:Archbishop of Kraków 1640:1970 Polish protests 1620:1956 Poznań protests 1268:Polish People's Army 1228:parliamentary system 1224:current constitution 1204:Constitution of 1952 959:• Summer ( 916:• 1989 estimate 407:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego 208:improve this article 12470:Totalitarian states 12440:Communism in Poland 12392: / 12299:Estonia (1918–1919) 12193:Hungary (1949–1989) 11505:Romanian revolution 11478:Revolutions of 1989 11359:1953 Plzeň uprising 10850:Potsdam Declaration 10739:Italy (Spring 1945) 10502:Liberation of Paris 9959:Siege of Sevastopol 8970:(until August 1944) 8873:Wang Jingwei regime 8695:from September 1943 8655:from September 1944 8593:from September 1944 8453:Romanian war crimes 8444:Persecution of Jews 8430:Croatian war crimes 8400:Japanese war crimes 8214:Occupation of Japan 8163:First Indochina War 7875:Military production 7787:Declarations of war 7606:1988 Polish strikes 7586:Fighting Solidarity 7581:1982 demonstrations 7497:1980 Lublin strikes 7418:autarchic communism 6803:Political prisoners 5690:encyklopedia.pwn.pl 5585:on 10 February 2020 5370:Piotr Łopuszański. 5188:. 21 February 2020. 5152:. 13 December 2008. 5094:. 17 November 2019. 4825:www.clubdeparis.org 4338:Rao, B. V. (2006), 3946:Military District, 3942:Military District, 3938:Military District, 3669:revision of borders 3617:after his release. 3437:Jędrzejewicz reform 3390:in the 1970s under 2783:Polish Armed Forces 2331:agricultural reform 2142:general secretaries 2064:Milicja Obywatelska 2048:large standing army 1788:President of Poland 1784:Solidarity movement 1743:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1707:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1690:Karol Wojtyła, was 1644:Milicja Obywatelska 1433:In June 1946, the " 1272:Soviet Armed Forces 1243:Milicja Obywatelska 1237:(UB) and later the 1208:Revolutions of 1989 717:Wojciech Jaruzelski 668:Mieczysław Rakowski 509: / 12264:Byelorussia (1919) 11515:Singing Revolution 11398:June 1976 protests 11183:Soviet occupations 10843:Surrender of Japan 10676:Battle of Iwo Jima 10525:Belgrade offensive 9938:Siege of Leningrad 9822:Battle of Shanggao 9751:British Somaliland 9716:Dunkirk evacuation 9667:Norwegian campaign 9605:Invasion of Poland 9432:Japanese prisoners 8393:Italian war crimes 8324:British war crimes 8239:Soviet occupations 8023:South-West Pacific 7910:Allied cooperation 7868:Military equipment 7596:Orange Alternative 7482:June 1976 protests 6130:. 21 November 1949 5949:The New York Times 5475:on 26 January 2017 5265:. 16 October 2014. 5245:www.telemagazyn.pl 5050:on 5 December 2014 4866:on 19 October 2014 4629:European Penology? 4469:The New York Times 4426:Czesław Osękowski 4059:Kaliningrad Oblast 4049:to the North; the 4043: 3932:military districts 3908:Karol Świerczewski 3904:Polish Second Army 3865: 3738:The population of 3736: 3657: 3533: 3512:Religion in Poland 3469:physical education 3464: 3422: 3336: 3321: 3251: 3104:Ashes and Diamonds 3084:Knife in the Water 3036:Polish Film School 3032: 2989: 2921: 2849: 2847:, 3 January, 1966. 2598: 2553: 2482: 2463:economic sanctions 2409: 2384:Soviet-controlled 2363: 2307: 2284: 2280:collective farming 2206:State of Palestine 2164:Prezydent Gottwald 2102: 1946: 1933:Politics of Poland 1905:post-Soviet troops 1884:— the first since 1856:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 1808: 1792: 1762: 1711: 1694:, taking the name 1680: 1664:1973 energy crisis 1648: 1519: 1463:Józef Cyrankiewicz 1415:Potsdam Conference 1411:pre-WWII territory 1362:Franklin Roosevelt 1356:in February 1945, 1331: 1305:in February 1945. 1139:to the south, and 1131:to the north, the 1097:Republic of Poland 1093:Republic of Poland 1085:Republic of Poland 802:Small Constitution 765:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 750:E. Osóbka-Morawski 588:socialist republic 450:Show map of Europe 308:Republic of Poland 150:interlanguage link 12396:52.250°N 18.833°E 12375: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12149: 12148: 11891:Congo-Brazzaville 11787:Regional variants 11555: 11554: 11500:Velvet Revolution 11462:Telephone tapping 11436:list of defectors 11225:Tito–Stalin split 11110: 11109: 10917: 10916: 10875: 10874: 10718:Battle of Okinawa 10617:Burma (1944–1945) 10451:Mariana and Palau 10231:Tunisian campaign 10056:Fall of Singapore 9980:Fall of Hong Kong 9723:Battle of Britain 9576:Operation Himmler 9485: 9484: 9149:Dutch East Indies 8785:Southern Rhodesia 8537: 8536: 8437:Genocide of Serbs 8340:German war crimes 8317:Soviet war crimes 8310:Allied war crimes 8156:Division of Korea 8135:Chinese Civil War 7933:Strategic bombing 7845:Manhattan Project 7619: 7618: 7492:Flying University 7472:1971 Łódź strikes 7377:1952 Constitution 7267:Operation Vistula 7197: 7196: 7164: 7163: 7086:Ethnic minorities 6930: 6929: 6816: 6815: 6769:Political parties 6715:Foreign relations 6667: 6666: 6596: 6595: 6552:Poland since 1989 6392:at MuzeumPRL.com 6082:on 16 August 2018 6049:(in Polish) (2). 5532:on 14 August 2019 5499:otwartezabytki.pl 5335:978-1-57181-276-6 4988:. 23 August 2009. 4970:. 26 August 2019. 4779:978-0-415-36406-5 4749:978-1-84545-013-7 4722:Zbigniew Landau, 4580:on 6 January 2020 4083:Tehran Conference 4077:to the south and 3978:Marshal of Poland 3896:Polish First Army 3857:Marshal of Poland 3717:Operation Vistula 3665:ethnic minorities 3610:Polish Protestant 3584:Communist Albania 3525:Security Services 3521:Jerzy Popiełuszko 3352:Władysław Gomułka 3255:socialist realism 3229:Socialist realism 2927:Czterdziestolatek 2901:Kingdom of Poland 2675: 2608:social safety net 2417:Western creditors 2327:centrally planned 2257:Economy of Poland 2233:Council of Europe 2153:Chinese Civil War 2149:Republic of China 2090:Władysław Gomułka 2075:Foreign relations 2017:hammer and sickle 2011:, stars, ears of 2005:communist symbols 1970:satellite country 1559:" 1946 referendum 1539:Marshal of Poland 1527:1952 Constitution 1448:Władysław Gomułka 1419:Potsdam Agreement 1366:Winston Churchill 1160:German occupation 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1049: 1048: 815:July Constitution 760: 745: 742:• 1944–1947 712: 709:• 1985–1989 697: 694:• 1947–1952 662: 647: 644:• 1947–1956 543:Roman Catholicism 513:52.217°N 21.033°E 462: (dark grey) 423: 302: 301: 294: 284: 283: 276: 258: 182: 181: 111: 107: 77: 16:(Redirected from 12477: 