20:
4275:
68:
was also used to eliminate potential opponents. In the
Byzantine Empire, for a man to be castrated meant that he was no longer a man—half-dead, "life that was half death". Castration also eliminated any chance of heirs being born to threaten either the emperor's or the emperor's children's place at
81:
The mutilation of political rivals by the emperor was deemed an effective way of side-lining from the line of succession a person who was seen as a threat. Castrated men were not seen as a threat, as no matter how much power they gained they could never take the throne, and numerous eunuchs were
297:
High-ranking provincial governors and court officials, members of a group of nineteen who conspired against
Constantine V. The plot was discovered and its members publicly paraded at the Hippodrome on 25 August 766. The two ringleaders, brothers
2444:
90:. Since God was perfect, the emperor also had to be unblemished; any mutilation, especially facial wounds, would disqualify an individual from taking the throne. An exception was
64:
a rival, one would not only restrict his mobility but also make it almost impossible for him to lead an army into battle, then an important part of taking control of the empire.
3154:
124:) onwards. Castration as a punishment for political rivals did not come into use until much later, becoming popular in the 10th and 11th centuries. An example is that of
374:
455:
succeeded in getting a number of men into the city where they were able to blind
Philippicus at a bathhouse on June 3, 713. He was followed a week later by the
3387:
277:, he supported Constantine V against Artabasdos but was blinded after the former's victory due to suspicions of conspiring to seize the throne himself
2367:
1800:
1059:
1045:
1926:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
4263:
2617:
2518:
3951:
2528:
2461:
2476:
2471:
3552:
2538:
2513:
3903:
3886:
2543:
2523:
94:(ὁ Ῥινότμητος, "the slit-nosed"), who had his nose cut off when he was overthrown in 695 but was able to become emperor again in 705.
3448:
3420:
3064:
3056:
2533:
2466:
830:
3798:
3159:
473:
3647:
4127:
3652:
201:
4051:
2811:
2804:
2360:
2307:
1878:
83:
57:
3803:
3662:
2950:
881:
2794:
4132:
3545:
102:
Blinding as a punishment for political rivals and a recognized penalty for treachery was established in 705, although
4233:
2799:
2335:
2281:
2253:
2197:
2176:
2151:
2126:
2094:
2068:
2042:
2000:
1976:
1951:
1859:
1833:
1808:
1783:
1758:
1715:
3296:
2353:
2273:
2206:
Savvides, Alexis G. K. (1991). "Notes on the Armeno-Byzantine family of
Aspietes, late 11th-early 13th centuries".
930:
721:
401:
4268:
4090:
2622:
2390:
1146:
1890:
Kountoura-Galaki, Eleonora (1983), "Ἡ ἐπανάσταση τοῦ Βαρδάνη Τούρκου" [The revolt of
Bardanes Tourkos],
4238:
4228:
4100:
4021:
3839:
3707:
3279:
3223:
3144:
3011:
2022:
1850:
1022:
874:
862:
748:
306:, were executed, the rest blinded and exiled, and every year imperial agents were sent to deliver 100 lashes.
4307:
4095:
4085:
4000:
3755:
3540:
1699:
2975:
2227:] (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve and Louvain: Bureau du Recueil Collège Érasme and Éditions Nauwelaerts.
4169:
4137:
4041:
3750:
3722:
3530:
3069:
1968:
519:. Constantine died of his injuries shortly thereafter, leading to Irene being crowned the empress regnant.
336:; his co-conspirator Theodore who received the same punishment was exiled and also had one leg amputated.
3893:
3535:
3382:
3139:
2890:
2168:
1134:
848:
248:
4213:
4159:
3898:
3770:
3760:
3460:
3340:
3218:
3149:
3037:
3006:
2849:
2789:
2143:
767:
529:
138:
and effective prime minister for three successive emperors, but could not assume the throne himself.
4073:
3597:
3453:
3238:
3129:
3016:
2327:
188:
3372:
3124:
2611:
2490:
2265:
2118:
844:
686:
299:
4278:
3702:
3428:
3248:
3134:
1825:
1119:
1106:
1088:
803:
303:
169:
2027:
Short history Volume 13 of Corpus
Fontium Historiae Byzantinae Volume 10 of Dumbarton Oaks texts
1003:
As an infant he was castrated for being born an illegitimate son to
Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos
4302:
4203:
3793:
3635:
3079:
2885:
2859:
2854:
2627:
2603:
2599:
2566:
1071:
1031:
622:
549:
1264:'s rule (920–944). However, there is no date on either the castration or on when he was born.
3921:
3775:
2965:
2875:
2839:
2724:
2454:
2449:
951:
364:
and surrendered. Blinded whilst in confinement in a monastery, likely on
Nikephoros' orders.
