Philosophy of artificial intelligence

1335:: suppose we have written a computer program that passes the Turing test and demonstrates general intelligent action. Suppose, specifically that the program can converse in fluent Chinese. Write the program on 3x5 cards and give them to an ordinary person who does not speak Chinese. Lock the person into a room and have him follow the instructions on the cards. He will copy out Chinese characters and pass them in and out of the room through a slot. From the outside, it will appear that the Chinese room contains a fully intelligent person who speaks Chinese. The question is this: is there anyone (or anything) in the room that understands Chinese? That is, is there anything that has the mental state of 41: 1018:, where he had classified this as the "argument from the informality of behavior." Turing argued in response that, just because we do not know the rules that govern a complex behavior, this does not mean that no such rules exist. He wrote: "we cannot so easily convince ourselves of the absence of complete laws of behaviour ... The only way we know of for finding such laws is scientific observation, and we certainly know of no circumstances under which we could say, 'We have searched enough. There are no such laws.'" 675: 6309: 1974: 9404: 645:, where one of the participants is a real person and one of the participants is a computer program. The program passes the test if no one can tell which of the two participants is human. Turing notes that no one (except philosophers) ever asks the question "can people think?" He writes "instead of arguing continually over this point, it is usual to have a polite convention that everyone thinks". Turing's test extends this polite convention to machines: 6557: 1768:. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard. They noted that some machines have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some 1465:: What if the program simulates the sequence of nerve firings at the synapses of an actual brain of an actual Chinese speaker? The man in the room would be simulating an actual brain. This is a variation on the "systems reply" that appears more plausible because "the system" now clearly operates like a human brain, which strengthens the intuition that there is something besides the man in the room that could understand Chinese. 9391: 6297: 1946: 868:

to a subtly inconsistent system will appear to succeed, but will actually yield a false "Gödel statement" instead.) More speculatively, Gödel conjectured that the human mind can eventually correctly determine the truth or falsity of any well-grounded mathematical statement (including any possible Gödel statement), and that therefore the human mind's power is not reducible to a

1960: 3268:"eople always tell me it was very hard to define consciousness, but I think if you're just looking for the kind of commonsense definition that you get at the beginning of the investigation, and not at the hard nosed scientific definition that comes at the end, it's not hard to give commonsense definition of consciousness." 2357:, p. 947): "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently (or, perhaps better, act as if they were intelligent) is called the 'weak AI' hypothesis by philosophers, and the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking) is called the 'strong AI' hypothesis." 758:, who estimates that computer power will be sufficient for a complete brain simulation by the year 2029. A non-real-time simulation of a thalamocortical model that has the size of the human brain (10 neurons) was performed in 2005, and it took 50 days to simulate 1 second of brain dynamics on a cluster of 27 processors. 616: 984:

states give humans a special advantage over existing computers. Existing quantum computers are only capable of reducing the complexity of Turing computable tasks and are still restricted to tasks within the scope of Turing machines. . By Penrose and Lucas's arguments, the fact that quantum computers

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of logic (such as a high-level symbol manipulation program) could not prove. Despite being a true statement, the constructed Gödel statement is unprovable in the given system. (The truth of the constructed Gödel statement is contingent on the consistency of the given system; applying the same process

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writes: "Could a man made machine think? Assuming it possible produce artificially a machine with a nervous system, ... the answer to the question seems to be obviously, yes ... Could a digital computer think? If by 'digital computer' you mean anything at all that has a level of description where it

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Hubert Dreyfus writes: "In general, by accepting the fundamental assumptions that the nervous system is part of the physical world and that all physical processes can be described in a mathematical formalism which can, in turn, be manipulated by a digital computer, one can arrive at the strong claim

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Be kind, resourceful, beautiful, friendly, have initiative, have a sense of humor, tell right from wrong, make mistakes, fall in love, enjoy strawberries and cream, make someone fall in love with it, learn from experience, use words properly, be the subject of its own thought, have as much diversity

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agree that the brain is just a machine, and that consciousness and intelligence are the result of physical processes in the brain. The difficult philosophical question is this: can a computer program, running on a digital machine that shuffles the binary digits of zero and one, duplicate the ability

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can be simulated by a computer; thus, bringing the definition to its breaking point leads to the conclusion that any process at all can technically be considered "computation". "What we wanted to know is what distinguishes the mind from thermostats and livers," he writes. Thus, merely simulating the

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Definitions like this one try to capture the essence of intelligence. They have the advantage that, unlike the Turing test, they do not also test for unintelligent human traits such as making typing mistakes. They have the disadvantage that they can fail to differentiate between "things that think"

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Turing argues that these objections are often based on naive assumptions about the versatility of machines or are "disguised forms of the argument from consciousness". Writing a program that exhibits one of these behaviors "will not make much of an impression." All of these arguments are tangential

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Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions. The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications

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Turing reduces this to the question of whether a machine can "take us by surprise" and argues that this is obviously true, as any programmer can attest. He notes that, with enough storage capacity, a computer can behave in an astronomical number of different ways. It must be possible, even trivial,

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This question bears on our earlier questions: if the human brain is a kind of computer then computers can be both intelligent and conscious, answering both the practical and philosophical questions of AI. In terms of the practical question of AI ("Can a machine display general intelligence?"), some

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agree that Gödel's argument does not consider the nature of real-world human reasoning. It applies to what can theoretically be proved, given an infinite amount of memory and time. In practice, real machines (including humans) have finite resources and will have difficulty proving many theorems. It

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Gödelian anti-mechanist arguments tend to rely on the innocuous-seeming claim that a system of human mathematicians (or some idealization of human mathematicians) is both consistent (completely free of error) and believes fully in its own consistency (and can make all logical inferences that follow

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for which it cannot decide whether solutions exist. Gödel finds (b) implausible, and thus seems to have believed the human mind was not equivalent to a finite machine, i.e., its power exceeded that of any finite machine. He recognized that this was only a conjecture, since one could never disprove

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points out that natural selection cannot preserve a feature of an animal that has no effect on the behavior of the animal, and thus consciousness (as Searle understands it) cannot be produced by natural selection. Therefore, either natural selection did not produce consciousness, or "strong AI" is

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via spontaneous quantum collapse of the wave function. These states, he suggested, occur both within neurons and also spanning more than one neuron. However, other scientists point out that there is no plausible organic mechanism in the brain for harnessing any sort of quantum computation, and

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Arguments against the basic premise must show that building a working AI system is impossible because there is some practical limit to the abilities of computers or that there is some special quality of the human mind that is necessary for intelligent behavior and yet cannot be duplicated by a

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describes this argument as claiming that "if the nervous system obeys the laws of physics and chemistry, which we have every reason to suppose it does, then ... we ... ought to be able to reproduce the behavior of the nervous system with some physical device". This argument, first

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The "symbols" that Newell, Simon and Dreyfus discussed were word-like and high level—symbols that directly correspond with objects in the world, such as <dog> and <tail>. Most AI programs written between 1956 and 1990 used this kind of symbol. Modern AI, based on statistics and

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Twenty-first century AI research defines intelligence in terms of goal-directed behavior. It views intelligence as a set of problems that the machine is expected to solve – the more problems it can solve, and the better its solutions are, the more intelligent the program is. AI founder

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is provably inconsistent); and that Gödel's theorems do not lead to any valid argument that humans have mathematical reasoning capabilities beyond what a machine could ever duplicate. This consensus that Gödelian anti-mechanist arguments are doomed to failure is laid out strongly in

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are only able to complete Turing computable tasks implies that they cannot be sufficient for emulating the human mind. Therefore, Penrose seeks for some other process involving new physics, for instance quantum gravity which might manifest new physics at the scale of the

1431:, including the man, the program, the room, and the cards, is what understands Chinese. Searle claims that the man in the room is the only thing which could possibly "have a mind" or "understand", but others disagree, arguing that it is possible for there to be 2500:, p. 948, where they call his paper "famous" and write "Turing examined a wide variety of possible objections to the possibility of intelligent machines, including virtually all of those that have been raised in the half century since his paper appeared." 1836:

In attempting to construct such machines we should not be irreverently usurping His power of creating souls, any more than we are in the procreation of children: rather we are, in either case, instruments of His will providing mansions for the souls that He

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Turing said "It is customary ... to offer a grain of comfort, in the form of a statement that some peculiarly human characteristic could never be imitated by a machine. ... I cannot offer any such comfort, for I believe that no such bounds can be set."

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functioning of a living brain would in itself be an admission of ignorance regarding intelligence and the nature of the mind, like trying to build a jet airliner by copying a living bird precisely, feather by feather, with no theoretical understanding of

2244:, p. 55 writes "In the current literature, philosophy has two chief roles: to determine whether or not such machines would be conscious, and, second, to predict whether or not such machines are possible." The last question bears on the first two. 1695:

In 2009, scientists at Aberystwyth University in Wales and the U.K's University of Cambridge designed a robot called Adam that they believe to be the first machine to independently come up with new scientific findings. Also in 2009, researchers at

1453:: Several critics point out that the man in the room would probably take millions of years to respond to a simple question, and would require "filing cabinets" of astronomical proportions. This brings the clarity of Searle's intuition into doubt. 1459:: To truly understand, some believe the Chinese Room needs eyes and hands. Hans Moravec writes: "If we could graft a robot to a reasoning program, we wouldn't need a person to provide the meaning anymore: it would come from the physical world." 3025:

under "The Argument from Mathematics" where he writes "although it is established that there are limitations to the powers of any particular machine, it has only been stated, without sort of proof, that no such limitations apply to the human

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is that it only measures the "humanness" of the machine's behavior, rather than the "intelligence" of the behavior. Since human behavior and intelligent behavior are not exactly the same thing, the test fails to measure intelligence.

2349:, p. 435. Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." ( 734: 1726:, in which case "hostile" becomes synonymous with "dangerous". Or it can be defined in terms of intent: can a machine "deliberately" set out to do harm? The latter is the question "can a machine have conscious states?" (such as 1219:, the words are used in a way that is both more precise and more mundane: they refer to the familiar, everyday experience of having a "thought in your head", like a perception, a dream, an intention or a plan, and to the way we 1484:

A related question is whether "consciousness" (as Searle understands it) exists. Searle argues that the experience of consciousness cannot be detected by examining the behavior of a machine, a human being or any other animal.

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for intelligence). Turing wrote "I do not wish to give the impression that I think there is no mystery about consciousness… ut I do not think these mysteries necessarily need to be solved before we can answer the question ."