12435:Communist states 12407: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12219: 12218: 12076: 12075: 11866: 11865: 11861:socialist states 11740:African-American 11582: 11575: 11568: 11559: 11558: 11344:Goryani Movement 11324: 11316: 11282: 11244: 11178:Yalta Conference 11137: 11130: 11123: 11114: 11113: 11021: 10965: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10921: 10920: 10910: 10903: 10896: 10893:World portal 10891: 10890: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10753:Prague offensive 10748: 10746:Battle of Berlin 10741: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10690:Vienna offensive 10685: 10678: 10671: 10669:Battle of Manila 10664: 10644: 10635: 10626: 10619: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10575: 10568: 10559: 10550: 10543: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10513: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10462: 10453: 10446: 10437: 10428: 10419: 10412: 10410:Korsun–Cherkassy 10405: 10394: 10372: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10312: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10252:Bombing of Gorky 10247: 10240: 10233: 10213: 10206: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10119:Battle of Midway 10114: 10107: 10105:Battle of Gazala 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10015:Battle of Borneo 10010: 10008:Malayan campaign 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9952:Bombing of Gorky 9947: 9945:Battle of Moscow 9940: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9797: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9709:Battle of France 9704: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9562:Munich Agreement 9557: 9550: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9518: 9511: 9496: 9495: 9478: 9471: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9447:Soviet prisoners 9441: 9434: 9427: 9418: 9411: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9387:German prisoners 9383: 9363: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9019: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8971: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8918: 8916:French Indochina 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8860: 8840: 8831: 8824: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8763:from August 1944 8754: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8646: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8548: 8547: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8489: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8455: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8407:Nanjing Massacre 8402: 8395: 8386: 8384:Nuremberg trials 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8225: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8117: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7988:Asia and Pacific 7970: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7919: 7917:Mulberry harbour 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7759: 7752: 7737: 7736: 7725: 7718: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7527:Bydgoszcz events 7522:Rural Solidarity 7502:Gdańsk Agreement 7362:Collectivization 7322:Battle for trade 7297:Augustów roundup 7224: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7200: 7177: 6941: 6940: 6922: 6849:Economic history 6839:Balcerowicz Plan 6827: 6826: 6678: 6677: 6614:Cities and towns 6607: 6606: 6547:Communist Poland 6527: 6519: 6489: 6488: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6445: 6444: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6395: 6379: 6370: 6359: 6357:Communism portal 6354: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6311: 6308: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6277: 6268: 6254: 6239: 6230: 6204: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5972:. 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Service 1196: 1152:Marxist–Leninist 1065: 1064: 1053: 1052: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1017: 1016: 972: 948: 869:31 December 1989 846:13 December 1981 807:19 February 1947 758: 743: 710: 695: 670: 660: 645: 554: 547: 524: 523: 521: 520: 519: 514: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 487:and largest city 451: 448: 441: 438: 425: 424: 409: 386: 372: 354: 353: 352: 344: 337: 330: 329: 328: 320: 313: 304: 303: 297: 290: 279: 272: 268: 265: 259: 257: 216: 192: 184: 161: 155: 128:Google Translate 109: 106:(September 2021) 105: 88: 87: 80: 69: 47: 46: 39: 21: 12485: 12484: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12410: 12409: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12391: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12348: 12329:Slovakia (1919) 12229:Alsace-Lorraine 12217: 12145: 12074: 11981: 11950: 11859: 11853: 11782: 11761: 11592: 11586: 11556: 11551: 11466: 11420: 11407:Soviet reaction 11393:Croatian Spring 11337: 11335: 11328: 11322: 11314: 11286: 11280: 11242: 11229: 11215:Berlin Blockade 11166: 11165: 11146: 11141: 11111: 11106: 11083: 11080: 11064: 11061: 11022: 11013: 11010: 10966: 10955: 10948: 10918: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10885: 10883: 10871: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10841: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10809: 10804:Atomic bombings 10802: 10795: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10765: 10758: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10647: 10640: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10606: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10571: 10562: 10553: 10546: 10537: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10507: 10500: 10495:Eastern Romania 10493: 10488:Warsaw Uprising 10486: 10481:Tannenberg Line 10479: 10472: 10467:Western Ukraine 10465: 10456: 10449: 10440: 10431: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10397: 10388: 10375: 10368: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10317: 10308: 10301: 10294: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10264: 10259:Battle of Kursk 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10216: 10209: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10147: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10070:St Nazaire Raid 10068: 10061: 10054: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9957: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9894: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9852:Anglo-Iraqi