1604:
westward, ever carrying with them
Persian culture...o, when some hundred and fifty years later Sulayman's son ... penetrated into Asia Minor, they found that although Seljuq Turkish was the everyday speech of the people, Persian was the language of the court, while Persian literature and Persian culture reigned supreme. It is to the Seljuqs with whom they were thus fused, that the Ottomans, strictly so called, owe their literary education; this therefore was of necessity Persian as the Seljuqs knew no other. The Turks were not content with learning from the Persians how to express thought; they went to them to learn what to think and in what way to think. In practical matters, in the affairs of everyday life and in the business of government, they preferred their own ideas; but in the sphere of science and literature they went to school with the Persian, intent not merely on acquiring his method, but on entering into his spirit, thinking his thought and feeling his feelings. And in this school they continued so long as there was a master to teach them; for the step thus taken at the outset developed into a practice; it became the rule with the Turkish poets to look ever Persia-ward for guidance and to follow whatever fashion might prevail there. Thus it comes about that for centuries Ottoman poetry continued to reflect as in a glass the several phases through which that of Persia passed...o the first Ottoman poets, and their successors through many a generation, strove with all their strength to write what is little else than Persian poetry in Turkish words. But such was not consciously their aim; of national feeling in poetry they dreamed not; poetry was to them one and indivisible, the language in which it was written merely an unimportant accident.
1567:
Christian Era, its range in this role extended, without a break, across the face of South-Eastern Europe and South-Western Asia from the
Ottoman pashalyq of Buda, which had been erected out of the wreckage of the Western Christian Kingdom of Hungary after the Ottoman victory at Mohacz in A.D. 1526, to the Muslim "successor-states" which had been carved, after the victory of the Deccanese Muslim princes at Talikota in A.D. 1565, out of the carcass of the slaughtered Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar. For this vast cultural empire the New Persian language was indebted to the arms of Turkish-speaking empire-builders, reared in the Iranian tradition and therefore captivated by the spell of the New Persian literature, whose military and political destiny it had been to provide one universal state for Orthodox Christendom in the shape of the Ottoman Empire and another for the Hindu World in the shape of the Timurid Mughal Raj. These two universal states of Iranian construction on Orthodox Christian and on Hindu ground were duly annexed, in accordance with their builders' own cultural affinities, to the original domain of the New Persian language in the homelands of the Iranian Civilization on the Iranian plateau and in the Basin of the Oxus and the Jaxartes; and in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of
54:
1496:
3958:
998:
3968:
103:, he defined it thus: "The rise of Persian had more than purely literary consequences: it served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islamdom.... Most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims... depended upon Persian wholly or in part for their prime literary inspiration. We may call all these cultural traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, 'Persianate' by extension."
1888:
31:
1671:, in South Asia. For centuries, Iranian scholar-officials had immigrated to the region where their expertise in Persianate culture and administration secured them honored service within the Mughal Empire. Networks of learned masters and madrasas taught generations of young South Asian men Persian language and literature in addition to Islamic values and sciences. Furthermore, educational institutions such as
2438:
805:, Persianate culture embodies the Iranian past and ways in which this past blended with the Islamic present or became transmuted. The historical change was largely on the basis of a binary model: a struggle between the religious landscapes of late Iranian antiquity and a monotheist paradigm provided by the new religion, Islam.
2282:
1632:, who were of Turko-Afghan origin, modeled their lifestyles after the Persian upper classes. They patronized Persian literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Irano-Islamic architecture, combining it with Indian traditions to produce a profusion of
1547:
became, in an increasingly part of
Islamdom, the language of polite culture; it even invaded the realm of scholarship with increasing effects. It was to form the chief model of the rise of still other languages. Gradually a third "classical" tongue emerged, Turkish, whose literature was based on Persian tradition.
964:
from poetry to science", but the
Samanids made Persian a language of learning and formal discourse. The language that appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries was a new form of Persian, derivative of the Middle-Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched amply by Arabic vocabulary and written in the Arabic script.
3271:
1591:. Gibb classifies Ottoman poetry between the "Old School", from the 14th century to about the middle of the 19th century, during which time Persian influence was dominant; and the "Modern School", which came into being as a result of the Western impact. According to Gibb in the introduction (Volume I):
2312:
His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in
Persian culture and so Babor was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic,
763:
Persianate culture, especially among the elite classes, spread across the Muslim territories in western, central, and south Asia, although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, local, tribal, and ethnic) and spoke many different languages. It was spread by poets,
2221:
Because the
Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious
1985:
As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated the appearance of variations of
Persianate culture. After 1500, the Iranian culture developed distinct features of its own, with interposition of strong pre-Islamic and Shiite Islamic culture.
1603:
attained a very considerable degree of culture, thanks entirely to
Persian tutorage. About the middle of the eleventh century they had overrun Persia, when, as so often happened, the Barbarian conquerors adopted the culture of their civilized subjects. Rapidly the Seljuq Turks pushed their conquest
1546:
The rise of
Persian (the language) had more than purely literary consequence: it served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islamdom. Henceforth while Arabic held its own as the primary language of the religious disciplines and even, largely, of natural science and philosophy, Persian
1176:
and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. Thus, the
Persian language and Persianate culture was brought deep into India and carried further in the 13th century. The Seljuqs won a decisive victory over the Ghaznavids and swept into Khorasan; they brought Persianate culture westward into western Persia, Iraq,
1015:
The Iranian dynasty of the Samanids began recording its court affairs in Persian as well as Arabic, and the earliest great poetry in New Persian was written for the Samanid court. The Samanids encouraged translation of religious works from Arabic into Persian. In addition, the learned authorities of
3556:
For the influence of Rumi's poetry on contemporary poetics, see Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: 374.78; for Mughal poetry, see Ghani, A History of Persian Language and Literature; Rahman, Persian Literature; Hasan, Mughal Poetry; Abidi, .Tālib-I Āmulī; idem, .Qudsi Mashhadi.; Nabi Hadi, Talib-i Amuli;
2270:
David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central role in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to
1566:
In the Iranian world, before it began to succumb to the process of Westernization, the New Persian language, which had been fashioned into literary form in mighty works of art...gained a currency as a lingua franca; and at its widest, about the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of the
963:
became a medium of literary expression. In the 9th century, a New Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. The Tahirid and Saffarid dynasties continued using Persian as an informal language, although for them Arabic was the "language for recording anything worthwhile,
1515:
rose to predominance in Asia Minor. The Ottomans patronized Persian literature for five and a half centuries and attracted great numbers of writers and artists, especially in the 16th century. The Ottoman Empire's undeniable affiliation with the Persianate world during the first few decades of the
1045:
enjoyed a special status in Iranian courtly culture as a historical narrative as well as a mythical one. The powerful effect that this text came to have on the poets of this period is partly due to the value that was attached to it as a legitimizing force, especially for new rulers in the Eastern
2121:
Persianate is a new term, first coined by Marshall Hodgson to offer a different explanation of Islam in the world system than that extrapolated from Wallerstein. While Persianate depicts a cultural force that is linked to Persian language and to self-identifying Persians, Persianate is more than
2026:
in the course of the 19th century. The culture of peoples of the eastern Mediterranean in Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt developed somewhat independently; India developed a vibrant and completely distinct South Asian style with little to no remnants of the once patronized Indo-Persian culture by the
1401:. Socially the Persianate world was marked by a system of ethnologically defined elite statuses: the rulers and their soldiery were non-Iranians in origin, but the administrative cadres and literati were Iranians. Cultural affairs were marked by a characteristic pattern of language use:
1054:
was viewed as more than literature. It was also a political treatise, as it addressed deeply rooted conceptions of honor, morality, and legitimacy. Illustrated versions of it were considered desirable as expressions of the aspirations and politics of ruling elites in the Iranian
3546:
Hodgson says, "It could even be said that Islamicate civilization, historically, is divisible in the more central areas into an earlier 'caliphal' and a later 'Persianate' phase; with variants in the outlying regions—Maghrib, Sudanic lands, Southern Seas, India,... (p.
