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Plant anatomy

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established taxonomy based on structure, and his early work was with plant anatomy. While the exact structural level which is to be considered to be scientifically valid for comparison and differentiation has changed with the growth of knowledge, the basic principles were established by Linnaeus. He
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This is a diagram of the anatomy of a plant with labels of structural parts of the plants and the roots. 1. Shoot system. 2. Root system. 3. Hypocotyl. 4. Terminal bud. 5. Leaf blade. 6. Internode. 7. Axillary bud. 8. Petiole. 9. Stem. 10. Node. 11. Tap root. 12. Root hairs. 13. Root tip. 14. Root
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Some studies of plant anatomy use a systems approach, organized on the basis of the plant's activities, such as nutrient transport, flowering, pollination, embryogenesis or seed development. Others are more classically divided into the following structural categories:
54:, the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure. Plant anatomy is now frequently investigated at the 391:, in which he argued that plant anatomy, not physiology, ought to be the sole basis for plant classification. Using a scientific basis, he established structural criteria for defining and separating plant genera. 327:
in 1682. Grew is credited with the recognition of plant cells, although he called them 'vesicles' and 'bladders'. He correctly identified and described the sexual organs of plants (flowers) and their parts.
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in 1596, which was the first to use this convention for naming of species. His criteria for classification included natural relationships, or 'affinities', which in many cases were structural.
2527: 521:(1953), which became the definitive textbook on plant structure in North American universities and elsewhere, it was still in print as of 2006. She followed up with her 413:, stating, "the lower plants all consist of one cell, while the higher plants are composed of (many) individual cells" thus confirming and continuing Mirbel's work. 2532: 420:, described the mitotic process in plant cells and further demonstrated that new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other pre-existing nuclei. His 2665: 958: 2583: 792:"(Book Review) Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd edn" 487:
groups, applied the theory to plants using the form and structure of plants to establish a number of evolutionary lines. He published his
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Goffinet, B.; Buck, W. R.; Shaw, J. (2008). Morphology, anatomy, and classification of the Bryophyta. In: Goffinet, B.; Shaw, J. (eds.).
387: 636: 430:, a German botanist, studied plant physiology and classified plant tissue based upon function. On this basis, in 1884, he published 2399: 963: 1401: 698: 257: 344: 673: 277:). He developed concepts of plant morphology and classification, which did not withstand the scientific scrutiny of the 1100: 2589: 996: 648: 571: 1484: 303:
It was in the late 1600s that plant anatomy became refined into a modern science. Italian doctor and microscopist,
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Esau's Plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body - their structure, function and development
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Hagemann, Wolfgang (1992). "The Relationship of Anatomy to Morphology in Plants: A New Theoretical Perspective".
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Farabee, M.J. (2001) "Plants and their structure" Estrella Mountain Community College, Phoenix, Arizona
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Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, stem and wood in relation to taxonomy, with notes on economic uses
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described the structures of fossilized plants at the end of the nineteenth century. Scott's
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The growth of comparative plant anatomy was spearheaded by British botanist
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Bolam, J. (1973). "The botanical works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)".
360: 252: 23: 307:, was one of the two founders of plant anatomy. In 1671, he published his 226: 182: 2441: 2426: 2421: 2357: 2219: 1999: 1970: 1869: 1864: 1712: 1552: 1547: 1532: 1408: 1259: 1254: 1156: 974: 807: 495: 395: 278: 2470: 2463: 2453: 2436: 2119: 2114: 2050: 1842: 1689: 1648: 1542: 604: 234: 133: 95: 63: 55: 896:, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–138 (1st ed., 2000, 776: 733: 483:, who was studying the comparative anatomy and phylogeny of different 2578: 2475: 2204: 2009: 1990: 1901: 1825: 1745: 1697: 1638: 1618: 1557: 1386: 1376: 1361: 1053: 312: 137: 2620: 2610: 2554: 2549: 2316: 2189: 2165: 2082: 1752: 1537: 840:
Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Study of Seed Plants
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wrote a number of plant treatises, only two of which survive,
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Schweingruber, F. H.; Börner, A.; Schulze, E. (2011-2013).
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Cutler, D. F.; Gregory, M.; Rudall, P. (eds.) (1960-2014).
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Schoute, J. C. (1938). Anatomy. In: Verdoorn, F. (ed.).
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Eames, Arthur Johnson; MacDaniels, Laurence H. (1947).