War 9850: 9843:Battle of Crete 9841: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9800: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9772:Eastern Romania 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9590: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9514: 9507: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9458: 9451: 9446: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9414: 9407: 9398: 9391: 9386: 9379: 9366: 9359: 9350: 9343: 9338: 9333:Western Ukraine 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9277:Northeast China 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8976:Slovak Republic 8974: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8947:Empire of Japan 8945: 8936: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8863: 8856: 8843: 8836: 8827: 8820: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8649: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8533: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8492: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8459:Sexual violence 8458: 8451: 8442: 8435: 8428: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8382: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8228: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8189: 8182: 8177:Greek Civil War 8175: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8120: 8113: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 8002:South-East Asia 8000: 7993: 7986: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7861:Military awards 7859: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7755: 7748: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7650: 7620: 7615: 7551: 7541: 7464: 7454: 7417: 7407: 7392:PAX Association 7340: 7331: 7327:Three-Year Plan 7317:Amnesty of 1947 7292:Cursed soldiers 7237: 7228: 7198: 7193: 7180: 7173: 7160: 7115: 7067: 7033:Public holidays 6952: 6926: 6920: 6914:Venture capital 6812: 6742:Law enforcement 6663: 6649:Protected areas 6592: 6556: 6525: 6517: 6478: 6472: 6437: 6425: 6417: 6409: 6408:at Komunizm.eu 6406:Wayback Machine 6393: 6390:Wayback Machine 6377: 6368: 6367:at Czas-PRL.pl 6355: 6350: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318:Further reading 6315: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6294: 6290: 6278: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6227: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6104:. 14 April 2003 6100: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5921:Wayback Machine 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5843: 5836: 5821: 5817: 5801: 5794: 5763: 5756: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5701: 5697: 5684: 5683: 5676: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5624: 5623: 5616: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5555: 5554: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5505:on 28 July 2021 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5368: 5361: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5295: 5291: 5278: 5277: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5239: 5238: 5229: 5224:. 28 June 2009. 5216: 5215: 5211: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5136: 5121: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4850: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4532: 4528: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4461: 4457: 4445: 4441: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4390: 4369: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4113: 4107: 4073:) to the east; 4035: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4009: 3998: 3928: 3900:Zygmunt Berling 3842: 3837: 3831: 3687:in the eastern 3645: 3639: 3545:Jewish minority 3514: 3508: 3502: 3414: 3408: 3239: 3223:Main articles: 3221: 3185:The Coup d'Etat 3111:Nights and Days 3007:Forbidden Songs 2997:Aleksander Ford 2978: 2972: 2873:Soviet invasion 2815:Bolek and Lolek 2758:Aktuelle Kamera 2693: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2649: 2637:Main articles: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2612:Gdańsk Shipyard 2566:Wyjazd na saksy 2551:for sugar, 1977 2532:U.S. currency ( 2421:Marxian economy 2405:Supersam Warsaw 2398: 2380:Polish owners. 2366:Nationalisation 2323:economic system 2321:, Poland's new 2268: 2263: 2253: 2140:and the Soviet 2138:U.S. presidents 2124:as well as the 2094:Leonid Brezhnev 2083: 2077: 2058:and succeeding 1962:one-party state 1935: 1929: 1869:was removed in 1802:and subsequent 1738:Catholic Church 1715:Stanisław Kania 1632: 1630:1970s and 1980s 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1557:Three Times Yes 1553: 1486:Bolesław Bierut 1435:Three Times Yes 1382:, which it had 1323:pre-war borders 1295: 1290: 1284: 1220:with amendments 1180:one-party state 1164:electoral fraud 1062: 1037: 967: 964: 943: 917: 900: 882:9 December 1990 879: 866: 856: 843: 833:21 October 1956 830: 817: 804: 761: 746: 713: 702:Bolesław Bierut 698: 680:Head of Council 666: 663: 652:Bolesław Bierut 648: 611: 552: 548: 545: 517: 515: 511: 508: 503: 500: 498: 496: 495: 494: 488: 465: 464: 453: 452: 449: 442: 427: 426: 419: 410: 396: 395: 394: 391: 387: 379: 378: 373: 355: 346: 339: 338: 335: 334: 333: 331: 322: 315: 314: 311: 310: 309: 298: 287: 286: 285: 280: 269: 263: 260: 217: 215: 205: 193: 178: 177: 176: 159: 153: 112: 89: 85: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12483: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12401:52.250; 18.833 12373: 12372: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12309:Hungary (1919) 12306: 12301: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12225: 12223: 12216: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12184: 12183: 12178: 12176:Czech Republic 12171:Czechoslovakia 12168: 12163: 12157: 12155: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12111:Inner Mongolia 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12091:East Turkestan 12088: 12082: 12080: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12000: 11995: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11872: 11870: 11863: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11773:United Kingdom 11769: 11767: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11732: 11730:United Kingdom 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11640: 