2300:
1469:, with its implicit notion of an Iranian state stretching from Afghanistan as far as the Euphrates and the North Caucasus, and from the Oxus to the southern territories of the Persian Gulf. Shah Isma'il's successors went further and adopted the title of
1722:, who were great masters of Sufi mysticism from the Persianate world, were the favorite poets of the Mughals. Their works were present in Mughal libraries and counted among the emperors’ prized possessions, which they gave to each other;
1951:) spread throughout Persian societies, Persian mystic poetic thought gradually became so much a part of common culture that even poets who did not share Sufi experiences ventured to express mystical ideas and imagery in their work.
1265:
can be evaluated as a historical source on two levels: firstly, for its contribution to the store of basic factual knowledge of a period, and secondly, for the light it sheds, intentionally or otherwise, on contemporary thought and
1449:
region in the 11th century. They re-asserted the Persian identity over many parts of West Asia and Central Asia, establishing an independent Persian state, and patronizing Persian culture They made Iran the spiritual bastion of
1188:. Under their rule, many pre-Islamic Iranian traditional arts like Sassanid architecture were resurrected, and great Iranian scholars were patronized. At the same time, the Islamic religious institutions became more organized and
1038:(998–1030). This was a kind of Iranian nationalistic resurrection: Ferdowsi galvanized Persian nationalistic sentiment by invoking pre-Islamic Persian heroic imagery and enshrined in literary form the most treasured folk stories.
1538:. At the end of the 17th century, they gave up Persian as the court and administrative language, using Turkish instead; a decision that shocked the highly Persianized Mughals in India. The Ottoman Sultan Suleyman wrote an entire
1090:. Persian scholars and artists flocked to their court, and the Ghaznavids became patrons of Persianate culture. The Ghaznavids took with them Persianate culture as they subjugated Western and Southern Asia . Apart from Ferdowsi,
860:
of public affairs, the Iranians retained much of their pre-Islamic outlook and way of life, adjusted to fit the demands of Islam. Towards the end of the 7th century, the population began resenting the cost of sustaining the Arab
1914:
From about the 12th century, Persian lyric poetry was enriched with a spirituality and devotional depth not to be found in earlier works. This development was due to the pervasive spread of mystical experience within Islam.
1071:, thus began in Khorasan; "not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and
934:
was expressed in a distinctive Persianate culture that became dominant in west, central, and south Asia, and was the source of innovations elsewhere in the Islamic world. The Persianate culture was marked by the use of the
1627:
dynasties. South Asian society was enriched by the influx of Persian-speaking and Islamic scholars, historians, architects, musicians, and other specialists of high Persianate culture who fled the Mongol devastation.
1805:
The tendency towards Sufi mysticism through Persianate culture in Mughal court circles is also testified by the inventory of books that were kept in Akbar's library, and are especially mentioned by his historian,
3923:
1573:
by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal
1310:(d. 1334 or 1335), which deals with Iranian history from the Arab conquest to the Mongols and is longer than Ferdowsi's work. The literary value of these works must be considered on an individual basis as
783:) cultural constructs. This formed a calcified Persianate structure of thought and experience of the sacred, entrenched for generations, which later informed history, historical memory, and identity among
1314:
cautions: "all these numerous epics cannot be assessed very highly, to say nothing of those works that were substantially (or literally) copies of Ferdowsi. There are however exceptions, such as the
1279:
and modeled themselves after it. Murtazavi formulates three categories of such works too: poets who took up material not covered in the epic, poets who eulogized their patrons and their ancestors in
1207:, which became the basis for a richer Islamic theology. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of the
1595:
the Turks very early appropriated the entire Persian literary system down to its minute detail, and that in the same unquestioning and wholehearted fashion in which they had already accepted Islam.
1742:, an incident which is recorded by her with her signature. Shah Jahan also considered the same work worthy enough to be sent as a gift to the king of England in 1628, which is presently in the
1483:
gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes), and patronized "Men of the Pen" The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the
1253:
As the result of the impacts of Persian literature as well as to further political ambitions, it became a custom for rulers in the Persianate lands to not only commission a copy of the
1679:
developed innovative and integrated curricula for modernizing Persian-speaking South Asians. They cultivated Persian art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara,
3008:
985:
being a prime example). One may call these traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, ‘Persianate’ by extension. This seems to be the origin of the term
110:
but whose linguistic, material or artistic cultural activities were influenced by or based on Persianate culture. Examples of pre-19th-century Persianate societies were the
3333:
752:
of language and culture in the former Byzantine territories, this did not happen in Persia. Rather, the new Islamic culture evolving there was largely based on pre-Islamic
1521:
2122:
either a language or a people; it highlights elements that Persians share with Indo-Aryan rulers who preceded Muslims to the subcontinent. Two elements are paramount:
1137:. These two dynasties together drew the centers of the Islamic world eastward. The institutions stabilized Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in
1389:
came to enjoy tremendous prestige, and multiple copies of it were produced at Persianized courts. Seyller has a useful catalog of all known copies of this text.
1067:
exposed the Turks to Persianate culture; The incorporation of the Turks into the main body of the Middle Eastern Islamic civilization, which was followed by the
2792:
Daftary, F. "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times". In M.S. Asimov; C.E. Bosworth (eds.).
2614:
2352:
1730:
often quoted from them, signifying that they had imbibed them to a great extent. An autographed note of both Jahangir and Shah Jahan on a copy of Sa’di's
4142:
832:. This genealogy makes the later imams, descended from Husayn and Shahrbanu, the inheritors of both the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and of the pre-Islamic
748:
in the 7th and 8th centuries, they became part of an empire much larger than any previous one under Persian rule. While the Islamic conquest led to the
764:
artists, architects, artisans, jurists, and scholars, who maintained relations among their peers in the far-flung cities of the Persianate world, from
1799:
1923:
and law, Islamic mysticism sought to approach the divine through acts of devotion and love rather than through mere rituals and observance. Love of
1349:
one, resulted in the creation of Islamic epics of conquests as discussed by Marjan Molé. Also see the classification employed by Z. Safa for epics:
4157:
1672:
1947:, mysticism became a legitimate, even fashionable subject of lyric poems among the Persianate societies. Furthermore, as Sufi orders and centers (
1086:
The Ghaznavids, the rivals and future successors of the Samanids, ruled over the southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of
4293:
4004:
1879:(1897), campaigned for the formation of Anjuman-i Ma’arif, an academy devoted to the strengthening of Persian language as a scientific language.
1779:
3443:
3414:
3314:
3090:
2722:
4137:
4366:
3018:
852:, continued to be widely used well into the second Islamic century (8th century) as a medium of administration in the eastern lands of the
1771:
3182:
2325:
2636:
1919:
developed in all Muslim lands, including the sphere of Persian cultural influence. As a counterpoise to the rigidity of formal Islamic
4298:
3129:. Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies. Vol. 3–37. Albany, USA: Bibliotheca Persica and State University of New York. p. 15.