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Raven, P. H.; Evert, R. F. and Eichhorn, S. E. (2005)
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Thomas, Hanshaw H. (1960). "Agnes Arber, 1879–1960".
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
311:, the first major advance in plant physiogamy since 402:, the first comprehensive review of plant anatomy. 378:, describing microscopic studies of plant tissues. 838:Crang, R.C.; Lyons-Sobaski, S.; Wise, R.R. (2018) 754: 661: 582: 508:The Gramineae: A Study of Cereal, Bamboo and Grass 42:is the general term for the study of the internal 2713: 938:Atlas of Stem Anatomy in Herbs, Shrubs and Trees 929:. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. pp. 65–104. 714:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 625:Evert, Ray Franklin and Esau, Katherine (2006) 566:(7th edition) W. H. Freeman, New York, page 9, 177:Fruit/Seed anatomy, including structure of the 1478: 990: 918:. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1500 pp., 2584:International Association for Plant Taxonomy 907:. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 500:Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms 432: 372: 351:Traité d'anatomie et de physiologie végétale 349: 321:An Idea of a Philosophical History of Plants 315:. The other founder was the British doctor 1485: 1471: 1004: 997: 983: 815: 711: 225:Root anatomy, including structure of the 195:Wood anatomy, including structure of the 16:Study of the internal structure of plants 2528:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) 693:Craig, Richard & Vassilyev, Andrey. 444: 357:Treatise on Plant Anatomy and Physiology 112: 86: 73: 18: 789: 664:Molecular Genetics of Plant Development 585:International Journal of Plant Sciences 124:Flower anatomy, including study of the 69: 58:, and often involves the sectioning of 2714: 948:. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 659: 1466: 978: 504:Monocotyledons: A Morphological Study 889:. 10 vols. Oxford University Press. 388:Théorie élémentaire de la botanique 345:Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel 13: 914:Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (1957). 827: 701:from the original on 24 July 2010. 374:Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen 14: 2738: 2533:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) 952: 2696: 2695: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1074: 847:An Introduction to Plant Anatomy 660:Howell, Stephen Herbert (1998). 284:A Swiss physician and botanist, 849:2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 434:Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie 922:(2nd ed., 1979-1998, 4 vols.). 879: 783: 748: 705: 682: 653: 619: 576: 556: 1: 887:Anatomy of the Monocotyledons 842:. Springer, New York, 725 pp. 550: 411:Contributions to Phytogenesis 368:Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer 2574:History of plant systematics 2161:Thorns, spines, and prickles 1414:Standard anatomical position 1339:Glossary of plant morphology 1334:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy 1329:Anatomical terms of location 971:- University of Rhode Island 629:Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, 7: 905:The anatomy of woody plants 528: 489:The Anatomy of Woody Plants 462:William Crawford Williamson 440:Physiological Plant Anatomy 383:Augustin Pyrame de Candolle 381:In 1813, a Swiss botanist, 336:published his master work, 331:In the eighteenth century, 10: 2743: 2390:Alternation of generations 1492: 832: 416:A German-Polish botanist, 273: 263: 244: 240: 50:. Originally, it included 26:in leaf cells of the moss 2691: 2639: 2603: 2540:Cultivated plant taxonomy 2503:Biological classification 2493: 2366: 2282: 2178: 2128: 1853: 1783: 1726: 1688: 1662: 1598: 1518: 1500: 1452:Index of anatomy articles 1427: 1354: 1316: 1283: 1235: 1187: 1137: 1121: 1083: 1072: 1016: 964:Botanical Visual Glossary 452:, Father of Plant Anatomy 405:In 1838, German botanist 343:In 1802, French botanist 145:, including study of the 2400:Evolutionary development 1101:morphological plasticity 1091:Bacterial cell structure 869:History of Plant Anatomy 864:2nd ed. Wiley, New York. 860:Esau, Katherine (1965). 