11635: 11634: 11633: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11606: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11585: 11584: 11577: 11570: 11562: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11480: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11340: 11338: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11318: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11294: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11180: 11174: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11140: 11139: 11132: 11125: 11117: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10983:Czechoslovakia 10980: 10975: 10969: 10967: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10947: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10924: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10839: 10838: 10837: 10823: 10820:South Sakhalin 10816: 10815: 10814: 10800: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10728: 10721: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10657: 10655: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10620: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10560: 10551: 10544: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10463: 10454: 10447: 10438: 10429: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10357: 10343: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10299: 10292: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10245:Battle of Attu 10241: 10234: 10226: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10207: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10136: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10051: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9994:Battle of Guam 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9917:Battle of Kiev 9913: 9906: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9810: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9662: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9600: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9535: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9504: 9502: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9456: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9428: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9416:United Kingdom 9412: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9384: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9348: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9229: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9102: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9012: 9010: 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8861: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8813:British Empire 8806:United Kingdom 8802: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8647: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8622:Czechoslovakia 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8554: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8522: 8519:Rape of Manila 8515: 8508: 8501: 8490: 8475: 8468: 8456: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8396: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8371: 8357: 8350: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8305: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8290:United Nations 8286: 8279: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8149:Decolonization 8145: 8138: 8130: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8095: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8049: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7983: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7841: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7822:United Kingdom 7818: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7745: 7743: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7668: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7649: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7564:Militsiya hour 7555: 7553: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7402:Polish October 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7244:Early post-war 7239: 7238: 7227: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6889:Stock exchange 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6808:Visegrád Group 6805: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6791:Prime Minister 6788: 6787: 6786: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6752:Prison Service 6749: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6695:Climate change 6692: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6644:Poland A and B 6641: 6639:National parks 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6537:Interwar years 6534: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: articles 6471: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6396: 6380: 6371: 6361: 6360: 6346: 6330: 6329:External links 6327: 6322:Main article: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6303: 6288: 6269: 6263:Rzeczpospolita 6248: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6231: 6225: 6205: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6141: 6115: 6093: 6064: 6033: 6012: 5987: 5976:on 9 July 2018 5961: 5935: 5929: 5906: 5878: 5856: 5834: 5815: 5792: 5773:(3): 332–349. 5754: 5732: 5722: 5695: 5674: 5653: 5635: 5614: 5596: 5566: 5543: 5516: 5486: 5453: 5435: 5417: 5399: 5381: 5359: 5341: 5334: 5316: 5309: 5289: 5268: 5250: 5227: 5209: 5191: 5173: 5155: 5134: 5115: 5097: 5079: 5061: 5031: 5012: 4991: 4973: 4955: 4944:. 2 April 2016 4933: 4926: 4906: 4899: 4877: 4837: 4812: 4786: 4778: 4755: 4748: 4728: 4715: 4702: 4674:(4): 517–535. 4652: 4638: 4618: 4611: 4591: 4561: 4542:(3): 467–494. 