4044:
1397:
In the 16th century, Persianate culture became sharply distinct from the Arab world to the west, the dividing zone falling along the
899:, became the style of the ruling elite. Politically, the Abbasids soon started losing their control over Iranians. The governors of
775:
Persianate culture involved modes of consciousness, ethos, and religious practices that have persisted in the Iranian world against
1783:
3266:
2381:"Persian in service of the state: the role of Persophone historical writing in the development of an Ottoman imperial aesthetic",
3872:
1791:
2194:
Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially
4823:
4818:
4524:
3933:
2436:
4788:
3074:
2114:
2089:
1927:
being the focus of the Sufis' religious sentiments, it was only natural for them to express it in lyrical terms, and Persian
1619:
In general, from its earliest days, Persian culture was brought into the Subcontinent (or South Asia) by various Persianised
2834:
Woodhead, C. (1983). "An Experiment in Official Historiography: The Post of Sehnameci in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1555–1605".
4110:
3597:
3331:
Fisher, M. H. (2001). "Persian Professor in Britain: Mirza Muhammad Ibrahim at the East India Company's College, 1826–44".
1931:, often of exceptional sensibility and endowed with poetic verve, did not hesitate to do so. The famous 11th-century Sufi,
1587:
in six volumes, whose name has lived on in an important series of publications of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish texts, the
3997:
3847:
703:
981:, most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims were heavily influenced by Persian (
3283:
1117:
Persianate culture was carried by successive dynasties into Western and Southern Asia, particularly by the Persianized
959:
of the Sassanian Empire before the Arab invasion, but towards the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th century
3892:
2234:
1237:, who legitimized the rule of the Sultans. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the
1215:, which at that time was merely a religious office. The main institutional means of establishing a consensus of the
892:
and was still considered to be part of the Iranian cultural domain. Persian culture, and the customs of the Persian
4813:
4808:
4645:
4591:
4798:
163:
2622:
2360:
1114:
and Abu Sahl Testari were among the great Iranian scientists and poets of the period under Ghaznavid patronage.
4793:
4773:
3990:
1133:
until the 13th century, and by the Ghaznavids, who in the same period dominated Greater Khorasan and parts of
4254:
4039:
1763:
1475:(king of kings). The Safavid kings considered themselves, like their predecessors the Sassanid Emperors, the
1009:
4502:
3682:
3013:
1932:
1152:, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. Under their patronage, poets and scholars from
4663:
2105:
Lawrence, Bruce B. (2009). "Islam in Afro-Eurasia: A Bridge Civilization". In Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.).
4778:
4705:
4242:
4088:
3928:
1636:, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. The speculative thought of the times at the
659:
1535:
1421:
dynasty ascended to predominance in Iran in the 16th century—the first native Iranian dynasty since the
4650:
3887:
3792:
745:
106:
The term designates ethnic Persians but also societies that may not have been predominantly ethnically
17:
2215:
2164:
1802:
were all masters imbued with a similar Sufi spirit, thus following the norms of any Persianate court.
1368:
for religious works. The other source of inspiration for Persianate culture was another Persian poet,
53:
4803:
4783:
1975:
1807:
709:
38:
3523:
1337:
and those having minor roles in it became the subjects of their own epics, such as the 11th-century
4768:
4763:
4413:
4264:
4199:
4127:
3897:
3614:
3590:
1504:
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form for monetary reward, and poets who wrote poems for rulers who saw themselves as heroes in the
1875:
This intellectual symmetry continued until the end of the 19th century, when a Persian newspaper,
1479:(the shadow of God on earth). They revived Sassanid architecture, build grand mosques and elegant
4828:
4395:
4346:
3842:
3807:
3762:
2185:
2041:
1358:
1257:, but also to have his own epic, allowing court poets to attempt to reach the level of Ferdowsi:
4539:
2883:"aksi az ru-yi nuskhah-i khatti-i muvarrakh-i AH/807, dar Kitabkhanah-i Biritaniya (Or. 2833)".
977:, was to form the chief model for the rise of still other languages to the literary level. Like
4685:
4049:
3732:
3727:
3622:
2978:
2570:
2566:
2498:
1743:
1556:
Toynbee's assessment of the role of the Persian language is worth quoting in more detail, from
1184:
As the Seljuqs came to dominate western Asia, their courts were Persianized as far west as the
1001:
697:
243:
3242:
2740:
4482:
4445:
4401:
4013:
3852:
3827:
3742:
3722:
3672:
3642:
3632:
3190:
2398:
2329:
2287:
2169:
1816:
1298:
1281:
721:
Persianate culture flourished for nearly fourteen centuries. It was a mixture of Persian and
619:
4722:
4690:
3938:
3817:
3812:
3692:
1676:
1668:
1653:
1614:
1588:
1380:
973:
535:
237:
1458:, and a repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Persian identity.
927:
in Western Iran, Mazandaran and the north-east respectively, declared their independence.
129:
8:
4833:
4727:
4700:
4105:
4098:
3912:
3882:
3832:
3787:
3767:
3757:
3657:
3583:
3386:
2296:
2246:
1296:
First, Persian poets attempted to continue the chronology to a later period, such as the
423:
277:
3301:
Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
3213:
2890:. Tehran, Iran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Danishgahi-i Iran; Vin: Akadimi-i ‘Ulum-i Utrish. 1999.
1326:) of Ahmad Tabrizi in 1337–38, which is a history of the Mongols written for Abu Sa'id.
4066:
3857:
3772:
3752:
3637:
3627:
3511:
3437:
3408:
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3308:
3178:
3084:
2736:
2716:
2023:
1944:
1940:
1758:. One such incident is recorded in his own handwriting in the margins of a copy of the
1558:
1307:
1024:
in public. The crowning literary achievement in the early New Persian language was the
671:
613:
567:
561:
547:
493:
478:
271:
230:
81:
2655:
1939:(as well as others) to express his spiritual yearnings, and with mystic poets such as
1520:
court, Edris Bedlisi. One of the most renowned Persian poets in the Ottoman court was
1318:
of Hamdu'llah Mustaufi a historically valuable continuation of the Shah-nama" and the
4717:
4680:
4331:
3967:
3902:
3837:
3802:
3737:
3717:
3707:
3667:
3652:
3647:
3499:
3354:
3279:
3070:
3063:
2963:
Pearls of the Parrot of India: The Walters Art Museum Khamsa of Amir Khusraw of Delhi
2817:
2326:"Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)"
2110:
2085:
2060:"Out of the wreckage of the Persianate Samanid empire of Khurasan and Transoxiana..."
2015:
1896:
1185:
665:
601:
511:
505:
471:
465:
301:
34:
3385:
Prince Khurram's (Shahjahan) own specimen of calligraphic verses of Hafiz is in the
1333:
written in 1361–62 by Nur al-Din ibn Shams al-Din. Third, heroes not treated in the
1329:
Second, poets versified the history of a contemporary ruler for reward, such as the
4695:
4623:
4555:
4351:
3943:
3862:
3822:
3797:
3777:
3712:
3687:
3677:
3662:
3342:
3145:
2888:: bi-inzimam-i Shahnamah-i Abu al-Qasim Firdawsi (bih tashih-i Hamd Allah Mustawfi)
2147:
1402:
1233:, a Persian vizier of the Seljuqs. These schools became the means of uniting Sunni
1107:
1060:
1035:
978:
968:
900:
589:
523:
517:
486:
452:
369:
353:
223:
175:
156:
96:
73:
939:
language as a medium of administration and intellectual discourse, by the rise of
4742:
4657:
4635:
4618:
4425:
4390:
4231:
4221:
4177:
4172:
4071:
4034:
3782:
3747:
3702:
3697:
3606:
3484:
3275:
3122:
2683:
2532:
2506:
2480:
2466:
2442:
1835:
1723:
1629:
1406:
1346:
1076:
960:
907:, though appointed by the caliph, were effectively independent. When the Persian
889:
866:
833:
825:
722:
625:
555:
529:
499:
444:
339:
205:
181:
123:
115:
77:
2707:
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1974). "The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods".