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Although Dreyfus' views have been vindicated in many ways, the work in cognitive science and in AI was in response to specific problems in those fields and was not directly influenced by Dreyfus. Historian and AI researcher

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and others developed a similar theory where they identified two "systems" that humans use to solve problems, which he called "System 1" (fast intuitive judgements) and "System 2" (slow deliberate step by step thinking).

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In 2009, academics and technical experts attended a conference to discuss the potential impact of robots and computers and the impact of the hypothetical possibility that they could become self-sufficient and able to

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Neither of Searle's two positions are of great concern to AI research, since they do not directly answer the question "can a machine display general intelligence?" (unless it can also be shown that consciousness is

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has focused on reproducing the "background" or context of knowledge. In fact, AI research in general has moved away from high level symbol manipulation, towards new models that are intended to capture more of our

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hypothesis discussed above, and it implies that artificial intelligence is possible. In terms of the philosophical question of AI ("Can a machine have mind, mental states and consciousness?"), most versions of

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wrote that "time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of Dreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they suggested might have been taken much earlier."

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can be correctly described as the instantiation of a computer program, then again the answer is, of course, yes, since we are the instantiations of any number of computer programs, and we can think."

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the problems humans solve using their intelligence? This question defines the scope of what machines could do in the future and guides the direction of AI research. It only concerns the

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envisioned the entire population of China involved in such a brain simulation. This thought experiment is called "the Chinese Nation" or "the Chinese Gym". Ned Block also proposed his

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After concluding that human reasoning is non-computable, Penrose went on to controversially speculate that some kind of hypothetical non-computable processes involving the collapse of

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question posed to it, using the same words that an ordinary person would, then we may call that machine intelligent. A modern version of his experimental design would use an online

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Russell and Norvig point out that, in the years since Dreyfus published his critique, progress has been made towards discovering the "rules" that govern unconscious reasoning. The

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and expertise depended primarily on fast intuitive judgements rather than step-by-step symbolic manipulation, and argued that these skills would never be captured in formal rules.

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This statement is true but cannot be asserted by Lucas. This shows that Lucas himself is subject to the same limits that he describes for machines, as are all people, and so

1300:: the actual relationship between the machinery in our heads and its collective properties; such as the mind, experience and understanding. Some of the harshest critics of 1389: 666:

write that "aeronautical engineering texts do not define the goal of their field as 'making machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they can fool other pigeons'".

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respectively. The scientific answers to these questions depend on the definition of "intelligence" and "consciousness" and exactly which "machines" are under discussion.

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and Haenlein suggest that machines can display scientific creativity, while it seems likely that humans will have the upper hand where artistic creativity is concerned.

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that the behavior which results from human 'information processing,' whether directly formalizable or not, can always be indirectly reproduced on a digital machine." .

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The transcripts of conversations between scientists and LaMDA reveal that the AI system excels at this, providing answers to challenging topics about the nature of

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However, the modern consensus in the scientific and mathematical community is that actual human reasoning is inconsistent; that any consistent "idealized version"

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proposal, essentially achieves the desired feature of intelligence without a precise design-time description as to how it would exactly work. The account on robot

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manga and anime series—to describe this essential human property). For others , the words "mind" or "consciousness" are used as a kind of secular synonym for the

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something. "It's not hard to give a commonsense definition of consciousness" observes philosopher John Searle. What is mysterious and fascinating is not so much

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Searle introduced the terms to isolate strong AI from weak AI so he could focus on what he thought was the more interesting and debatable issue. He argued that

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It is also possible to sidestep the connection between the two parts of the above proposal. For instance, machine learning, beginning with Turing's infamous

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under "(1) The Theological Objection", although he also writes, "I am not very impressed with theological arguments whatever they may be used to support"

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believes that "robots in general will be quite emotional about being nice people". Fear is a source of urgency. Empathy is a necessary component of good

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that we had a computer program that acted exactly like a human mind, there would still be a difficult philosophical question that needed to be answered.

3907: 542:: "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds." 3846: 1733:

The question of whether highly intelligent and completely autonomous machines would be dangerous has been examined in detail by futurists (such as the

518:: "Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." 1752:

has suggested that over just a few years, computers will suddenly become thousands or millions of times more intelligent than humans. He calls this "

588:"Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." 391: 4558: 2872: 1388:

made essentially the same argument as Searle in 1714, using the thought experiment of expanding the brain until it was the size of a mill. In 1974,

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has commissioned a study to look at this issue. They point to programs like the Language Acquisition Device which can emulate human interaction.

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This question (like many others in the philosophy of artificial intelligence) can be presented in two forms. "Hostility" can be defined in terms

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writes "Moravec's point is that emotions are just devices for channeling behavior in a direction beneficial to the survival of one's species."

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require (yet to be described) "actual physical-chemical properties of actual human brains." He argues there are special "causal properties" of

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property that makes us human: a machine or alien that is "conscious" will be presented as a fully human character, with intelligence, desires,

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for intelligence). Another version of this position was described by philosopher Hubert Dreyfus, who called it "the psychological assumption":

705:"If an agent acts so as to maximize the expected value of a performance measure based on past experience and knowledge then it is intelligent." 4113: 2074: 701:. An "agent" is something which perceives and acts in an environment. A "performance measure" defines what counts as success for the agent. 597: 4657: 1798:, meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane. 4796: 3815: 3956: 515: 7345: 1140: 187: 152: 8188: 3865: 2905: 1704:, a computer program that extrapolates formulas to fit the data inputted, such as finding the laws of motion from a pendulum's motion. 1663:

strips away all other properties of human beings and reduces the question to "can a machine be the subject of its own thought?" Can it

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machine (or by the methods of current AI research). Arguments in favor of the basic premise must show that such a system is possible.

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of human reasoning would logically be forced to adopt a healthy but counter-intuitive open-minded skepticism about the consistency of

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minds in the same physical place, similar to the way a computer can simultaneously "be" two machines at once: one physical (like a

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it is: how does a lump of fatty tissue and electricity give rise to this (familiar) experience of perceiving, meaning or thinking?

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from its own consistency, including belief in its Gödel statement) . This is probably impossible for a Turing machine to do (see

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and Norvig agree: "Most AI researchers take the weak AI hypothesis for granted, and don't care about the strong AI hypothesis."

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reduced the problem of defining intelligence to a simple question about conversation. He suggests that: if a machine can answer

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makes this reply under "(4) The Argument from Consciousness." Cole ascribes this position to Daniel Dennett and Hans Moravec.

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This claim is very strong: it implies both that human thinking is a kind of symbol manipulation (because a symbol system is

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argues that without an understanding of philosophy or its concepts, AI development would suffer from a lack of progress.

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Turing noted that there are many arguments of the form "a machine will never do X", where X can be many things, such as:

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to create minds, with mental states (like understanding or perceiving), and ultimately, the experience of consciousness?

1286:"): If two people see the same thing, do they have the same experience? Or are there things "inside their head" (called " 363: 335: 330: 224: 1756:". He suggests that it may be somewhat or possibly very dangerous for humans. This is discussed by a philosophy called 7672: 6808: 5498: 5119: 4532: 4501: 2236:, p. 947 define the philosophy of AI as consisting of the first two questions, and the additional question of the 2033: 1742: 1306: 1297: 846: 684: 323: 192: 182: 172: 8729: 3315:

For example, John Searle writes: "Can a machine think? The answer is, obvious, yes. We are precisely such machines." (

1190:, insight, pride and so on. (Science fiction writers also use the words "sentience", "sapience", "self-awareness" or " 9439: 8754: 6109: 6104: 6057: 5738: 4644: 4239: 4030: 2955: 2237: 1713: 1380: 912: 295: 241: 207: 74: 19: 3773: 2431: 1741:, which has considered many differently possible scenarios where intelligent machines pose a threat to mankind; see 9286: 7234: 5432: 4789: 3796: 2685:, pp. 271 and 279. The most extreme form of this argument (the brain replacement scenario) was put forward by 2595: 1820:

to the basic premise of AI, unless it can be shown that one of these traits is essential for general intelligence.

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Before we can answer this question, we must be clear what we mean by "minds", "mental states" and "consciousness".

377: 281: 127: 1513:" claims that the relationship between mind and brain is similar (if not identical) to the relationship between a 9316: 7338: 6119: 3978: 2904:(2010). "26.1.2: Philosophical Foundations/Weak AI: Can Machines Act Intelligently?/The mathematical objection". 957:

uses statements that refer to themselves, such as "this statement is false" or "I am lying". But, of course, the

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The basic position of most AI researchers is summed up in this statement, which appeared in the proposal for the

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thesis is bound to be illegitimate, since these results are quite consistent with the computationalist thesis."

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as depicted in science-fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls.

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These Gödelian anti-mechanist arguments are, however, problematic, and there is wide consensus that they fail.

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These arguments show that human thinking does not consist (solely) of high level symbol manipulation. They do

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One issue is that machines may acquire the autonomy and intelligence required to be dangerous very quickly.

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There are a few researchers who believe that consciousness is an essential element in intelligence, such as

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mathematical optimization, does not use the high-level "symbol processing" that Newell and Simon discussed.

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hypothesis: "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."

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states that these "Gödel-statements" always refer to the system itself, drawing an analogy to the way the

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proposed that "symbol manipulation" was the essence of both human and machine intelligence. They wrote:

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The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers

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Cognitive science and psychology eventually came to agree with Dreyfus' description of human expertise.

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thinking, as a person thinks, rather than just producing outcomes that appear to result from thinking?

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Litt, Abninder; Eliasmith, Chris; Kroon, Frederick W.; Weinstein, Steven; Thagard, Paul (6 May 2006).

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Finally, those who believe in the existence of a soul may argue that "Thinking is a function of man's

769:) agree that a brain simulation is possible in theory. However, Searle points out that, in principle, 9198: 7410: 7400: 7224: 7216: 6846: 6580: 6456: 6004: 5984: 5892: 5888: 5811: 5503: 5401: 5321: 5046: 4976: 4966: 4597: 3269: 2053: 2008: 1765: 1753: 1667:? Viewed in this way, a program can be written that can report on its own internal states, such as a 1522: 511:: If a machine behaves as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being. 147: 4205: 4155: 3235:, pp. 952–3, where they identify Searle's argument with Turing's "Argument from Consciousness." 2189:

Nathalie A. Smuha (Ed.), Cambridge Handbook on the Law, Ethics and Policy of Artificial Intelligence

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show that artificial intelligence is impossible, only that more than symbol processing is required.

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into a simple set of rules of the form "see this, do that", removing all mystery from the program.

