459:). There are three principal sources of blood vessels which are apical vessels, perforating vessels and gingival vessels. Apical vessels originate from vessels that supply the pulp. Perforating vessels originate from lamina dura and the vessels perforate the socket wall (cribriform plate). Gingival vessels are derived from the gingival tissue. Outer layers of blood supply in PDL may help in mechanical suspension and support of the tooth while inner layers of blood vessels supply surrounding PDL tissues.
42:
292:) extend interproximally over the alveolar bone crest and are embedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth; they form an interdental ligament. These fibers keep all the teeth aligned. These fibers may be considered as belonging to the gingival tissue because they do not have an osseous attachment..These fibers are consistent and are reconstructed even after the destruction of alveolar bone.
410:
will differentiate into osteoclasts which will then reform and remodel the bone structure in the affected area. For example, orthodontic treatment involves application of a mechanical force on to the teeth to align them and this is done through this complex combination of physical and cellular processes.
520:
are at risk of drying and desiccation if left in dry storage. Wet storage in an isotonic liquid, although a superior method to dry storage, can preserve PDL vitality depending on the medium but not for an indefinite period of time. All of these can lead to loss of vitality of the PDL and depending on
346:
Oxytalan fibers are unique to the PDL and are elastic in nature. It inserts into cementum and runs in two directions: parallel to root surface and oblique to root surface. The function is thought to maintain the patency of blood vessels during occlusal loading. Further research is needed to determine
426:
The PDL is a part of the periodontium that provides for the attachment of the teeth to the surrounding alveolar bone by way of the cementum. PDL fibres also provide a role in load transfer between the teeth and alveolar bone. (PDL fibers absorb and transmit forces between teeth and alveolar bone. It
578:
Macroscopically, this affects healing and tissue perfusion due to micro clot formation in the blood vessels. Nicotine also has a sympathomimetic action, stimulating epinephrine and norepinephrine release, which causes vasoconstriction and limits tissue perfusion. Nicotine jeopardises bone formation
539:
The PDL also undergoes drastic changes with chronic periodontal disease that involves the deeper structures of the periodontium with periodontitis. The fibers of the PDL become disorganized, and their attachments to either the alveolar bone proper or cementum through
Sharpey fibers are lost because
409:
is initiated by the PDL in which forces are transmitted from the tooth to the alveolar bone. Fibroblasts of the PDL will react to mechanical stress, therefore affecting osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis of the cells. When mechanical stimuli are introduced to the cells, osteocytes in the PDL
489:
can be viewed on radiographs as a widening of the periodontal ligament space. Thickening of the lamina dura in response is also possible. Clinically, occlusal trauma is noted by the late manifestation of increased mobility of the tooth and possibly the presence of pathological tooth
614:
and can be referred to as replacement resorption. In this process PDL cells are destroyed and as a result the cells of the alveolar bone will perform most of the healing. Radiographic examination of a patient with ankylosis may also reveal a loss of the PDL and bony bridging.
632:
in particular have a certain grade of relationship with periodontal health. However, it is important to note that supplementation of vitamins is not enough to reverse the periodontium to a healthy state and that further research is needed to confirm theories.
1536:
Pi SH, Jeong GS, Oh HW, Kim YS, Pae HO, Chung HT, et al. (April 2010). "Heme oxygenase-1 mediates nicotine- and lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in human periodontal ligament cells".
535:
The epithelial rests of
Malassez can become cystic, usually forming nondiagnostic, radiolucent apical lesions that can be seen on radiographs. This occurs as a result of chronic periapical inflammation after pulpitis occurs and must be surgically
222:
The main principal fiber group is the alveolodental ligament, which consists of five fiber subgroups: alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, apical, and interradicular on multirooted teeth. Principal fibers other than the alveolodental ligament are
623:
Nutritional status of an individual can be a crucial factor in the progression and healing of periodontal tissues. The relationship between oral health and systemic health has become an increasingly important subject. Studies have suggested that
355:
The PDL substance has been estimated to be 70% water, which is thought to have a significant effect on the tooth's ability to withstand stress loads. The completeness and vitality of the PDL are essential for the functioning of the tooth.
728:
It is the different composition of collagens which give various ECM functions and abilities. There is a mixture of thick and thin fibres in the PDL. It is important to note that, in reality, the fibres are not as defined as these
571:
Nicotine and lipopolysaccharides synergistically induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2, and increase inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 expression in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells.