1526:
1500:
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4613:
4529:
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4315:
4281:
4271:
4249:
4211:
4182:
4167:
4117:
4093:
4024:
3346:
2853:
Murtazavi, Manuchihr. "Muqallidan-i Shahnamah dar dawrah-yi Mughul va Timuri".
2764:
Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century
2536:
2510:
2502:
2484:
2462:
2454:
2210:
2036:
2019:
1909:
1739:
1719:
1620:
1569:
1512:
1484:
1430:
1369:
1290:
1072:
950:
940:
849:
845:
813:
757:
753:
651:
639:
346:
313:
264:
148:
111:
3149:
2414:
2250:
1814:. Some of the books that were read out continually to the emperor include the
4757:
4712:
4640:
4581:
4514:
4497:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4435:
4408:
4341:
4325:
4310:
4305:
4259:
4237:
4226:
4216:
4206:
4189:
4132:
4122:
4056:
3961:
2458:
2292:
2242:
2195:
1971:
1660:
1637:
1422:
1241:
and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the
1230:
1080:
982:
955:
821:
802:
726:
607:
576:
541:
437:
415:
375:
217:
193:
169:
119:
61:
3475:
Shamil, S. (2004). "The City of Beauties in Indo-Persian Poetic Landscape".
3125:(1988). "The development of Iranian literatures". In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.).
1412:
4586:
4565:
4534:
4519:
4492:
4487:
4440:
4385:
4336:
4288:
4276:
4194:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4029:
3109:
Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India
2857:. Tabriz: Mu'assasah-i Tarikh va Farhang-i Iran, SH/1358. pp. 554–555.
2514:
2002:
to the Ottomans. Its ancient cultural and historical relationship with the
1821:
1707:
1664:
1442:
1248:
1178:
1138:
857:
730:
677:
633:
595:
459:
404:
395:
381:
362:
327:
321:
307:
136:
4737:
4560:
4356:
4061:
3971:
2993:
Savory, Roger M. (1965). "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia".
2812:
2553:
2528:
1999:
1795:
1495:
1455:
1438:
1189:
936:
749:
684:
249:
85:
3982:
3457:
3140:
Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2023). "The Second Decade of Persianate Studies".
2007:
1960:
1844:
1700:
1641:
1517:
1471:
1451:
1342:
1199:
was among the scholars at the Seljuq court who proposed a synthesis of
1196:
1068:
997:
870:
809:
788:
784:
738:
734:
691:
645:
583:
429:
408:
388:
333:
199:
187:
130:
List of historical Persianate (or Islamic Persosphere) states/dynasties
2299:
Center for Iranian (Persian) Studies. pp. 320–323. Archived from
4081:
4076:
3570:
2549:
1995:
1936:
1692:
1434:
1398:
1311:
1303:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1161:
1099:
1064:
1026:
908:
893:
853:
817:
295:
289:
257:
140:
92:
2396:"Historiography. xi. Persian Historiography in the Ottoman Empire".
1516:
sixteenth century are illustrated by the works of a scribe from the
2003:
1920:
1887:
1849:
1727:
1696:
1624:
1462:
1169:
1149:
1130:
1095:
1031:
1005:
947:
and by the development of an ethnically composite Islamic society.
924:
920:
904:
874:
776:
765:
729:
and became the dominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of
211:
107:
3575:
2271:
find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanameh"
2107:
Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives
1640:
court, as in other Persianate courts, leaned towards the eclectic
1405:
was the language of state affairs, scholarship and literature and
101:
The Venture of Islam: The expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods
30:
2796:. Vol. 4–1. UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies.
2415:"7. The Departure of Turkey from the 'Persianate' Musical Sphere"
2011:
1865:
1826:
1755:
1746:, Dublin. The emperor often took out auguries from a copy of the
1645:
1633:
1446:
1418:
1385:
1225:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1118:
1111:
943:
to military control, by the new political importance of non-Arab
931:
916:
862:
283:
2948:
Epic and Empire: Politics and Generic Form from Virgil to Milton
3500:"Music in the Indo-Persian Courts of India (14th–18th century)"
3389:, Rampur (hereafter RL) (Siddiqi, Rampur Raza Library: pl. 24).
1916:
1869:
1767:
1734:
states that it was their most precious possession. A gift of a
1688:
1680:
1649:
1204:
1200:
1145:
1103:
1087:
912:
896:
797:
792:
46:
42:
3268:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
2702:
2700:
1899:
into one, as is the norm for many works of Persian literature.
1372:, a most admired, illustrated and imitated writer of romantic
3477:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
3334:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
2353:"Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries"
2165:"Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries"
1991:
1928:
1787:
1775:
1751:
1711:
1684:
1539:
1426:
1134:
1126:
944:
881:
869:, and in the 8th century, a general Iranian uprising—led by
780:
769:
72:
is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the
2697:
1987:
1715:
1507:) manuscript of Celebi, in Shirazi style with Persian Texts
1293:
trend of patronizing the Shahnameh for legitimizing texts.
1173:
1122:
1091:
885:
829:
760:
that were introduced to the region by the Arab conquerors.
1121:(1040–1118) and their successor states, who presided over
1059:
The Persianate culture that emerged under the Samanids in
3165:
Before the West:The Rise and Fall of Eastern World Orders
1924:
1413:
Safavids and the resurrection of Iranianhood in West Asia
3571:
Association for the Study of Persianate Societies (ASPS)
2872:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. p. 37.
2870:
Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century
1644:
dimension of Sufi Islam, having similarities with Hindu
1249:
Shahnameh's impact and affirmation of Persianate culture
3043:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
3017:(in German). Vol. XII. p. 873. Archived from
2965:. Baltimore, USA: Walters Art Museum. pp. 143–58.
2766:. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Press. p. 126.
1998:) remained strong and endured in spite of the loss of
1524:, also a painter and historian, and the author of the
1181:
became the heartland of Persian language and culture.
402:
134:
2950:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 15.
1608:
1261:Thus, as with any piece of historical writing, the
744:When the peoples of Greater Iran were conquered by
3062:
2816:
1895:, dated 1553. The image blends Persian poetry and
1599:The Saljuqs had, in the words of the same author:
1144:The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to
2836:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
4755:
3009:"Persien (Geschichte des neupersischen Reichs)"
2693:. London and New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
2402:. Vol. 12, fasc. 4. 2004. pp. 403–11.
2283:"Zaher ud-Din Babor – Founder of Mughal empire"
1903:
1353:(national, those inspired by Ferdowsi's epic),
930:The separation of the eastern territories from
801:. In a way, along with investing the notion of
3243:"GIBB MEMORIAL SERIES – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
2741:"From the Editor: Defining Persianate Studies"
1882:
808:This duality is symbolically expressed in the
27:Society strongly influenced by Persian culture
3998:
3591:
2647:
1063:, in northeast Persia and the borderlands of
880:Under the Abbasids, the capital shifted from
3557:Browne, A Literary History, vol. IV: 241.67.
