1966:). The bill would have provided for a referendum giving Puerto Ricans the choice between the options of retaining their present political status, or choosing a new status. If the former option won, the referendum would have been held again every 8 years. If the latter option won, a separate referendum would be held where Puerto Ricans would have been given the option of being admitted as a US State "on equal footing with the other states", or becoming a "sovereign nation, either fully independent from or in free association with the United States." The bill enjoyed bi-partisan support in the House of Representatives, with 182 co-sponsors and was reported out of the House Resources Committee on a 30–8 vote. The measure was passed by the House on April 29, 2010. The bill did not pass in the Senate.
1796:, Lopez was forced to resign the chairmanship of the New Democratic Party in exchange of the Governor becoming the President of Carter's campaign in Puerto Rico and throwing the New Progressive Party behind the president's re-election efforts. Lopez' fight with Governor Romero, on behalf of President Carter, paid off and was appointed Deputy Campaign Manager of President Carter national campaign. Lopez efforts moved to Puerto Rico and the status issue at the forefront of the National political discussion. Subsequently, both the statehood faction and the commonwealth shared control on a 50-50 basis from 1984 to 1988 and lost control that year as a result of their defeat in an internal primary that year between PPD forces led by then Senate president
32:
1759:. On October 23, 1979, the first primary of a party affiliated to the Democratic National Committee was held in Puerto Rico. Franklin Delano López was elected Chairman of the New Democratic Party of Puerto Rico by the direct votes of 374,000 American citizens residing on the Island. Lopez then moved the Puerto Rican Legislature to adopt a Presidential Primary Law. During the discussion of the Presidential primary Law, Lopez managed to persuade Presidential Chief of Staff,
2058:
2072:
519:
4381:
4371:
4361:
716:. For much of the 19th Century, the principal parties favored Puerto Rico becoming one of the Spanish provinces on equal footing with the rest of the provinces; such standing was given twice, under liberal governments, but it was revoked as many times when the monarchs regained their power. In this context, Dr. Barbosa returned to the original idea of equal footing, but this time with the constituent members of the American Republic.
2028:"My Administration's position is very clear: if the Task Force and the Bush Administration stand by their 2005 conclusions, then for over 50 years the U.S Government has perpetuated a 'monumental hoax' on the people of Puerto Rico, on the people of the United States and on the international community. If the 2005 report articulates the new official position of the United States, the time has come now for the
796:, initially supported statehood or an autonomous government, it then later added independence. In fact, Matienzo-Cintrón went from statehood advocate to autonomist to independence advocate as a result of eight years of American civil government in Puerto Rico. The Union Party, from the very beginning, was against the colonial government established under the
815:
took statehood out of their platform – not reinstating it until the early 1920s. Many in the Union Party leadership were lawyers who had contracts with the sugar operations recently bought out and enlarged by the new
American owners, thus establishing a close relationship between the nascent middle classes and the American corporate interests.
1910:. It also rejects any "colonial or territorial status" as a status option, and vows to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998 which included sovereignty, an association based on "respect and dignity between both nations", and common citizenship. The New Progressive Party (PNP) supported the
789:
Muñoz-Rivera's
Federalists into a party that was to bring about the union of all political groups. He was successful, they won the elections of 1904 and all subsequent elections until the 1920s when another defection of Republicans allowed for the creation of yet another party bringing into it persons supporting a status change.
1997:, a group of 119 Democratic and 12 Republican members of Congress introduced H.R. 2000, the Puerto Rico Status Resolution Act to Congress, requesting a process for voting to admit Puerto Rico as a State to be approved and a vote to ratify Puerto Rico as a state. It did not receive a vote in the House.
2045:
In July 2024, Governor Pedro
Pierluisi calls a plebiscite on the status of Puerto Rico in November 2024. For the first time, the island's current status as a U.S. territory will not be an option during the non-binding plebiscite. The executive order follows the U.S. House of Representatives' approval
1969:
On March 16, 2011, the
President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status issued a third report that reaffirmed the legal position adopted by the three previous presidents over nearly a quarter century that Puerto Rico remains today "subject to the Territory Clause of the U.S. Constitution (see Report at
1220:
During the 2005–2008 term, former Gov. Rosselló's unsuccessful attempt to unseat Senate
President McClintock split the New Progressive Party, a split that continued as Rosselló initiated a fourth bid for the governorship against Resident Commissioner Fortuño in an internal primary that was held March
814:
in 1912, which paved the path for similar movements. The Union Party quickly gained the attention of the colonial governors, all
Republicans, who were willing to work closely with them because of their control of the House of Delegates. The local Republicans protested bitterly and, at one point, they
1989:
to respond diligently and effectively, and to act on the demand of the people of Puerto Rico, as freely and democratically expressed in the plebiscite held on
November 6, 2012, to end, once and for all, its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico to the Union
1926:
stated that PR's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government". It concluded that Puerto Rico is still an unincorporated territory of the U.S. under the territorial clause, that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can
1771:
in the roll call of the state in exchange of eliminating from the bill that Puerto Rico was going to be the first
Presidential Primary in the Nation. As a result of that effort, the Puerto Rico Legislature approved a law regulating presidential primaries in 1979, the first of which was held in 1980,
1686:
Despite the fact that the U.S. Federal
Government holds ultimate sovereignty over all U.S. citizens and the territory of Puerto Rico, residents of Puerto Rico are without an effective voice in the Federal government. This is not because Puerto Rico residents do not have the right to vote, but rather
956:
to enact the Public Law 81-600 which led to the
Congressional approval of a local constitution drafted by a constitutional assembly elected by Puerto Rico and the renaming of the United States unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, using the same official name as
1905:
regarding territories. Prominent leaders in the pro-statehood and pro-independence political movements agree with this assessment. In 2005 and 2007, two reports were issued by the U.S. President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status. Both reports conclude that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory
1489:
from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner, with regard to basic civil rights. The clause also embraces a right to travel, so that a citizen of one state can go and enjoy privileges and immunities in any other state; this constitutional clause was expressly extended to Puerto
2032:
to formally notify the United Nations of this new position and assume the international legal consequences. You cannot have a legal and constitutional interpretation for local, political purposes and a different one for the international community. If it is a serious, relevant document, the report
1543:
issued a memorandum on November 30, 1992, to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto
909:
of the typical U.S. state" and which answered to governor Winship) opened fire upon, what a U.S. Congressman and others reported were unarmed and defenseless cadets and bystanders alike killing 19 and badly wounding over 200 more, many in their backs while running away. It came to be known as the
2041:
In September 2023, Roger Wicker reintroduced legislation in the United States Congress on the territorial status of Puerto Rico. a two-round consultation process. The first vote is scheduled for August 4, 2024, where Puerto Ricans will have the choice between four alternatives: annexation to the
1388:
After the plebiscite, efforts in the 1970s to enact legislation to address the status issue died in Congressional committees. In the 1993 plebiscite, in which Congress played a more substantial role, Commonwealth status was again upheld. In the 1998 plebiscite, all the options were rejected when
1376:
Act that allowed a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice on three political status options. Puerto Rican leaders had lobbied for such an opportunity repeatedly, in 1898, 1912, 1914, 1919, 1923, 1929, 1932, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1948,
788:
Matienzo Cintrón had been a Republican, supporting statehood. But two years into the new government, he realized that statehood would not be granted and the desired equality as citizens was not feasible under the United States. He brought with him other former Republicans and practically all of
1348:
gave Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention, contingent on the results of a referendum, where the electorate would determine if they wished to organize their own government pursuant to a constitution of their own choosing. Puerto Ricans expressed their support for this
2016:
has challenged the Bush Administration's Task Force Reports stating that in 1953 Puerto Rico achieved a compact of association between both nations that was recognized by the United Nations. Nonetheless, the aforementioned U.S. Presidential and Congressional Reports state that the current
2046:
in 2022 of a bill to help Puerto Rico move toward a change in territorial status. Voters have a choice between statehood, independence, or independence with free association, the terms of which would be negotiated regarding foreign affairs, U.S. citizenship, and use of the U.S. dollar.
1906:
of U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress. Reactions from Puerto Rico's two major political parties were mixed. The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) challenged the task force's report and committed to validating the current status in all international forums, including the
1349:
measure in a 1951 referendum, which gave voters a yes-or-no choice for the commonwealth status, defined as a 'permanent association with a federal union' but not choice for independence or statehood. A second referendum was held to ratify the constitution, which was adopted in 1952.
858:
presented his ideas as to how the party should be run, however, the majority of the party members objected and blamed him for their defeat. Muñoz Marín considered this action the same as having been expelled from the party. Muñoz Marín and his followers, among which were included
1866:
became the Deputy Campaign Manager. Senator Clinton won the Puerto Rico Primary by a 68% to 32% margin. Being the last big primary before the last two states voted on June 3, Puerto Rico's Democratic presidential primary attracted historic levels of national media coverage.