4526: 4520:New York Times 4506: 4481: 4455: 4439: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4351: 4344: 4328: 4315: 4290: 4279:on 3 June 2015 4256: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4109:Main article: 4106: 4105:Administration 4103: 4075:Czechoslovakia 4071:Ukrainian SSRs 4028: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4003: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3982:Polish October 3927: 3924: 3861:Polish October 3841: 3838: 3833:Main article: 3830: 3827: 3756:Einsatzgruppen 3638: 3635: 3539:, wherein the 3504:Main article: 3501: 3498: 3453:secularization 3426:intelligentsia 3410:Main article: 3407: 3404: 3356:Prefabrication 3340:Polish October 3338:Following the 3245:The 237-meter 3220: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3171: 3160: 3153: 3146:Countess Cosel 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3044:Roman Polanski 3029:Czechoslovakia 2974:Main article: 2971: 2968: 2944:block of flats 2897:Katyn massacre 2792:military junta 2682: 2681: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2634: 2631: 2626:Main article: 2623: 2620: 2397: 2394: 2333:issued by the 2267: 2264: 2252: 2249: 2213:United Nations 2114:United Kingdom 2076: 2073: 1978:Czechoslovakia 1928: 1925: 1921:European Union 1867:Vladimir Lenin 1834:in China, the 1820:working groups 1734:anti-communist 1631: 1628: 1570: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1456:Prime Minister 1294: 1291: 1286:Main article: 1283: 1280: 1264:free education 1137:Czechoslovakia 1089:Central Europe 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 995: 989: 988: 985: 979: 978: 965: 958: 955: 954: 941: 937: 936: 926: 922: 921: 918: 915: 912: 911: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 894: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 874: 871: 870: 867: 864: 861: 860: 857: 854:Free elections 851: 848: 847: 844: 838: 835: 834: 831: 828:Polish October 825: 822: 821: 818: 812: 809: 808: 805: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 785:Historical era 782: 781: 776: 772: 771: 768: 767: 762: 756: 753: 752: 747: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 728:Prime Minister 724: 723: 720: 719: 714: 708: 705: 704: 699: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 682: 676: 675: 672: 671: 664: 658: 655: 654: 649: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 613: 612: 604: 578: 572: 571: 562: 556: 555: 540: 536: 535: 530: 526: 525: 518:52.217; 21.033 489: 486: 482: 481: 471: 467: 466: 455: 454: 443: 433: 432: 429: 428: 417: 416: 398: 397: 388: 381: 380: 374: 367: 366: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 307: 300: 299: 282: 281: 196: 194: 187: 180: 179: 175: 174: 167: 156: 134: 131: 120: 113: 94: 93: 92: 90: 83: 78: 52: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12482: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12408: 12405: 12364: 12359: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12279:Crimea (1919) 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12220: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12152: 12142: 12141:South Vietnam 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12069: 12068:North Vietnam 12066: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11856: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11778:United States 11776: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11758: 11755: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11736: 11735:United States 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11614:New Australia 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11595: 11590: 11583: 11578: 11576: 11571: 11569: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11546: 11545:Yugoslav Wars 11543: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11485: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11379:Prague Spring 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11317: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291:Organizations 11289: 11283: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11193:Baltic states 11191: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11169: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11138: 11133: 11131: 11126: 11124: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11067: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11031:Soviet Russia 11029: 11028: 11025: 11020: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10964: 10958: 10953: 10945: 10940: 10938: 10933: 10931: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10840: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10827:Kuril Islands 10824: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10729: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10643: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10594:Syrmian Front 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10540:Market Garden 10536: 10533: 10529: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10506: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10399:Monte Cassino 10396: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10311: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9849: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9819: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9765:Baltic states 9762: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9573: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9409:United States 9406: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9345:Quốc dân Đảng 9342: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045:Liechtenstein 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8997:Collaboration 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8822:United States 8819: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8512:Comfort women 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8496: / 8495: 8491: 8488: 8485: / 8484: 8481: / 8480: 8476: 8473: 8472:Camp brothels 8469: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361:The Holocaust 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8347:forced labour 8344: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8200:Marshall Plan 8197: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8053:Eastern Front 8050: 8047: 8046:Western Front 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7940:Puppet states 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882:Naval history 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7829:United States 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7357:Six-Year Plan 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7339: 7338:Sovietization 7334: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7220: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Merchant Navy 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6516:Early Modern 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6469: 6464: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6347: 6344: 6343:Poland portal 6333: 6325: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6226:83-7023-461-5 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6156:. 