1583:E. J. W. Gibb is the author of the standard
1177:Anatolia, and Syria. Iran proper along with
3366:
3364:
3060:
3047:
2823:. New York, USA: Columbia University Press.
2779:The Ottoman Empire; a Chronological Outline
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
1542:in Persian language. According to Hodgson:
1357:(historical, those written in imitation of
4005:
3991:
3598:
3584:
3442:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3313:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3089:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2761:
2721:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1986:Iran's ancient cultural relationship with
1511:At the beginning of the 14th century, the
1379:Along with Ferdowsi's and Nizami's works,
1275:Iranian and Persianate poets received the
4012:
3326:
3324:
3121:
3102:
3100:
2711:. Vol. 2. Chicago, USA. p. 293.
2344:
2203:
2177:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2084:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
1030:(Book of Kings), presented by its author
3361:
3294:
3292:
3139:
2833:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2794:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
2776:
2735:
2612:
2597:
2576:
2274:
2104:
2079:
1886:
1699:were commissioned by the Mughal emperor
1691:, and other cities of Greater Iran. The
1494:
996:
844:After the Arab Muslim conquest of Iran,
52:
29:
3497:
3427:
3162:
2960:
2920:. La Nouvelle Clio 5. pp. 377–393.
2867:
2706:
2678:
2676:
2227:
2152:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2145:
2073:
1465:, adopted the title of Persian Emperor
816:, the third Shi'ite Imam, had married
14:
4756:
3474:
3398:
3330:
3321:
3106:
3097:
3038:
3001:
2992:
2975:
2900:
2600:Turko-Persia in historical perspective
2350:
2162:
2156:
2134:
1935:of Mehna frequently used his own love
1487:, their Sunni archrivals to the west.
3986:
3579:
3341:(1–2). Duke University Press: 24–32.
3298:
3289:
2976:Savory, Roger M. (2005). "Safawids".
2945:
2852:
2811:
2800:
2653:
2635:
2629:
2435:, (Edinburgh University Press, 2015),
3370:
2930:
2915:
2682:
2673:
2385:, vol. 2, 2004, pp. 145–63
1764:Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Patna
1585:A Literary History of Ottoman Poetry
3605:
3458:"The Development of Persian Poetry"
3226:
3111:. Austin, USA: University of Texas.
2969:
2791:
2762:Lentz, T. W.; Lowry, G. D. (1989).
2641:Bībī Shahrbānū and the Lady of Pārs
2280:
1454:against the onslaughts of orthodox
1079:(14th and 15th centuries), and the
967:The Persian language, according to
725:cultures that eventually underwent
24:
3403:. Vol. II and III. Cambridge.
3211:
3177:
2412:
2183:
1425:. The Safavids, who were of mixed
1211:, a temporal office alongside the
1195:The Persian jurist and theologian
888:, which had once been part of the
873:—brought another Arab family, the
25:
4845:
3564:
2621:(online ed.). Archived from
2359:(online ed.). Archived from
2022:to Imperial Russia following the
1219:on these dogmatic issues was the
3966:
3957:
3956:
2918:L'épopée iranienne après Firdosi
2886:Zafarnamah-i Hamd Allah Mustawfi
2146:Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1974).
1965:
1609:Persianate culture of South Asia
1192:orthodoxy became more codified.
1050:In the Persianate tradition the
3550:
3491:
3468:
3450:
3421:
3392:
3379:
3299:Rizvi, S. (1993). "Chapter 1".
3259:
3235:
3231:. Vol. V. pp. 514–15.
3220:
3214:"Suleyman the Magnificent Poet"
3205:
3171:
3156:
3133:
3115:
3032:
2986:
2954:
2939:
2924:
2909:
2894:
2876:
2861:
2846:
2827:
2785:
2770:
2755:
2729:
2606:
2559:
2542:
2521:
2491:
2473:
2447:
2425:
2406:
2389:
2383:Studies on Persianate Societies
2374:
2318:
2109:. Routledge. pp. 157–175.
2082:Studies on Persianate Societies
2054:
1824:, Sharaf Manayri and Jami, the
1075:(11th and 12th centuries), the
756:of the area, as well as on the
3924:British Indian Ocean Territory
3540:
2264:
2098:
1754:belonging to his grandfather,
1392:
13:
1:
4824:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
4819:Social history of Afghanistan
3504:Studies in Artistic Patronage
3167:. Cambridge University Press.
3142:Journal of Persianate Studies
2903:History of Iranian Literature
2745:Journal of Persianate Studies
2654:Boyce, Mary (December 1989).
2602:. Cambridge University Press.
2313:and historiographical results
2067:
1980:
1010:Harvard University Art Museum
915:freed the eastern lands, the
4789:Social history of Azerbaijan
4587:Romanization of the writings
3430:Classical Persian Literature
3401:A Literary History of Persia
3065:Islamic art and Architecture
3014:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
2819:Muslim Civilization in India
2613:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2006).
2080:Arjomand, Said Amir (2004).
1904:Persian poetry (Sufi poetry)
1461:The founder of the dynasty,
1345:. This tradition, chiefly a
7:
4706:Forced religious conversion
2935:. Tehran, Iran: Amir Kabir.
2030:
1883:Media of Persianate culture
1490:
1083:(19th and 20th centuries).
440:(1010–1593) and (1701–1843)
91:The term "Persianate" is a
10:
4850:
3533:
3347:10.1215/1089201X-21-1-2-24
2868:Meisami, Julie S. (1999).
2688:The Golden Age of Persia:
2419:Music of the Ottoman court
2006:endured until the loss of
1969:
1958:
1954:
1907:
1738:was made by Shah Jahan to
1667:descent, strengthened the
1612:
1409:the language of religion.
1229:, named after its founder
1141:, until the 20th century.
1020:, began using the Persian
877:, to the Caliph's throne.
839:
716:
4673:
4664:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
4606:
4574:
4549:Assimilation by religions
4548:
4020:
3952:
3911:
3871:
3613:
3373:Art of the Persian Courts
3150:10.1163/18747167-bja10036
3107:Titley, Norah M. (1983).
2855:Masa'il-i 'asr-i Ilkhanan
2598:Canfield, Robert (1991).
2239:The Columbia Encyclopedia
1976:Persian traditional music
1891:Illustration from Jami's
992:
39:Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp
4575:Assimilation by writings
3673:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3061:Hillenbrand, R. (1999).
2781:. University of Chicago.
2777:Chambers, R. L. (2000).
2047:
1893:Rose Garden of the Pious
1820:of Nizami, the works of
1536:Süleyman the Magnificent
49:slays a lion, fol. 118r.
45:asleep, while his horse
4814:History of Central Asia
4809:History of the Caucasus
3934:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3041:Iran under the Safavids
2433:The Great Seljuk Empire
2216:Encyclopædia Britannica
2042:Turco-Persian tradition
1706:Iranian poets, such as
1703:for his Iranian bride.
1445:ancestry, moved to the
795:-minded authorities as
4799:Social history of Iraq
4686:Cultural globalization
3428:Arberry, A.J. (1958).
3163:Zarakol, Ayşe (2022).
2979:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2961:Seyller, John (2001).