1292:, the son of former governor Pedro Rosselló (PNP) received 41% of the vote defeating five other gubernatorial candidates and was elected the twelfth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was sworn in on January 2, 2017. He resigned in 2019 after mass protest as a result of the
1652:
does not have a zone of reserved sovereignty that is beyond the reach of Congress in the latter's exercise of its territorial powers." That is, Puerto Rico has no recourse to challenge unilateral actions by the United States government that affect citizens of Puerto
2876:
1934:
On December 21, 2007, the Bush Administration's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status reiterated and confirmed that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory of the U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress, a position shared by the remaining two-major parties:
1927:
be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress, and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose. The application of the Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the
1138:
In 1980, Romero Barcelo was reelected Governor by a controversial 0.2% margin, but lost control of the Senate and, a year later, the House of Representatives to the PPD. Independence radical groups placed bombs on 11 jet fighters in 1981 in the Muñiz Base (a U.S.
1562:. Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been included in the compulsory draft whenever it has been in effect and more than 400,000 Puerto Ricans have served in the United States Armed Forces. Puerto Ricans have participated in all U.S. wars since 1898, most notably
881:(PPD) which would ironically end up promoting the "Estado Libre Associado" (Free Associated State) status that Barceló, as president of Union Party, had asked for in 1923 under Campbell Bill and which Muñoz Marín had always opposed, instead of independence.
1157:, and sponsored two local non-binding referendums, one in 1993 and another in 1998. While he was elected to a second term, his last four years were met with mounting allegations of corruption. After Rosselló's second term ended, former Speaker of the House
1469:
and all persons born in Puerto Rico between April 11, 1899, and January 12, 1941, and meeting certain other technical requirements, and not citizens of the United States under any other Act, were declared to be citizens of the U.S. as of January 13, 1941.
731:
and supported a similar development for Puerto Rico under Spain. Before Baldorioty de Castro, other leaders had mentioned the possibility of autonomy, generally as an answer to the Spanish insistence in instituting special laws to govern the colonies.
888:
was founded in 1922. It strongly criticized the American colonial regime for its menace to the Spanish and Latin American roots of the Puerto Rican culture. It also advocated for complete independence. The PNP began to grow with the leadership of
2033:
must have international consequences. Alternatively, the Task Force may review and amend the 2005 conclusions to make them consistent with legal and historical precedent, and therefore allow future status developments based on a binding compact."
850:". The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as the original Union Party's agenda and urged independence as a final political solution for Puerto Rico. After the Liberal Party was defeated in the 1936 elections, an assembly was held in
846:, as to the goals of the alliance became apparent. The Unionist sector of the alliance decided to disaffiliate themselves from the "Alliance." Because of legal reasons, Barceló was unable to use the name "Union Party" and in 1932, founded the "
3863:"Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá's letter to U.S. President George W. Bush's President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status (formally addressed to the Co-Chairs of the Bush Administration's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status); October 23, 2007"
1364:", meaning a "politically organized community" or "state", which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. The convention adopted a translation into Spanish of the term, inspired by the Irish saorstát
657:. The members of the judicial branch are appointed by the Governor with the approval of the Senate to serve until they reach age 70. Due to the status of Puerto Rico as a territory of the United States, its residents cannot vote in the
2538:
of August 14, 1939. It is reported in the Cong. Rec., and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in their backs was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who "was killed through the back while running to a nearby
1746:
chapters in Puerto Rico have selected voting delegates to the national nominating conventions since the early 1900s, public interest in these processes heightened as a result of the efforts of a group of Democratic statehooders led by
1221:
9, 2008, and which he lost. On the PPD side, Acevedo's rocky relationship with the PNP-controlled Legislature was compounded with Federal investigations and unsuccessful indictments of his past political fundraising by grand juries in
1970:
p. 26), that the territory's long-term economic well-being would be enhanced by an early resolution of the political status problem (p. 33) and devotes most of the report to extensive economic analysis and recommendations.
723:(Unconditional Spanish Party) embraced the idea of autonomy. The Incondicionales accepted whatever Spain had for Puerto Rico and the Crown duly recognized their support by giving aristocratic titles to the leaders. The leader of the
1594:, which requires a Presidential nomination and Senate confirmation. In World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War Puerto Ricans were the most decorated Hispanic soldiers and in some cases they were the first to die in combat.
590:
have been significantly shaped by its status as territory of the United States. The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico, in the United States, the
1637:. However, it does not have the sovereignty that a state of the Union has, given that Puerto Rico is a possession of the United States and it is, thus, not protected by the US Constitution to the same degree that states are.
2885:
2037:
On December 15, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite.
1791:
In the first internal primary of a National political party, the new slate of statehooders, headed by Franklin Delano López took control of the local Democratic party chapter. In January 1980 after clashing with Governor
1368:
of "Estado Libre Asociado" (ELA) to represent the agreement adopted "in the nature of a compact" between the people of Puerto Rico and the U.S. literally translated into English, the phrase means "Associated Free State."
3235:
1950:
approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.
1100:, in favor of adding more powers to the commonwealth status. One of his projects was the Puerto Rican owned marine transportation. In order to control the costs of marine transport in Puerto Rico, the marine company
951:
The years of 1944–1948 were crucial ones in the direction of the country. Luis Muñoz Marín shifted his goals from independence to state-like autonomy to accommodate better economic circumstances. This led to the
1420:
denouncing the colonial nature of the Commonwealth Status. As a result of his statement, many other statehooders and commonwealth supporters went to the United Nations requesting the end of the colonial status.
1326:
In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act, which seeks to resolve its territorial status and relationship with the United States through a binding plebiscite at the federal level, was reintroduced in the House by
2421:
2377:
2351:
2325:
289:
271:
1847:
3985:
3832:
877:("Clear, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party"), claiming to be the true Liberal Party. The Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo, an independent political party, later became the
940:
was formed six years later by dissidents who saw the PPD moving away from the ideal of independence. During that period, the colonial regime appointed the first Puerto Rican governor,
253:
3456:
3806:
1838:
The 2008 Republican presidential primary was slated to be held in February, while Democrats held their primary in June. Then Senate President and Democratic National Committeeman
3243:
933:(Bread, Land and Liberty). The party favored independence from the United States in its initial stages but social and economic reform were priorities in their political agenda.
3603:
2909:
897:
by the nationalists after receiving authorization from the pertinent authorities. The march was organized to commemorate the abolition of slavery and to demand the release of
2648:
631:
280:
262:
1901:, it is not possible "to bind future (U.S.) Congresses to any particular arrangement for Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth". This determination was based on articles in the
2004:. According to two consecutive Bush Administration President's Task Force Reports, the latest of which was issued on December 21, 2007 Puerto Rico is an unincorporated
1555:
parties in the U.S., accorded equal-proportional representation in both parties, and delegates from the islands vote in each party's national presidential convention.
1748:
1061:, a month after the July 23, 1967, local plebiscite and the year before the PNP won the 1968 elections. The party saw the ideology of annexation as a U.S. state as a
1603:
1108:
761:. The House of Delegates was elected directly by the voters (male, propertied) and the equivalent to the Senate was the Cabinet appointed by the Governor and by the
3760:
3309:
3182:
5146:
5108:
4028:
1722:, is less active in its opposition of this case of disfranchisement but has officially stated that it favors fixing the remaining "deficits of democracy" that the
3208:
5269:
1127:) was implemented as an economic incentive. This allowed American companies to profit in the island without paying taxes. His administration was shadowed by the
1065:
issue. The creation of the New Progressive Party polarized the political arena to a great degree as radical independence groups were formed in the 1970s and the
2744:"U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
1086:
2425:
2381:
2355:
2329:
1870:
Several local politicians have expressed concern that Puerto Rico has become a "piggy bank" for presidential campaigns. Recent examples include Vice President
1515:
244:
101:
893:, who was later jailed by the colonial regime under charges as a subversive leader. On March 21, 1937, a peaceful march was organized in the southern city of
1406:
1161:(PNP) was jailed as well as many members of Rosselló's party. Most of the corruption allegations were based on extortion and appropriation of public funds.