405:
Movement of teeth is determined by two factors: deposition of bone on the tension side and resorption of the bone on the compression side of the periodontal ligament (PDL). During this movement,
602:
replaces the periodontal ligament which causes the tooth to be fixed and cannot undergo eruptive change. Ankylosis usually occurs in primary molars; however, it can also take place in other
265:) are the most numerous fibers in the periodontal ligament, running from cementum in an oblique direction to insert into bone coronally. These fibers resist vertical and intrusive forces.
1572:
Jones JK, Triplett RG (March 1992). "The relationship of cigarette smoking to impaired intraoral wound healing: a review of evidence and implications for patient care".
857:
de Jong T, Bakker AD, Everts V, Smit TH (December 2017). "The intricate anatomy of the periodontal ligament and its development: Lessons for periodontal regeneration".
568:
Cigarette smokers are more likely to experience destruction of the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament and are at a higher risk of developing periodontal disease.
1236:
Tomar SL, Asma S (May 2000). "Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey".
311:
bundles embedded in intercellular substance. The PDL collagen fibers are categorized according to their orientation and location along the tooth. The cells include
766:
Strydom H, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Von den Hoff JW (August 2012). "The oxytalan fibre network in the periodontium and its possible mechanical function".
471:
in the periodontal ligament that can differentiate into osteoblasts for the physiological maintenance of alveolar bone and, most likely, for its repair as well.
150:
334:
during the formation of the root. They form a plexus that surrounds the tooth. Cell rests of
Malassez might proliferate during inflammation which may lead to
393:
formation is completed and when the roots start developing. These cells will remodel the dental follicle to form the PDL. Formation of PDL will start at the
1909:
359:
The PDL ranges in width from 0.15 to 0.38mm with its thinnest part located in the middle third of the root. The width progressively decreases with age.
565:
Tobacco smoking impairs phagocytic and chemotactic activities of leukocytes and impedes wound healing, specifically by affecting gingival blood flow.
543:
Pathological damaged or diseased PDL can result in delayed healing of the alveolar socket in cases where the diseased tooth is ultimately extracted.
2507:
2109:
2074:
954:
719:
447:. Periodontal mechanoreceptors are present in PDL. They will transmit information about the stimulated tooth, direction and amplitude of forces.
575:
At the cellular level, nicotine reduces the proliferation of red blood cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts and increases platelet adhesiveness.
1376:
Morozumi T, Kubota T, Sato T, Okuda K, Yoshie H (April 2004). "Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid".
1411:
Johnson GK, Todd GL, Johnson WT, Fung YK, Dubois LM (May 1991). "Effects of topical and systemic nicotine on gingival blood flow in dogs".
640:
is a disease resulting from a severe deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen fibers.
558:, the major pharmacologically active ingredient in tobacco smoke, lessens a host's ability to defend against bacterial invasion induced by
239:
and remain embedded in the bone. The ends of the principal fibers that are within either cementum or alveolar bone proper are considered
1306:
Leite FR, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, López R (June 2018). "Effect of
Smoking on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression".
902:"Effects of mechanical forces on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts: A systematic review of
1499:"Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"
258:) attach to the cementum apical to the alveolar crest fibers and run perpendicularly from the root of the tooth to the alveolar bone.
1784:
3152:
2750:
1929:
268:
Apical fibers are found radiating from cementum around the apex of the root to the bone, forming base of the socket or alveolus.
1693:
Glowacki J, Schulten AJ, Perrott D, Kaban LB (February 2008). "Nicotine impairs distraction osteogenesis in the rat mandible".
1454:
Ciftçi O, Günday M, Calişkan M, Güllü H, Güven A, Müderrisoğlu H (June 2013). "Light cigarette smoking and vascular function".
2318:
1948:
750:
695:
2500:
17:
2278:
2273:
331:
1762:
2626:
2222:
1919:
1071:
Institute of
Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
61:
overlaying the tooth root is attached to the adjacent cortical surface of the alveolar bone by the alveolar crest
3106:
2493:
2089:
2059:
485:
When traumatic forces of occlusion are placed on a tooth, the PDL widens to take the extra forces. Thus, early
1924:
145:
1777:
1201:
Whiteford L (December 2003). "Nicotine, CO and HCN: the detrimental effects of smoking on wound healing".
2743:
552:
There is a relationship between smoking tobacco and periodontal disease, wound healing and oral cancers.
2791:
1081:
Zadik Y (December 2008). "Algorithm of first-aid management of dental trauma for medics and corpsmen".
366:
that provides for the attachment of the teeth to the surrounding alveolar bone by way of the cementum.
958:
723:
194:
within which they sit. It inserts into root cementum on one side and onto alveolar bone on the other.