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of what is being discussed in Chinese? The man is clearly not aware. The room cannot be aware. The

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Related arguments: Leibniz' mill, Davis's telephone exchange, Block's Chinese nation and Blockhead

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LaForte, G., Hayes, P. J., Ford, K. M. 1998. Why Gödel's theorem cannot refute computationalism.

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furthermore that the timescale of quantum decoherence seems too fast to influence neuron firing.

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imagined duplicating the brain using telephone lines and offices staffed by people, and in 1978

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and "things that do not". By this definition, even a thermostat has a rudimentary intelligence.

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If a machine acts as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being.

9449: 9012: 8944: 8024: 7862: 7440: 7415: 7405: 7264: 7067: 6906: 6783: 6763: 6710: 6620: 6575: 6546: 6521: 6451: 6439: 6405: 6202: 6192: 5610: 5536: 5493: 5356: 5351: 5259: 4150: 3948: 2080: 2063: 1566: 1476: 1080: 1038: 870: 856: 787: 687:

defined intelligence as "the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world."

529: 142: 4400: 9249: 9188: 9168: 9002: 8914: 8894: 8884: 8517: 8366: 7999: 7931: 7839: 7806: 7634: 7614: 7420: 7244: 7239: 6924: 6866: 6818: 6645: 6610: 6585: 6476: 6365: 6052: 6047: 5999: 5967: 5957: 5916: 5696: 5573: 5479: 5341: 5331: 5269: 5219: 5193: 5099: 5094: 4981: 4956: 4831: 2824: 2292: 1046: 1900:, some philosophers argue that the role of philosophy in AI is underappreciated. Physicist 9266: 9221: 9183: 9130: 9059: 8815: 8611: 8522: 8345: 8315: 8056: 7584: 7430: 7425: 6851: 6788: 6690: 6600: 6430: 6415: 6032: 6027: 5902: 5786: 5691: 5664: 5546: 5376: 5109: 2975: 1894:

Some scholars argue that the AI community's dismissal of philosophy is detrimental. In the

1045:

can make predictions which approach the accuracy of human intuitive guesses. Research into

539: 84: 4135: 3923: 1917: 8: 9407: 9362: 9352: 9311: 9259: 9244: 9173: 9153: 9135: 8967: 8934: 8795: 8782: 8589: 8386: 8297: 8252: 8158: 8044: 7857: 7705: 6695: 6685: 6670: 6635: 6630: 6615: 6595: 6590: 6461: 6400: 6331: 6094: 5776: 5669: 5644: 5629: 5558: 5056: 4886: 3580: 3512: 2971: 2970:, p. 950 They point out that real machines with finite memory can be modeled using 1624: 1143:, although their definition of "consciousness" strays very close to "intelligence". (See 236: 8119: 4411: 4317:

Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer

3443:, 4.1. Among those who hold to the "system" position (according to Cole) are Ned Block, 447:

The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as follows:

9357: 9326: 9306: 9254: 9236: 9211: 9206: 9158: 9145: 9112: 9007: 8909: 8844: 8800: 8744: 8584: 8413: 8307: 8215: 8019: 7898: 7889: 7852: 7847: 7753: 7748: 7725: 7644: 7458: 7385: 7162: 7042: 6876: 6823: 6735: 6730: 6665: 6605: 6565: 6491: 6242: 6197: 6084: 5907: 5728: 5563: 5553: 5409: 5284: 5134: 4805: 4680: 4442: 4396: 4375: 3750: 2058: 2043: 1757: 1616: 1397: 1332: 1251: 1196: 981: 958: 954: 939: 581: 466: 409: 286: 7282: 4164: 935:

is not necessary to be able to prove everything in order to be an intelligent person.

9395: 9296: 9291: 9276: 9216: 9178: 9163: 9120: 8691: 8651: 8569: 8497: 8480: 8458: 8086: 8061: 7872: 7692: 7435: 7187: 7177: 7102: 7077: 6758: 6715: 6640: 6541: 6526: 6410: 6375: 6301: 6074: 5931: 5721: 5686: 5580: 5519: 5346: 5203: 4821: 4764: 4731: 4721: 4715: 4640: 4626: 4603: 4490: 4463: 4446: 4410:

Horst, Steven (2009), "The Computational Theory of Mind", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),

4343: 4282: 4259: 4235: 4191: 4121: 4087: 4070: 3754: 3182: 3070: 2915: 2897: 2591: 2068: 1965: 1951: 1883: 1795: 1620: 1385: 1255: 1216: 1187: 1170:

thinkers, for example, use the word "consciousness" to describe something similar to

1121: 927: 860: 698: 690: 659: 490: 64: 7312: 7302: 6172: 4916: 4684: 3922:'Can digital computers think?'. Talk broadcast on BBC Third Programme, 15 May 1951. 3827: 1841:

The discussion on the topic has been reignited as a result of recent claims made by

1586:

This is John Searle's "strong AI" discussed above, and it is the real target of the

9347: 9281: 9271: 8972: 8919: 8869: 8849: 8810: 8805: 8646: 8574: 8292: 8203: 8094: 8066: 8051: 8014: 7720: 7700: 7667: 7572: 7534: 7197: 7192: 7057: 7052: 6952: 6773: 6720: 6675: 6660: 6655: 6531: 6506: 6272: 6227: 6207: 5743: 5733: 5716: 5188: 5181: 5146: 5114: 4936: 4756: 4672: 4509: 4434: 4333: 4160: 3742: 3060: 2816: 2423: 2213:(Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from 1993: 1571: 1510: 1405: 1058: 921: 812:

for intelligence) and that machines can be intelligent (because a symbol system is

797: 724: 525: 202: 137: 122: 5129: 1772:

can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence". They noted that

9053: 9022: 8987: 8952: 8830: 8681: 8579: 8537: 8448: 8436: 8421: 8396: 8371: 8141: 8009: 8004: 7921: 7906: 7579: 7463: 7167: 7132: 7072: 7022: 6511: 6262: 6222: 6144: 6099: 5936: 5841: 5826: 5801: 5615: 5595: 5031: 4891: 4851: 4617:

Rescorla, Michael, "The Computational Theory of Mind", in:Edward N. Zalta (ed.),

4438: 4204:

Cole, David (Fall 2004), "The Chinese Room Argument", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),

4097: 4031:"Philosophy will be the key that unlocks artificial intelligence | David Deutsch" 4015: 3911: 3891: 3872: 3853: 3834: 3803: 3746: 3576: 3276: 3176: 1738: 1652: 1440: 1312: 1179: 1128: 1029:

research attempts to capture our unconscious skills at perception and attention.

891: 601: 441: 79: 8193: 4481: 4220:

Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence

3065: 3048: 2159: 1278:(i.e. objects and situations out in the world)? A third issue is the problem of 674: 8962: 8957: 8825: 8790: 8722: 8696: 8532: 8381: 8320: 8233: 8076: 7972: 7715: 7395: 7207: 7127: 7122: 7087: 7062: 7032: 7027: 7012: 7007: 6987: 6982: 6962: 6753: 6313: 6182: 6042: 5681: 5590: 5291: 5141: 5036: 4946: 4911: 4881: 4866: 4836: 4760: 4747: 4519:

A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence

4513: 4422: 4383: 4312: 4295: 4272: 4249: 4227: 4183: 3894:, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Accessed 7/26/09. 3532: 3504: 3476: 3456: 3448: 2690: 2558: 2427: 1979: 1860: 1773: 1769: 1689: 1648: 1636: 1490:

correct in that consciousness can be detected by suitably designed Turing test.

1486: 1444: 1293: 1267: 1212: 1074: 1067: 1041:

and so on are mostly directed at simulated unconscious reasoning and learning.

1011: 943: 762: 746: 8403: 8178: 4676: 4008: 1178:": an invisible, energetic fluid that permeates life and especially the mind. 607:

The first step to answering the question is to clearly define "intelligence".

9423: 9017: 8929: 8859: 8601: 8391: 8325: 8282: 8151: 7776: 7562: 7544: 7112: 7097: 7082: 7037: 7002: 6967: 6947: 6937: 6932: 6911: 6871: 6803: 6705: 6700: 6232: 6167: 6139: 6067: 5796: 5711: 5371: 5296: 5249: 5166: 5156: 5061: 5016: 5011: 4986: 4961: 4951: 4931: 4856: 4768: 4735: 4593: 4505: 4370: 4357: 4214: 4176: 4131: 4079: 3540: 3508: 3468: 3444: 2911: 2686: 2573: 1901: 1681: 1591: 1575: 1534: 1530: 1362: 1340: 1336: 1163: 1132: 879: 864: 545: 470: 429: 132: 4599:

The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics

4361: 2813:

Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications

2808: 2598:. For an in-depth treatment of the role of the thermostat in philosophy see 1475:: Several people have noted that Searle's argument is just a version of the 1175: 852: 713: 9048: 9038: 8997: 8977: 8749: 8712: 8671: 8557: 8507: 8168: 8146: 8124: 8071: 8039: 7911: 7771: 7682: 7478: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7117: 7107: 7047: 7017: 6997: 6896: 6793: 6496: 6380: 6277: 6257: 6212: 6187: 6177: 6149: 6079: 6037: 5911: 5865: 5836: 5816: 5326: 5316: 5311: 5274: 5224: 5021: 5001: 4991: 4921: 4841: 4630: 4581: 4453: 4337: 4109: 3584: 3460: 3074: 2901: 1749: 1656: 1628: 1587: 1529:(who thought perception could be reduced to "atomic impressions") and even 1401: 1351: 1323: 1183: 931: 793: 755: 751: 694: 663: 566: 521: 433: 421: 276: 3949:"Google AI 'is sentient,' software engineer claims before being suspended" 3816:

The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era

1517:(software) and a computer (hardware). The idea has philosophical roots in 9043: 8982: 8854: 8834: 8739: 8676: 8636: 8616: 8542: 8512: 8173: 8109: 7801: 7786: 7662: 7652: 7601: 7567: 7506: 7202: 6992: 6977: 6942: 6798: 6725: 6425: 6267: 6252: 6237: 6217: 6134: 6062: 5879: 5869: 5856: 5821: 5771: 5701: 5654: 5541: 5531: 5392: 5366: 5176: 5089: 5066: 5041: 5026: 4926: 4901: 4876: 4871: 4742: 4711: 4699: 4653: 4062: 3544: 3500: 3472: 3464: 3452: 2858: 2828:(b). Yet he considered the disjunctive conclusion to be a "certain fact". 2411: 2257: 2107: 1988: 1829: 1791: 1723: 1660: 1612: 1538: 1328: 1088: 986: 766: 654: 634: 629: 535: 508: 501: 459: 305: 290: 5448: 4996: 1582:

Mental states are just implementations of (the right) computer programs.