2674:
1898:
224:
198:
111:
1614:
Puerto Rico is an organized unincorporated U.S. territory which has been given internal self-governing powers which, taken together, are referred to as "
993:
146:
3862:
2024:
and the Co-Chairs of the White House's Presidential Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status on the Bush administration, former governor Acevedo Vilá stated:
1923:
1316:
180:
3502:
2622:
550:
79:
630:, the Tribunal de Apelaciones (English: Court of Appeals), and Tribunal de Primera Instancia (English: Courts of First Instance). There is also a
3982:
3840:
3535:
3088:
2215:
1919:
5626:
5113:
2145:"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle, No. 15–108. (Argued January 13, 2016—Decided June 9, 2016) Supreme Court of the United States"
4201:
3457:"U.S. hardens position on Puerto Rico ("EE.UU. endurece posición sobre Puerto Rico"); Jesús Dávila – El Diario La Prensa; December 22, 2007"
873:
5874:
5844:
5749:
5593:
5161:
4417:
4128:
4021:
3460:
2017:
prerogatives assumed by the Puerto Rico government are delegated by the U.S. Congress and may be amended or eliminated at its sole behest.
1119:, a supporter of annexation as the U.S. state of Puerto Rico. Under his administration, Section 936 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Tax Code (
239:
3270:
1862:
co-chaired Clinton's young professionals organization. Prats and McClintock subsequently co-chaired Clinton's Puerto Rico campaign, while
5262:
2144:
2000:
The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States is the subject of ongoing debate in the United Nations and the
1413:. But the General Assembly did not apply its full list of criteria to Puerto Rico to determine if it has achieved self-governing status.
116:
3425:
4266:
3888:
3792:
3632:
207:
189:
3810:
3576:
905:
minutes before the march was to start. The march turned into a bloody event when the Insular Police ("a force somewhat resembling the
5222:
4498:
4430:
4384:
3924:
3590:
2917:
2810:
1914:
Report's conclusions and supported bills to provide for a democratic referendum process among Puerto Rico voters. It stated that the
1615:
1361:
926:
475:
126:
1788:
in a hard-fought Democratic primary. More than 1.2 million American citizens residing in Puerto Rico participated in the primaries.
5869:
5583:
4951:
4364:
4113:
4037:
2105:
2085:
1532:, argued that any implicit limits from the Insular Cases on the basic rights granted by the Constitution (including especially the
1353:
1285:
340:
157:
4221:
2501:"Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away"
4341:
4320:
4276:
4186:
4014:
2090:
1305:
1078:
654:
415:
372:
235:
3739:"Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process"
2600:
5799:
5255:
4061:
2549:
2527:
2473:
2447:
2403:
2013:
1820:
1719:
1571:
1320:
1245:
1013:
878:
673:
420:
350:
171:
106:
1377:
1956, and 1960. The Commonwealth option, represented by the PPD, won with an overwhelming majority of 60.4% of the votes. The
851:
5849:
4171:
3354:
3064:
2292:
1666:
Puerto Rico does not have the rights of a state as granted by the US constitution, because it is not a state. These include:
543:
121:
4211:
3646:
2777:
1378:
823:
746:
702:
4968:
4926:
4815:
4761:
2990:
1936:
1715:
1265:
1249:
1241:
1178:(PPD) was elected, becoming the first female governor of Puerto Rico, also gaining control of the Senate, presided over by
1054:
839:
669:
485:
434:
425:
345:
4206:
2575:
1442:
4936:
4916:
4546:
4528:
4246:
4056:
3767:
3316:
3186:
1974:
1947:
1915:
1417:
906:
623:
153:
4191:
1804:. While the PPD Democratic faction controls the Democratic party chapter under the state chairmanship of former senator
5689:
4566:
4541:
4508:
4478:
3212:
1519:
1495:
1311:(PNP) was elected governor with 33% of the vote. The elections marked the first time third-party candidates other than
495:
2850:
5739:
5619:
5037:
4783:
4639:
4556:
4551:
3017:
2944:
2312:
2029:
1454:
56:
2608:
1038:, the official anthem of Puerto Rico, for the first time on July 25, 1952—date in which Puerto Ricans celebrate the
5895:
5565:
5341:
5118:
4561:
4503:
4410:
4118:
3144:
1777:
1743:
1739:
1704:
1700:
1552:
1548:
1544:
Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations.
1478:
1147:
became the head of government for the second time in 1984, was reelected in 1988 and remained in power until 1992.
885:
579:
536:
438:
3906:
2042:
United States, independence, sovereignty in free association, and a free state associated with the United States.
720:
5754:
5649:
5066:
4956:
4805:
4518:
4513:
4226:
4092:
4071:
1940:
1711:
1692:
1416:
In August 1977, the Chairman of the Democratic Party of Puerto Rico, Franklin Delano López, testified before the
1398:
1382:
1339:
1312:
937:
811:
677:
470:
463:
355:
5839:
4176:
4134:
3962:
3156:
5804:
5526:
5191:
5151:
5098:
4961:
4800:
4661:
4617:
4483:
4251:
4108:
4087:
3945:
2812:
Puerto Rico Status Hearing before the Committee on Resources House of Representative One Hundred Fifth Congress
2307:
American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman: And the Shoot-Out That Stopped It. Simon and Schuster. 2005.
1756:
1696:
1677:
1402:
981:
762:
709:
490:
1174:
The corruption led the PNP to lose the 2000 election and the Governorship when he ran again in 2004. In 2000,
5759:
5278:
5047:
4720:
4693:
4493:
4256:
4196:
4151:
4123:
4051:
3866:
3670:
3403:
2100:
1986:
1670:
1586:, the highest military decoration in the United States, also several Puerto Ricans have attained the rank of
1567:
1466:
1410:
511:
397:
385:
360:
266:
3983:
Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA)'s press release providing an up-to date country profile on Puerto Rico
1360:
would be known. On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word "
753:
of 1900, was a mixture of the British and the American system, somewhat similar to that established for the
5612:
5557:
5451:
5017:
4978:
4788:
4488:
4241:
4231:
4166:
3953:
3510:
3377:
2352:"Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May 22, 1937"
2176:
1663:
Puerto Rico has international representation in sports and other international events as a distinct nation.
1609:
1563:
1533:
1198:
1066:
847:
627:
317:
202:
835:
184:
5136:
5088:
4911:
4403:
4261:
4156:
1828:
1707:
hold primaries in Puerto Rico, giving Puerto Ricans a voice selecting each party's presidential nominee.
1430:
1372:
In 1967, the Legislative Assembly tested the political interests of the Puerto Rican people by passing a
1144:
1093:
1039:
1005:
985:
611:
480:
61:
45:
4181:
1718:
outright reject the status quo that permits disfranchisement. The remaining political organization, the
1277:
860:
774:
5859:
5573:
5491:
5456:
5103:
5027:
5004:
4325:
4236:
2878:
Consejo de Salud Playa de Ponce v Johnny Rullan, Secretary of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
1855:
1559:
1482:
1389:
50.3% of voters chose the "none of the above" option, favoring the commonwealth status quo by default.
1210:
658:
166:
96:
1797:
5854:
5635:
5531:
5436:
5396:
4903:
4649:
4161:
793:
698:
607:
133:
4299:
3114:
1633:
Puerto Rico has approximately the same degree of authority over its internal affairs as an American
831:
749:
won the elections in 1900 and again in 1902. The new government of Puerto Rico, organized under the
5864:
5496:
5486:
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4644:
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4216:
3092:
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1579:
1194:
1187:
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901:
from federal prison. The permit, however, was revoked by the U.S.-appointed governor of the Island
583:
335:
310:
4725:
4698:
1801:
1793:
1116:
719:
During the last twenty years under the Spanish flag, the local parties, with the exception of the
193:
31:
5744:
5694:
5654:
5411:
5326:
5176:
5078:
5032:
4941:
4921:
4654:
4304:
3741:(Press release). Department of Public Information, United Nations General Assembly. June 13, 2006
3140:
2001:
1591:
1587:
1365:
1281:
1237:
1202:
1097:
1043:
1019:
945:
615:
596:
86:
3549:
1767:
to grant Puerto Rico the right for a more robust delegation, the inclusion of Puerto Rico after
1077:-friendly party, was created. Two of the radical groups were labeled as terrorist groups by the
5829:
5824:
5819:
5674:
5446:
5441:
5316:
5215:
5128:
5052:
5042:
4992:
4666:
4592:
4536:
4473:
4438:
3277:
1955:
1688:
1618:" status. Puerto Rico has more latitude over its internal affairs than the U.S. territories of
1529:
1465:
on June 27, 1952, declared all persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941, to be
1446:
1158:
953:
864:
724:
575:
275:
5809:
2282:
2151:
2020:
In a letter sent by the former governor of Puerto Rico to the former U.S. Secretary of State,
807:
5814:
5729:
5704:
5536:
5501:
5406:
5381:
5196:
5156:
4973:
4708:
3807:"Prensa Latina, Nestor Rosa-Marbrell, November 20, 2007; last verified on December 1st, 2007"
2838:
2266:
2252:
1978:
1730:
Administrations have publicly recognized in writing through Presidential Task Force Reports.