2933:Hamasahsarayi dar Iran
2571:Kingdom of Afghanistan
2328:. SOAS. Archived from
1900:
1744:Chester Beatty Library
1606:
1597:
1581:
1554:
1522:Fethullah Arifi Çelebi
1508:
1289:, echoing the earlier
1273:
1223:, better known as the
1057:
1012:
1002:Great Mongol Shahnameh
244:Principality of Bitlis
65:
50:
4794:Culture of Azerbaijan
4774:Cultural assimilation
4014:Cultural assimilation
3485:Duke University Press
3399:Browne, E.G. (1951).
3265:Sigfried J. de Laet.
3247:www.iranicaonline.org
3187:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3039:Savory, R.M. (1980).
2916:Molé, Marjan (1953).
2690:The Arabs in the East
2660:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2619:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2399:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2357:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2288:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2190:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2170:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1890:
1601:
1593:
1564:
1544:
1498:
1259:
1048:
1000:
871:Abu Muslim Khorrasani
56:
33:
4723:Internal colonialism
4691:Cultural imperialism
4367:Northern Afghanistan
3848:United Arab Emirates
3498:Delvoye, F. (1996).
3193:on November 18, 2007
2709:The Venture of Islam
2643:. BSOAS. p. 30.
2332:on 23 September 2009
2149:The Venture of Islam
1669:Indo-Persian culture
1630:The sultans of Delhi
1615:Indo-Persian culture
1589:Gibb Memorial Series
1381:Amir Khusraw Dehlavi
974:The Venture of Islam
698:Barakzai Afghanistan
536:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
238:Nizari Ismaili state
99:. In his 1974 book,
4728:Jewish assimilation
4701:Forced assimilation
4234:or Castilianization
3875:limited recognition
3387:Rampur Raza Library
3303:. New Delhi, India.
3227:Toynbee, Arnold J.
2737:Arjomand, Said Amir
2615:"Sassanian Dynasty"
2297:Columbia University
2291:(Online ed.).
2247:Columbia University
2219:(online ed.).
2192:(online ed.).
1762:, presently in the
4779:Cultural geography
4347:Montenegrinization
3274:2022-12-05 at the
3229:A Study of History
3127:Persian Literature
2982:(online ed.).
2946:Quint, D. (1993).
2441:2022-12-05 at the
2241:(Sixth ed.).
2173:(online ed.).
2024:Russo-Persian Wars
1901:
1766:. The court poets
1570:literae humaniores
1559:A Study of History
1534:), a biography of
1509:
1308:Hamdollah Mostowfi
1013:
848:, the language of
791:groups labeled by
754:Persian traditions
614:Carnatic Sultanate
569:Golconda Sultanate
494:Khandesh Sultanate
479:Bahamani Sultanate
231:Khwarazmian Empire
70:Persianate society
66:
51:
4751:
4750:
4718:Identity politics
4681:Cultural genocide
4602:
4601:
4332:Macedonianization
3980:
3979:
3917:other territories
3212:Halman, Talat S.
3076:978-0-500-20305-7
2931:Safa, Z. (1990).
2116:978-0-203-87248-2
2091:978-81-7304-667-4
2018:and parts of the
1897:Persian miniature
1186:Mediterranean Sea
941:Persianised-Turks
704:Jammu and Kashmir
549:Bijapur Sultanate
512:Gujarat Sultanate
506:Jaunpur Sultanate
472:Madurai Sultanate
466:Kashmir Sultanate
420:(before 786–1215)
88:and/or identity.
35:Persian miniature
16:(Redirected from
4841:
4804:Persian language
4784:Cultural regions
4696:Dominant culture
4674:Related concepts
4636:De-russification
4624:De-stalinization
4619:De-communization
4556:Christianization
4546:
4545:
4398:or Latinization
4352:Norwegianization
4328:or Hungarization
4302:
4143:Colombianization
4045:Native Americans
4007:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3929:Christmas Island
3615:Sovereign states
3607:Culture of Asia
3600:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3287:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3189:. Archived from
3175:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3123:Yarshater, Ehsan
3119:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3080:
3068:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2495:
2489:
2477:
2471:
2451:
2445:
2431:A.C.S. Peacock,
2429:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2249:. Archived from
2231:
2225:
2224:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2077:
2061:
2058:
1827:Masnavi i-manavi
1579:
1552:
1271:
1108:Farrukhi Sistani
1061:Greater Khorasan
1036:Mahmud of Ghazni
1034:to the court of
1008:killing a wolf,
969:Marshall Hodgson
850:Pre-Islamic Iran
518:Langah Sultanate
487:Bengal Sultanate
453:Chagatai Khanate
354:Siberian Khanate
224:Sultanate of Rum
97:Marshall Hodgson
74:Persian language
58:Girl With Mirror
21:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4769:Persian culture
4764:Society of Iran
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4743:Monoculturalism
4669:
4658:De-sinicization
4631:De-nazification
4607:Opposite trends
4598:
4570:
4544:
4426:Sanskritization
4391:Romanianization
4357:Pakistanization
4296:
4232:Hispanicization
4222:Hawaiianization
4178:Europeanization
4173:Estonianization
4128:Canadianization
4035:Americanization
4016:
4011:
3981:
3976:
3948:
3916:
3907:
3888:Northern Cyprus
3874:
3867:
3609:
3604:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3492:
3473:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3369:
3362:
3329:
3322:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3290:
3276:Wayback Machine
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3225:
3221:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3176:
3172:
3161:
3157:
3144:. Brill: 1–23.
3138:
3134:
3120:
3116:
3105:
3098:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3059:
3048:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2974:
2970:
2959:
2955:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2925:
2914:
2910:
2899:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2851:
2847:
2832:
2828:
2810:
2801:
2790:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2756:
2734:
2730:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2681:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2656:"Bibi Sahrbanu"
2652:
2648:
2634:
2630:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2543:
2526:
2522:
2496:
2492:
2478:
2474:
2452:
2448:
2443:Wayback Machine
2430:
2426:
2411:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2351:Özgündenli, O.
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2304:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2182:
2178:
2163:Özgündenli, O.
2161:
2157:
2144:
2135:
2117:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2033:
1983:
1978:
1970:Main articles:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1912:
1906:
1885:
1877:Miftah al-Zafar
1840:Hakika o Sanā’i
1836:Awhadi Maraghai
1800:Abu Talib Kalim
1617:
1611:
1580:
1578:
1553:
1551:
1493:
1415:
1395:
1320:Shahanshahnamah
1272:
1270:
1251:
1112:Sanayi Ghaznawi
1046:Islamic world:
995:
890:Sassanid Empire
842:
812:tradition that
758:Islamic customs
719:
672:Bukhara Emirate
602:Kokanad Khanate
562:Bukhara Khanate
556:Bidar Sultanate
530:Berar Sultanate
500:Malwa Sultanate
445:Delhi Sultanate
438:Sindh Sultanate
412:
340:Crimean Khanate
208:(955–1070/1116)
144:
132:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4829:Mughal culture
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4733:Language shift
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4614:De-arabization
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4543:
4542:
4540:Zairianization
4537:
4532:
4530:Westernization
4527:
4525:Vietnamization
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Turkmenization
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:Talibanization
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4431:Serbianization
4428:
4423:
4421:Saffronization
4418:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4374:Persianization
4371:
4370:
4369:
4362:Pashtunization
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:Lithuanization
4318:
4316:Latvianization
4313:
4308:
4303:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4282:Japanification
4274:
4272:Italianization
4269:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4250:Indigenization
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Georgification
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4183:Westernization
4175:
4170:
4168:Dutchification
4165:
4160:
4158:Cypriotization
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:Bosniakization
4115:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4094:Belarusization
4091:
4089:Araucanization
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4027:
4025:Africanization
4021:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3565:External links
3563:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3520:|journal=
3490:
3467:
3449:
3420:
3391:
3378:
3360:
3320:
3288:
3284:978-9231028137
3278:UNESCO, 1994.