615: 8889: 8717: 8666: 8656: 8527: 8431: 8376: 8183: 8163: 8029: 7796: 7710: 7539: 7486: 7450: 7354: 7137: 6972: 6768: 6625: 6516: 6354: 6154: 5883: 5874: 5861: 5605: 5568: 5229: 5151: 5051: 4971: 4941: 4896: 1923:

The main bibliography on the subject, with several sub-sections, is on

1832:

soul." Alan Turing called this "the theological objection". He writes:

1688:, as one example, combined ideas to discover new mathematical truths.) 1619:

inside an organism, then emotions can be viewed as a mechanism that an

1562: 1526: 1208: 1034: 570: 494: 6308: 1973: 1680:

for a computer that can represent ideas to combine them in new ways. (

1296:

believe all these problems will be solved as we begin to identify the

8904: 8899: 8759: 8686: 8621: 8492: 8426: 8238: 8228: 8223: 8198: 7994: 7554: 7516: 7172: 6957: 6861: 5921: 5514: 5301: 5234: 5198: 4861: 4826: 4774: 3847:

Science New Navy-funded Report Warns of War Robots Going "Terminator"

3837:, By Jason Palmer, Science and technology reporter, BBC News, 8/3/09. 3536: 3496: 1872: 1737:). The obvious element of drama has also made the subject popular in 1727: 1436: 1393: 1343: 642: 437: 340: 104: 8129: 3866:

Navy report warns of robot uprising, suggests a strong moral compass

3770:"Robo-scientist makes gene discovery-on its own | Crave - CNET" 2453: 2184: 8734: 8641: 8606: 8564: 8552: 8340: 8134: 8034: 7977: 7781: 7735: 7619: 6886: 6881: 6841: 5941: 5659: 1801: 1668: 1608: 1416:

Responses to the Chinese room emphasize several different points.

1026: 1022: 961:

applies to anything that makes statements, whether it is a machine

177: 99: 1875:

to respond to queries in the most fluid and natural way possible.

1099:

Searle distinguished this position from what he called "weak AI":

920:

attempt to utilize (Gödel's incompleteness results) to attack the

8361: 8335: 8330: 8272: 8267: 8099: 7987: 7982: 7941: 7763: 7609: 7491: 5639: 5244: 2705:"Eugene M. Izhikevich, Large-Scale Simulation of the Human Brain" 2013: 1879: 1868: 1697: 1525:(who attempted to create a logical calculus of all human ideas), 1171: 1167: 1136: 458:

Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the

345: 2570: 8626: 8547: 8277: 7936: 7926: 7624: 7526: 6556: 5706: 5361: 4639:(2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 4634: 4495:

Morphing Intelligence: From IQ Measurement to Artificial Brains

3885:

AAAI Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures 2008-2009 Study

2602:, pp. 293–301) "4. Is Experience Ubiquitous?" subsections 1842: 1701: 1546: 1518: 1370: 1287: 1153: 478: 425: 4500: 4480:(1961), "Minds, Machines and Gödel", in Anderson, A.R. (ed.), 4084:

Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code

2783:

Searle writes "I like the straight forwardness of the claim."

2288: 1313:

Arguments that a computer cannot have a mind and mental states

552: 8442: 8104: 7390: 7323: 6323: 5006: 4065:(1989). Artificial Knowing: Gender and the Thinking Machine. 2896: 1856: 1366: 1191: 1014:'s argument had been anticipated by Turing in his 1950 paper 1166:" are used by different communities in different ways. Some 1075:

Can a machine have a mind, consciousness, and mental states?

573:, evoking the question: does it matter whether a machine is 6901: 5585: 5336: 5264: 3571:

under "3. The Brain Simulator Reply (Berkeley and M.I.T.)"

3467:. Those who have defended the "virtual mind" reply include 3046: 2629: 1850: 1521:(who claimed reasoning was "nothing more than reckoning"), 1374: 1201: 1159: 1095:

A physical symbol system can have a mind and mental states.

3946: 2577:. Vol. 324, no. 7770. 1 August 1992. p. 14. 1785:

Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

1707: 993: 604:

eliminates the need for a precise description altogether.

8287: 3856:, by Jason Mick (Blog), dailytech.com, February 17, 2009. 3134:

under "(8) The Argument from the Informality of Behavior"

3002:, pp. 476–477, this statement was first proposed by 2590:, pp. 48–52) consider a thermostat a simple form of 2205:

Bringsjord, Selmer; Govindarajulu, Naveen Sundar (2018),

1674: 739: 714:

Arguments that a machine can display general intelligence

4745:(October 1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", 2722: 1913: 1557:

In other words, our intelligence derives from a form of

485:

Questions like these reflect the divergent interests of

420:

and its implications for knowledge and understanding of

3924:

http://www.turingarchive.org/viewer/?id=459&title=8

2204: 1250:. It is the latest version of a classic problem in the 504:

in the philosophy of AI include some of the following:

3250: 3231:

under "(4) The Argument from Consciousness". See also

2617: 1361:

Searle goes on to argue that actual mental states and

828: 781: 4232:

AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence

4188:

The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory

3270:

The Philosopher's Zone: The question of consciousness

2978:, and Gödel's argument does not apply to them at all. 2758: 2392:, p. 3, where they make the distinction between 2029:

Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

1545:

versions of computationalism make the claim that (as

1494: 1087:. The question revolves around a position defined by 750:

introduced as early as 1943 and vividly described by

3875:, by Joseph L. Flatley engadget.com, Feb 18th 2009. 2734: 2527: 2291:. This assertion was printed in the program for the 1941: 840: 2746: 2648: 2400:

rational, and define AI as the study of the former.