1 July 1957 6155: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6103: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6022: 6016: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5910: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5867:. 23 May 2017 5866: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5759: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5737: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5649: 5645: 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118: 115: 114: 108: 102: 100: 95:You can help 91: 82: 81: 76: 74: 67: 66: 61: 60: 55: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12425:Eastern Bloc 12377: 12239:Baranya–Baja 12208:Soviet Union 12197: 12188:East Germany 11886:Burkina Faso 11482: 11268: 11156:Soviet Union 11144:Eastern Bloc 11092:Eastern Bloc 11035:Soviet Union 10997: 10988:East Germany 10901:Bibliography 10884: 10697:Project Hula 10662:Vistula–Oder 10631: 10564: 10555: 10539: 10509: 10458: 10442: 10433: 10424: 10390: 10287: 10202: 10178: 10148: 9899: 9792: 9737:North Africa 9439:Soviet Union 9393:Soviet Union 9319:Soviet Union 9087:Vatican City 8990:Vichy France 8895:German Reich 8792:Soviet Union 8778:South Africa 8771:Sierra Leone 8724:Newfoundland 8543:Participants 8526:Marocchinate 8259: 8230: 8221: 8191: 8069:North Africa 8030:Indian Ocean 7889:Nazi plunder 7780:Cryptography 7653:World War II 7477:Letter of 59 7234: 7134:Coat of arms 7073:Demographics 7023:Polish names 6993:Folk beliefs 6966:Architecture 6904:Unemployment 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Under the 3661:World War II 3658: 3637:Demographics 3619: 3607: 3603: 3588: 3561: 3537:World War II 3534: 3527:"SB" of the 3485:Eastern Bloc 3481: 3465: 3446: 3430: 3423: 3381: 3376: 3368:Le Corbusier 3360:tower blocks 3337: 3267: 3252: 3219:Architecture 3210: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3173: 3164:Westerplatte 3162: 3155: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3097:A Generation 3095: 3077: 3064:Andrzej Munk 3048:Wojciech Has 3033: 3023:Allegory of 3011: 3005: 2990: 2958:members and 2956:Eastern Bloc 2937: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2916:Trybuna Ludu 2914: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2838: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2778: 2772: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2719:Trybuna Ludu 2717: 2697:World War II 2694: 2684: 2616: 2599: 2583: 2565: 2554: 2549:Ration cards 2533: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2490:black market 2483: 2459:luxury goods 2454: 2451:ration cards 2436: 2429: 2410: 2386:East Germany 2382: 2364: 2315:Soviet Union 2311:Nazi Germany 2308: 2303:World War II 2285: 2210: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2146: 2122:Western Bloc 2106:Soviet Union 2103: 2045: 2025:coat of arms 1986: 1982:Eastern Bloc 1974:East Germany 1966:Soviet Union 1953: 1947: 1941:Logo of the 1890: 1875: 1860: 1848: 1827: 1817: 1809: 1763: 1725: 1712: 1696:John Paul II 1692:elected Pope 1681: 1668:trade unions 1660:West Germany 1649: 1612:Edward Ochab 1609: 1605:house arrest 1592: 1584:nationalised 1581: 1524: 1520: 1500: 1497:World War II 1471: 1432: 1407:East Prussia 1401:east of the 1388: 1376:Soviet Union 1369: 1351: 1339:Nazi Germany 1332: 1258:. Access to 1256:urbanization 1232: 1191: 1145: 1141:East Germany 1133:Soviet Union 1109:Eastern Bloc 1100: 1096: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1026:Succeeded by 1025: 1020: 993:Calling code 899:• Total 820:22 July 1952 757:• 1989 659:• 1989 601:dictatorship 595:totalitarian 590:(1944-1989) 457: 401: 390:Coat of arms 288: 270: 261: 251: 244: 237: 230: 218: 206:Please help 201:verification 198: 146:edit summary 137: 104: 96: 70: 63: 57: 56:Please help 53: 36: 12399: / 12222:Short-lived 12079:Short-lived 12048:South Yemen 12033:North Korea 11993:Afghanistan 11710:New Zealand 11705:Netherlands 11471:Dissolution 11411:Martial law 11334:Revolts and 11308:Warsaw Pact 11097:Warsaw Pact 11073:Byelorussia 10632:Bodenplatte 10518:Gothic Line 9744:West Africa 9291:Philippines 9270:Netherlands 9135:Czech lands 9073:Switzerland 9017:Afghanistan 8961:Philippines 8829:Puerto Rico 8745:Philippines 8731:New Zealand 8717:Netherlands 8670:Free France 8421:Prosecution 8222:Osoaviakhim 8092:West Africa 8076:East Africa 7723:Conferences 7106:Health care 7058:Video games 6998:Folk dances 6834:Agriculture 6774:Politicians 6573:Demographic 6532:World War I 6526:(1795–1918) 6518:(1569–1795) 6506:Middle Ages 6426:(in Polish) 6418:(in Polish) 6410:(in Polish) 6394:(in Polish) 6378:(in Polish) 6369:(in Polish) 5609:www.mwkz.pl 5579:Onet Biznes 5469:www.pkin.pl 5186:Portal I.pl 5168:wyborcza.pl 5110:histmag.org 5074:tvpforum.pl 4986:Newsweek.pl 4830:12 December 4805:19 December 4801:(in Polish) 4499:10 December 4474:10 December 4283:21 February 3888:Anders Army 3792:Belarusians 3748:labor camps 3489:Theological 3274:proletariat 2993:Film Polski 2889:Imperialism 2827:The Moomins 2754:East German 2585:Bar mleczny 2506:remittances 2498:U.S. dollar 2447:martial law 2411:During the 2396:Later years 2377:referendums 2266:Early years 2245:Interkosmos 2221:Warsaw Pact 2194:Six-Day War 2157:cargo ships 2098:East Berlin 2050:and hosted 2033:Middle Ages 2029:White Eagle 1903:. The last 1893:Warsaw Pact 1780:Lech Wałęsa 1730:Lech Wałęsa 1726:Solidarność 1719:trade union 1624:Polish Army 1399:Brandenburg 1380:Curzon Line 1278:countries. 