513:Following World War II, 466:Studies in Fossil Botany 422:Studien über Protoplasma 407:Matthias Jakob Schleiden 159:Stem anatomy, including 2051:Hypanthium (Floral cup) 903:Jeffrey, E. C. (1917). 468:was published in 1900. 458:Dunkinfield Henry Scott 456:British paleobotanists 424:was published in 1876. 269:On the Causes of Plants 2666:by author abbreviation 2590:Plant taxonomy systems 2508:Botanical nomenclature 1419:Transcendental anatomy 1324:Anatomical terminology 969:Plant anatomy glossary 769:10.1098/rsbm.1960.0021 726:10.1098/rsnr.1973.0017 523:Anatomy of seed plants 481:Edward Charles Jeffrey 453: 433: 373: 350: 298:Pinax theatri botanici 120: 110: 80: 32: 2673:Botanical expeditions 1096:cellular morphologies 927:Manual of Pteridology 479:a Canadian botanist, 448: 325:The Anatomy of Plants 290:binomial nomenclature 217:heartwood and sapwood 116: 90: 77: 22: 2405:Evolutionary history 2395:Double fertilization 2247:Cellular respiration 1367:Anatomical variation 1050:Microscopic anatomy 871:. Miami University, 790:Chaffey, N. (2006). 102:branch (right) from 70:Structural divisions 1624:Non-vascular plants 1382:Form classification 1250:Neanderthal anatomy 1108:Colonial morphology 1046:Comparative anatomy 1029:Superficial anatomy 428:Gottlieb Haberlandt 258:Enquiry into Plants 2727:Branches of botany 2129:Surface structures 1924:Flower development 1397:History of anatomy 1084:Bacteria and fungi 808:10.1093/aob/mcm015 639:2013-12-31 at the 454: 418:Eduard Strasburger 309:Anatomia Plantarum 264:Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία 121: 111: 81: 33: 2709: 2708: 2348:Herbaceous plants 2174: 2173: 1460: 1459: 1293:Amphibian anatomy 1285:Other vertebrates 1227:Arthropod cuticle 1205:Insect morphology 1200:Gastropod anatomy 1113:Lichen morphology 1039:brain morphometry 894:Bryophyte Biology 867:Meicenheimer, R. 675:978-0-521-58784-6 591:(3(2)): S38–S48. 564:Biology of Plants 477:Origin of Species 338:Species Plantarum 305:Marcello Malpighi 274:Περὶ φυτῶν αἰτιῶν 247:History of botany 108:Anatomy of Plants 2734: 2699: 2698: 2678:Individual trees 2353:Secondary growth 2324:Succulent plants 2312:Prostrate shrubs 2195:Apical dominance 2180:Plant physiology 2141:Epicuticular wax 1686: 1685: 1679: 1670:Plant morphology 1487: 1480: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1445: 1435: 1434: 1372:Anatomical plane 1270:Elephant anatomy 1167:Plant morphology 1078: 999: 992: 985: 976: 975: 944:. Vol. 2, 2013, 940:. Vol. 1, 2011, 853:(1st ed., 1925, 822: 821: 819: 796:Annals of Botany 787: 781: 780: 752: 746: 745: 709: 703: 702: 686: 680: 679: 667: 657: 651: 623: 617: 616: 580: 574: 560: 545:Plant physiology 540:Plant morphology 498:. She published 436: 376: 353: 276: 275: 266: 265: 213:vascular cambium 165:vascular tissues 52:plant morphology 2742: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2687: 2656:Botanical terms 2649: 2635: 2599: 2545:Citrus taxonomy 2523:Author citation 2489: 2383: 2362: 2284: 2278: 2274:Turgor pressure 2182: 2170: 2124: 1939:Floral symmetry 1857: 1849: 1779: 1768:Vascular bundle 1763:Vascular tissue 1722: 1682: 1673: 1672: 1658: 1629:Vascular plants 1594: 1590:Plant pathology 1514: 1496: 1491: 1461: 1456: 1423: 1350: 1344:leaf morphology 1312: 1279: 1275:Giraffe anatomy 1231: 1195:Decapod anatomy 1183: 1179:Soil morphology 1162:Plant life-form 1133: 1117: 1079: 1070: 1012: 1003: 955: 882: 835: 830: 828:Further reading 825: 788: 784: 753: 749: 710: 706: 697:. McGraw-Hill. 695:"Plant Anatomy" 687: 683: 676: 658: 654: 641:Wayback Machine 624: 620: 581: 577: 561: 557: 553: 531: 319:. He published 296:. He published 249: 243: 191:accessory fruit 92:Vascular tissue 72: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2740: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2646:Related topics 2644: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2595:Taxonomic rank 2592: 2587: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2513:Botanical name 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495:Plant taxonomy 2491: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2471:Megasporangium 