1657:
1524:
1253:
1226:
1120:
989:
922:
855:
650:
619:
392:
162:
3738:
3482:
819:
803:
694:
430:
257:
5779:
5714:
5684:
5659:
5521:
5471:
5426:
5416:
5401:
5391:
5376:
5356:
5331:
5321:
5311:
5231:
5186:
5181:
5166:
5083:
5009:
4771:
4271:
3347:
Puerto rico labor laws and regulations handbook : strategic information and basic laws
1819:
On the Republican side PNP-affiliated statehood Republicans control the GOP local chapter (
1179:
941:
868:
778:
754:
610:
is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the
175:
5247:
1205:
by about 3,000 votes, but his party lost control of the Senate, which elected PNP Senator
766:
8:
5794:
5789:
5719:
5699:
5541:
5516:
5421:
5361:
5336:
5306:
5296:
5171:
5022:
4862:
4854:
4823:
3925:"Porto Rico inclura un plébiscite sur le statut lors des élections générales de novembre"
2005:
1623:
1248:(PPD) by more than 223,000 votes. Also the PNP won supermajorities in the Commonwealth's
1128:
1089:(FALN). These groups were viewed by many pro-independence followers as freedom fighters.
898:
890:
91:
3714:"Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress"
1922:
of the U.S. Constitution. In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the "
1289:
284:
228:
5734:
5724:
5669:
5664:
5476:
5431:
5371:
5346:
5301:
5236:
4946:
4931:
4836:
4715:
4703:
4463:
4286:
3406:. Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Congress. April 19, 1997
3236:"Absurdly Premature 2012 Watch, Vol. 2: The Governor of Puerto Rico ... for President?"
2063:
1863:
1859:
1839:
1813:
1809:
1507:
1206:
1183:
894:
758:
665:
638:
66:
49:
4735:
4294:
2124:
The number and breadth of these "internal self-governing powers" is a matter of debate
1485:, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the 'Comity Clause') that prevents a
1131:
affair, where two independence activists were killed by police agents. This created a
773:
after the defeat, but returned once the Federal Party was no longer useful and joined
293:
5784:
5709:
5506:
5386:
5351:
4370:
4066:
4000:
3994:
3835:
El Gobernador pide a Rice que enmiende el informe sobre el estatus político de P.Rico
3786:
3626:
3529:
3360:
3350:
3070:
3060:
2668:
2500:
2308:
2288:
1902:
1773:
1540:
1474:
1434:
1244:
its largest victory in history and beating incumbent Gov. Aníbal Acevedo Vilá of the
1153:
became the sixth elected Governor in 1992. He pushed the political status dilemma in
1132:
1031:
365:
4600:
3690:
2710:
2553:
2521:
2477:
2451:
2407:
1958:), was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on May 19, 2009, by
1150:
827:
5679:
5578:
5551:
5511:
5466:
5366:
5141:
4846:
4622:
4006:
2754:
2723:
2021:
1511:
1154:
843:
614:. The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the
2966:
2884:, The United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, archived from
2688:
1058:
1035:
782:
248:
4671:
4374:
3989:
3957:
3647:"The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico Concurrent Resolution"
2948:
2785:
2531:
2077:
1994:
1959:
1882:
1851:
1760:
1503:
1499:
1462:
1458:
1323:
took a slight majority of the seats in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives.
1308:
1273:
1124:
1096:
became the undisputed leader of the PPD at age 36. He was, as the fourth elected
1001:
997:
902:
642:
523:
4828:
4605:
2994:
2778:"7 fam 1120 acquisition of u.s. nationality in u.s. territories and possessions"
1886:
1832:
1433:, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree of
1233:
1214:
4686:
4676:
4632:
4458:
3598:
3484:
Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association
1982:
1907:
1727:
1627:
1583:
1450:
1397:
On November 27, 1953, shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth, the
1082:
911:
728:
592:
211:
2689:"Puerto Rico 1898-1998: The Institutionalization of Second Class Citizenship?"
2655:(in Spanish). November 4, 2020. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020
2422:"The "police riot" shot at the demonstrators as well as the crowd standing by"
1846:, Puerto Rico's Democratic State Chair and former PPD gubernatorial candidate
1582:. Several Puerto Ricans became notable commanders, five have been awarded the
622:
that are independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested upon the
5889:
3364:
3074:
2009:
1928:
1918:
in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the
1843:
1805:
1764:
1491:
1345:
1328:
1269:
1140:
962:
770:
450:
5604:
3428:
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (December 2007)
2916:. United States Congressional Research Service. May 17, 2000. Archived from
1640:
Some differences between Puerto Rico and a state of the American Union are:
977:. The alternative pro-independence Tydings bill had languished in Congress.
668:. The politics of Puerto Rico are dominated by three political parties: the
4841:
4681:
4610:
2137:
1875:
1781:
1768:
1752:
1723:
1547:
Puerto Rico does participate in the internal political process of both the
1357:
1293:
1222:
1062:
966:
646:
219:
3713:
2941:
2782:
U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7– Consular Affairs
2623:"Puerto Rico: Pro-Statehood Candidate Ricardo Rosselló Wins Governor Race"
2194:
1209:
as its president, and the House of Representatives, which chose the PNP's
992:
support as a sham, and staged a series of uprisings in 1950, known as the
4468:
4426:
1963:
1911:
1871:
1785:
1649:
1575:
1009:
944:, until 1948 when the people elected Luis Muñoz Marín, the first elected
798:
750:
587:
582:. Since the 1898 invasion of Puerto Rico by the United States during the
574:
form of government that is under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the
215:
2071:
1808:, two of the five DNC members residing in Puerto Rico, Senate president
1687:
because the territory itself does not have voting representation in the
1016:
in 1954. Twenty-three people were killed and more than 50 were injured.
810:, Eugenio Benítez Castaño, and Pedro Franceschi started to organize the
518:
4395:
2150:. Supreme Court of the United States Blog. June 9, 2016. Archived from
1634:
1486:
1438:
1373:
1284:, by a narrow (0.6%) margin, defeating Fortuño 47.73% to 47.13% in the
1213:
as Speaker, and Puerto Rico's seat in Congress, due to the election of
2738:
2271:
César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabe. Page 82. Accessed January 24, 2020.
2257:
Matthew Liebmann and Uzma Z. Rizvi. Page 54. Accessed January 24, 2020
1881:
Speculation, which began in late 2009 by a national media blog and by
1143:), and the U.S. removed all of its fighter aircraft from Puerto Rico.
3160:
1878:'s 50% longer three-hour trip in November, 2007 to collect $ 200,000
1874:'s whirlwind two-hour visit to collect $ 300,000 in 2006 and Senator
1824:
1645:
1092:
In 1972, the PNP lost to a reunified Popular Democratic Party (PPD).
974:
641:, and the members of the legislature are elected every four years by
568:
3889:"House votes in favor of resolving Puerto Rico's territorial status"
4627:
2550:"Report of the ACLU as echoed by U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio"
1695:. Puerto Ricans do, however, play an indirect role in electing the
970:
958:
599:, with all major political parties in the archipelago calling it a
571:
4453:
1656:
Some residents of Puerto Rico are exempt from some aspects of the
626:. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the
2747:
1102:
1070:
818:
A coalition between the pro-independence Union Party presided by
3950:
634:
to hear cases of a federal nature or with federal jurisdiction.
5282:
3349:. : International Business Publications USA. 2009. p. 22.
2724:"Elections in Puerto Rico: 1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary"
1597:
1477:" under the federal constitution apply to Puerto Rico like the
600:
3310:"Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status"
3271:"Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status"
2576:"Clouds Lift for Navieras Line After First Profit in 12 Years"
973:, as well as that of other sovereign nation countries such as
713:
693:
One year after the United States invasion of the island, Dr.
1993:
On May 15, 2013, headed by non-voting Resident Commissioner
1424:
834:" was formed. Differences between Barceló and Tous Soto and
5277:
3618:
2955:, August 17, 2005. PDF format. Retrieved November 19, 2006.
2649:"El PPD se perfila con mayoría en el Senado y en la Cámara"
1835:
and Republican National Committeewoman Zoraida Fonalledas.
1619:
1074:
3977:
3967:
3940:
3115:"House Report 110-597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007"
2268:
Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898.
2241:
Puerto Rico: The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World.
1751:
in 1976 to elect delegates supporting former Georgia Gov.
683:
3972:
3553:
3118:
1889:
as a long-shot inclusion in a national political ticket.
1135:-like scandal that was later investigated by the Senate.