87:
61:
977:
Made emperor at seven years old, he was overthrown and blinded when he was eleven years old
4164:
4147:
3968:
3727:
3692:
3575:
3512:
3507:
3042:
2985:
2106:
2012:
History of Latin
Christianity: including that of the popes to the pontificate of Nicolas V.
1920:
1102:
1075:
1049:
594:
566:
436:
252:
24:
2270:
The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813)
8:
4312:
3074:
2990:
2980:
2844:
2607:
2595:
2482:
2078:
1261:
1248:
1198:
1158:
947:
816:
788:
736:
674:
649:
129:
4152:
4142:
4016:
3687:
3570:
3487:
3350:
2702:
2682:
2662:
2652:
2418:
1943:
1775:
1137:
898:
894:
775:
771:
545:
424:
4274:
4208:
4113:
4046:
4026:
3994:
3926:
3913:
3834:
3829:
3580:
3345:
3195:
2714:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2331:
2303:
2277:
2249:
2228:
2193:
2172:
2147:
2122:
2111:
2090:
2064:
2038:
1996:
1993:
The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813
1972:
1947:
1936:
1909:
1874:
1855:
1845:
1829:
1804:
1779:
1754:
1010:
581:
316:
28:
284:
Antiochos, David, Theophylact of Iconium, Christopher, Constantine, Theophylact the
4078:
3871:
3819:
3765:
3732:
3682:
3475:
3465:
3243:
2931:
2823:
2746:
2729:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2591:
2376:
2317:
2293:
2225:
The Byzantine Personalities of the Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis
1899:
1186:
963:
669:
637:
609:
389:
346:
184:
53:
33:
1179:
Mutilated for being a co-planner in Athalarichos's attempt to overthrow Heraclius
4223:
4056:
4036:
4031:
3986:
3976:
3936:
3931:
3881:
3876:
3657:
3263:
3180:
3175:
2915:
2905:
2741:
2735:
2719:
2697:
2687:
2672:
2321:
2297:
2058:
987:
833:
had Romanos IV Diogenes blinded after tricking him into stepping down as emperor
705:
516:
125:
2242:
The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century
1725:
1709:
4061:
3941:
3674:
3433:
3327:
3313:
3112:
2816:
2571:
2245:
2165:
The perfect servant: eunuchs and the social construction of gender in Byzantium
2034:
709:
664:
501:
134:
4296:
3981:
3858:
3824:
3562:
3497:
3470:
3355:
2970:
2910:
2221:
Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse
2086:
1913:
1742:
806:; Emperor Alexios I Komnenos had him blinded after charging him with treason
220:
3742:
3717:
3697:
3502:
3480:
3335:
2583:
2578:
2412:
2232:
2054:
1223:
1219:
907:
488:
361:
91:
2345:
1871:
The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitans With Annotated
251:
were blinded for his failed insurrection against Constantine V during the
4243:
4218:
3712:
3522:
3289:
2895:
2880:
2190:
Kaiser Konstantin V. (741–775). Materialien zu seinem Leben und Nachleben
2030:
1988:
1924:
1085:
763:
459:
Theodore Myakes and a week after that by the Count of the Opsicians, the
274:
113:) used it earlier during his rule as well, becoming common practice from
19:
1904:
3517:
3377:
3367:
3200:
3190:
2900:
840:
233:
216:
65:
45:
41:
4066:
3946:
3438:
3306:
3253:
3185:
1750:
701:
333:
114:
70:
49:
667:, blinded, while his four brothers had their tongues cut, after the
3592:
3492:
3443:
3301:
3233:
3021:
1260:
Basil Lekapenos was castrated as an infant sometime during Emperor
1207:
921:
735:
The popular general was blinded because of a supposed plot against
452:
3958:
3844:
3785:
3284:
3258:
2936:
132:, who was castrated when young. He gained enough power to become
3587:
3362:
3228:
420:
332:
Amputation carried out after he tried to overthrow his father,
103:
1938:
The making of Eastern Europe: from prehistory to postcommunism
1747:
Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204
553:
416:
69:
the throne. Other mutilations were the severing of the nose (
3866:
1665:
1663:
1447:
1445:
1116:
673:
conspired to put him on the throne in the aftermath of the
1923:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
166:
1660:
1442:
433:
745:
718:
591:
398:
813:
785:
1358:
515:
Emperor who was blinded by supporters of his mother,
313:
1321:
1319:
343:
191:, but was captured by loyalist soldiers and blinded
82:
entrusted with high and confidential offices in the
2302:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1621:, "Bryennios, Nikephoros" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 330–331
1021:Overthrown, disfigured and exiled by supporters of
960:
920:Overthrown, disfigured and exiled by supporters of
861:Overthrown, disfigured and exiled by supporters of
2110:
1935:
1174:
984:
704:, blinded because of their refusal to acknowledge
556:, castrated and confined to a monastery as monks.