3258:
3234:
3219:
3204:
3179:Yazıcı, Tahsin
3170:
3155:
3132:
3114:
3096:
3075:
3069:. London, UK.
3046:
3031:
3000:
2985:
2968:
2953:
2938:
2923:
2908:
2905:. p. 165.
2893:
2875:
2860:
2845:
2826:
2799:
2784:
2769:
2754:
2728:
2696:
2672:
2646:
2628:
2625:on 2010-01-09.
2605:
2575:
2558:
2541:
2520:
2490:
2472:
2446:
2424:
2405:
2388:
2373:
2343:
2317:
2273:
2263:
2226:
2202:
2176:
2155:
2133:
2115:
2097:
2090:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2037:Persianization
2032:
2029:
2020:North Caucasus
1982:
1979:
1967:
1964:
1959:Main article:
1956:
1953:
1910:Persian poetry
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1884:
1881:
1740:Jahanara Begum
1673:Farangi Mahall
1663:, who were of
1613:Main article:
1610:
1607:
1576:
1549:
1492:
1489:
1467:Pādišah-ī Īrān
1414:
1411:
1394:
1391:
1268:
1250:
1247:
994:
991:
856:. Despite the
841:
838:
820:, daughter of
814:Husayn ibn Ali
787:loyalists and
746:Islamic forces
718:
715:
714:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
681:
675:
669:
666:Mysore Kingdom
663:
657:
649:
643:
637:
631:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
573:
565:
559:
553:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
483:
475:
469:
463:
457:
449:
441:
435:
427:
421:
411:
401:
400:
399:
393:
385:
379:
373:
367:
358:
357:
351:
347:Kazakh Khanate
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
265:Ottoman Empire
261:
254:
253:
247:
241:
235:
227:
221:
215:
209:
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
173:
167:
161:
153:
149:Samanid Empire
143:
133:
131:
128:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4846:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Globalization
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Korenizatsiia
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Cyrillization
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Ukrainization
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:Turkification
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Taiwanization
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Swedification
4471:
4469:
4468:Swahilization
4466:
4464:
4463:Sovietization
4461:
4459:
4458:Slovakization
4456:
4454:
4453:Slavicization
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Sinhalization
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:Russification
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Mongolization
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4326:Magyarization
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Kurdification
4309:
4307:
4306:Koreanization
4304:
4300:
4295:
4294:Kazakhization
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:Israelization
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:Indianization
4236:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Hellenization
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:Germanization
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Gaelicization
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Finnicization
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Chilenization
4136:
4134:
4133:Celticization
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Bulgarization
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:Bengalization
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Anglicization
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:South Ossetia
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3553:
3543:
3539:
3525:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3035:
3021:on 2007-10-10
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
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2392:
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2363:on 2012-01-22
2362:
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2331:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2303:on 2007-10-13
2302:
2298:
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2293:New York City
2290:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2267:
2253:on 2006-12-05
2252:
2248:
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2243:New York City
2240:
2236:
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2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2196:Nezām-al-molk
2191:
2187:
2184:Luther, K.A.
2180:
2172:
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2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:Southern Iraq
1977:
1973:
1972:Music of Iran
1966:Persian music
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
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1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1898:
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1859:
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1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:of Rumi, the
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:Ā’in-ī Akbarī
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:Talib-i Amuli
1793:
1789:
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1780:Khan-i Khanan
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1677:Delhi College
1674:
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1655:
1651:
1648:, indigenous
1647:
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1532:Suleyman-nama
1529:
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1506:
1503:(The Book of
1502:
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1361:Iskandarnamah
1356:
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1339:Garshāspnāmeh
1336:
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1231:Nizam al-Mulk
1228:
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1028:
1023:
1022:lingua franca
1019:
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1007:
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984:
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976:
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965:
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956:lingua franca
952:
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837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:Yazdegerd III
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
803:heteroglossia
800:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:Arab Muslim (
778:
773:
771:
767:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
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736:
732:
728:
727:Persification
724:
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696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
653:Afghan Empire
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:Kalat Khanate
588:
585:
582:
579:
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577:Mughal Empire
574:
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376:Afsharid Iran
374:
371:
370:Khiva Khanate
368:
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218:Seljuk Empire
216:
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127:
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117:
113:
109:
104:
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98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
62:Qajar dynasty
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4662:
4646:Latinization
4592:Soviet Union
4566:Islamization
4535:Wolofization
4520:Uzbekization
4493:Thaification
4488:Tamilization
4441:Sinicization
4396:Romanization
4386:Polonization
4378:
4337:Malayization
4289:Javanization
4277:Japanization
4255:Indonezation
4195:Francization
4163:Czechization
4153:Croatization
4148:Creolization
4030:Albanization
3913:Dependencies
3843:Turkmenistan
3808:Saudi Arabia
3552:
3542:
3503:
3493:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3429:
3423:
3400:
3394:
3381:
3372:
3338:
3332:
3300:
3267:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3207:
3197:February 10,
3195:. Retrieved
3191:the original
3186:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3064:
3040:
3034:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3012:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2902:
2901:Rypka, Jan.
2896:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2818:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2731:
2708:
2691:
2687:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2623:the original
2618:
2608:
2599:
2565:
2561:
2548:
2544:
2527:
2523:
2497:
2493:
2479:
2475:
2453:
2449:
2432:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2356:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2320:
2311:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2286:
2281:Lehmann, F.
2276:
2266:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2238:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2186:"Alp Arslān"
2179:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2081:
2075:
2056:
1984:
1948:
1913:
1892:
1876:
1874:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1822:Amir Khusrow
1815:
1811:
1804:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1731:
1705:
1665:Turco-Mongol
1658:
1652:and popular
1618:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1568:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1531:
1527:Süleymanname
1525:
1510:
1501:Süleymanname
1499:The Ottoman
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1463:Shah Isma'il
1460:
1443:Pontic Greek
1416:
1396:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:Changiznamah
1323:
1319:
1315:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1216:
1194:
1183:
1179:Central Asia
1143:
1139:Western Asia
1116:
1096:Abu Ali Sina
1085:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
986:
972:
966:
954:
949:
929:
879:
858:Islamization
843:
807:
796:
774:
762:
743:
731:Greater Iran
720:
683:
652:
626:
575:
568:
548:
485:
477:
451:
443:
430:
416:
405:Central Asia
396:Pahlavi Iran
387:
363:Safavid Iran
361:
345:
322:Qara Qoyunlu
314:
263:
229:
155:
147:
137:Central Asia
105:
100:
95:credited to
90:
69:
67:
57:
4738:Melting pot
4561:Judaization
4297: [
4062:Arabization
3972:Asia portal
3873:States with
3793:Philippines
3733:South Korea
3728:North Korea
3623:Afghanistan
2813:Ikram, S. M
2637:Boyce, Mary
2554:Tipu Sultan
2413:Walter, F.