3063:
2669:
2474:
2248:
2155:
1819:
2674:
2303:
2283:
2238:
2212:
2079:
2034:
1969:
1904:
1899:
1191:
World Health
Organization Monograph on Tobacco Cessation and Oral Health Integration, Geneva (2017)
121:
2986:
2536:
2469:
2217:
2180:
2145:
2125:
1962:
1770:
300:
2373:
57:
of the gingiva, which in turn is covered by the various characteristic gingival epithelia. The
3073:
3006:
2736:
2664:
2651:
2618:
2603:
2582:
2565:
2464:
394:
232:
211:
157:
133:
330:
These groups of epithelial cells become located in the mature PDL after the disintegration of
307:, cells, nerves and blood vessels. The extracellular compartment consists of Type 1, 3, and 5
3121:
3101:
2979:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2786:
2631:
2613:
2298:
2293:
1976:
1894:
1869:
1854:
1849:
685:
316:
3043:
3038:
3033:
2636:
2608:
2428:
2403:
2313:
2207:
2054:
2004:
1983:
1939:
1859:
1829:
1349:
Qandil R, Sandhu HS, Matthews DC (March 1997). "Tobacco smoking and periodontal diseases".
985:
304:
921:
46:
The tissues of the periodontium combine to form an active, dynamic group of tissues. The
8:
3068:
2962:
2900:
2870:
2541:
2443:
2326:
2308:
2258:
2140:
2094:
1990:
1864:
1145:"Periodontal and endodontic pathology delays extraction socket healing in a canine model"
1116:
Layug ML, Barrett EJ, Kenny DJ (May 1998). "Interim storage of avulsed permanent teeth".
974:"The biomechanical function of periodontal ligament fibres in orthodontic tooth movement"
654:
456:
240:
1733:
Nanci A, Bosshardt DD (2006). "Structure of periodontal tissues in health and disease".
989:
3116:
3058:
2967:
2341:
2064:
1955:
1792:
1675:
1479:
1436:
1331:
1169:
1144:
1008:
973:
930:
901:
882:
834:
809:
580:
506:
1608:
779:
2659:
2413:
2398:
2363:
2336:
2263:
2253:
2029:
2012:
1886:
1750:
1746:
1710:
1667:
1628:
1624:
1589:
1585:
1554:
1550:
1518:
1471:
1428:
1393:
1389:
1358:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1253:
1218:
1174:
1125:
1098:
1094:
1054:
1049:
1032:
1013:
935:
874:
839:
783:
746:
691:
319:
271:
Interradicular fibers are only found between the roots of multirooted teeth, such as
183:
54:
2485:
1679:
1483:
1440:
1214:
886:
2974:
2852:
2776:
2643:
2433:
2378:
2331:
2049:
1742:
1702:
1659:
1620:
1581:
1546:
1510:
1463:
1420:
1385:
1335:
1315:
1280:
1245:
1210:
1164:
1156:
1143:
Kim JH, Koo KT, Capetillo J, Kim JJ, Yoo JM, Ben Amara H, et al. (June 2017).
1090:
1044:
1003:
993:
925:
917:
866:
829:
821:
775:
1647:
3131:
3126:
3048:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2707:
2592:
2587:
2383:
2084:
1844:
1839:
1663:
1424:
1319:
998:
591:
494:
486:
468:
436:
406:
386:
369:
The PDL appears as the periodontal space of 0.4 to 1.5 mm on radiographs, a
308:
126:
89:
2423:
3078:
2942:
2847:
2819:
2781:
2575:
2570:
2551:
2288:
1794:
1706:
1498:
1160:
825:
335:
1514:
1249:
3146:
2950:
2598:
2516:
2448:
2408:
2130:
2104:
2099:
1914:
1814:
664:
611:
603:
559:
517:
502:
390:
276:
191:
138:
47:
1467:
1271:
Genco RJ, Borgnakke WS (June 2013). "Risk factors for periodontal disease".
2955:
2910:
2702:
2560:
2438:
2393:
2268:
2170:
2165:
2150:
1809:
1754:
1714:
1671:
1632:
1558:
1522:
1475:
1397:
1327:
1292:
1257:
1222:
1178:
1102:
1058:
1017:
939:
878:
843:
787:
649:
522:
363:
1648:"The effect of transdermal nicotine on fracture healing in a rabbit model"
1593:
1432:
1362:
1129:
2996:
2842:
2837:
2760:
2528:
2520:
2418:
2368:
1997:
765:
607:
440:
374:
370:
236:
3096:
2801:
2728:
2388:
2243:
2135:
2069:
2039:
312:
203:
84:
870:
598:
of the tooth's root fuses with the bone that is around the tooth. The
418:
Functions of PDL are supportive, sensory, nutritive, and remodelling.