498:
491:and was blinded when he came back to power in 705
327:
1772:Byzantine women: varieties of experience 800–1200
1602:
1600:
1598:
1316:
683:
612:because he distributed delayed pay to his troops
4294:
1965:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1889:
1854:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1822:Basil II and the governance of Empire (976–1025)
1573:
1571:
1463:
1348:
1346:
1294:
1292:
1039:
938:
871:
371:
2240:Talbot, Alice-Mary; Sullivan, Denis F. (2005),
2063:(2nd ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd.
1304:
1247:Lost his eyes sometime in the reign of Emperor
526:
2736:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
2239:
1648:
1595:
1364:
1133:Was seen as a threat so he was blinded by the
802:Nikephoros was Romanos IV Diogenes's son with
646:
230:
2361:
1636:
1568:
1508:
1474:
1472:
1343:
1289:
915:
897:, they were castrated after his overthrow by
856:
766:in 1077, and continued his rebellion against
619:
563:
2323:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
2192:(in German), Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang,
1687:
1394:
1382:
1277:
995:
548:, who was deposed on Christmas Day, 820, by
470:
198:
2375:
2105:
1929:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
1325:
580:Rose up against the assumption of power by
2368:
2354:
2264:
2060:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
2021:
1987:
1669:
1589:
1502:
1469:
1451:
1436:
1424:
86:. In Byzantine culture, the emperor was a
2316:
2292:
2218:
1962:
1933:
1903:
1681:
1630:
1562:
1538:
1526:
1490:
1310:
141:
27:after his unsuccessful rebellion against
2205:
2162:
1550:
1298:
18:
3624:
2137:
2077:
1868:
1769:
1741:
1654:
1606:
1577:
1514:
1400:
1352:
1283:
608:Suspected of plotting a revolt against
247:Artabasdos and his sons Nikephoros and
16:Criminal punishment used against rivals
4295:
2187:
2009:
1819:
1794:
1693:
1642:
1481:, "Phokas" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1665–1666
1412:
1388:
1340:, "Blinding" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 297–298
1089:The family of John the Orphanotrophos
4192:
3623:
3408:
3100:
2767:
2388:
2349:
2053:
1376:
1040:One eye gouged out, right arm cut off
3409:
1251:(November 15, 1028 – April 11, 1034)
442:, Theodore Myakes, George Bouraphos
3111:
1995:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1197:Blinded and deposed by his brother
880:Staurakios and Niketas (the future
360:Led an unsuccessful revolt against
13:
2272:, translated by Harry Turtledove,
2140:Daily life in the Byzantine Empire
1851:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1331:
128:, the illegitimate son of Emperor
84:Byzantine court and administration
14:
4324:
4234:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1963:Magoulias, Harry J., ed. (1984),
1175:Nose, hands and one leg amputated
4273:
2274:University of Pennsylvania Press
2107:Ostrogorski, George Alexandrovič
1919:
1721:
1705:
762:Nikephoros had rebelled against
535:, Basil, Gregory and Theodosios
88:reflection of heavenly authority
56:, but it also had a role in the
2623:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2445:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1844:
1675:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1583:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1457:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1337:
1254:
1241:
474:Callinicus I of Constantinople
119:
108:
73:), or the amputating of limbs.
3708:Great Palace of Constantinople
3449:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2768:
2299:The Byzantine Revival, 780–842
2138:Rautman, Marcus Louis (2006),
2113:History of the Byzantine State
1370:
1234:
1157:After a supposed plot against
1105:castrated all male members of
1074:against Michael III's raising
1048:against Michael III's raising
1:
2163:Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003),
1271:
584:but was captured and blinded
202:Anastasius of Constantinople
145:
23:Depiction of the blinding of
4170:University of Constantinople
3751:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3101:
2901:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
2590:Byzantine successor states (
1969:Wayne State University Press
1801:St Vladimir's Seminary Press
950:, overthrown by the usurper
388:Accused of plotting against
76:
7:
3840:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2896:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
2891:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
2389:
2169:University of Chicago Press
2010:Milman, Henry Hart (1867),
1869:Kiminas, Demetrius (2009),
1135:patriarch of Constantinople
939:Blinded, possibly castrated
770:. Defeated and captured by
708:as empress and co-ruler of
487:Supported the overthrow of
10:
4329:
4229:Neo-Byzantine architecture
4193:
2850:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2219:Skoulatos, Basile (1980).