2468: 2467: 2466: 2459:Microsporangia 2451: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2304: 2299: 2297:Cushion plants 2288: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2232:Plant hormones 2229: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2215:Photosynthesis 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1934:Floral formula 1931: 1929:Floral diagram 1926: 1921: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1882: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1858:(incl. Flower) 1851: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1760: 1758:Storage organs 1755: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1644:Spermatophytes 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614:Archaeplastida 1611: 1605: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1568:Phytogeography 1565: 1563:Phytochemistry 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1520:Subdisciplines 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1439: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1355:Related topics 1352: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1278: 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1900: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741:Ground tissue 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1664:Plant anatomy 1661: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1585:Plant ecology 1583: 1581: 1580:Plant anatomy 1578: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1528:Archaeobotany 1526: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1308:Shark anatomy 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1265:Horse anatomy 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1245:Human anatomy 1243: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1188:Invertebrates 1186: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1145:Plant anatomy 1143: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1066:Morphometrics 1064: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024:Gross anatomy 1022: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 986: 981: 980: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 956: 947: 943: 939: 935: 932: 928: 924: 921: 917: 913: 910: 906: 902: 899: 895: 891: 888: 884: 883: 874: 870: 866: 863: 862:Plant Anatomy 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 841: 837: 836: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 786: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 751: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 708: 700: 696: 691: 685: 677: 671: 666: 665: 656: 650: 649:0-471-73843-3 646: 642: 638: 635: 634: 628: 622: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 579: 573: 572:0-7167-1007-2 569: 565: 559: 555: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 526: 524: 520: 519:Plant Anatomy 516: 511: 509: 506:in 1925, and 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 451: 450:Nehemiah Grew 447: 443: 441: 437: 435: 429: 425: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 392: 390: 389: 384: 379: 377: 375: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 352: 346: 341: 339: 334: 333:Carl Linnaeus 329: 326: 322: 318: 317:Nehemiah Grew 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 288:, introduced 287: 282: 280: 270: 260: 259: 254: 248: 236: 232: 228: 224: 222: 221:branch collar 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 109: 105: 101: 98:(left) and a 97: 93: 89: 85: 76: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 36:Plant anatomy 31: 30: 25: 21: 2626:Horticulture 2616:Floriculture 2518:Correct name 2368:Reproduction 2358:Woody plants 2283:Plant growth 2242:Gas Exchange 2227:Phytomelanin 2105:Plant embryo 1855:Reproductive 1703:Phragmoplast 1663: 1579: 1402:19th century 1392:Hertwig rule 1303:Fish anatomy 1298:Bird anatomy 1172:reproductive 1144: 1034:Neuroanatomy 937: 926: 915: 904: 893: 886: 868: 861: 846: 839: 799: 795: 785: 760: 756: 750: 717: 713: 707: 689: 684: 663: 655: 632: 626: 621: 588: 584: 578: 563: 558: 522: 518: 512: 507: 503: 499: 493: 488: 476: 470: 465: 455: 439: 431: 426: 421: 415: 410: 409:, published 404: 399: 393: 386: 385:, published 