279:. They extend from radicular cementum to interradicular alveolar bone.
163:
3028:
2692:
2175:
2160:
629:
625:
510:
272:
455:
It maintains the vitality of the surrounding cells. (PDL is heavily
251:) run from the cervical part of the root to the alveolar bone crest.
231:
All these fibers help the tooth withstand the naturally substantial
2920:
2915:
2796:
2717:
2044:
1824:
659:
595:
555:
521:
the duration of storage, this can affect the success of subsequent
207:
58:
1646:
Donigan JA, Fredericks DC, Nepola JV, Smucker JD (December 2012).
1609:"Effects of nicotine on guided bone augmentation in rat calvarium"
957:. University of Pennsylvania and Temple University. Archived from
722:. University of Pennsylvania and Temple University. Archived from
2925:
2712:
1834:
3017:
2829:
1607:
Saito Y, Sato S, Oginuma T, Saito Y, Arai Y, Ito K (May 2013).
972:
McCormack SW, Witzel U, Watson PJ, Fagan MJ, Gröning F (2014).
637:
444:
427:
acts as an effective support during the masticatory function.)
202:
The PDL consists of principal fibers, loose connective tissue,
41:
1645:
1033:"Sensory-motor function of human periodontal mechanoreceptors"
3111:
2811:
187:
101:
1692:
2862:
1305:
599:
971:
2768:
1453:
547:
501:, making the tooth lose its continuous eruption ability.
498:
377:
of the alveolar bone proper and the radiopaque cementum.
1695:
International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1375:
856:
562:. It is also the ingredient responsible for addiction.
1410:
810:"Differentiation of stem cells in the dental follicle"
2515:
1606:
385:
PDL cells are one of the many cells derived from the
53:
is surrounded for the most part by the subepithelial
1910:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
1793:
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (
1348:
1142:
677:
610:. Ankylosis is common in the anterior tooth after
540:of the resorption of these two hard dental tissue.
1115:
3144:
720:". Principal fibers of the periodontal ligament"
807:
683:
400:
1732:
1270:
808:Yao S, Pan F, Prpic V, Wise GE (August 2008).
2744:
2501:
1778:
1571:
27:Group of specialized connective tissue fibers
1535:
1149:Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science
1024:
1565:
1342:
965:
899:
850:
759:
2751:
2737:
2508:
2494:
1785:
1771:
803:
801:
799:
797:
295:
40:
1574:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1496:
1235:
1200:
1168:
1048:
1007:
997:
929:
833:
217:
2758:
1030:
474:
325:
1930:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
1308:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
794:
435:PDL is heavily innervated; it involves
14:
3145:
952:
900:Li M, Zhang C, Yang Y (January 2019).
717:
618:
548:Effect of tobacco smoking and nicotine
2732:
2489:
2319:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
1766:
1351:Journal (Canadian Dental Association)
1080:
922:10.1302/2046-3758.81.BJR-2018-0060.R1
397:and proceeds in an apical direction.
283:
1905:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
1203:British Journal of Community Nursing
1074:
740:
509:, may cause tearing of the PDL and
73:fibers of the periodontal ligament.
24:
1900:Localized aggressive periodontitis
1378:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
583:and osteoblastic differentiation.
341:
25:
3164:
2627:Petrous part of the temporal bone
2223:Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
1725:
780:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.003
347:the function of oxytalan fibers.
186:fibers that essentially attach a
1920:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1747:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00141.x
1625:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02416.x
1551:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01215.x
1390:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00476.x
1285:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00457.x
1095:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00649.x
1050:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01629.x
684:Wolf HF, Rateitschak KH (2005).
493:Damage to the PDL may result in
3107:Plica semilunaris of the fauces
1686:
1639:
1613:Clinical Oral Implants Research
1600:
1580:(3): 237–9, discussion 239–40.
1539:Journal of Periodontal Research
1529:
1490:
1447:
1404:
1369:
1299:
1264:
1229:
1215:10.12968/bjcn.2003.8.sup6.12554
1194:
1185:
1136:
1109:
1065:
859:Journal of Periodontal Research
3153:Ligaments of the head and neck
1037:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
946:
893:
734:
711:
380:
350:
332:Hertwig epithelial root sheath
178:, commonly abbreviated as the
13:
1:
1925:Abscesses of the periodontium
1652:Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
1497:Tomar SL, Asma S (May 2000).