2144:Greenwood Publishing Group
1934:Longworth, Philip (1997),
1820:Holmes, Catherine (2005),
1734:
1365:Talbot & Sullivan 2005
768:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
415:Impostor pretender, led a
97:
4256:
4199:
4188:
4109:
4009:
3967:
3912:
3857:
3812:
3799:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
3784:
3741:
3673:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3619:
3561:
3419:
3415:
3404:
3326:
3272:
3211:
3168:
3120:
3107:
3096:
3055:
3030:
2999:
2958:
2949:
2924:
2868:
2832:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2636:
2552:
2499:
2430:
2401:
2397:
2384:
2328:Stanford University Press
1107:John the Orphanotrophos's
636:Plotted a revolt against
189:Andronikos II Palaiologos
154:
3373:Droungarios of the Fleet
2326:. Stanford, California:
2119:Rutgers University Press
1726:Georgios Peganes (#2263)
1120:John the Orphanotrophos
328:Nose and hands amputated
3887:Early Byzantine mosaics
3249:Domestic of the Schools
1991:; Scott, Roger (1997).
1826:Oxford University Press
1795:Hackel, Sergei (2001),
1770:Garland, Lynda (2006),
1218:Blinded and deposed by
804:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
304:Strategios Podopagouros
170:Alexios Philanthropenos
58:empire's political life
44:was a common method of
4204:Byzantine commonwealth
2966:Praetorian prefectures
2886:Logothetes tou genikou
2860:Quaestor sacri palatii
2855:Comes rerum privatarum
2628:Fall of Constantinople
2567:Sack of Constantinople
1873:, Wildside Press LLC,
1590:Mango & Scott 1997
1503:Mango & Scott 1997
1437:Mango & Scott 1997
1425:Mango & Scott 1997
1072:Symbatios the Armenian
1067:Blinded, nose cut off
1032:Symbatios the Armenian
552:. They were exiled to
550:Michael II the Amorian
219:'s usurpation against
142:Cases of disfigurement
38:
3904:Komnenian renaissance
3899:Macedonian period art
3804:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3776:Walls of Thessaloniki
2876:Logothetes tou dromou
2491:Twenty Years' Anarchy
2455:Valentinianic dynasty
2450:Constantinian dynasty
2188:Rochow, Ilse (1994),
2083:Byzantium: the apogee
1921:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
1464:Kountoura-Galaki 1983
952:Andronikos I Komnenos
437:Philippikos Bardanes
187:, he rose up against
22:
4308:Corporal punishments
4101:Units of measurement
3835:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
3728:Pammakaristos Church
3576:Corpus Juris Civilis
3527:Missionary activity
2986:Exarchate of Ravenna
2812:Imperial bureaucracy
2079:Norwich, John Julius
1222:and later killed by
1076:Basil the Macedonian
1050:Basil the Macedonian
749:Nikephoros Bryennios
722:Constantine Diogenes
595:Constantine Aspietes
402:Constantine Diogenes
25:Leo Phokas the Elder
3625:Culture and society
3488:Ecumenical councils
2991:Exarchate of Africa
2981:Quaestura exercitus
2845:Magister officiorum
2840:Praetorian prefects
2483:Byzantine Dark Ages
2288:– Total pages: 201
2260:– Total pages: 264
2183:– Total pages: 295
2158:– Total pages: 342
2133:– Total pages: 548
2101:– Total pages: 389
2049:– Total pages: 247
1983:– Total pages: 441
1958:– Total pages: 352
1905:10.12681/byzsym.685
1892:Byzantina Symmeikta
1885:– Total pages: 256
1840:– Total pages: 625
1815:– Total pages: 245
1797:The Byzantine saint
1790:– Total pages: 226
1765:– Total pages: 343
1262:Romanos I Lekapenos
1249:Romanos III Argyros
1199:Alexios III Angelos
1159:Romanos III Argyros
948:Alexios II Komnenos
817:Romanos IV Diogenes
789:Nikephoros Diogenes
737:Romanos III Argyros
675:Battle of Marcellae
130:Romanos I Lekapenos
4042:Flags and insignia
3688:Baths of Zeuxippus
3571:Codex Theodosianus
3461:Oriental Orthodoxy
2419:Later Roman Empire
2017:– Total pages: 443
1944:Palgrave Macmillan
1846:Kazhdan, Alexander
1776:Ashgate Publishing
1684:, pp. 188–189
1633:, pp. 222–223
1565:, pp. 507–508
1541:, pp. 474–476
1466:, pp. 213–214
1138:Michael Cerularius
899:Leo V the Armenian
895:Michael I Rhangabe
882:Patriarch Ignatius
778:, he was blinded.