380: 371: 365: 356: 348: 347:, published 342: 337: 330: 324: 323:in 1672 and 320: 308: 302: 297: 283: 268: 256: 253:Theophrastus 250: 143:Leaf anatomy 107: 82: 39: 35: 34: 27: 24:Chloroplasts 2442:Pollen tube 2437:Pollinators 2427:Pollination 2422:Germination 2237:Respiration 2220:Chlorophyll 2066:Pedicellate 2000:Gametophyte 1919:Aestivation 1870:Antheridium 1865:Archegonium 1713:Plasmodesma 1690:Plant cells 1553:Paleobotany 1548:Ethnobotany 1533:Astrobotany 1409:Physiognomy 1260:Dog anatomy 1255:Cat anatomy 1157:Plant habit 880:Specialized 517:published, 496:Agnes Arber 396:Franz Meyen 292:into plant 279:Renaissance 2716:Categories 2464:Microspore 2454:Sporangium 2432:Artificial 2120:Sporophyte 2115:Sporophyll 2110:Receptacle 2005:Gynandrium 1875:Androecium 1784:Vegetative 1654:Angiosperm 1649:Gymnosperm 1543:Dendrology 1317:Glossaries 1129:Structures 1010:morphology 551:References 471:Following 400:Phytotomie 398:published 370:published 235:endodermis 173:shoot apex 134:androecium 96:gooseberry 64:microscopy 2661:Botanists 2579:Herbarium 2476:Megaspore 2374:Evolution 2317:Subshrubs 2285:and habit 2210:Nutrition 2205:Cellulose 2200:Bulk flow 2183:Materials 2146:Epidermis 2010:Gynoecium 1991:Endosperm 1986:Dispersal 1902:Staminode 1838:Sessility 1826:Cataphyll 1746:Mesophyll 1698:Cell wall 1639:Lycophyte 1619:Bryophyte 1573:Geobotany 1558:Phycology 1387:Gracility 1377:Body plan 1362:Allometry 1059:molecular 1054:histology 742:143696615 525:in 1960. 510:in 1934. 502:in 1920, 491:in 1917. 394:In 1830, 366:In 1812, 340:in 1753. 313:Aristotle 147:epidermis 138:gynoecium 44:structure 40:phytotomy 2701:Category 2621:Forestry 2611:Agronomy 2604:Practice 2555:Cultivar 2550:Cultigen 2410:timeline 2302:Rosettes 2190:Aleurone 2166:Trichome 2083:Perianth 1895:Filament 1753:Meristem 1676:glossary 1538:Bryology 1437:Category 1122:Protists 763:: 1–11. 699:Archived 637:Archived 613:84816710 529:See also 361:cytology 294:taxonomy 231:root tip 187:pericarp 118:Root tip 2379:Ecology 2136:Cuticle 1966:Capsule 1956:Anatomy 1907:Tapetum 1831:Petiole 1806:Rhizome 1801:Rhizoid 1728:Tissues 1718:Vacuole 1708:Plastid 1510:Outline 1505:History 1237:Mammals 1215:Odonata 1210:Diptera 1006:Anatomy 833:General 817:2802946 605:2995526 535:Anatomy 267:), and 241:History 151:stomata 130:corolla 60:tissues 2683:Plants 2586:(IAPT) 2339:Lianas 2307:Shrubs 2259:Starch 2151:Nectar 2071:Raceme 2037:Stigma 2025:Locule 2015:Carpel 1976:Pyrena 1914:Flower 1890:Anther 1885:Stamen 1880:Pollen 1602:groups 1494:Botany 1447:Portal 1138:Plants 1017:Fields 814:  777:769330 775:  740:  734:530999 732:  672:  647:  611:  603:  570:  209:phloem 136:, and 48:plants 2643:Lists 2560:Group 2483:Spore 2417:Flora 2334:Vines 2329:Trees 2292:Habit 2264:Sugar 2156:Stoma 2098:Sepal 2093:Petal 2088:Tepal 2076:Umbel 2061:Bract 2042:Style 2030:Ovule 2020:Ovary 1961:Berry 1951:Fruit 1944:Whorl 1811:Shoot 1609:Algae 1600:Plant 1150:fruit 773:JSTOR 738:S2CID 730:JSTOR 631:page 609:S2CID 601:JSTOR 205:xylem 179:ovule 126:calyx 94:of a 2565:Grex 2447:Self 1981:Seed 1843:Stem 1821:Leaf 1796:Root 1791:Bulb 1775:Wood 1736:Cork 1634:Fern 1008:and 946:link 942:link 931:link 920:link 909:link 898:link 873:link 855:link 851:link 690:e.g. 688:See 670:ISBN 645:ISBN 568:ISBN 460:and 227:root 219:and 201:cork 197:bark 189:and 183:seed 171:and 169:buds 163:and 153:and 104:Grew 100:vine 62:and 2254:Sap 1971:Nut 1816:Bud 812:PMC 804:doi 765:doi 722:doi 593:doi 589:153 475:'s 106:'s 79:cap 46:of 38:or 2718:: 900:). 857:). 810:. 800:99 798:. 794:. 771:. 759:. 736:. 728:. 718:27 716:. 643:, 633:xv 607:. 599:. 587:. 363:. 281:. 233:, 229:, 215:, 211:, 207:, 203:, 199:, 185:, 181:, 167:, 149:, 132:, 128:, 66:. 1678:) 1674:( 1486:e 1479:t 1472:v 998:e 991:t 984:v 933:. 911:. 875:. 820:. 806:: 779:. 767:: 761:6 744:. 724:: 678:. 615:. 595:: 438:( 355:( 271:( 261:(

Index


Chloroplasts
Mnium stellare
structure
plants
plant morphology
cellular level
tissues
microscopy


Vascular tissue
gooseberry
vine
Grew

Root tip
calyx
corolla
androecium
gynoecium
Leaf anatomy
epidermis
stomata
palisade cells
stem structure
vascular tissues
buds
shoot apex
ovule

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