670:
462:
182:, are a group of specialized
1664:10.1097/bot.0b013e318270466f
1586:10.1016/0278-2391(92)90318-t
1425:10.1177/00220345910700050801
1320:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.014
999:10.1371/journal.pone.0102387
586:
450:
401:Effects of mechanical forces
373:area between the radiopaque
197:
7:
643:
413:
10:
3169:
2792:Labial commissure of mouth
2279:Guided tissue regeneration
1707:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.08.001
1413:Journal of Dental Research
1161:10.5051/jpis.2017.47.3.143
826:10.1177/154405910808700801
814:Journal of Dental Research
529:
430:
421:
3089:
3016:
2995:
2941:
2861:
2828:
2810:
2767:
2685:
2550:
2527:
2457:
2356:
2249:Coronally positioned flap
2231:
2200:
2193:
2118:
2022:
1938:
1885:
1878:
1802:
1515:10.1902/jop.2000.71.5.743
1503:Journal of Periodontology
1250:10.1902/jop.2000.71.5.743
1238:Journal of Periodontology
1031:Trulsson M (April 2006).
910:Bone & Joint Research
745:. Elsevier. p. 274.
743:Ten Cate's Oral Histology
594:is a condition where the
513:during function (eating).
479:
362:The PDL is a part of the
338:formation in later life.
235:forces that occur during
156:
144:
132:
120:
112:
100:
95:
83:
78:
39:
34:
2304:Pocket reduction surgery
2284:Enamel matrix derivative
2274:Guided bone regeneration
2239:Apically positioned flap
2213:Scaling and root planing
2119:Treatment and prevention
2080:Linear gingival erythema
2035:Clinical attachment loss
1949:A. actinomycetemcomitans
768:Archives of Oral Biology
690:. Thieme. pp. 12–.
2987:Tubarial salivary gland
2537:Pterygospinous ligament
2357:Important personalities
2218:Full mouth disinfection
2181:Host modulatory therapy
2146:Chlorhexidine gluconate
2126:Periodontal examination
1468:10.1080/ac.68.3.2983419
301:Loose connective tissue
296:Loose connective tissue
247:Alveolar crest fibers (
3074:Glossoepiglottic folds
2652:palatomaxillary suture
2566:frontoethmoidal suture
2075:Horizontal bony defect
955:"Periodontal ligament"
395:cementoenamel junction
389:and this occurs after
218:Alveolodental ligament
158:Anatomical terminology
3122:Palatopharyngeal arch
2896:Mucogingival junction
2891:Junctional epithelium
2787:Frenulum of lower lip
2299:Open flap debridement
2294:Lateral pedicle graft
1895:Chronic periodontitis
1855:Mucogingival junction
1850:Junctional epithelium
475:Clinical significance
326:Cell rest of Malassez
212:cell rest of Malassez
2931:Periodontal ligament
2429:Paul Roscoe Stillman
2404:Willoughby D. Miller
2374:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
2201:Conventional therapy
2110:Vertical bony defect
2055:Gingival enlargement
2005:Entamoeba gingivalis
1860:Periodontal ligament
1830:Free gingival margin
1357:(3): 187–92, 194–5.
1124:(5): 357–63, 365–9.
516:The PDL cells of an
315:, defence cells and
305:extracellular matrix
288:Transseptal fibers (
176:periodontal ligament
35:Periodontal ligament
18:Periodontal ligament
3069:Sublingual caruncle
2963:Submandibular gland
2901:Sulcular epithelium
2871:Interdental papilla
2542:Stylohyoid ligament
2444:James Leon Williams
2309:Socket preservation
2259:Free gingival graft
2141:Bleeding on probing
2095:Periodontal disease
1865:Sulcular epithelium
1735:Periodontology 2000
1273:Periodontology 2000
1083:Dental Traumatology
990:2014PLoSO...9j2387M
655:Periodontal disease
619:Effect of nutrition
608:secondary dentition
254:Horizontal fibers (
226:transseptal fibers.
107:fibra periodontalis
3117:Palatoglossal arch
2670:with temporal bone
2665:with sphenoid bone
2614:with parietal bone
2090:Periodontal pocket
2065:Gingival recession
1956:Capnocytophaga sp.
726:on June 20, 2012.
581:neovascularization
284:Transseptal fibers
3140:
3139:
2726:
2725:
2698:Periodontal fiber
2675:with frontal bone
2660:zygomatic process
2609:with frontal bone
2483:
2482:
2458:Other specialties
2414:John Mankey Riggs
2399:Preston D. Miller
2364:Tomas Albrektsson
2352:
2351:
2289:Implant placement
2264:Gingival grafting
2254:Crown lengthening
2189:
2188:
2156:Hydrogen peroxide
2013:Trichomonas tenax
1456:Acta Cardiologica
961:on June 16, 2010.