546:Leo V the Armenian
425:Alexios I Komnenos
317:John Athalarichos
39:
4290:
4289:
4252:
4251:
4209:Byzantine studies
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
3995:Alexander Romance
3853:
3852:
3830:Nea Moni of Chios
3693:Blachernae Palace
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3581:Code of Justinian
3429:Eastern Orthodoxy
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3322:
3321:
3196:Scholae Palatinae
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3057:Foreign relations
3051:
3050:
2945:
2944:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2558:(1204–1453)
2318:Treadgold, Warren
2309:978-0-8047-1462-4
2294:Treadgold, Warren
2289:
2261:
2184:
2159:
2134:
2102:
2050:
2018:
1984:
1959:
1886:
1880:978-1-4344-5876-6
1841:
1816:
1791:
1766:
1710:Symbatios (#7169)
1232:
1231:
1161:, he was blinded
831:Andronikos Doukas
582:Romanos Lekapenos
463:George Bouraphos
347:Bardanes Tourkos
253:iconoclasm crisis
29:Romanos Lekapenos
4320:
4277:
4190:
4189:
4133:Imperial Library
4079:Byzantine Greeks
3820:Daphni Monastery
3771:Panagia Chalkeon
3766:Hagios Demetrios
3733:Prison of Anemas
3683:Basilica Cistern
3641:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3476:West Syriac Rite
3466:Alexandrian Rite
3417:
3416:
3410:Religion and law
3406:
3405:
3341:Maritime themata
3297:Palaiologan army
3150:Military manuals
3118:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3097:
2956:
2955:
2932:Megas logothetes
2783:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2638:By modern region
2559:
2506:
2505:(717–1204)
2437:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2377:Byzantine Empire
2370:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2313:
2287:
2286:
2259:
2258:
2236:
2215:
2214:. Prague: 70–79.
2208:Byzantinoslavica
2202:
2182:
2181:
2157:
2156:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2100:
2099:
2074:
2055:Nicol, Donald M.
2048:
2047:
2029:, translated by
2016:
2015:
2006:
1982:
1981:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1930:
1916:
1907:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1839:
1838:
1814:
1813:
1789:
1788:
1764:
1763:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1493:, pp. 75–77
1488:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1326:Ostrogorski 1957
1323:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1187:Isaac II Angelos
1176:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1041:
997:
992:
991:
990:
968:
967:
966:
964:John IV Laskaris
940:
931:Alexios Komnenos
917:
879:
878:
877:
858:
821:
820:
819:
793:
792:
791:
772:Alexios Komnenos
753:
752:
751:
726:
725:
724:
691:
690:
689:
654:
653:
652:
638:John I Tzimiskes
627:
626:
625:
610:Isaac II Angelos
599:
598:
597:
571:
570:
569:
534:
533:
532:
506:
505:
504:
478:
477:
476:
441:
440:
439:
406:
405:
404:
390:Constantine VIII
379:
378:
377:
351:
350:
349:
329:
321:
320:
319:
288:, and 11 others
238:
237:
236:
206:
205:
204:
185:Thracesian Theme
183:Governor of the
174:
173:
172:
146:
123:
121:
112:
110:
54:Byzantine Empire
34:Madrid Skylitzes
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4248:
4224:Cyrillic script
4195:
4176:
4121:
4105:
4005:
3987:Digenes Akritas
3963:
3908:
3849:
3813:Other locations
3808:
3780:
3737:
3669:
3658:Cross-in-square
3626:
3607:
3557:
3411:
3392:
3318:
3268:
3264:Varangian Guard
3207:
3181:East Roman army
3176:Late Roman army
3164:
3103:
3084:
3047:
3026:
2995:
2941:
2920:
2916:Epi ton deeseon
2906:Epi tou eidikou
2864:
2828:
2770:
2751:
2738:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2618:Palaiologan era
2560:
2557:
2548:
2519:Nikephorian era
2507:
2504:
2495:
2438:
2436:(330–717)
2435:
2426:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2374:
2344:
2338:
2310:
2284:
2256:
2200:
2179:
2154:
2129:
2097:
2071:
2045:
2003:
1979:
1954:
1881:
1862:
1836:
1811:
1786:
1761:
1737:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1670:Theophanes 1982
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1452:Nicephorus 1990
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1118:
1117:
1087:
1086:
1018:Tongue cut out
988:Basil Lekapenos
986:
985:
962:
961:
873:
872:
815:
814:
787:
786:
747:
746:
720:
719:
706:Irene of Athens
700:General of the
685:
684:
648:
647:
621:
620:
593:
592:
565:
564:
528:
527:
517:Irene of Athens
502:Constantine VI
500:
499:
472:
471:
453:Opsician troops
451:A rebellion of
435:
434:
400:
399:
373:
372:
345:
344:
315:
314:
232:
231:
223:he was blinded
215:For supporting
200:
199:
168:
167:
144:
126:Basil Lekapenos
118:
107:
100:
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Byzantine Bath
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3675:Constantinople
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Byzantine Rite
3425:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3314:Grand domestic
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3280:Komnenian army
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3155:Military units
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Battle tactics
3121:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:Medieval Greek
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:Fourth Crusade
2563:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Macedonian era
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Theodosian era
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2314:
2308:
2290:
2282:
2262:
2254:
2246:Dumbarton Oaks
2237:
2216:
2203:
2198:
2185:
2177:
2160:
2152:
2135:
2127:
2103:
2095:
2075:
2069:
2051:
2043:
2035:Dumbarton Oaks
2019:
2007:
2001:
1985:
1977:
1960:
1952:
1931:
1917:
1898:(5): 203–215,
1887:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1848:, ed. (1991).