2336:28 November
2222:scholarship
2000:Mesopotamia
1456:Sunni Islam
1403:New Persian
1393:Distinction
1331:Ghazannameh
1316:Zafar-Nameh
1041:Ferdowsi's
1016:Islam, the
937:New Persian
824:, the last
750:Arabization
712:(1853–1955)
706:(1846–1952)
700:(1818–1973)
694:(1806–1949)
688:(1799–1849)
685:Sikh Empire
680:(1791–1948)
674:(1785–1920)
668:(1761–1799)
662:(1748–1955)
656:(1747–1863)
648:(1732–1856)
642:(1730–1948)
636:(1774–1947)
630:(1724–1948)
622:(1721–1774)
616:(1710–1855)
610:(1709–1738)
604:(1709–1876)
598:(1708–1949)
592:(1666–1955)
586:(1538–1556)
580:(1526–1857)
572:(1518–1687)
564:(1501–1785)
558:(1492–1619)
552:(1490–1686)
544:(1489–1948)
538:(1490–1636)
532:(1490–1572)
526:(1454–1948)
520:(1445–1540)
514:(1394–1573)
508:(1394–1479)
502:(1392–1562)
496:(1382–1601)
490:(1352–1576)
482:(1347–1527)
474:(1335–1378)
468:(1320–1589)
462:(1244–1381)
456:(1226–1705)
448:(1207–1526)
398:(1925–1979)
392:(1789–1925)
384:(1751–1794)
378:(1736–1796)
372:(1511–1920)
366:(1501–1736)
356:(1468–1598)
350:(1465–1847)
342:(1441–1783)
336:(1378–1503)
330:(1361–1379)
324:(1374–1468)
318:(1370–1507)
310:(1359–1596)
304:(1349–1504)
298:(1338–1357)
292:(1337–1381)
286:(1335–1357)
280:(1335–1432)
274:(1314–1393)
268:(1299–1922)
260:(1256–1335)
252:(1236–1537)
246:(1182–1847)
240:(1090–1273)
234:(1077–1231)
226:(1077–1308)
220:(1037–1194)
214:(1008–1141)
126:dynasties.
4834:Sprachbund
4758:Categories
4503:placenames
4243:placenames
4111:placenames
4040:immigrants
3853:Uzbekistan
3828:Tajikistan
3743:Kyrgyzstan
3723:Kazakhstan
3643:Bangladesh
3633:Azerbaijan
3371:Soudavar.
3252:2020-01-27
3025:2007-02-09
2684:Frye, R.N.
2665:10 October
2367:2006-12-19
2307:2006-11-07
2257:2006-11-08
2235:"Timurids"
2126:... (and)
2068:References
2027:Mughals.
2014:, eastern
2008:Azerbaijan
1981:Conclusion
1961:Shia Islam
1860:, and the
1852:, Sa’di's
1845:Qabusnameh
1808:Abu'l Fazl
1701:Shah Jahan
1574:frontiers.
1518:Aq Qoyunlu
1472:Shāhanshāh
1439:Circassian
1343:Asadi Tusi
1306:historian
1299:Zafarnamah
1197:Al-Ghazali
1148:in modern
1069:Ghaznavids
1006:Bahram Gur
987:Persianate
739:South Asia
735:Asia Minor
660:Bahawalpur
620:Rohilkhand
584:Sur Empire
524:Malerkotla
434:(977–1186)
426:(840–1212)
424:Qarakhanid
409:South Asia
389:Qajar Iran
334:Aq Qoyunlu
308:Marashiyan
272:Muzaffarid
258:Il Khanate
250:Mihrabanid
202:(951–1199)
196:(934–1062)
184:(931–1090)
178:(919–1062)
160:(861–1003)
82:literature
18:Persianate
4379:societies
4067:Armenians
3939:Hong Kong
3893:Palestine
3818:Sri Lanka
3813:Singapore
3693:Indonesia
3522:ignored (
3512:cite book
3438:cite book
3432:. London.
3409:cite book
3355:144947402
3309:cite book
3085:cite book
2717:cite book
2550:Hyder Ali
2517:dynasties
2487:dynasties
2469:dynasties
2128:deference
2124:hierarchy
1996:Babylonia
1949:Khaneghah
1937:quatrains
1933:Abu Sa'id
1832:Jām-i Jam
1810:, in the
1693:Taj Mahal
1654:theosophy
1646:Vedantism
1477:khudāygān
1399:Euphrates
1359:Nizami's
1335:Shahnameh
1312:Jan Rypka
1287:Shahnameh
1277:Shahnameh
1266:politics.
1263:Shahnameh
1255:Shahnameh
1221:Nezamiyeh
1213:Caliphate
1209:Sultanate
1162:Samarkand
1100:Al-Biruni
1065:Turkistan
1052:Shahnameh
1043:Shahnameh
1027:Shahnameh
1004:, 1330s,
909:Saffarids
854:Caliphate
818:Shahrbanu
789:heterodox
777:hegemonic
627:Hyderabad
431:Ghaznavid
403:Eastern:
302:Afrasiyab
290:Sarbadari
200:Shaddadid
190:(932–968)
172:(889–929)
166:(864–928)
152:(819–999)
141:West Asia
135:Western:
93:neologism
37:from the
4200:Brussels
3962:Category
3883:Abkhazia
3833:Thailand
3788:Pakistan
3768:Mongolia
3763:Maldives
3758:Malaysia
3658:Cambodia
3462:Iransaga
3272:Archived
3183:"Čelebi"
2815:(1964).
2739:(2008).
2686:(1975).
2639:(1967).
2439:Archived
2211:"Seljuq"
2031:See also
2004:Caucasus
1921:theology
1854:Gulestān
1850:Keikavus
1817:masnavis
1736:Gulestān
1732:Gulestān
1728:Jahangir
1697:Charbagh
1695:and its
1577:—
1550:—
1513:Ottomans
1505:Suleyman
1491:Ottomans
1485:Ottomans
1481:charbagh
1435:Georgian
1374:masnavis
1304:Ilkhanid
1269:—
1243:madrasas
1226:madrasas
1170:Nishapur
1150:Pakistan
1131:Anatolia
1106:Balkhi,
1077:Timurids
1032:Ferdowsi
953:was the
925:Samanids
923:and the
921:Ziyarids
905:Tahirids
901:Khurasan
894:Barmakid
875:Abbasids
867:Umayyads
834:Sassanid
828:king of
826:Sassanid
766:Anatolia
710:Khairpur
640:Junagadh
296:Chobanid
278:Jalairid
176:Sallarid
157:Saffarid
4651:Ukraine
4414:Finland
4072:Berbers
3858:Vietnam
3773:Myanmar
3753:Lebanon
3683:Georgia
3638:Bahrain
3628:Armenia
2751:(4): 2.
2567:Emirate
2533:Yarkent
2507:Tughlaq
2481:Kalhora
2467:Tarkhan
2016:Georgia
2012:Armenia
1955:Shi'ism
1866:Khaqani
1756:Humayun
1661:Mughals
1642:gnostic
1634:mosques
1452:Shi’ism
1447:Ardabil
1427:Kurdish
1423:Buyyids
1419:Safavid
1386:khamseh
1355:tarikhi
1347:Timurid
1302:of the
1291:Samanid
1282:masnavi
1166:Baghdad
1158:Bukhara
1154:Kashgar
1119:Seljuqs
1073:Seljuks
979:Turkish
971:in his
951:Pahlavi
932:Baghdad
917:Buyyids
897:viziers
863:caliphs
846:Pahlavi
840:Origins
836:kings.
723:Islamic
717:History
542:Janjira
315:Timurid
212:Kakuyid
206:Ravadid
188:Ilyasid
182:Ziyarid
124:Ottoman
116:Timurid
108:Persian
78:culture
4077:Blacks
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