3839:. Espanol.news.yahoo.com. April 20, 2011. Archived from
2834:
2832:
2784:. U.S. Department of State. June 1, 2005. Archived from
2770:
701:
as a solution to the colonial situation and founded the
3487:, General Assembly of the United Nations, June 15, 2009
2910:"Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress"
1733:
3577:"US House approves Puerto Rico status referendum bill"
2284:
Dona Licha's Island: Modern Colonialism in Puerto Rico
2197:
Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress.
1885:, a well-known Republican commentator, mentioned Gov.
1604:
Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status
3500:
2829:
1954:
Following the reports recommendations the 2009 bill (
1669:
Lack of voting representation in either House of the
4036:
2053:
1182:
and the House of Representatives, headed by Speaker
994:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
2709:For complete statistics of these plebiscites, see
2525:, Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives.
1948:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization
3451:
3449:
1190:as the island's non-voting delegate in Congress.
5887:
5109:Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program
2673:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1831:, Republican National Committeeman and Governor
3825:
3799:
3691:"H.R. 2000: Puerto Rico Status Resolution Act"
3446:
3418:
2498:
2243:Jose Trias Monge. Yale University Press. 1997.
1899:President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status
1854:'s National Hispanic Leadership Council while
1022:Muñoz Marín inaugurated the new status called
5634:
5620:
5263:
4411:
4022:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3233:
3054:
2280:
1518:was expressly extended to Puerto Rico by the
1405:, removing Puerto Rico's classification as a
996:, of which the most notable were the ones in
608:government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
544:
3907:"Wicker Reintroduces Puerto Rico Status Act"
3393:Art. IV, Sec. 3, clause 2, U.S. Constitution
1598:Implications of the current political status
1522:. In a brief concurrence in the judgment of
240:30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
3671:"Pierluisi Introduces Historic Legislation"
3550:"HR 2499 Puerto Rico Democracy Act Website"
3534:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3496:
3494:
2404:""Five Years of Tyranny", Vito Marcantonio"
1897:According to a December 2005 report by the
1506:in 1947. Other fundamental rights like the
1449:. The act was signed into law by President
1352:Before approving the new constitution, the
874:Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo
5627:
5613:
5270:
5256:
4418:
4404:
4360:
4202:Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo
4029:
4015:
3973:Commonwealth Elections Commission (CEEPUR)
3574:
3295:
2914:Congressional Research Service CRS RL32933
2254:Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique.
551:
537:
3711:
3685:
3683:
3265:
3263:
3261:
1425:Political status within the United States
712:that favored a republican government for
708:Celso Barbosa had been the leader in the
664:Politics in Puerto Rico revolve around a
4425:
4114:Hostosian National Independence Movement
3677:, 15 May 2013. Retrieved on 15 May 2013.
3491:
2871:
2869:
2274:
2106:Puerto Rico political status plebiscites
2086:List of political parties in Puerto Rico
1441:. Puerto Ricans "were collectively made
957:the commonwealths of the U.S. states of
606:As a republican form of government, the
158:17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
4342:Political party strength in Puerto Rico
4321:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2964:
2091:Political party strength in Puerto Rico
1392:
684:Political history and political parties
5888:
3791:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3680:
3631:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3609:from the original on February 16, 2017
3501:111th Congress (2009) (May 19, 2009).
3258:
3059:. West Palm Beach: Hunter Publishing.
3035:
3015:
2534:The entire speech is contained in the
1892:
1399:General Assembly of the United Nations
1014:United States House of Representatives
678:Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño
421:United States House of Representatives
5608:
5251:
5114:Puerto Rican scientists and inventors
4399:
4267:Unificación Puertorriqueña Tripartita
4222:Partido Unión Republicana Progresista
4010:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3201:
3183:"el Nuevo Día - Obama ignoró consejo"
3157:"The Republican Party of Puerto Rico"
2866:
2012:of the United States government. The
2008:of the United States, subject to the
1676:Puerto Rico residents cannot vote in
1197:(PPD) was declared the winner by the
3963:Puerto Rico House of Representatives
3209:"el Nuevo Día - Llegó, cobró y voló"
3175:
2855:, FindLaw.com Supreme Court Case Law
1734:Presidential politics in Puerto Rico
1057:(PNP) was founded in August 1967 by
840:resident commissioner of Puerto Rico
676:(PPD), and, to a lesser extent, the
426:Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico
4247:Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party
3999:Central Intelligence Agency (USA).
3731:
3234:Andrew Romano (November 25, 2009).
2983:
2935:
2693:Penn State International Law Review
1975:Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
1536:) were anachronistic in the 1970s.
1453:on March 2, 1917. U.S. Federal law
1333:
1087:Armed Forces of National Liberation
637:Puerto Rico's governor, who is the
13:
4509:Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center
4212:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
3951:Resident Commissioner (U.S. House)
3404:"Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing"
3334:
3089:"Constitutional Rights Foundation"
3016:Brozan, Nadine (August 11, 1992).
2958:
2326:"Law Library Microform Consortium"
2216:"Constitutional Rights Foundation"
1800:and PNP forces led by former Gov.
1379:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
1280:(PPD) was elected as the eleventh
867:, held an assembly in the town of
824:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
747:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
703:Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
580:organized unincorporated territory
14:
5907:
4207:Partido Reformista Puertorriqueño
4003:(2003). United States of America.
3934:
3523:Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2009
2818:, U.S. Government Printing Office
2756:Constitutional Topic: Citizenship
1924:U.S. House Committee on Resources
1858:Democratic National Committeeman
1850:were appointed co-chairs of Sen.
645:. Puerto Rico's legislature is a
567:take place in the framework of a
5750:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4380:
4379:
4369:
4359:
4192:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
4038:Political parties in Puerto Rico
3719:. Congressional Research Service
3145:Puerto Rico Tax and Customs Laws
3057:Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central
2993:. City of Lorain. Archived from
2711:Elections in Puerto Rico:Results
2448:"US Congressman Vito Macartonio"
2287:. South End Press. p. 127.
2070:
2056:
1558:Puerto Ricans may enlist in the
1479:Privileges and Immunities Clause
1356:specified the name by which the
1129:Cerro Maravilla (Maravilla Hill)
929:(PPD) in 1940. Their slogan was
517:
30:
4499:1950s Nationalist Party revolts
4072:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3995:¿Qué es y por qué lucha el MST?
3917:
3899:
3881:
3855:
3809:. Plenglish.com. Archived from
3753:
3705:
3664:
3639:
3583:
3568:
3542:
3475:
3396:
3387:
3371:
3315:. December 2007. Archived from
3276:. December 2005. Archived from
3227:
3149:
3133:
3107:
3081:
3048:
3009:
2902:
2843:
2803:
2716:
2703:
2681:
2641:
2615:
2593:
2568:
2552:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2542:
2515:
2492:
2476:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2466:
2450:. Cheverote.com. Archived from
2440:
2414:
2396:
2370:
2344:
2318:
2118:
1941:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1821:Republican Party of Puerto Rico
1712:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1693:United States Electoral College
1691:, nor is it represented in the
1383:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1340:Political status of Puerto Rico
1313:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1164:
938:Puerto Rican Independence Party
735:
688:
628:Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico
356:Puerto Rican Independence Party
4119:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2699:(2): 295–297. January 1, 1998.
2301:
2260:
2246:
2234:
2208:
2187:
2169:
1848:José Alfredo Hernández Mayoral
1757:Democratic National Convention
1697:President of the United States
982:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
886:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
763:President of the United States
1:
5279:Politics of the United States
4314:Other political organizations
4197:Partido Estadista Republicano
4187:Partido del Pueblo Trabajador
4052:Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana
3575:Dwyer Arce (April 30, 2009).
3509:. GovTrack.us. Archived from
2942:Who was Agustín Ramos Calero?
2131:
2101:Municipalities of Puerto Rico
1987:Congress of the United States
1823:), headed by state chair and
1578:wars, as well as the current
1528:, U.S. Supreme Court Justice
1467:citizens of the U.S. at birth
1445:" in 1917 as a result of the
1272:, because of the election of
721:Partido Incondicional Español
512:Politics of the United States
398:Municipalities of Puerto Rico
112:Government-owned corporations
5875:United States Virgin Islands
4242:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
4232:Puerto Rican Communist Party
4177:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
4135:Movimiento Unión Soberanista
3117:. Thomas.gov. Archived from
1610:Voting rights in Puerto Rico
1502:and signed by the President
1407:non-self-governing territory
1286:2012 gubernatorial elections
1199:Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
1067:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
1048:
917:
848:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
802:. Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón,
740:
666:multi-party political system
7:
5636:Politics of North America
4863:Puerto Rican crested anole
4262:Unconditional Spanish Party
3988:September 29, 2007, at the
3941:Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
2049:
1431:Constitution of Puerto Rico
1418:UN Decolonization Committee
1409:under article 73(e) of the
1266:Puerto Rico's sole delegate
1040:Constitution of Puerto Rico
674:Partido Popular Democratico
659:U.S. presidential elections
612:Constitution of Puerto Rico
10:
5912:
4326:Popular Socialist Movement
4237:Puerto Rican Renewal Party
4129:Socialist Workers Movement
3712:Keith Bea (May 25, 2005).