2256:This is a paraphrase of the essential point of the 1659:human property that makes a character fully human. 1350:certainly are not aware. Searle concludes that the 3207: 3142: 3140: 2640:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPittsMcCullough1943 ( 2468: 2295:of 1956, widely considered the "birth of AI."also 1889: 1627:of its actions. Given this definition of emotion, 1358:other physical symbol system, cannot have a mind. 669: 565:of machines and ignores the issues of interest to 557:Is it possible to create a machine that can solve 4497:. (C. Shread, Trans.). Columbia University Press. 3792: 3790: 2702: 2353:, p. 1). Strong AI is defined similarly by 2315:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNewellSimon1976 ( 2039:Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence 1079:This is a philosophical question, related to the 1000:Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence 859:that it is always possible to construct a "Gödel 473:in the same sense that a human being can? Can it 9421: 2939:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics 1802:Can a machine imitate all human characteristics? 1411: 1290:") that can be different from person to person? 619:The "standard interpretation" of the Turing test 4416:, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4009:Artificial Intelligence, Robots, and Philosophy 3699:under "(5) Arguments from Various Disabilities" 3174: 3137: 2675:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRussellNorvig ( 2635: 2152:"The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy" 1815:of behaviour as a man, do something really new. 1780:of their ability to make autonomous decisions. 1642: 1611:" are defined only in terms of their effect on 1602: 1103:A physical symbol system can act intelligently. 969:Lucas can't assert the truth of this statement. 4421: 4311: 3787: 3723:under "(5) Argument from Various Disabilities" 3095: 455:problem that a person would solve by thinking? 451:Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve 7339: 6339: 5464: 4790: 4625: 4339:Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking 4115:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 3479:, Ned Block and J. Cole (again, according to 3436: 3402:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLeibniz1714 ( 3336: 3303: 3244: 3232: 3146: 3119: 3099: 3018: 2967: 2841: 2587: 2545: 2521: 2497: 2389: 2354: 2322: 2273: 2233: 2075:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 1907: 1823: 718: 385: 4402:Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid 3379:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSearle1984 ( 3168: 2769:sfn error: no target: CITEREFYudkowsky2008 ( 2374:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHobbes1651 ( 1154:Consciousness, minds, mental states, meaning 949:Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid 3635:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHorst2005 ( 3349:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHearn2007 ( 2857: 2311: 1912:The main conference series on the issue is 553:Can a machine display general intelligence? 7346: 7332: 6346: 6332: 5471: 5457: 4797: 4783: 4636:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach 4395: 3797:Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man 3014: 2999: 2987: 2907:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach 2845: 2557:Russell and Norvig would prefer the word " 2451: 1597: 884:this philosophical anti-mechanist argument 847:Mechanism (philosophy): Gödelian arguments 754:in 1988, is now associated with futurist 697:formalized this definition using abstract 392: 378: 6127: 6090:Relationship between religion and science 5478: 4556: 4382: 4154: 4096: 3947:Brandon Specktor published (2022-06-13). 3806:By JOHN MARKOFF, NY Times, July 26, 2009. 3648: 3646: 3619: 3431:under "1. The Systems Reply (Berkeley)", 3291: 3256: 3064: 2764: 2670: 2479:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSaygin2000 ( 2265: 2185:"Philosophy of AI: A structured overview" 4706:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press 4531: 4452: 4363:Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument 4332: 4182: 4102:Consciousness: A Very Short Introduction 3662: 3660: 2910:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: 2666: 2612:Constraining the double-aspect principle 2599: 2533: 1651:", as noted above, is sometimes used by 1317: 728: 673: 614: 4619:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4592: 4580: 4413:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4294: 4271: 4248: 4226: 4207:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4108: 4028: 3976: 3679: 3667: 3615: 3556: 3432: 3397: 3340: 3280: 3213: 3163: 3103: 3091: 3087: 3035: 2948: 2796: 2728: 2689:in the mid-1970s and was touched on by 2682: 2654: 2623: 2512:under "The Argument from Consciousness" 2454:"Autonomous Robots and Tacit Knowledge" 2346: 2296: 2269: 2211:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1735:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 1708:Can a machine be benevolent or hostile? 1270:"): what is the connection between our 1258:". A related problem is the problem of 994:Dreyfus: the primacy of implicit skills 965:a human, even Lucas himself. Consider: 9422: 4804: 4741: 4710: 4698: 4652: 4388:Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea 4356: 4130: 3934: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3652: 3643: 3603: 3595: 3568: 3524: 3428: 3375: 3363: 3328: 3316: 3228: 3159: 3131: 3022: 2821:Collected works / Kurt Gödel, Vol. III 2784: 2752: 2740: 2509: 2493: 2474: 2412:"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 2409: 2369: 2350: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2284: 2282: 2261: 2182: 1849:system that it is sentient and had a " 1675:Can a machine be original or creative? 1182:writers use the word to describe some 9430:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 9085: 7827: 7365: 7327: 6327: 5452: 5398:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 4778: 4476: 4409: 4323: 4190:, Oxford University Press, New York, 3711:under "(6) Lady Lovelace's Objection" 3692: 3690: 3688: 3657: 3631: 3344: 3224: 3222: 3107: 2837: 2452:Heder, Mihaly; Paksi, Daniel (2012). 2241: 2200: 2198: 1790:Some have suggested a need to build " 1377:: in his words "brains cause minds." 406:philosophy of artificial intelligence 4545:from the original on 4 December 2022 4203: 3767: 3733:"Kaplan Andreas; Michael Haenlein". 3599: 3572: 3528: 3492: 3480: 3440: 3416: 3393: 3332: 2365: 2363: 2307: 2305: 2178: 2176: 2149: 2024:Computing Machinery and Intelligence 1016:Computing machinery and intelligence 761:Even AI's harshest critics (such as 3979:"Is LaMDA Sentient? — an Interview" 3527:under "2. The Robot Reply (Yale)". 3195:from the original on March 15, 2023 2868:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2604:What is it like to be a thermostat? 2464:(2): 8–14 – via academia.edu. 2328: 2279: 2252: 2250: 1897:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1553:Reasoning is nothing but reckoning. 1451:Speed, power and complexity replies 829:Arguments against symbol processing 782:Human thinking is symbol processing 13: 3685: 3598:under "5. The Other Minds Reply", 3219: 3049:"Is the Brain a Quantum Computer?" 2195: 1743:Artificial intelligence in fiction 1495:Is thinking a kind of computation? 1298:neural correlates of consciousness 742:scan of a normal adult human brain 39: 14: 9461: 6110:Sociology of scientific knowledge 6105:Sociology of scientific ignorance 6058:History and philosophy of science 3081: 2863:"Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems" 2831: 2707:. Vesicle.nsi.edu. Archived from 2548:, pp. 4–5, 32, 35, 36 and 56 2360: 2302: 2238:ethics of artificial intelligence 2183:Müller, Vincent C. (2023-07-24). 2173: 1863:for Dialogue Applications) is an 1714:Ethics of artificial intelligence 841:Gödelian anti-mechanist arguments 20:Ethics of artificial intelligence 9403: 9402: 9389: 6555: 6307: 6295: 4557:McDermott, Drew (May 14, 1997), 3828:Call for debate on killer robots 3531:, 4.3 ascribes this position to 3495:, 4.2 ascribes this position to 2703:Eugene Izhikevich (2005-10-27). 2247: 2133:"Philosophy of Computer Science" 1972: 1958: 1944: 4143:Robotics and Autonomous Systems 4041:from the original on 2013-09-27 4022: 4000: 3989:from the original on 2022-06-13 3970: 3959:from the original on 2022-06-14 3940: 3928: 3916: 3906:, July 2004, accessed 7/27/09. 3897: 3878: 3859: 3840: 3821: 3809: 3772:. News.cnet.com. Archived from 3761: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3673: 3625: 3609: 3589: 3562: 3549: 3539:, Daniel Dennett, Jerry Fodor, 3518: 3486: 3422: 3410: 3387: 3369: 3357: 3322: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3262: 3238: 3152: 3125: 3113: 3040: 3029: 3008: 2992: 2981: 2961: 2931: 2890: 2875:from the original on 3 May 2021 2851: 2802: 2790: 2777: 2696: 2660: 2581: 2564: 2551: 2539: 2515: 2503: 2487: 2445: 2434:from the original on 2021-12-22 2403: 2382: 2099: 1890:Views on the role of philosophy 670:Intelligence as achieving goals 610: 60:Artificial general intelligence 7353: 6353: 5499:Analytic–synthetic distinction 4559:"How Intelligent is Deep Blue" 4056: 4006:M.Morioka et al. (2023-01-15) 2227: 2143: 2125: 2049:Philosophy of computer science 1865:artificial intelligence system 1404:in which the program has been 1006:argued that human intelligence 623: 414:philosophy of computer science 1: 9086: 6651:Industrial and organizational 5255:Hard problem of consciousness 4720:, New York, NY: Basic Books, 4665:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4390:, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 4165:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9 4029:Deutsch, David (2012-10-03). 3977:Lemoine, Blake (2022-06-11). 2209:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 2118: 1914:"Philosophy and Theory of AI" 1412:Responses to the Chinese room 1248:hard problem of consciousness 1085:hard problem of consciousness 882:(since 1989) have championed 8875:Ordinary language philosophy 7366: 6892:Human factors and ergonomics 4658:"Minds, Brains and Programs" 4439:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 4234:. New York, NY: BasicBooks. 4136:"Elephants Don't Play Chess" 3747:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 2019:Computational theory of mind 1643:Can a machine be self-aware? 1603:Can a machine have emotions? 1507:computational theory of mind 1501:Computational theory of mind 1400:, which is a version of the 1043:Statistical approaches to AI 509:Turing's "polite convention" 7: 8925:Contemporary utilitarianism 8840:Internalism and externalism 5832:Hypothetico-deductive model 5807:Deductive-nomological model 5792:Constructivist epistemology 4704:The Rediscovery of the Mind 4602:, Oxford University Press, 3768:Katz, Leslie (2009-04-02). 3066:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_59 2848:, pp. 471–473, 476–477 2636:Pitts & McCullough 1943 1937: 1246:Philosophers call this the 569:, cognitive scientists and 95:Natural language processing 10: 9466: 8189:Svatantrika and Prasangika 7828: 4717:Mind, language and society 4588:, Harvard University Press 4462:, New York: Viking Press, 4315:; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986), 3741:(1): 15–25. January 2019. 3575:ascribes this position to 3096:Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986 2943:Cambridge University Press 2588:Russell & Norvig (2003 2355:Russell & Norvig (2003 1908:Conferences and literature 1824:Can a machine have a soul? 1711: 1655:writers as a name for the 1633:human computer interaction 1498: 1321: 1276:what we are thinking about 1266:(which philosophers call " 1031:Computational intelligence 997: 977:'s argument is pointless. 