1276:Warsaw Pact 1113:Warsaw Pact 1021:Preceded by 859:4 June 1989 841:Martial law 775:Legislature 616:multi-party 610:(1981-1983) 603:(1944-1956) 516: / 474:Warsaw Pact 392:(1980–1990) 336:(1952–1989) 312:(1947–1952) 12414:Categories 12334:Tarnobrzeg 12259:Bessarabia 12213:Yugoslavia 11936:Seychelles 11931:Mozambique 11926:Madagascar 11849:Vietnamese 11844:Venezuelan 11834:Nicaraguan 11829:Melanesian 11746:Venezuela 11658:Kuomintang 11651:since 1978 11621:Bangladesh 11597:By country 11591:by country 11425:Conditions 11403:Solidarity 11336:opposition 11008:Yugoslavia 10732:West Hunan 10565:Pointblank 9901:Silver Fox 9887:Summer War 9640:Winter War 9619:Phoney War 9400:Azerbaijan 9361:Yugoslavia 9256:Luxembourg 9098:Resistance 8838:Yugoslavia 8703:Luxembourg 8505:Sook Ching 8301:War crimes 7903:Technology 7896:Opposition 7838:Lend-Lease 7815:Australian 7808:Home front 7766:Blitzkrieg 7716:Casualties 7707:Commanders 7679:Operations 7548:Jaruzelski 7053:Traditions 7003:Literature 6921:(currency) 6764:Parliament 6705:Corruption 6383:Muzeum PRL 5648:Culture.pl 5561:Culture.pl 5430:Culture.pl 5394:Culture.pl 5204:Culture.pl 5007:naTemat.pl 4870:15 October 4230:References 4063:Lithuanian 4047:Baltic Sea 3906:headed by 3902:, and the 3804:Lithuanian 3788:Ukrainians 3754:or by the 3726:A typical 3705:Belarusian 3671:, and the 3510:See also: 3493:Philosophy 3447:After the 3364:plattenbau 3329:FSO Syrena 3225:Plattenbau 3205:Teddy Bear 3198:Sexmission 3191:The Cruise 3118:The Deluge 3078:The first 3052:Kieślowski 2960:censorship 2893:Capitalism 2804:Dobranocka 2788:militarize 2725:The chief 2603:commissars 2561:skyscraper 2558:Szkieletor 2534:bony PeKaO 2510:Cinkciarze 2443:Solidarity 2439:Solidarity 2413:Gierek era 2202:recognized 2120:, and the 2079:See also: 2041:monarchist 1991:, and the 1980:and other 1931:See also: 1722:Solidarity 1129:Baltic Sea 920:37,970,155 909:Population 576:Government 560:Demonym(s) 546:(de facto) 440:Show globe 234:newspapers 59:improve it 12292:1939–1940 12247:1918–1919 12016:1982–1992 12011:1979–1992 12006:1975–1979 12002:Cambodia 11977:Nicaragua 11909:1987–1991 11904:1974–1987 11900:Ethiopia 11839:Tanzanian 11720:Sri Lanka 11663:Hong Kong 11646:Communist 11609:Australia 11604:Argentina 11589:Socialism 11484:Die Wende 11457:Economies 11298:Cominform 11281:(to 1948) 11243:(to 1961) 11171:Formation 11161:Communism 11059:1982–1991 11054:1964–1982 11049:1953–1964 11044:1927–1953 11039:1917–1927 10952:Communist 10797:Manchuria 10683:Indochina 10459:Bagration 9910:Lithuania 9555:Anschluss 9352:Viet Minh 9249:Lithuania 9191:Hong Kong 8954:Manchukuo 8909:Azad Hind 8568:Australia 8368:Aftermath 8231:Paperclip 8126:Aftermath 7926:Total war 7794:Diplomacy 7757:In Europe 7111:Languages 7101:Education 7028:Name days 6899:Transport 6779:President 6732:Judiciary 6710:Elections 6634:Mountains 6602:Geography 6201:144514807 6160:16 August 6134:16 August 6108:16 August 6086:16 August 6059:1731-8157 6053:: 86–87. 6026:16 August 5787:146704335 5412:dzieje.pl 4690:1468-2745 4556:144432959 4053:(via the 3996:Geography 3701:Ukrainian 3673:Holocaust 3595:Lithuania 3406:Education 3344:modernist 3270:Stalinism 3259:modernism 3233:Modernism 3132:The Quack 2939:Zmiennicy 2877:Holocaust 2186:Holocaust 2178:relations 2173:in 1968. 2019:) on its 1984:members. 1923:in 2004. 1915:in 1996, 1571:Draft of 1391:Pomerania 1368:, with a 1293:1945–1956 1105:communist 983:Drives on 940:Time zone 598:Stalinist 582:one party 553:(de jure) 539:Religion 360:1947–1989 164:talk page 101:in Polish 65:talk page 12344:Würzburg 12319:Naissaar 12283:Finland 12243:Bavaria 12181:Slovakia 12166:Bulgaria 12096:Far East 12043:Mongolia 11955:Americas 11819:European 11750:Chavismo 11715:Pakistan 11452:Politics 10978:Bulgaria 10908:Category 10857:document 10767:document 10624:Ardennes 10608:Budapest 10556:Crossbow 10434:Overlord 10273:Smolensk 9491:Timeline 9326:Slovakia 9312:Thailand 9163:Ethiopia 9128:Bulgaria 9052:Portugal 8983:Thailand 8865:Bulgaria 8643:Eswatini 8636:Ethiopia 8589:Bulgaria 8414:Unit 731 8375:Response 8192:Keelhaul 8142:Cold War 8115:Americas 8106:timeline 8099:Atlantic 7979:Theaters 7546:1981–89 7459:1970–81 7412:1956–70 7336:1948–56 7242:1945–48 7184:Category 7091:Refugees 7038:Religion 6759:Military 6673:Politics 6583:Military 6578:Economic 6568:Cultural 6561:By topic 6511:Monarchs 6493:Timeline 6402:Archived 6386:Archived 5917:Archived 5893:HuffPost 5717:20147803 4192:Szczecin 4176:Katowice 4168:Szczecin 4164:Koszalin 4145:Katowice 4129:Szczecin 3964:Katowice 3958:and the 3914:and the 3863:in 1956. 3829:Military 3759:Warsaw, 3697:expelled 3500:Religion 3384:Old Town 3307:New York 3301:and the 3286:Art Deco 3139:The Doll 2952:censored 2881:Red Army 2875:and the 2779:Dziennik 2749:Dziennik 2737:Dziennik 2727:newscast 2686:Dziennik 2594:canteens 2592:. These 2130:Cold War 2009:red star 1752:The new 1705:General 1688:Cardinal 1595:cardinal 1311:Red Army 1309:, whose 1251:Cold War 1210:and the 1188:Cold War 1170:and the 1156:Red Army 925:Currency 789:Cold War 614:Unitary 606:under a 580:Unitary 140:provide 12387:18°50′E 12384:52°15′N 12314:Ireland 12304:Galicia 12203:Romania 12161:Albania 12116:Jiangxi 12063:Vietnam 11967:Grenada 11941:Somalia 11824:Israeli 11814:Chinese 11809:Burmese 11804:British 11794:African 11766:History 11757:Vietnam 11725:Tunisia 11675:Finland 11670:Estonia 11303:COMECON 11203:Romania 11198:Hungary 11102:Comecon 11078:Ukraine 11003:Romania 10993:Hungary 10973:Albania 10834:Shumshu 10601:Hungary 10548:Estonia 10532:Lapland 10510:Dragoon 10443:Neptune 10425:Ichi-Go 10391:Tempest 10333:Changde 10288:Cottage 10180:Jubilee 9896:Finland 9794:Compass 9500:Prelude 9453:Finland 9339:Vietnam 9305:Romania 9177:Germany 9156:Estonia 9142:Denmark 9121:Belgium 9114:Austria 9107:Albania 9038:Ireland 9024:Andorra 9008:Neutral 8968:Romania 8902:Hungary 8887:Finland 8759:Romania 8651:Finland 8629:Denmark 8575:Belgium 8561:Algeria 8267:Romania 8253:Hungary 8009:Pacific 7733:General 7687:Leaders 7672:Battles 7665:Outline 7414:Gomułka 7345:'s rule 7233:of the 7231:History 7175:Outline 7156:Polonia 7121:Symbols 7048:Theatre 6981:Cuisine 6958:Culture 6948:Lawyers 6936:Society 6894:Tourism 6879:Poverty 6864:Exports 6822:Economy 6654:Regions 6624:Islands 6619:Forests 6484:History 6261:Polska 5730:118–134 5589:7 March 5536:7 March 5509:7 March 5479:7 March 5054:7 March 4695:30 June 4196:Wrocław 4188:Wrocław 4137:Olsztyn 4133:Wrocław 4095:east of 3875:as the 3812:Masuria 3810:and in 3769:Wrocław 3744:ghettos 3711:in the 3659:Before 3572:Marxism 3442:Polesie 3319:, 1960s 3056:Zanussi 2903:or the 2802:called 2622:Culture 2524:Baltona 2359:textile 2357:Female 2344:sovkhoz 2301:during 2251:Economy 2225:Comecon 1813:strikes 1598:primate 1515:Vilnius 1395:Silesia 1352:At the 1282:History 1184:liberal 1166:in the 1150:with a 875:• 852:• 839:• 826:• 813:• 800:• 744:(first) 696:(first) 646:(first) 504:21°02′E 501:52°13′N 485:Capital 478:Comecon 402:Anthem: 248:scholar 162:to the 144:in the 103:. 