2759:, U.S. Constitution Online
2503:. Latinamericanstudies.org
2424:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2380:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2354:. Llmc.com. Archived from
2328:. Llmc.com. Archived from
1973:On December 11, 2012, the
1856:Young Democrats of America
1607:
1601:
1461:approved by the President
1385:boycotted the plebiscite.
1337:
1030:in English—and raised the
854:on May 31, 1937, in which
699:annexation as a U.S. state
618:, advised by a cabinet of
361:Citizen's Victory Movement
167:26th Senate of Puerto Rico
107:Fiscal agent and financing
57:United States Constitution
5850:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5768:
5642:
5564:
5550:
5289:
5209:
5127:
5074:
5065:
5000:
4991:
4899:
4890:
4814:
4779:
4770:
4757:
4750:
4650:El Yunque National Forest
4588:
4579:
4527:
4446:
4437:
4355:
4334:
4313:
4285:
4144:
4101:
4080:
4044:
3956:October 25, 2008, at the
2726:. electionspuertorico.org
2181:www.puertorico-herald.org
1354:Constitutional Convention
1264:The PNP won the seat for
670:Partido Nuevo Progresista
476:Proposed political status
185:Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez
5870:Turks and Caicos Islands
5584:Northern Mariana Islands
5147:Buildings and structures
4217:Partido Republicano Puro
4182:Partido Acción Cristiana
4062:Popular Democratic Party
2953:The Puerto Rican Soldier
2111:
2096:Elections in Puerto Rico
2014:Popular Democratic Party
1720:Popular Democratic Party
1580:Middle Eastern conflicts
1494:through the federal law
1321:Popular Democratic Party
1299:
1278:Alejandro García Padilla
1259:
1250:House of Representatives
1246:Popular Democratic Party
1169:
1042:.</ref> See also:
927:Popular Democratic Party
879:Popular Democratic Party
861:Felisa Rincon de Gautier
775:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
373:Political party strength
351:Popular Democratic Party
267:Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló
236:House of Representatives
62:Puerto Rico Constitution
5896:Politics of Puerto Rico
4655:Toro Negro State Forest
4347:Politics of Puerto Rico
4172:Liberal Reformist Party
3579:. JURIST – Paper Chase.
3141:Taxation in Puerto Rico
2474:"Over 200 were wounded"
2177:"puertorico-herald.org"
2002:International Community
1916:U.S. Justice Department
1798:Miguel Hernández Agosto
1435:administrative autonomy
1288:. On November 8, 2016,
1282:Governor of Puerto Rico
1186:. The PPD also elected
1115:The fifth governor was
1109:Navieras of Puerto Rico
1044:Holidays in Puerto Rico
891:Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos
727:model developed by the
597:international community
565:politics of Puerto Rico
203:Ángel Chayanne Martínez
172:President of the Senate
23:Politics of Puerto Rico
5800:British Virgin Islands
4300:Alianza Puertorriqueña
4277:Working People's Party
3978:Bandera Roja Newspaper
3055:Pitzer, Kurt. (2013).
2315:. Accessed 2009-10-09.
2281:Alfredo Lopez (1987).
1946:On June 15, 2009, the
1780:primary and President
1689:United States Congress
1678:presidential elections
1159:Edison Misla Aldarondo
1145:Rafael Hernández Colón
1094:Rafael Hernández Colón
931:Pan, Tierra y Libertad
865:Ernesto Ramos Antonini
832:Alianza Puertorriqueña
822:and the pro-statehood
576:United States Congress
416:Federal representation
122:Office of the Governor
5740:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5023:Operation "Bootstrap"
4974:Shadow representation
4969:Resident Commissioner
4927:Independence movement
4871:Unexpected snake eel
4484:Migration to New York
4479:Immigration to Hawaii
4081:National affiliations
4057:New Progressive Party
3913:. September 28, 2023.
3911:www.wicker-senate.gov
3283:on September 25, 2007
3121:on September 29, 2006
2852:Torres v. Puerto Rico
2839:Torres v. Puerto Rico
2523:Five Years of Tyranny
1979:concurrent resolution
1937:New Progressive Party
1802:Carlos Romero Barceló
1794:Carlos Romero Barceló
1749:Franklin Delano López
1716:New Progressive Party
1658:Internal Revenue Code
1525:Torres v. Puerto Rico
1437:similar to that of a
1242:New Progressive Party
1227:San Juan, Puerto Rico
1117:Carlos Romero Barceló
1055:New Progressive Party
1028:Free Associated State
1024:Estado Libre Asociado
1008:, plus the attack on
781:, also with them was
697:embraced the idea of
649:body consisting of a
393:Mayors in Puerto Rico
346:New Progressive Party
194:Carmelo Ríos Santiago
181:President pro tempore
102:Executive departments
4937:Legislative Assembly
4855:Puerto Rican amazon
4272:Union of Puerto Rico
3895:. December 15, 2022.
3773:on February 16, 2008
3556:on December 17, 2014
3378:Independence Hearing
3322:on February 16, 2008
3246:on November 27, 2009
2967:"Mosdesto Cartagena"
2791:on December 22, 2015
2611:on January 15, 2013.
2536:Congressional Record
2499:Antonio de la Cova.
2428:on December 14, 2010
2410:on January 12, 2012.
2384:on December 14, 2010
2358:on December 14, 2010
2332:on December 14, 2010
1786:Edward "Ted" Kennedy
1516:Fourteenth Amendment
1393:International status
1180:Antonio Fas Alzamora
836:Félix Córdova Dávila
755:territory of Orleans
584:Spanish–American War
176:Thomas Rivera Schatz
5755:Trinidad and Tobago
5650:Antigua and Barbuda
5594:U.S. Virgin Islands
4824:Elfin woods warbler
3869:on October 29, 2008
3843:on January 10, 2008
3513:on January 19, 2012
3215:on November 7, 2007
3189:on November 9, 2007
2923:on November 4, 2009
2556:on January 12, 2012
2480:on January 12, 2012
2454:on January 12, 2012
2006:organized territory
1893:Recent developments
1624:U.S. Virgin Islands
1195:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá
1188:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá
1176:Sila María Calderón
1106:was bought to form
808:Luis Lloréns Torres
524:Politics portal
254:Speaker pro tempore
5690:Dominican Republic
5038:Telecommunications
4962:Statehood movement
4837:Mona ground iguana
4716:Puerto Rico Trench
4687:Isleta de San Juan
4474:Jones–Shafroth Act
4464:Intentona de Yauco
4001:The World Factbook
3968:Puerto Rico Senate
3813:on October 3, 2008
3675:Puerto Rico Report
3382:Puerto Rico Herald
3022:The New York Times
2947:2006-08-25 at the
2530:2012-01-12 at the
2064:Puerto Rico portal
1920:Territorial Clause
1864:Francisco Domenech
1860:Francisco Domenech
1840:Kenneth McClintock
1816:are statehooders.
1814:Francisco Domenech
1810:Kenneth McClintock
1520:U.S. Supreme Court
1508:Due Process Clause
1475:fundamental rights
1447:Jones–Shafroth Act
1315:won seats. In the
1236:(PNP) was elected
1207:Kenneth McClintock
1184:Carlos Vizcarrondo
980:In the 1950s, the
820:Antonio R. Barceló
812:Independence Party
804:Manuel Zeno Gandía
777:in organizing the
769:exiled himself to
759:Louisiana Purchase
695:José Celso Barbosa
639:head of government
431:Jenniffer González
258:José Torres Zamora
127:Transition process
117:Line of succession
5883:
5882:
5772:other territories
5602:
5601:
5245:
5244:
5205:
5204:
5061:
5060:
4987:
4986:
4952:Political parties
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4847:Opalescent grunt
4746:
4745:
4726:Grande de Arecibo
4575:
4574:
4393:
4392:
4067:Proyecto Dignidad
3619:National Archives
3356:978-1-4387-8149-5
3163:on April 22, 2009
3066:978-1-58843-796-9
2294:978-0-89608-257-1
1903:U.S. Constitution
1774:George H. W. Bush
1699:, since both the
1541:George H. W. Bush
1514:guarantee of the
1483:U.S. Constitution
1032:Puerto Rican flag
561:
560:
410:Federal relations
341:Political Parties
276:Urayoán Hernández
5903:
5840:Saint Barthélemy
5770:Dependencies and
5643:Sovereign states
5629:
5622:
5615:
5606:
5605:
5558:Washington, D.C.