863:" that a given consistent 844: 785: 722: 719:The brain can be simulated 627: 148:Hybrid intelligent systems 70:Recursive self-improvement 17: 9383: 9335: 9235: 9197: 9144: 9111: 9102: 9098: 9081: 9031: 8943: 8781: 8772: 8705: 8488: 8479: 8457: 8412: 8354: 8306: 8260: 8251: 8214: 8085: 7950: 7897: 7888: 7838: 7834: 7823: 7762: 7734: 7691: 7643: 7600: 7553: 7525: 7477: 7449: 7411:Philosophy of mathematics 7401:Philosophy of information 7376: 7372: 7361: 7278: 7215: 6922: 6832: 6744: 6581:Applied behavior analysis 6564: 6553: 6389: 6361: 6286: 6118: 6020: 5950: 5893:Semantic view of theories 5812:Epistemological anarchism 5764: 5749:dependent and independent 5486: 5418: 5385: 5212: 5082: 4977:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4967:David Lewis (philosopher) 4812: 4677:10.1017/S0140525X00005756 4366:, Oxford University Press 4342:, Boston: Little, Brown, 4118:, Oxford University Press 4104:, Oxford University Press 4067:Routledge & CRC Press 3904:Article at Asimovlaws.com 3437:Russell & Norvig 2003 3337:Russell & Norvig 2003 3304:Russell & Norvig 2003 3245:Russell & Norvig 2003 3233:Russell & Norvig 2003 3147:Russell & Norvig 2003 3120:Russell & Norvig 2003 3100:Russell & Norvig 2003 3019:Russell & Norvig 2003 2968:Russell & Norvig 2003 2842:Russell & Norvig 2003 2546:Russell & Norvig 2003 2522:Russell & Norvig 2003 2498:Russell & Norvig 2003 2390:Russell & Norvig 2003 2323:Russell & Norvig 2003 2274:Russell & Norvig 2003 2234:Russell & Norvig 2003 2207:"Artificial Intelligence" 2054:Philosophy of information 2009:Artificial neural network 1427:: This reply argues that 9440:Philosophy of technology 5635:Intertheoretic reduction 5624:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 5601:Functional contextualism 4761:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 4324:Fearn, Nicholas (2007), 4223:. Yale University Press. 3175:Daniel Kahneman (2011). 2669:, p. 262. Also see 2571:"Artificial Stupidity". 2428:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 2410:Turing, Alan M. (1950). 2345:, and is also quoted in 2092: 1999:Artificial consciousness 1766:make their own decisions 1145:artificial consciousness 776:aeronautical engineering 272:Artificial consciousness 8880:Postanalytic philosophy 8821:Experimental philosophy 6857:Behavioral neuroscience 6421:Behavioral neuroscience 6120:Philosophers of science 5898:Scientific essentialism 5847:Model-dependent realism 5782:Constructive empiricism 5675:Evidence-based practice 5105:Eliminative materialism 4459:The Singularity is Near 4328:, New York: Grove Press 4319:, Oxford, UK: Blackwell 4281:, New York: MIT Press, 4278:What Computers Can't Do 4255:Consciousness Explained 3343:, pp. 269–272 and 3178:Thinking, Fast and Slow 3106:, pp. 120–132 and 2956:Artificial Intelligence 2693:and John Searle in 1980 2312:Newell & Simon 1976 2004:Artificial intelligence 1686:Automated Mathematician 1598:Other related questions 1590:argument (according to 1302:artificial intelligence 1039:evolutionary algorithms 913:Artificial Intelligence 462:essentially a computer? 418:artificial intelligence 143:Evolutionary algorithms 33:Artificial intelligence 9013:Social constructionism 8025:Hellenistic philosophy 7441:Theoretical philosophy 7416:Philosophy of religion 7406:Philosophy of language 6907:Psychology of religion 6847:Behavioral engineering 6784:Human subject research 6440:Cognitive neuroscience 6406:Affective neuroscience 6203:Alfred North Whitehead 6193:Charles Sanders Peirce 5357:Propositional attitude 5352:Problem of other minds 5260:Hypostatic abstraction 3910:June 30, 2009, at the 2441:– via cogprints. 2276:, pp. 2–3 and 948 2081:Synthetic intelligence 2064:Physical symbol system 1839: 1817: 1567:physical symbol system 1477:problem of other minds 1331:asks us to consider a 1081:problem of other minds 857:incompleteness theorem 788:Physical symbol system 743: 679: 620: 530:physical symbol system 44: 9435:Philosophy of science 9396:Philosophy portal 8915:Scientific skepticism 8895:Reformed epistemology 7421:Philosophy of science 7283:Wiktionary definition 6819:Self-report inventory 6814:Quantitative research 6302:Philosophy portal 6053:Hard and soft science 6048:Faith and rationality 5917:Scientific skepticism 5697:Scientific Revolution 5480:Philosophy of science 5428:Philosophers category 5332:Mental representation 5095:Biological naturalism 4982:Maurice Merleau-Ponty 4957:Frank Cameron Jackson 4306:, New York: MIT Press 4258:, The Penguin Press, 2825:Diophantine equations 2341:This version is from 1834: 1812: 1783:The President of the 1623:uses to maximize the 1463:Brain simulator reply 1318:Searle's Chinese room 1047:commonsense knowledge 737: 677: 653:One criticism of the 618: 469:, mental states, and 465:Can a machine have a 43: 8816:Critical rationalism 8523:Edo neo-Confucianism 8367:Acintya bheda abheda 8346:Renaissance humanism 8057:School of the Sextii 7431:Practical philosophy 7426:Political philosophy 6809:Qualitative research 6764:Behavior epigenetics 6028:Criticism of science 5903:Scientific formalism 5787:Constructive realism 5692:Scientific pluralism 5665:Problem of induction 5110:Emergent materialism 3339:, pp. 958–960, 3102:, pp. 950–952, 3017:, pp. 476–477, 2974:, which is formally 2958:, 104:265-286, 1998. 2844:, pp. 949–950, 2671:Russell & Norvig 2608:Whither panpsychism? 2293:Dartmouth Conference 2289:McCarthy et al. 1955 1930:A recent survey for 1845:'s LaMDA artificial 1794:", a term coined by 1217:cognitive scientists 540:strong AI hypothesis 491:cognitive scientists 477:? (i.e does it have 85:General game playing 8387:Nimbarka Sampradaya 8298:Korean Confucianism 8045:Academic Skepticism 7288:Wiktionary category 6852:Behavioral genetics 6824:Statistical surveys 6681:Occupational health 6416:Behavioral genetics 6095:Rhetoric of science 6033:Descriptive science 5777:Confirmation holism 5670:Scientific evidence 5630:Inductive reasoning 5559:Demarcation problem 5307:Language of thought 5057:Ludwig Wittgenstein 4887:Patricia Churchland 4621:(Fall 2020 Edition) 4397:Hofstadter, Douglas 3581:Patricia Churchland 3543:, Hans Moravec and 3513:Patricia Churchland 2972:propositional logic 2861:(20 January 2015). 2561:" to "intelligent". 1730:) in another form. 1578:characterizes it): 1373:that gives rise to 1033:paradigms, such as 678:Simple reflex agent 475:feel how things are 408:is a branch of the 237:Machine translation 153:Systems integration 90:Knowledge reasoning 27:Part of a series on 9445:Philosophy of mind 9008:Post-structuralism 8910:Scientific realism 8865:Quinean naturalism 8845:Logical positivism 8801:Analytical Marxism 8020:Peripatetic school 7932:Chinese naturalism 7459:Aesthetic response 7386:Applied philosophy 7260:Schools of thought 7163:Richard E. Nisbett 7043:Donald T. Campbell 6721:Sport and exercise 6314:Science portal 6243:Carl Gustav Hempel 6198:Wilhelm Windelband 6085:Questionable cause 5908:Scientific realism 5729:Underdetermination 5564:Empirical evidence 5554:Creative synthesis 5135:Neurophenomenology 4806:Philosophy of mind 4627:Russell, Stuart J. 4569:on October 4, 2007 4491:Malabou, Catherine 4483:Minds and Machines 4376:A Cyborg Manifesto 4014:2022-12-28 at the 3890:2009-08-28 at the 3871:2011-06-04 at the 3852:2009-07-28 at the 3833:2009-08-07 at the 3802:2017-07-01 at the 3499:, Daniel Dennett, 3306:, pp. 954–956 3275:2007-11-28 at the 2059:Philosophy of mind 2044:Multi-agent system 1934:is Müller (2023). 1758:Singularitarianism 1665:think about itself 1473:epiphenomena reply 1425:virtual mind reply 1398:Blockhead argument 1333:thought experiment 1252:philosophy of mind 1197:Ghost in the Shell 982:quantum mechanical 959:Epimenides paradox 955:Epimenides paradox 940:Douglas Hofstadter 744: 699:intelligent agents 680: 621: 582:Dartmouth workshop 516:Dartmouth proposal 410:philosophy of mind 45: 9417: 9416: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9068: 8796:Analytic feminism 8768: 8767: 8730:Kierkegaardianism 8692:Transcendentalism 8652:Neo-scholasticism 8498:Classical Realism 8475: 8474: 8247: 8246: 8062:Neopythagoreanism 7819: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7436:Social philosophy 7321: 7320: 7298:Wikimedia Commons 7225:Counseling topics 7188:Ronald C. Kessler 7178:Shelley E. Taylor 7103:Lawrence Kohlberg 7078:Stanley Schachter 6877:Consumer behavior 6759:Archival research 6527:Psycholinguistics 6411:Affective science 6321: 6320: 6163: 6162: 6075:Normative science 5932:Uniformitarianism 5687:Scientific method 5581:Explanatory power 5446: 5445: 5342:Mind–body problem 5240:Cognitive closure 5204:Substance dualism 4822:G. E. M. Anscombe 4727:978-0-465-04521-1 4609:978-0-14-014534-2 4510:Rochester, Nathan 4469:978-0-670-03384-3 4427:Business Horizons 4349:978-0-316-17232-5 4334:Gladwell, Malcolm 4288:978-0-06-011082-6 4265:978-0-7139-9037-9 4197:978-0-19-511789-9 4184:Chalmers, David J 4126:978-0-19-967811-2 4092:978-1-509-52643-7 4075:978-0-415-12963-3 3735:Business Horizons 3188:978-1-4299-6935-2 3122:, pp. 950–51 3053:Cognitive Science 2921:978-0-13-604259-4 2898:Stuart J. Russell 2731:, pp. 194–5. 2592:intelligent agent 2069:Simulated reality 1966:Psychology portal 1952:Philosophy portal 1918:Vincent C. Müller 1796:Eliezer Yudkowsky 1621:intelligent agent 1469:Other minds reply 1421:The systems reply 1386:Gottfried Leibniz 1256:mind-body problem 1109:even if we assume 878:(since 1961) and 735: 660:Stuart J. Russell 402: 401: 138:Bayesian networks 65:Intelligent agent 9457: 9406: 9405: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9109: 9108: 9100: 9099: 9083: 9082: 8973:Frankfurt School 8920:Transactionalism 8870:Normative ethics 8850:Legal positivism 8826:Falsificationism 8811:Consequentialism 8806:Communitarianism 8779: 8778: 8647:New Confucianism 8486: 8485: 8293:Neo-Confucianism 8258: 8257: 8067:Second Sophistic 8052:Middle Platonism 7895: 7894: 7836: 7835: 7825: 7824: 7668:Epiphenomenalism 7535:Consequentialism 7469:Institutionalism 7374: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7325: 7324: 7255:Research methods 7198:Richard Davidson 7193:Joseph E. LeDoux 7068:George A. Miller 7058:David McClelland 7053:Herbert A. Simon 6953:Edward Thorndike 6774:Content analysis 6559: 6532:Psychophysiology 6348: 6341: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6312: 6311: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6273:Bas van Fraassen 6228:Hans Reichenbach 6208:Bertrand Russell 6125: 6124: 5951:Philosophy of... 5734:Unity of science 5527:Commensurability 5473: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5194:Representational 5189:Property dualism 5182:Type physicalism 5147:New mysterianism 5115:Epiphenomenalism 4937:Martin Heidegger 4799: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4755:(236): 433–460, 4738: 4707: 4695: 4693: 4687:, archived from 4662: 4649: 4612: 4589: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4565:, archived from 4553: 4552: 4550: 4527: 4522:, archived from 4486: 4472: 4449: 4417: 4405: 4391: 4367: 4352: 4329: 4320: 4307: 4291: 4268: 4245: 4210: 4200: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4158: 4140: 4119: 4105: 4098:Blackmore, Susan 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4026: 4020: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3901: 3895: 3882: 3876: 3863: 3857: 3844: 3838: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776:on July 12, 2012 3765: 3759: 3758: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3655: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3622:, pp. 15–44 3613: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3566: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3522: 3516: 3490: 3484: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3347:, pp. 43–50 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3172: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3110:, pp. 50–51 3085: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3012: 3006: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2855: 2849: 2835: 2829: 2817:Solomon Feferman 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2700: 2694: 2680: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2568: 2562: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2422:(236): 433–460. 2407: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2367: 2358: 2339: 2326: 2320: 2309: 2300: 2286: 2277: 2268:, pp. 6–9, 2254: 2245: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2158:. 