1842:
1834:
1817:
1809:
1792:
1784:
1767:
1759:
1743:Garland, Lynda
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1714:
1698:
1686:
1682:Treadgold 1988
1674:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1631:Skoulatos 1980
1623:
1611:
1594:
1582:
1567:
1563:Treadgold 1997
1555:
1543:
1539:Treadgold 1997
1531:
1527:Treadgold 1988
1519:
1507:
1495:
1491:Skoulatos 1980
1483:
1468:
1456:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1342:
1330:
1315:
1311:Longworth 1997
1303:
1288:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:as co-emperor
1070:Rebelled with
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:George Peganes
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:as co-emperor
1046:George Peganes
1044:Rebelled with
1042:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
993:
981:
980:
978:
975:
972:
969:
957:
956:
954:
941:
936:
933:
927:
926:
924:
918:
913:
910:
904:
903:
901:
891:
888:
885:
868:
867:
865:
859:
854:
851:
837:
836:
834:
828:
825:
822:
810:
809:
807:
800:
797:
794:
782:
781:
779:
760:
757:
754:
742:
741:
739:
733:
730:
727:
715:
714:
712:
710:Constantine VI
698:
695:
692:
687:Alexios Mosele
680:
679:
677:
665:Constantine VI
661:
658:
655:
643:
642:
640:
634:
631:
628:
616:
615:
613:
606:
603:
600:
588:
587:
585:
578:
575:
572:
560:
559:
557:
542:
539:
536:
523:
522:
520:
513:
510:
507:
495:
494:
492:
485:
482:
479:
467:
466:
464:
449:
446:
443:
430:
429:
427:
413:
410:
407:
395:
394:
392:
386:
383:
380:
368:
367:
365:
358:
355:
352:
340:
339:
337:
330:
325:
322:
310:
309:
307:
295:
292:
289:
281:
280:
278:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
255:
245:
242:
239:
227:
226:
224:
213:
210:
207:
195:
194:
192:
181:
178:
175:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
143:
140:
135:parakoimomenos
122: 610–641
111: 602–610
99:
96:
78:
75:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4325:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Byzantine law
4301:
4300:
4298:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4191:
4187:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Encyclopedias
4126:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Hellenization
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:Everyday life
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:Acritic songs
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Hosios Loukas
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Monophysitism
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Armenian Rite
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3389:
3388:Naval battles
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Protasekretis
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Komnenian era
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:Heraclian era
2475:
2473:
2472:Justinian era
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2339:
2337:0-8047-2630-2
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2283:0-8122-1128-6
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:0-88402-324-9
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2199:3-631-47138-6
2195:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:0-226-72015-2
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:0-313-32437-9
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:0-8135-1198-4
2124:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2096:0-14-011448-3
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:0-246-10559-3
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2044:0-88402-184-X
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:0-19-822568-7
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:0-8143-1764-2
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:0-312-17445-4
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1861:0-19-504652-8
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:0-19-927968-3
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:0-88141-202-3
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:0-7546-5737-X
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:0-415-14688-7
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1672:, p. 41.
1671:
1666:
1664:
1657:, p. 357
1656:
1651:
1645:, p. 222
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1609:, p. 162
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1592:, p. 643
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1551:Savvides 1991
1547:
1540:
1535:
1529:, p. 224
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1505:, p. 533
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1454:, p. 73.