5552:Federal district
5272:
5265:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5225:
5218:
5072:
5071:
5013:
4998:
4997:
4957:Political status
4907:
4897:
4896:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4832:
4777:
4776:
4755:
4754:
4586:
4585:
4514:Military history
4444:
4443:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4373:
4363:
4362:
4252:Republican Union
4152:Autonomist Party
4093:Republican Party
4088:Democratic Party
4031:
4024:
4017:
4008:
4007:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3865:. Archived from
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3766:. Archived from
3765:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3687:
3678:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3552:. Archived from
3546:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3463:on March 8, 2008
3459:. Archived from
3453:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3343:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3242:. Archived from
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3211:. Archived from
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:. Archived from
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3159:. Archived from
3153:
3147:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3095:on June 10, 2009
3091:. Archived from
3085:
3079:
3078:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2991:"City of Lorain"
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2847:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:. Archived from
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2406:. Archived from
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2222:on June 10, 2009
2218:. Archived from
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:on July 23, 2019
2156:
2149:
2141:
2125:
2122:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2030:State Department
2022:Condoleezza Rice
1784:beating Senator
1744:Democratic Party
1740:Republican Party
1705:Democratic Party
1701:Republican Party
1512:equal protection
1334:Political status
1290:Ricardo Rosselló
1155:Washington, D.C.
923:Luis Muñoz Marín
856:Luis Muñoz Marín
710:Autonomist Party
553:
546:
539:
522:
521:
464:Political status
285:Tatito Hernández
229:José Luis Dalmau
34:
18:
17:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5773:
5771:
5764:
5638:
5633:
5603:
5598:
5560:
5546:
5285:
5276:
5246:
5241:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5201:
5192:Public holidays
5123:
5057:
5011:
4983:
4905:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4830:
4810:
4766:
4742:
4731:Grande de Loiza
4667:Caja de Muertos
4571:
4523:
4519:Women's history
4433:
4424:
4394:
4389:
4375:Politics portal
4351:
4330:
4309:
4295:Alianza de País
4281:
4257:Socialist Party
4145:Defunct parties
4140:
4124:Socialist Front
4109:Communist Party
4097:
4076:
4040:
4035:
3990:Wayback Machine
3958:Wayback Machine
3937:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3761:"Archived copy"
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3652:. December 2012
3649:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3624:
3623:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3593:
3591:"Archived copy"
3589:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3499:
3492:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3376:
3372:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3067:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2997:on May 20, 2011
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2949:Wayback Machine
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2891:on May 10, 2011
2888:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2627:www.nbcnews.com
2621:
2620:
2616:
2605:div1.ceepur.org
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2532:Wayback Machine
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2078:Politics portal
2076:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2052:
1995:Pedro Pierluisi
1981:to request the
1960:Pedro Pierluisi
1895:
1883:Grover Norquist
1852:Hillary Clinton
1761:Hamilton Jordan
1755:to that year's
1736:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1504:Harry S. Truman
1463:Harry S. Truman
1427:
1411:Charter from UN
1395:
1342:
1336:
1309:Pedro Pierluisi
1302:
1274:Pedro Pierluisi
1262:
1172:
1167:
1079:U.S. Government
1051:
942:Jesús T. Piñero
920:
903:Blanton Winship
743:
738:
691:
686:
557:
528:
516:
503:
502:
466:
456:
455:
411:
403:
402:
388:
378:
377:
366:Proyect Dignity
331:
323:
322:
313:
303:
302:
294:Ramón Luis Cruz
281:Minority Leader
263:Majority Leader
208:Minority Leader
190:Majority Leader
149:
139:
138:
82:
72:
71:
67:Puerto Rico law
52:
25:
12:
11:
5:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:Sint Eustatius
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:Cayman Islands
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:American Samoa
5570:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5492:South Carolina
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5457:North Carolina
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
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4227:People's Party
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1602:Main article:
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1534:Bill of Rights
1496:48 U.S.C.
1451:Woodrow Wilson
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1403:Resolution 748
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1121:26 U.S.C.
1083:Los Macheteros
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907:National Guard
828:José Tous Soto
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4167:Liberal Party
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4157:Federal Party
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4102:Other parties
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4045:Local parties
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3693:. Govtrack.us
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2965:Mr. Asencio.
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2378:"Law Library"
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2199:Summary page"
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1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1929:Insular Cases
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:Roberto Prats
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:Carlos Méndez
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:Roberto Prats
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1765:Timothy Kraft
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1738:Although the
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:U.S. Congress
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:U.S. military
1556:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:U.S. Congress
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:8 U.S.C.
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:U.S. citizens
1440:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
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1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1346:U.S. Congress
1344:In 1950, the
1341:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:, giving the
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:military base
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Luis A. Ferré
1056:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:La Borinqueña
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:Massachusetts
960:
955:
954:U.S. Congress
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
915:
913:
908:
904:
900:
899:Albizu Campos
896:
892:
887:
882:
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:
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805:
801:
800:
795:
790:
786:
784:
783:José de Diego
780:
776:
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764:
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756:
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696:
681:
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667:
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660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
632:Federal Court
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
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554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
534:
532:
531:
525:
520:
515:
513:
510:
509:
507:
506:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Sovereigntism
479:
478:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
460:
459:
452:
451:Insular Cases
449:
440:
436:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
387:
382:
381:
374:
371:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
327:
326:
319:
318:Supreme Court
316:
315:
312:
307:
306:
295:
291:
290:Minority Whip
288:
286:
282:
279:
277:
273:
272:Majority Whip
270:
268:
264:
261:
259:
255:
252:
250:
249:Johnny Méndez
246:
243:
242:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
225:Minority Whip
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
204:
200:
199:Majority Whip
197:
195:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
143:
142:
135:
132:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
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93:
90:
89:
88:
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75:
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63:
60:
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51:
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38:
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29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
5865:Sint Maarten
5845:Saint Martin
5834:
5589:Puerto Rico
5588:
5497:South Dakota
5487:Rhode Island
5482:Pennsylvania
5462:North Dakota
5137:Architecture
5089:Demographics
4912:Constitution
4906:(government)
4891:
4842:Monito gecko
4682:Isla de Mona
4611:San Juan Bay
4606:Mayagüez Bay
4494:World War II
4454:Pre-Columbus
4346:
4133:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3873:December 22,
3871:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3857:
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3841:the original
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3811:the original
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3768:the original
3755:
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3733:
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3707:
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3674:
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3656:December 29,
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3641:
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3597:
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3554:the original
3544:
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3506:
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3436:. Retrieved
3427:
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3398:
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3278:the original
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3239:
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3213:the original
3203:
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3177:
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3151:
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3119:the original
3109:
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3083:
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3021:
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2995:the original
2985:
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2960:
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2913:
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2893:, retrieved
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2877:
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2857:, retrieved
2851:
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2786:the original
2781:
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2755:
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2718:
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2653:El Nuevo Día
2652:
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2604:
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2468:
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2442:
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2426:the original
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2398:
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2372:
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2356:the original
2346:
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2330:the original
2320:
2303:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2248:
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2220:the original
2210:
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2171:
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2152:the original
2139:
2120:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2019:
1999:
1992:
1990:as a State.