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555: 442:artificial life 398: 369: 368: 359: 351: 350: 326: 316: 315: 287:Control problem 267: 257: 256: 168: 158: 157: 118: 110: 109: 80:Computer vision 55: 22: 12: 11: 5: 9463: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9399: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9199:Middle Eastern 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9117: 9115: 9106: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8963:Existentialism 8960: 8958:Deconstruction 8955: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8791:Applied ethics 8787: 8785: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8755:Nietzscheanism 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8697:Utilitarianism 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8595:Transcendental 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8533:Existentialism 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8418: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8321:Augustinianism 8318: 8312: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8234:Zoroastrianism 8231: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8077:Church Fathers 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7959: 7957: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7850: 7844: 7842: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7592:Libertarianism 7589: 7588: 7587: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7483: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7396:Metaphilosophy 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7370: 7369: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208:Roy Baumeister 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7143:Michael Posner 7140: 7135: 7130: 7128:Elliot Aronson 7125: 7123:Walter Mischel 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7088:Albert Bandura 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7063:Leon Festinger 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7033:Neal E. Miller 7030: 7028:Abraham Maslow 7025: 7020: 7015: 7013:Ernest Hilgard 7010: 7008:Donald O. Hebb 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6988:J. P. Guilford 6985: 6983:Gordon Allport 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6963:John B. Watson 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:Animal testing 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6457:Cross-cultural 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6351: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6248:W. V. O. Quine 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6183:Rudolf Steiner 6180: 6175: 6173:Henri Poincaré 6170: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6043:Exact sciences 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6021:Related topics 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5980:Social science 5977: 5976: 5975: 5973:Space and time 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5872: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5682:Scientific law 5679: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5591:Falsifiability 5588: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5520:Mill's Methods 5512: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5322:Mental process 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5292:Intentionality 5289: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5142:Neutral monism 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5125:Interactionism 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5037:Baruch Spinoza 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4947:Edmund Husserl 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4917:René Descartes 4914: 4912:Daniel Dennett 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4882:David Chalmers 4879: 4874: 4869: 4867:Franz Brentano 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4847:Alexander Bain 4844: 4839: 4837:Thomas Aquinas 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4739: 4726: 4708: 4696: 4671:(3): 417–457, 4650: 4645: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4594:Penrose, Roger 4590: 4578: 4563:New York Times 4554: 4533:McCarthy, John 4529: 4506:Minsky, Marvin 4502:McCarthy, John 4498: 4488: 4474: 4468: 4450: 4419: 4407: 4393: 4380: 4371:Haraway, Donna 4368: 4358:Harnad, Stevan 4354: 4348: 4330: 4321: 4309: 4292: 4287: 4269: 4264: 4246: 4240: 4224: 4215:Crawford, Kate 4212: 4201: 4196: 4180: 4177:Bryson, Joanna 4174: 4132:Brooks, Rodney 4128: 4106: 4094: 4080:Benjamin, Ruha 4077: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4021: 3999: 3969: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3896: 3877: 3858: 3839: 3820: 3808: 3786: 3760: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3684: 3672: 3656: 3642: 3624: 3620:Haugeland 1985 3608: 3588: 3561: 3548: 3533:Margaret Boden 3517: 3505:David Chalmers 3485: 3477:David Chalmers 3457:John Haugeland 3449:Daniel Dennett 3421: 3409: 3386: 3368: 3356: 3321: 3308: 3296: 3292:Blackmore 2005 3284: 3261: 3257:Blackmore 2005 3249: 3237: 3218: 3206: 3187: 3167: 3151: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3080: 3059:(3): 593–603. 3039: 3028: 3007: 3004:C. H. Whiteley 2991: 2980: 2960: 2947: 2937:Mark Colyvan. 2930: 2920: 2889: 2850: 2830: 2801: 2789: 2776: 2765:Yudkowsky 2008 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2695: 2691:Zenon Pylyshyn 2659: 2647: 2628: 2626:, p. 106. 2616: 2600:Chalmers (1996 2580: 2563: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2486: 2467: 2444: 2402: 2381: 2359: 2327: 2301: 2278: 2272:, p. 24, 2266:Haugeland 1985 2246: 2226: 2194: 2172: 2142: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1980:Science portal 1969: 1955: 1939: 1936: 1909: 1906: 1891: 1888: 1861:Language Model 1825: 1822: 1803: 1800: 1774:self-awareness 1712:Main article: 1709: 1706: 1676: 1673: 1649:Self-awareness 1644: 1641: 1637:Daniel Crevier 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1584: 1583: 1565:. This is the 1555: 1554: 1499:Main article: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1487:Daniel Dennett 1481: 1480: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1445:word processor 1413: 1410: 1390:Lawrence Davis 1382: 1379: 1322:Main article: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1268:intentionality 1155: 1152: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1096: 1076: 1073: 1068:Daniel Crevier 998:Main article: 995: 992: 971: 970: 944:Pulitzer prize 928:Stuart Russell 874:. Philosopher 845:Main article: 842: 839: 830: 827: 822: 821: 806: 805: 786:Main article: 783: 780: 763:Hubert Dreyfus 747:Hubert Dreyfus 723:Main article: 720: 717: 715: 712: 707: 706: 691:Stuart Russell 671: 668: 651: 650: 628:Main article: 625: 622: 612: 609: 590: 589: 554: 551: 550: 549: 543: 533: 519: 512: 487:AI researchers 483: 482: 463: 456: 416:that explores 400: 399: 397: 396: 389: 382: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 327: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 284: 279: 274: 268: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 233: 232: 222: 217: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 190: 185: 183:Earth sciences 180: 175: 173:Bioinformatics 169: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 56: 51: 50: 47: 46: 36: 35: 29: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9462: 9451: 9450:Open problems 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9410: 9409: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336:Miscellaneous 9334: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032:Miscellaneous 9030: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9018:Structuralism 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9003:Postmodernism 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Phenomenology 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8930:Vienna Circle 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860:Moral realism 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8662:Phenomenology 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8602:Individualism 8600: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8467:Judeo-Islamic 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8443:ʿIlm al-Kalām 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392:Shuddhadvaita 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326:Scholasticism 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7822: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7777:Conceptualism 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7706:Particularism 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7673:Functionalism 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658:Eliminativism 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7563:Compatibilism 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:Particularism 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7245:Psychologists 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235:Organizations 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183:John Anderson 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Ulric Neisser 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098:Endel Tulving 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7083:Robert Zajonc 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7038:Jerome Bruner 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:B. F. Skinner 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968:Clark L. Hull 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Sigmund Freud 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:William James 6936: 6934: 6933:Wilhelm Wundt 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925:Psychologists 6921: 6913: 6912:Psychometrics 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6872:Consciousness 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804:Psychophysics 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6746:Methodologies 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Psychotherapy 6704: 6702: 6701:Psychometrics 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467:Developmental 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Rudolf Carnap 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Auguste Comte 6166: 6165: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Francis Bacon 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6068:Pseudoscience 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927:Structuralism 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5889:Received view 5887: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5797:Contextualism 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5372:Understanding 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297:Introspection 5295: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250:Consciousness 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172:Phenomenology 5170: 5168: 5167:Phenomenalism 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Occasionalism 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130:Naïve realism 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:Functionalism 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062:Stephen Yablo 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Richard Rorty 5015: 5013: 5012:Hilary Putnam 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987:Marvin Minsky 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Immanuel Kant 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952:William James 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Henri Bergson 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4694:on 2015-09-23 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646:0-13-790395-2 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4631:Norvig, Peter 4628: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4586:Mind Children 4583: 4582:Moravec, Hans 4579: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526:on 2008-09-30 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4454:Kurzweil, Ray 4451: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4241:0-465-02997-3 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4149:(1–2): 3–15, 4148: 4144: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4110:Bostrom, Nick 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4003: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3682:, p. 266 3681: 3676: 3670:, p. 266 3669: 3663: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3559:, p. 272 3558: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3541:Stevan Harnad 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3510: 3509:Steven Pinker 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469:Marvin Minsky 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445:Jack Copeland 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3319:, p. 11) 3318: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3247:, p. 947 3246: 3241: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3216:, p. 125 3215: 3210: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181:. Macmillan. 3180: 3179: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2998:According to 2995: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2912:Prentice Hall 2909: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2819:, ed., 1995. 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2799:, p. 156 2798: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2743:, p. 11. 