871:10.1111/jre.12477
752:978-0-323-07846-7
697:978-0-86577-902-0
320:mesenchymal cells
303:contains fibers,
206:and clast cells,
184:connective tissue
172:
171:
167:
55:connective tissue
16:(Redirected from
3160:
2975:Sublingual gland
2853:Incisive papilla
2777:Vermilion border
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2475:Prosthodontology
2434:Dennis P. Tarnow
2379:Robert Gottsegen
2198:
2197:
2050:Furcation defect
1883:
1882:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1719:
1718:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1001:
969:
963:
962:
950:
944:
943:
933:
897:
891:
890:
854:
848:
847:
837:
805:
792:
791:
763:
757:
756:
738:
732:
731:
729:classifications.
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
681:
469:progenitor cells
437:mechanoreception
407:bone remodelling
317:undifferentiated
261:Oblique fibers (
164:edit on Wikidata
161:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3132:Palatine tonsil
3127:Tonsillar fossa
3085:
3064:Fimbriated fold
3049:Lingual tonsils
3039:Terminal sulcus
3012:
2991:
2937:
2886:Gingival fibers
2881:Gingival margin
2876:Gingival sulcus
2857:
2824:
2806:
2763:
2759:Anatomy of the
2757:
2727:
2722:
2708:Dental alveolus
2681:
2619:sphenosquamosal
2604:sphenoethmoidal
2583:occipitomastoid
2546:
2523:
2514:
2484:
2479:
2453:
2384:Gary Greenstein
2348:
2227:
2185:
2114:
2085:Occlusal trauma
2060:Gingival pocket
2018:
1934:
1874:
1845:Gingival sulcus
1840:Gingival fibers
1798:
1791:
1761:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1691:
1687:
1644:
1640:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1566:
1534:
1530:
1495:
1491:
1452:
1448:
1409:
1405:
1374:
1370:
1347:
1343:
1304:
1300:
1269:
1265:
1234:
1230:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1141:
1137:
1114:
1110:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1029:
1025:
970:
966:
953:Listgarten MA.
951:
947:
898:
894:
855:
851:
806:
795:
764:
760:
753:
741:Naci A (2013).
739:
735:
718:Listgarten MA.
716:
712:
702:
700:
698:
682:
678:
673:
646:
621:
589:
550:
532:
495:tooth ankylosis
487:occlusal trauma
482:
477:
465:
453:
433:
424:
416:
403:
387:dental follicle
383:
353:
344:
342:Oxytalan fibers
328:
309:collagen fibers
298:
286:
220:
200:
168:
90:Dental follicle
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3079:Lingual septum
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:Palatine raphe
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2820:Buccal fat pad
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2658:Involving the
2655:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2632:sphenopetrosal
2625:Involving the
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2597:Involving the
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:coronal suture
2573:
2571:frontal suture
2568:
2559:Involving the
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2517:Fibrous joints
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:Orthodontology
2467:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Biologic width
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:Periodontology
1790:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1729:
1727:
1726:External links
1724:
1721:
1720:
1685:
1638:
1599:
1564:
1528:
1489:
1446:
1403:
1368:
1341:
1314:(6): 831–841.
1298:
1263:
1228:
1193:
1184:
1155:(3): 143–153.
1135:
1108:
1089:(6): 698–701.
1073:
1064:
1023:
984:(7): e102387.
964:
945:
892:
865:(6): 965–974.
849:
793:
774:(8): 1003–11.
758:
751:
733:
710:
696:
687:Periodontology
675:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
645:
642:
620:
617:
600:osseous tissue
588:
585:
579:by inhibiting
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
537:
531:
528:
527:
526:
514:
491:
481:
478:
476:
473:
464:
461:
452:
449:
432:
429:
423:
420:
415:
412:
402:
399:
382:
379:
352:
349:
343:
340:
336:radicular cyst
327:
324:
297:
294:
285:
282:
281:
280:
269:
266:
259:
252:
241:Sharpey fibers
219:
216:
199:
196:
170:
169:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
76:
75:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:Back of mouth
3088:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Foramen cecum
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Median sulcus
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3007:tooth anatomy
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:Parotid gland
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2637:petrosquamous
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:sphenoid bone
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Endodontology
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2449:W. J. Younger
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Carl E. Misch
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Periodontitis
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:P. intermedia
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:P. gingivalis
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Periodontosis
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Alveolar bone
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:(2): 156–61.