12324:Saxony 12269:Bremen 12198:Poland 12154:Europe 12121:Kuwait 12101:Fujian 11916:Guinea 11876:Angola 11869:Africa 11685:Greece 11680:France 11642:China 11638:Canada 11631:Lulism 11626:Brazil 11323:(WFDY) 11315:(WFTU) 10998:Poland 10954:period 10811:Debate 10783:Taipei 10776:Borneo 10354:Tarawa 9548:Europe 9509:Africa 9298:Poland 9284:Norway 9263:Malaya 9242:Latvia 9184:Greece 9170:France 9066:Sweden 9031:Bhutan 8752:Poland 8738:Norway 8710:Mexico 8677:Greece 8663:France 8601:Canada 8582:Brazil 8552:Allies 8498:Serbia 8487:Poland 8260:Poland 8246:Baltic 8039:Europe 7741:Topics 7693:Allied 7461:Gierek 7404:(1956) 7343:Bierut 7341:under 7189:Portal 7129:Anthem 6976:Cinema 6919:Złoty 6874:Mining 6859:Energy 6747:Police 6659:Rivers 6588:Postal 6475:Poland 6300:Polska 6296:Polish 6280:Polish 6265:Ludowa 6257:Polish 6223: 6199: 6057: 6005:9 July 5980:9 July 5954:9 July 5899:9 July 5871:9 July 5785: 5745:OL PAN 5715: 5332: 5307: 5284:fdb.pl 4948:9 July 4924: 4897: 4891:p. 251 4784: 4776: 4746: 4688: 4645:9 July 4636: 4609: 4584:9 July 4554: 4434: 4407: 4386: 4365: 4308:9 July 4249:9 July 4216:Kraków 4212:Warsaw 4204:Poznań 4200:Kraków 4184:Poznań 4178:, and 4153:Warsaw 4149:Poznań 4141:Gdańsk 3948:Poznań 3940:Kraków 3936:Lublin 3823:Polish 3802:, and 3800:Slovak 3765:Kraków 3568:Poland 3543:, its 3299:Moscow 3268:Under 3235:, and 3090:Movies 3060:Bareja 2970:Cinema 2948:satire 2885:Nazism 2809:Reksio 2773:Under 2645:, and 2590:Gdynia 2529:ersatz 2502:zlotys 2455:Kartki 2346:-like 2299:Warsaw 2239:, the 2235:, the 2231:, the 2227:, the 2219:, the 2200:which 2182:Israel 2118:France 2100:, 1967 2027:. The 1871:Warsaw 1863:statue 1844:Senate 1758:Warsaw 1678:paper. 1616:Poznań 1397:, and 1358:Stalin 1174:. The 1125:Kraków 1117:Warsaw 1101:Poland 759:(last) 732: 711:(last) 684: 661:(last) 634: 624:(1989) 619:hybrid 593:under 565:Polish 533:Polish 492:Warsaw 480:member 470:Status 460:Europe 404: 349:Polish 345: 325:Polish 321: 250: 243: 236: 229: 221: 12339:Užice 12274:Bihać 12234:Banat 12106:Gilan 12053:Syria 12023:China 11998:Burma 11972:Chile 11946:Sudan 11921:Libya 11896:Egypt 11881:Benin 11700:Italy 11690:India 10587:Leyte 10417:Narva 10403:Anzio 10361:Makin 10319:Burma 10203:Torch 10172:Rzhev 10133:Kiska 9219:Korea 9205:Japan 9198:Italy 9080:Tibet 9059:Spain 8930:Italy 8691:Italy 8684:India 8608:China 8483:Japan 8083:Italy 7995:China 7947:Women 7096:Crime 7081:Poles 7043:Sport 7018:Names 7013:Music 7008:Media 6629:Lakes 6267:(PRL) 6244:Notes 6197:S2CID 5783:S2CID 5713:JSTOR 4857:(PDF) 4552:S2CID 4172:Opole 4087:Kresy 3956:Toruń 3808:Opole 3782:Most 3689:Kresy 3576:Poles 3377:bloki 2867:with 2821:Krtek 2570:Libya 2519:Pewex 2474:Pewex 2423:with 2374:3xTAK 2180:with 2160:Praca 2015:, or 2013:wheat 1502:Kresy 987:right 929:Złoty 892:Area 255:JSTOR 241:books 124:DeepL 12287:1918 12252:1919 12058:Tuva 12038:Laos 12028:Iraq 11986:Asia 11962:Cuba 11799:Arab 11695:Iran 10653:1945 10381:1944 10222:1943 10150:Blue 10140:Attu 10047:1942 9806:1941 9658:1940 9596:1939 9525:Asia 9372:POWs 9212:Jews 8923:Iraq 8849:Axis 8799:Tuva 8615:Cuba 7700:Axis 7144:list 7139:Flag 6986:Wine 6796:List 6784:List 6725:LGBT 6286:(RP) 6221:ISBN 6162:2018 6154:Time 6136:2018 6128:Time 6110:2018 6088:2018 6055:ISSN 6028:2018 6007:2018 5982:2018 5956:2018 5901:2018 5873:2018 5853:(3). 5831:(2). 5812:(3). 5591:2020 5538:2020 5511:2020 5481:2020 5330:ISBN 5305:ISBN 5056:2020 4950:2018 4922:ISBN 4895:ISBN 4872:2014 4832:2017 4807:2019 4774:ISBN 4744:ISBN 4697:2024 4686:ISSN 4647:2018 4634:ISBN 4607:ISBN 4586:2018 4501:2017 4476:2017 4432:ISBN 4405:ISBN 4384:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4310:2018 4285:2015 4251:2018 4220:Łódź 4218:and 4202:and 4190:and 4157:Łódź 4155:and 4147:and 4097:the 4069:and 3944:Łódź 3892:Iran 3867:The 3855:and 3796:USSR 3767:and 3761:Łódź 3746:and 3740:Jews 3703:and 3612:and 3589:The 3547:was 3477:mute 3284:and 3261:and 3082:was 3062:and 3000:new 2964:cult 2714:TVP2 2710:TVP1 2574:Iraq 2572:and 2522:and 2295:Łódź 2259:and 2243:and 2204:the 2162:and 2092:and 2068:ZOMO 2039:and 2023:and 2021:flag 1917:NATO 1913:OECD 1886:1928 1882:1991 1840:Sejm 1798:The 1638:The 1513:and 1511:Lviv 1364:and 1262:and 1247:ZOMO 1233:The 1121:Łódź 1107:and 1079:The 975:CEST 779:Sejm 569:Pole 476:and 376:Flag 227:news 138:must 136:You 117:View 7463:'s 6971:Art 6854:EEZ 6737:Law 6365:PRL 6189:doi 6051:AWL 5775:doi 4676:doi 4544:doi 4061:), 3962:in 3566:in 3455:). 3362:or 3305:in 3297:in 2891:or 2745:CET 2705:CET 2096:in 1865:of 1826:" ( 1756:in 998:+48 969:UTC 961:DST 951:CET 945:UTC 933:PLZ 458:in 210:by 126:or 12416:: 11409:/ 11405:/ 11381:/ 11037:: 11033:/ 10401:/ 7550:'s 7416:'s 6298:: 6282:: 6272:^ 6259:: 6195:. 6185:11 6183:. 6152:. 6126:. 6067:^ 6045:. 5998:. 5947:. 5890:. 5851:36 5849:. 5837:^ 5829:30 5827:. 5810:39 5808:. 5795:^ 5781:. 5771:28 5769:. 5757:^ 5735:^ 5709:26 5707:. 5688:. 5677:^ 5667:. 5656:^ 5646:. 5628:. 5617:^ 5607:. 5577:. 5559:. 5546:^ 5497:. 5467:. 5456:^ 5446:. 5428:. 5410:. 5392:. 5362:^ 5352:. 5282:. 5271:^ 5261:. 5243:. 5230:^ 5220:. 5202:. 5184:. 5166:. 5148:. 5137:^ 5127:. 5108:. 5090:. 5072:. 5042:. 5024:. 5005:. 4994:^ 4984:. 4966:. 4893:. 4840:^ 4823:. 4797:. 4772:. 4742:. 4684:. 4672:23 4670:. 4664:. 4572:. 4550:. 4538:. 4517:. 4467:. 4331:^ 4301:. 4214:, 4206:. 4198:, 4186:, 4170:, 4159:. 4143:, 4135:, 4131:, 4101:. 4093:" 4065:, 3966:. 3922:. 3771:. 3763:, 3719:. 3487:. 3402:. 3354:. 3257:, 3231:, 3227:, 3178:– 3167:– 3149:– 3075:. 3058:, 3054:, 3050:, 3046:, 3042:, 2907:. 2887:, 2830:. 2818:, 2812:, 2641:, 2576:. 2247:. 2223:, 2116:, 2112:, 2060:SB 2056:UB 2043:. 1976:, 1888:. 1846:. 1686:, 1488:. 1393:, 1386:. 1349:. 1010:PL 971:+2 947:+1 567:, 68:. 11581:e 11574:t 11567:v 11438:) 11434:( 11136:e 11129:t 11122:v 10943:e 10936:t 10929:v 9904:) 9898:( 8765:) 8761:( 8697:) 8693:( 8657:) 8653:( 8595:) 8591:( 7645:e 7638:t 7631:v 7223:e 7216:t 7209:v 6467:e 6460:t 6453:v 6229:. 6203:. 6191:: 6112:. 6090:. 6061:. 6030:. 6009:. 5984:. 5958:. 5903:. 5875:. 5789:. 5777:: 5719:. 5692:. 5671:. 5650:. 5632:. 5611:. 5593:. 5563:. 5540:. 5513:. 5483:. 5450:. 5432:. 5414:. 5396:. 5356:. 5338:. 5286:. 5206:. 5170:. 5131:. 5112:. 5076:. 5058:. 5028:. 5009:. 4952:. 4930:. 4903:. 4874:. 4834:. 4809:. 4782:. 4752:. 4678:: 4615:. 4588:. 4558:. 4546:: 4540:8 4478:. 4453:. 4413:. 4392:. 4371:. 4312:. 4287:. 4253:. 4057:( 3679:( 3531:. 2453:( 2007:( 1952:( 1790:. 1724:( 1517:. 1329:. 977:) 973:( 963:) 953:) 949:( 935:) 931:( 415:" 411:" 351:) 347:( 327:) 323:( 295:) 289:( 277:) 271:( 266:) 262:( 252:· 245:· 238:· 231:· 204:. 173:. 166:. 75:) 71:( 34:. 20:)

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