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2711:on 2009-05-01 2710: 2706: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2687:Clark Glymour 2684: 2678: 2673:, p. 957 2672: 2668: 2667:Kurzweil 2005 2663: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594:, known as a 2593: 2589: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2574:The Economist 2567: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2534:McCarthy 1999 2530: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2482: 2476: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:Searle (1999) 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2217:on 2019-11-09 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2162:on 2018-10-23 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2034:Functionalism 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1956: 1953: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1902:David Deutsch 1899: 1898: 1887: 1885: 1882:, generating 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867:that creates 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:Douglas Lenat 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576:Stevan Harnad 1573: 1568: 1564: 1561:, similar to 1560: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1535:Hilary Putnam 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:consciousness 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337:understanding 1334: 1330: 1325: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284:phenomenology 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:understanding 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231:something or 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:consciousness 1161: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:Stan Franklin 1130: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1001: 991: 988: 983: 978: 976: 968: 967: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 950: 946:winning book 945: 941: 936: 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 914: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 887: 885: 881: 880:Roger Penrose 877: 873: 872: 866: 865:formal system 862: 858: 854: 848: 838: 836: 826: 819: 818: 817: 815: 811: 803: 802: 801: 799: 795: 789: 779: 777: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 748: 741: 726: 711: 704: 703: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 686: 685:John McCarthy 676: 667: 665: 661: 656: 648: 647: 646: 644: 640: 636: 631: 617: 608: 605: 603: 599: 598:child machine 594: 587: 586: 585: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 567:psychologists 564: 560: 547: 544: 541: 537: 534: 531: 527: 523: 520: 517: 513: 510: 507: 506: 505: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 480: 476: 472: 471:consciousness 468: 464: 461: 457: 454: 450: 449: 448: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 430:consciousness 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 395: 390: 388: 383: 381: 376: 375: 373: 372: 365: 362: 361: 355: 354: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 325: 320: 319: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 266: 261: 260: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 231: 230:Mental health 228: 227: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 194: 193:Generative AI 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 167: 162: 161: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 133:Deep learning 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 114: 113: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 54: 49: 48: 42: 38: 37: 34: 31: 30: 26: 25: 21: 16: 9401: 9387: 9058: 9049:Postcritique 9039:Kyoto School 8998:Posthumanism 8978:Hermeneutics 8833: / 8774:Contemporary 8750:Newtonianism 8713:Cartesianism 8672:Reductionism 8508:Conservatism 8503:Collectivism 8441: 8169:Sarvāstivadā 8147:Anekantavada 8072:Neoplatonism 8040:Epicureanism 7973:Pythagoreans 7912:Confucianism 7878:Contemporary 7868:Early modern 7772:Anti-realism 7726:Universalism 7683:Subjectivism 7479:Epistemology 7158:Larry Squire 7153:Bruce McEwen 7148:Amos Tversky 7118:Jerome Kagan 7108:Noam Chomsky 7048:Hans Eysenck 7018:Harry Harlow 6998:Erik Erikson 6897:Intelligence 6794:Neuroimaging 6537:Quantitative 6502:Mathematical 6497:Intelligence 6487:Experimental 6482:Evolutionary 6472:Differential 6381:Psychologist 6278:Larry Laudan 6258:Imre Lakatos 6213:Otto Neurath 6188:Karl Pearson 6178:Pierre Duhem 6150:Isaac Newton 6080:Protoscience 6038:Epistemology 5912:Anti-realism 5910: / 5891: / 5882: / 5868: / 5866:Reductionism 5864: / 5837:Inductionism 5817:Evolutionism 5622: 5509:a posteriori 5508: 5504: 5408: / 5404: / 5400: / 5397: 5317:Mental image 5312:Mental event 5275:Intelligence 5225:Chinese room 5071: 5022:Gilbert Ryle 5002:Derek Parfit 4992:Thomas Nagel 4922:Fred Dretske 4842:J. L. Austin 4814:Philosophers 4752: 4746: 4743:Turing, Alan 4716: 4712:Searle, John 4703: 4700:Searle, John 4689:the original 4668: 4664: 4654:Searle, John 4635: 4618: 4598: 4585: 4571:, retrieved 4567:the original 4562: 4547:, retrieved 4537: 4524:the original 4518: 4494: 4482: 4458: 4430: 4426: 4412: 4401: 4387: 4374: 4362: 4338: 4325: 4316: 4303: 4299: 4277: 4254: 4231: 4218: 4206: 4187: 4168:, retrieved 4146: 4142: 4114: 4101: 4083: 4066: 4063:Adam, Alison 4043:. Retrieved 4035:the Guardian 4034: 4024: 4007: 4002: 3991:. Retrieved 3982: 3972: 3961:. Retrieved 3952: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3899: 3880: 3861: 3842: 3823: 3811: 3778:. Retrieved 3774:the original 3763: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3680:Crevier 1993 3675: 3668:Crevier 1993 3627: 3616:Dreyfus 1979 3611: 3591: 3585:Ray Kurzweil 3564: 3557:Crevier 1993 3551: 3520: 3488: 3461:Ray Kurzweil 3433:Crevier 1993 3424: 3412: 3398:Leibniz 1714 3389: 3371: 3366:, p. 13 3359: 3341:Crevier 1993 3324: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3281:Dennett 1991 3264: 3259:, p. 1. 3252: 3240: 3214:Crevier 1993 3209: 3197:. Retrieved 3177: 3170: 3164:Moravec 1988 3154: 3149:, p. 52 3127: 3115: 3104:Crevier 1993 3092:Dreyfus 1979 3088:Dreyfus 1972 3083: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3036:Penrose 1989 3031: 3010: 2994: 2983: 2963: 2950: 2933: 2925: 2906: 2902:Peter Norvig 2892: 2884: 2877:. Retrieved 2866: 2853: 2833: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2797:Dreyfus 1979 2792: 2779: 2760: 2755:, p. 7. 2748: 2736: 2729:Dreyfus 1972 2724: 2713:. Retrieved 2709:the original 2698: 2683:Crevier 1993 2662: 2655:Moravec 1988 2650: 2631: 2624:Dreyfus 1972 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596:reflex agent 2583: 2572: 2566: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2489: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2436:. Retrieved 2419: 2415: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2347:Dennett 1991 2325:, p. 18 2299:, p. 28 2297:Crevier 1993 2270:Crevier 1993 2229: 2219:, retrieved 2215:the original 2210: 2188: 2164:. Retrieved 2160:the original 2155: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2101: 2073: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1911: 1895: 1893: 1877: 1855: 1847:intelligence 1840: 1835: 1827: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1762: 1750:Vernor Vinge 1747: 1732: 1717: 1694: 1678: 1664: 1646: 1629:Hans Moravec 1606: 1588:Chinese room 1585: 1558: 1556: 1543: 1514: 1504: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1402:Chinese room 1384: 1360: 1355: 1352:Chinese room 1347: 1327: 1324:Chinese room 1292: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1254:called the " 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1209:philosophers 1206: 1195: 1194:"—as in the 1157: 1149: 1126: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1098: 1078: 1064: 1056: 1051: 1025:movement in 1020: 1010: 1003: 979: 972: 962: 947: 937: 932:Peter Norvig 926: 917: 911: 906: 902: 898: 896: 888: 869: 850: 834: 832: 823: 813: 809: 807: 794:Allen Newell 791: 770: 760: 756:Ray Kurzweil 752:Hans Moravec 745: 708: 695:Peter Norvig 689: 681: 664:Peter Norvig 652: 638: 633: 611:Intelligence 606: 595: 591: 579: 574: 571:philosophers 562: 558: 556: 522:Allen Newell 502:propositions 499: 495:philosophers 484: 474: 452: 446: 434:epistemology 422:intelligence 405: 403: 277:Chinese room 264: 166:Applications 15: 9044:Objectivism 8983:Neo-Marxism 8945:Continental 8855:Meta-ethics 8835:Coherentism 8740:Hegelianism 8677:Rationalism 8637:Natural law 8617:Materialism 8543:Historicism 8513:Determinism 8404:Navya-Nyāya 8179:Sautrāntika 8174:Pudgalavada 8110:Vaisheshika 7963:Presocratic 7863:Renaissance 7802:Physicalism 7787:Materialism 7693:Normativity 7678:Objectivism 7663:Emergentism 7653:Behaviorism 7602:Metaphysics 7568:Determinism 7507:Rationalism 7230:Disciplines 7203:Susan Fiske 7093:Roger Brown 6993:Carl Rogers 6978:Jean Piaget 6943:Ivan Pavlov 6799:Observation 6779:Experiments 6726:Suicidology 6621:Educational 6576:Anomalistic 6547:Theoretical 6522:Personality 6452:Comparative 6435:Cognitivism 6426:Behaviorism 6268:Ian Hacking 6253:Thomas Kuhn 6238:Karl Popper 6218:C. D. Broad 6135:Roger Bacon 6063:Non-science 6005:Linguistics 5985:Archaeology 5880:Rationalism 5870:Determinism 5857:Physicalism 5822:Fallibilism 5772:Coherentism 5702:Testability 5655:Observation 5650:Objectivity 5611:alternative 5542:Correlation 5532:Consilience 5402:information 5393:Metaphysics 5367:Tabula rasa 5177:Physicalism 5162:Parallelism 5090:Behaviorism 5047:Michael Tye 5042:Alan Turing 5027:John Searle 4902:Dharmakirti 4877:Tyler Burge 4872:C. D. Broad 4573:October 10, 4538:What is AI? 4478:Lucas, John 4057:Works cited 3935:Turing 1950 3721:Turing 1950 3709:Turing 1950 3697:Turing 1950 3653:Harnad 2001 3604:Turing 1950 3596:Searle 1980 3569:Searle 1980 3545:Georges Rey 3525:Searle 1980 3515:and others. 3501:Tim Maudlin 3473:Alan Perlis 3465:Georges Rey 3453:Jerry Fodor 3429:Searle 1980 3376:Searle 1984 3364:Searle 1980 3331:. See also 3329:Searle 1980 3317:Searle 1980 3294:, p. 2 3279:. Also see 3229:Turing 1950 3160:Brooks 1990 3132:Turing 1950 3098:. See also 3026:intellect." 3023:Turing 1950 2859:Graham Oppy 2809:Gödel, Kurt 2787:, p. 4 2785:Searle 1980 2753:Searle 1980 2741:Searle 1980 2524:, p. 3 2510:Turing 1950 2494:Turing 1950 2475:Saygin 2000 2370:Hobbes 1651 2351:Searle 1980 2262:Turing 1950 2258:Turing test 2108:John Searle 2086:Wireheading 1989:AI takeover 1792:Friendly AI 1559:calculation 1539:Jerry Fodor 1457:Robot reply 1439:) and one " 1406:re-factored 1329:John Searle 1227:something, 1223:something, 1158:The words " 1089:John Searle 1054:reasoning. 1035:neural nets 987:Planck mass 905:(otherwise 767:John Searle 655:Turing test 635:Alan Turing 630:Turing test 624:Turing test 536:John Searle 460:human brain 306:Turing test 282:Friendly AI 53:Major goals 9424:Categories 9343:Amerindian 9250:Australian 9189:Vietnamese 9169:Indonesian 8718:Kantianism 8667:Positivism 8657:Pragmatism 8632:Naturalism 8612:Liberalism 8590:Subjective 8528:Empiricism 8432:Avicennism 8377:Bhedabheda 8261:East Asian 8184:Madhyamaka 8164:Abhidharma 8030:Pyrrhonism 7797:Nominalism 7792:Naturalism 7721:Skepticism 7711:Relativism 7701:Absolutism 7630:Naturalism 7540:Deontology 7512:Skepticism 7497:Naturalism 7487:Empiricism 7451:Aesthetics 7355:Philosophy 7293:Wikisource 7138:Paul Ekman 6973:Kurt Lewin 6867:Competence 6789:Interviews 6769:Case study 6646:Humanistic 6626:Ergonomics 6611:Counseling 6586:Assessment 6568:psychology 6517:Perception 6477:Ecological 6393:psychology 6371:Philosophy 6355:Psychology 6155:David Hume 6128:Precursors 6010:Psychology 5990:Economics‎ 5884:Empiricism 5875:Pragmatism 5862:Positivism 5852:Naturalism 5722:scientific 5606:Hypothesis 5569:Experiment 5438:Task Force 5406:perception 5280:Artificial 5230:Creativity 5152:Nondualism 5052:Vasubandhu 4972:John Locke 4942:David Hume 4897:Andy Clark 4549:4 December 4170:2007-08-30 4045:2018-09-18 3993:2022-06-14 3963:2022-06-14 3780:2010-07-29 3666:Quoted in 3632:Horst 2005 3555:Quoted in 3345:Hearn 2007 3108:Fearn 2007 2838:Lucas 1961 2715:2010-07-29 2438:2020-10-18 2242:Fearn 2007 2221:2018-09-18 2166:2018-09-18 2119:References 1925:PhilPapers 1873:algorithms 1728:intentions 1700:developed 1563:arithmetic 1443:" (like a 1429:the system 1280:experience 1239:it is but 1233:understand 1176:élan vital 876:John Lucas 853:Kurt Gödel 814:sufficient 500:Important 311:Regulation 265:Philosophy 220:Healthcare 215:Government 117:Approaches 18:See also: 9222:Pakistani 9184:Taiwanese 9131:Ethiopian 9104:By region 9090:By region 8905:Scientism 8900:Systemics 8760:Spinozism 8687:Socialism 8622:Modernism 8585:Objective 8493:Anarchism 8427:Averroism 8316:Christian 8268:Neotaoism 8239:Zurvanism 8229:Mithraism 8224:Mazdakism 7995:Cyrenaics 7922:Logicians 7555:Free will 7517:Solipsism 7464:Formalism 7313:Wikibooks 7303:Wikiquote 7173:Ed Diener 6958:Carl Jung 6862:Cognition 6691:Political 6601:Community 6431:Cognitive 5995:Geography 5963:Chemistry 5922:Scientism 5717:ladenness 5537:Construct 5515:Causality 5302:Intuition 5235:Cognition 5199:Solipsism 4862:Ned Block 4832:Armstrong 4827:Aristotle 4769:0026-4423 4736:231867665 4447:158433736 4433:: 15–25, 4151:CiteSeerX 4086:. 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