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:(12): 724–7.
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:(2): 177–83.
1544:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:(5): 743–51.
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:(3): 255–61.
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:(4): 267–72.
1383:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(5): 743–51.
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:(12): S22-6.
1208:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1043:(4): 262–73.
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
960:
956:
949:
941:
937:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
905:
896:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
820:(8): 767–71.
819:
815:
811:
804:
802:
800:
798:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
754:
748:
744:
737:
730:
725:
721:
714:
699:
693:
689:
688:
680:
676:
666:
665:Alveolar bone
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
641:
639:
636:For example,
634:
631:
627:
616:
613:
609:
606:, as well as
605:
604:primary teeth
601:
597:
593:
584:
582:
576:
573:
569:
566:
563:
561:
557:
553:
542:
538:
534:
533:
524:
519:
518:avulsed tooth
515:
512:
508:
504:
503:Dental trauma
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
472:
470:
460:
458:
448:
446:
442:
438:
428:
419:
411:
408:
398:
396:
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388:
378:
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372:
367:
365:
360:
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348:
339:
337:
333:
323:
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318:
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306:
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293:
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270:
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264:
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250:
246:
245:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
228:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
195:
193:
192:alveolar bone
189:
185:
181:
177:
165:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
77:
72:
68:
65:, horizontal
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:alveolar bone
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3004:
2930:
2911:Periodontium
2703:Periodontium
2697:
2648:
2561:frontal bone
2439:Hom-Lay Wang
2424:Jørgen Slots
2394:Brian Mealey
2269:Gingivectomy
2171:Tetracycline
2166:Oral hygiene
2011:
2003:
1996:
1991:T. denticola
1989:
1984:T. forsythia
1982:
1975:
1968:
1963:F. nucleatum
1961:
1954:
1947:
1810:Periodontium
1738:
1734:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1619:(5): 531–5.
1616:
1612:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1419:(5): 906–9.
1416:
1412:
1406:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1279:(1): 59–94.
1276:
1272:
1266:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1040:
1036:
1026:
981:
977:
967:
959:the original
948:
916:(1): 19–31.
913:
909:
903:
895:
862:
858:
852:
817:
813:
771:
767:
761:
742:
736:
727:
724:the original
713:
701:. Retrieved
686:
679:
650:Periodontium
635:
622:
590:
577:
574:
570:
567:
564:
554:
551:
523:replantation
466:
454:
434:
425:
417:
404:
384:
368:
364:periodontium
361:
358:
354:
345:
329:
299:
289:
287:
262:
255:
248:
230:
227:
224:
221:
201:
179:
175:
173:
106:
70:
69:and oblique
66:
62:
50:
29:
2843:Soft palate
2838:Hard palate
2782:Cupid's bow
2529:Syndesmosis
2521:human skull
2419:Jay Seibert
2369:Frank Beube
2208:Debridement
1998:Red complex
507:subluxation
457:anastomosed
441:nociception
381:Development
375:lamina dura
371:radiolucent
351:Composition
233:compressive
210:fibers and
96:Identifiers
3097:Oropharynx
3055:Underside
2802:White roll
2389:Jan Lindhe
2314:Sinus lift
2244:Bone graft
2131:Ante's law
2070:Gingivitis
2040:Edentulism
671:References
626:vitamins D
505:, such as
490:migration.
467:There are
463:Remodeling
313:fibroblast
113:Acronym(s)
3029:Taste bud
2906:Stippling
2693:Gomphosis
2644:squamosal
2194:Treatment
2176:Triclosan
2161:Mouthwash
2008:(amoebic)
1940:Infection
1887:Diagnoses
1870:Stippling
1741:: 11–28.
592:Ankylosis
587:Ankylosis
451:Nutritive
273:premolars
198:Structure
85:Precursor
3147:Category
3059:Frenulum
2921:Philtrum
2916:Cementum
2797:Philtrum
2718:Cementum
2593:sagittal
2588:lambdoid
2332:Membrane
2151:Flossing
2136:Brushing
2045:Fremitus
2030:Calculus
1825:Cementum
1755:16398683
1715:17983728
1680:29873064
1672:22955337
1633:22276738
1559:20470258
1523:10872955
1484:42726406
1476:23882870
1441:28627546
1398:15016254
1328:29656920
1293:23574464
1258:10872955
1223:14700008
1179:28680710
1103:19021668
1059:16629881
1018:25036099
978:PLOS ONE
940:30800296
906:studies"
904:in vitro
887:38159994
879:28635007
844:18650550
788:22784380
703:June 21,
660:Cementum
644:See also
596:cementum
556:Nicotine
536:removed.