1453:
1448:
1446:
1439:, p. 605
1438:
1433:
1427:, p. 581
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1391:, p. 370
1390:
1385:
1379:, p. 124
1378:
1373:
1367:, p. 143
1366:
1361:
1355:, p. 167
1354:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1328:, p. 124
1327:
1322:
1320:
1313:, p. 321
1312:
1307:
1300:
1299:Ringrose 2003
1295:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
994:
989:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
965:
959:
958:
955:
953:
949:
945:
942:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
925:
923:
919:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
900:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
876:
875:Theophylact,
870:
869:
866:
864:
860:
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
818:
812:
811:
808:
805:
801:
798:
795:
790:
784:
783:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
750:
744:
743:
740:
738:
734:
731:
728:
723:
717:
716:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
693:
688:
682:
681:
678:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
659:
656:
651:
645:
644:
641:
639:
635:
632:
629:
624:
618:
617:
614:
611:
607:
604:
601:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
579:
576:
573:
568:
562:
561:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
537:
531:
525:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
508:
503:
497:
496:
493:
490:
486:
483:
480:
475:
469:
468:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
444:
438:
432:
431:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
403:
397:
396:
393:
391:
387:
384:
381:
376:
375:Bardas Phokas
370:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
348:
342:
341:
338:
335:
331:
326:
323:
318:
312:
311:
308:
305:
301:
296:
293:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
254:
250:
246:
243:
240:
235:
229:
228:
225:
222:
221:Constantine V
218:
214:
211:
208:
203:
197:
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:
176:
171:
165:
164:
160:
157:
155:Disfigurement
151:
148:
147:
139:
137:
136:
131:
127:
116:
105:
95:
93:
89:
85:
74:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
35:
30:
26:
21:
3993:
3761:Hagia Sophia
3743:Thessalonica
3718:Hagia Sophia
3698:Chora Church
3636:Architecture
3602:
3513:Great Schism
3503:Paulicianism
3481:Miaphysitism
3336:Karabisianoi
2640:or territory
2600:Thessalonica
2584:Latin Empire
2579:Frankokratia
2554:
2514:Isaurian era
2501:
2432:
2417:
2413:Roman Empire
2403:
2322:
2298:
2269:
2241:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2189:
2164:
2139:
2112:
2082:
2059:
2026:
2011:
1992:
1989:Mango, Cyril
1964:
1937:
1925:
1895:
1894:(in Greek),
1891:
1870:
1849:
1821:
1796:
1771:
1746:
1717:
1701:
1696:, p. 71
1689:
1677:
1655:Norwich 1993
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1607:Garland 1999
1585:
1580:, p. 83
1578:Garland 1999
1558:
1553:, p. 77
1546:
1534:
1522:
1517:, p. 44
1515:Kiminas 2009
1510:
1498:
1486:
1459:
1432:
1420:
1415:, p. 30
1408:
1401:Garland 2006
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1353:Norwich 1993
1333:
1306:
1301:, p. 62
1286:, p. 30
1284:Rautman 2006
1279:
1256:
1243:
1224:Justinian II
1220:Tiberios III
943:
916:Nose cut off
908:Justinian II
668:
544:The sons of
530:Constantine
489:Justinian II
460:
456:
419:invasion of
362:Nikephoros I
285:
270:
133:
101:
92:Justinian II
80:
40:
32:
4244:Megali Idea
4219:Byzantinism
3922:Agriculture
3713:Hagia Irene
3546:Kievan Rus'
3523:Mount Athos
3346:Cibyrrhaeot
3290:Vestiaritai
3145:Mercenaries
3022:Catepanates
2881:Sakellarios
2800:Family tree
2725:Mesopotamia
2544:Angelid era
2524:Amorian era
2031:Cyril Mango
2014:, J. Murray
1694:Hackel 2001
1643:Holmes 2005
1413:Rochow 1994
1403:, p. 9
1389:Milman 1867
1235:Annotations
1023:Constans II
946:regent for
863:Constans II
764:Michael VII
650:Nikephoros
300:Constantine
275:Thracesians
234:Artabasdos
31:, from the
4313:Mutilation
4297:Categories
4239:Third Rome
4165:University
4148:Philosophy
4138:Inventions
4001:Historians
3969:Literature
3952:Varangians
3794:San Vitale
3723:Hippodrome
3703:City Walls
3603:Mutilation
3598:Hexabiblos
3518:Bogomilism
3508:Iconoclasm
3378:Megas doux
3368:Greek fire
3351:Aegean Sea
3224:Kleisourai
3201:Excubitors
3191:Bucellarii
3043:Despotates
3012:Kleisourai
2951:Provincial
2795:Coronation
2769:Governance
2534:Doukid era
2467:Leonid era
2266:Theophanes
2023:Nicephorus
1377:Nicol 1993
1272:References
1168:Theodorus
1147:Prousianos
1099:Castrated
1000:Castrated
890:Castrated
841:Heraklonas
729:1028–1034
623:Leo Phokas
567:Leo Phokas
541:Castrated
286:kandidatos
261:Sisinnios
217:Artabasdos
161:Reference
66:Castration
46:punishment
42:Mutilation
4067:Octoechos
3947:Silk Road
3439:Hesychasm
3307:Paramonai
3254:Hetaireia
3186:Foederati
3075:Diplomacy
3070:Diplomats
2976:Provinces
2805:Empresses
2608:Trebizond
2404:Preceding
1914:1105-1639
1751:Routledge
1103:Michael V
857:Nose slit
702:Armeniacs
663:Uncle of
461:patrikios
457:patrikios
334:Heraclius
271:Strategos
115:Heraclius
77:Rationale
71:rhinotomy
50:criminals
37:chronicle
4160:Scholars
4153:Rhetoric
4143:Medicine
4118:Learning
4017:Calendar
3894:Painters
3593:Basilika
3531:Bulgaria
3493:Arianism
3444:Hayhurum
3421:Religion
3383:Admirals
3302:Allagion
3234:Droungos
3140:Generals
3102:Military
3065:Treaties
2971:Dioceses
2790:Emperors
2703:Sardinia
2683:Dalmatia
2663:Bulgaria
2653:Anatolia
2612:Theodoro
2606: /
2602: /
2594: /
2320:(1997).