445:reflexes
414:Function
208:oxytalan
59:cementum
2926:Gingiva
2713:Gingiva
2649:Facial:
2552:Sutures
2519:of the
2327:Curette
2232:Surgery
1879:Disease
1835:Gingiva
1803:Anatomy
1594:1542066
1433:2022772
1363:9086680
1336:4893172
1170:5494309
1130:9648418
1118:Journal
1009:4103804
986:Bibcode
931:6359886
835:2553250
530:Disease
499:jawbone
497:to the
431:Sensory
422:Support
237:chewing
190:to the
127:D010513
79:Details
3102:fauces
3018:Tongue
2943:Glands
2830:Palate
2342:Scaler
2323:Tools
2105:Plaque
1753:
1713:
1678:
1670:
1631:
1592:
1557:
1521:
1482:
1474:
1439:
1431:
1396:
1361:
1334:
1326:
1291:
1256:
1221:
1177:
1167:
1128:
1101:
1057:
1016:
1006:
938:
928:
885:
877:
842:
832:
786:
749:
694:
638:scurvy
612:trauma
560:plaque
480:Injury
277:molars
3112:Uvula
2997:Teeth
2812:Cheek
2761:mouth
2686:Mouth
2337:Probe
2023:Other
1676:S2CID
1480:S2CID
1437:S2CID
1332:S2CID
883:S2CID
391:crown
204:blast
188:tooth
162:[
151:56665
102:Latin
3025:Top
3005:see
2980:duct
2968:duct
2956:duct
2863:Gums
1751:PMID
1711:PMID
1668:PMID
1629:PMID
1590:PMID
1555:PMID
1519:PMID
1472:PMID
1429:PMID
1394:PMID
1359:PMID
1324:PMID
1289:PMID
1254:PMID
1219:PMID
1175:PMID
1126:PMID
1099:PMID
1055:PMID
1014:PMID
936:PMID
875:PMID
840:PMID
784:PMID
747:ISBN
705:2011
692:ISBN
628:and
511:pain
443:and
275:and
174:The
139:1611
122:MeSH
2769:Lip
1743:doi
1703:doi
1660:doi
1621:doi
1582:doi
1547:doi
1511:doi
1464:doi
1421:doi
1386:doi
1316:doi
1281:doi
1246:doi
1211:doi
1165:PMC
1157:doi
1091:doi
1045:doi
1004:PMC
994:doi
926:PMC
918:doi
867:doi
830:PMC
822:doi
776:doi
223:the
180:PDL
146:FMA
134:TA2
116:PDL
71:(K)
67:(J)
63:(I)
51:(C)
3149::
1749:.
1739:40
1737:.
1709:.
1699:37
1697:.
1674:.
1666:.
1656:26
1654:.
1650:.
1627:.
1617:24
1615:.
1611:.
1588:.
1578:50
1576:.
1553:.
1543:45
1541:.
1517:.
1507:71
1505:.
1501:.
1478:.
1470:.
1460:68
1458:.
1435:.
1427:.
1417:70
1415:.
1392:.
1382:31
1380:.
1355:63
1353:.
1330:.
1322:.
1312:54
1310:.
1287:.
1277:62
1275:.
1252:.
1242:71
1240:.
1217:.
1205:.
1173:.
1163:.
1153:47
1151:.
1147:.
1122:64
1120:.
1097:.
1087:24
1085:.
1053:.
1041:33
1039:.
1035:.
1012:.
1002:.
992:.
980:.
976:.
934:.
924:.
912:.
908:.
881:.
873:.
863:52
861:.
838:.
828:.
818:87
816:.
812:.
796:^
782:.
772:57
770:.
439:,
322:.
243:.
214:.
2752:e
2745:t
2738:v
2509:e
2502:t
2495:v
1797:)
1786:e
1779:t
1772:v
1757:.
1745::
1717:.
1705::
1682:.
1662::
1635:.
1623::
1596:.
1584::
1561:.
1549::
1525:.
1513::
1486:.
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1400:.
1388::
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1318::
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1283::
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1248::
1225:.
1213::
1207:8
1181:.
1159::
1132:.
1105:.
1093::
1061:.
1047::
1020:.
996::
988::
982:9
942:.
920::
914:8
889:.
869::
846:.
824::
790:.
778::
755:.
707:.
630:C
525:.
290:H
263:K
256:J
249:I
166:]
20:)
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