2296:(1988).
2268:(1982),
2109:(1957),
2081:(1993),
2057:(1993).
2025:(1990),
1745:(1999),
1215:Blinded
1208:Leontios
1194:Blinded
1154:Blinded
1130:Blinded
1064:866/867
1036:866/867
974:Blinded
944:De facto
922:Leontios
893:Sons of
849:Martinus
827:Blinded
799:Blinded
776:Kalavrye
759:Blinded
732:Blinded
697:Blinded
660:Blinded
633:Blinded
605:Blinded
577:Blinded
512:Blinded
484:Blinded
448:Blinded
423:against
412:Blinded
385:Blinded
357:Blinded
354:803/804
294:Blinded
267:Blinded
244:Blinded
212:Blinded
180:Blinded
62:blinding
4269:Outline
4214:Museums
4114:Science
4091:Slavery
4047:Gardens
4027:Cuisine
3959:Dynatoi
3927:Coinage
3914:Economy
3882:Mosaics
3845:Mystras
3786:Ravenna
3648:Secular
3536:Moravia
3285:Pronoia
3259:Akritai
3244:Tagmata
3219:Themata
3160:Revolts
3130:Battles
3038:Kephale
3007:Themata
2937:Mesazon
2779:Central
2715:Maghreb
2668:Corsica
2658:Armenia
2648:Albania
2391:History
2233:8468871
2087:Penguin
1735:Sources
1226:in 705
1109:family
1011:Martina
996:920–944
670:tagmata
602:1190/1
273:of the
249:Niketas
158:Details
98:History
52:in the
4279:Portal
4194:Impact
4074:People
4022:Cities
3872:Enamel
3653:Sacred
3588:Ecloga
3454:Saints
3363:Dromon
3239:Bandon
3229:Tourma
3212:Middle
3135:Beacon
3017:Bandon
3000:Middle
2869:Middle
2824:Senate
2747:Thrace
2730:Serbia
2708:Sicily
2693:Greece
2678:Cyprus
2596:Epirus
2592:Nicaea
2502:Middle
2379:topics
2334:
2306:
2280:
2252:
2231:
2196:
2175:
2150:
2125:
2093:
2067:
2041:
1999:
1975:
1950:
1912:
1877:
1858:
1832:
1807:
1782:
1757:
421:Thrace
149:Victim
104:Phocas
4264:Index
4096:Death
4086:Women
4057:Music
4037:Dress
4032:Dance
3977:Novel
3937:Trade
3932:Mints
3877:Glass
3867:Icons
3663:Domes
3541:Serbs
3356:Samos
3169:Early
2959:Early
2833:Early
2742:Syria
2720:Malta
2698:Italy
2688:Egypt
2673:Crete
2604:Morea
2433:Early
2223:[
1191:1195
1151:1029
1127:1043
1096:1041
971:1261
935:1182
845:David
824:1072
796:1094
756:1078
554:Prote
417:Cuman
409:1095
382:1026
177:1295
60:. By
4062:Lyra
3942:silk
3553:Jews
3328:Navy
3273:Late
3113:Army
3080:Wars
3031:Late
2925:Late
2555:Late
2332:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2229:OCLC
2194:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2039:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1910:ISSN
1875:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1722:PmbZ
1706:PmbZ
1212:698
1171:637
1015:641
912:695
887:813
853:641
694:792
657:792
630:971
574:919
538:820
509:797
481:705
445:713
324:637
302:and
291:766
264:743
241:743
209:743
152:Date
48:for
3859:Art
3563:Law
1900:doi
1619:ODB
1479:ODB
1338:ODB
774:at
4299::
2330:.
2276:,
2248:,
2244:,
2212:52
2210:.
2171:,
2167:,
2146:,
2142:,
2121:,
2117:,
2089:,
2085:,
2037:,
2033:,
1971:,
1967:,
1946:,
1942:,
1908:,
1828:,
1824:,
1803:,
1799:,
1778:,
1774:,
1753:,
1749:,
1724:,
1708:,
1662:^
1597:^
1570:^
1471:^
1444:^
1345:^
1318:^
1291:^
884:)
847:,
843:,
120:r.
109:r.
2614:)
2610:–
2598:–
2485:"
2481:"
2369:e
2362:t
2355:v
2340:.
2312:.
2235:.
2073:.
2005:.
1902::
1896:5
1864:.
1728:.
1712:.
117:(
106:(
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