1972:
1968:
1953:
1945:
1933:
1896:
1880:
1876:Barack Obama
1869:
1837:
1833:Luis Fortuño
1818:
1790:
1776:winning the
1769:Pennsylvania
1753:Jimmy Carter
1737:
1724:Bill Clinton
1709:
1685:
1639:
1632:
1616:Commonwealth
1613:
1568:World War II
1557:
1546:
1538:
1523:
1490:Rico by the
1472:
1428:
1415:
1396:
1387:
1371:
1366:(Free State)
1362:Commonwealth
1358:body politic
1351:
1343:
1325:
1303:
1294:Telegramgate
1263:
1234:Luis Fortuño
1231:
1223:Philadelphia
1219:
1215:Luis Fortuño
1192:
1173:
1165:21st century
1149:
1137:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1063:civil rights
1052:
1027:
1023:
1018:
986:Constitution
979:
967:Pennsylvania
950:
935:
930:
925:founded the
921:
883:
872:
871:founded the
830:called the "
826:presided by
817:
797:
791:
787:
767:Muñoz-Rivera
744:
736:20th century
718:
707:
692:
689:19th century
663:
643:popular vote
636:
605:
564:
562:
486:Independence
220:Vargas Vidot
46:Constitution
22:
15:
5835:Puerto Rico
5745:Saint Lucia
5695:El Salvador
5566:Territories
5412:Mississippi
5327:Connecticut
5104:LGBT rights
5028:Real estate
5005:Agriculture
4917:Debt crisis
4645:Dry forests
4529:Immigration
4504:Vietnam War
4489:World War I
4469:Foraker Act
4427:Puerto Rico
4162:Labor Party
3777:January 12,
3697:November 1,
3507:Legislation
3503:"H.R. 2499"
3219:November 7,
3193:November 7,
3167:January 20,
3099:October 21,
3018:"Chronicle"
2927:December 6,
2601:"CEE Event"
2580:www.joc.com
2226:January 24,
1964:Puerto Rico
1912:White House
1872:Dick Cheney
1650:Puerto Rico
1564:World War I
1459:§ 1402
1211:José Aponte
1034:along with
1010:Blair House
990:Muñoz Marín
799:Foraker Act
794:Union Party
779:Union Party
751:Foraker Act
672:(PNP), the
624:Legislature
620:secretaries
588:Puerto Rico
216:Juan Dalmau
154:Legislature
147:Legislative
5830:Montserrat
5825:Martinique
5820:Guadeloupe
5675:Costa Rica
5527:Washington
5447:New Mexico
5442:New Jersey
5317:California
5177:Literature
5012:(currency)
4784:Amphibians
4623:Crash Boat
4447:Chronology
4287:Coalitions
3745:October 1,
3723:October 1,
3410:October 1,
3287:October 1,
3139:See also:
3027:January 2,
2730:October 1,
2633:October 6,
2629:. NBC News
2161:August 30,
2132:References
1977:enacted a
1778:Republican
1608:See also:
1553:Republican
1549:Democratic
1539:President
1500:§ 737
1473:Only the "
1439:U.S. state
1429:Under the
1374:plebiscite
1327:Democrats.
1125:§ 936
1012:, and the
852:Naranjales
844:Washington
757:after the
569:democratic
496:Status quo
134:First Lady
5815:Greenland
5730:Nicaragua
5705:Guatemala
5537:Wisconsin
5502:Tennessee
5407:Minnesota
5382:Louisiana
5094:Education
5048:Transport
4865:(reptile)
4736:Portugués
4581:Geography
4305:Coalición
3560:March 20,
3365:946207080
3075:881163053
1983:President
1825:Aguadilla
1710:Both the
1401:approved
1232:In 2008,
1193:In 2004,
1133:Watergate
1112:in 1974.
1069:(PSP), a
1049:1968–1999
975:Australia
918:1940–1968
741:1900-1940
705:in 1899.
647:bicameral
491:Statehood
336:Elections
330:Elections
80:Executive
5890:Category
5780:Anguilla
5715:Honduras
5685:Dominica
5660:Barbados
5522:Virginia
5472:Oklahoma
5452:New York
5427:Nebraska
5417:Missouri
5402:Michigan
5392:Maryland
5377:Kentucky
5357:Illinois
5332:Delaware
5322:Colorado
5312:Arkansas
5232:Category
5119:Religion
5079:Abortion
4942:Military
4922:Governor
4892:Politics
4857:(parrot)
4806:Reptiles
4709:San Juan
4699:Mayagüez
4672:Desecheo
4633:Flamenco
4628:El Tuque
4547:Corsican
4431:articles
4385:Category
4335:See also
3986:Archived
3954:Archived
3946:Governor
3893:NBC News
3847:June 13,
3817:June 13,
3787:cite web
3627:cite web
3613:July 14,
3604:Archived
3530:cite web
3438:June 13,
3250:June 13,
3240:Newsweek
3125:June 13,
3041:Nieves,
3001:June 13,
2975:June 13,
2945:Archived
2669:cite web
2659:June 17,
2585:March 4,
2560:June 13,
2528:Archived
2507:June 13,
2484:June 13,
2458:June 13,
2432:June 13,
2388:June 13,
2362:June 13,
2336:June 13,
2050:See also
1985:and the
1939:and the
1714:and the
1703:and the
1644:"Unlike
1510:and the
1381:and the
1270:Congress
1238:governor
1203:governor
1103:Sea Land
1098:governor
1085:and the
1020:Governor
1006:San Juan
971:Virginia
959:Kentucky
946:governor
771:New York
725:Canadian
616:governor
601:colonial
595:and the
572:republic
311:Judicial
87:Governor
5810:Curaçao
5795:Bonaire
5790:Bermuda
5720:Jamaica
5700:Grenada
5655:Bahamas
5542:Wyoming
5517:Vermont
5422:Montana
5362:Indiana
5342:Georgia
5337:Florida
5307:Arizona
5297:Alabama
5216:Outline
5167:Cuisine
5152:Casinos
5129:Culture
5067:Society
5053:Welfare
5043:Tourism
5010:Dollar
4993:Economy
4816:Endemic
4801:Mammals
4794:Vieques
4751:Ecology
4662:Islands
4640:Forests
4618:Beaches
4593:Barrios
4542:Chinese
4537:African
4439:History
3517:May 21,
3380:by the
3045:, 1993.
2822:June 7,
2763:June 6,
2539:church"
1887:Fortuño
1592:Admiral
1588:General
1576:Vietnam
1530:Brennan
1304:In the
1071:Marxist
869:Arecibo
729:British
680:(PIP).
245:Speaker
92:Cabinet
5735:Panama
5725:Mexico
5670:Canada
5665:Belize
5477:Oregon
5432:Nevada
5372:Kansas
5347:Hawaii
5302:Alaska
5290:States
5283:polity
5237:Portal
5197:Sports
5157:Cinema
5099:Health
4947:Police
4873:(fish)
4849:(fish)
4831:(frog)
4721:Rivers
4567:Jewish
4557:German
4552:French
4429:
3467:May 8,
3363:
3353:
3073:
3063:
2311:
2291:
1827:mayor
1782:Carter
1646:states
1622:, the
1572:Korean
1570:, the
1498:
1457:
1254:Senate
1123:
1002:Utuado
998:Jayuya
838:, the
653:and a
651:Senate
578:as an
163:Senate
5785:Aruba
5710:Haiti
5507:Texas
5387:Maine
5352:Idaho
5223:Index
5187:Music
5182:Media
5084:Crime
4789:Birds
4772:Fauna
4704:Ponce
4597:Bays
4562:Irish
3771:(PDF)
3764:(PDF)
3717:(PDF)
3650:(PDF)
3607:(PDF)
3594:(PDF)
3433:(PDF)
3320:(PDF)
3313:(PDF)
3281:(PDF)
3274:(PDF)
2970:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2889:(PDF)
2882:(PDF)
2816:(PDF)
2789:(PDF)
2202:(PDF)
2155:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
2112:Notes
1772:with
1653:Rico.
1635:state
1626:, or
1487:state
1300:2020s
1260:2010s
1170:2000s
895:Ponce
714:Spain
655:House
5855:Saba
5680:Cuba
5579:Guam
5512:Utah
5467:Ohio
5367:Iowa
5172:Flag
4365:List
3875:2007
3849:2011
3819:2011
3793:link
3779:2008
3747:2007
3725:2007
3699:2014
3658:2013
3633:link
3615:2016
3562:2015
3536:link
3519:2009
3469:2020
3440:2011
3412:2007
3361:OCLC
3351:ISBN
3328:2007
3289:2007
3252:2011
3221:2007
3195:2007
3169:2008
3143:and
3127:2011
3101:2009
3071:OCLC
3061:ISBN
3029:2008
3003:2011
2977:2011
2929:2009
2897:2009
2861:2009
2824:2009
2797:2015
2765:2009
2732:2007
2675:link
2661:2021
2635:2017
2587:2020
2562:2011
2509:2011
2486:2011
2460:2011
2434:2011
2390:2011
2364:2011
2338:2011
2309:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2228:2020
2163:2021
1812:and
1763:and
1742:and
1726:and
1620:Guam
1574:and
1551:and
1319:the
1252:and
1225:and
1075:Cuba
1073:and
1053:The
1026:—or
1004:and
988:and
969:and
936:The
884:The
863:and
792:The
745:The
563:The
48:and
5281:by
5142:Art
5033:Tax
4932:Law
1962:(D-
1590:or
1268:to
1201:as
842:in
435:PNP
50:law
5892::
3909:.
3891:.
3837:;"
3789:}}
3785:{{
3682:^
3673:,
3629:}}
3625:{{
3602:.
3596:.
3532:}}
3528:{{
3521:.
3505:.
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3359:.
3336:^
3297:^
3260:^
3238:.
3069:.
3020:.
2951:,
2912:.
2868:^
2831:^
2780:.
2697:16
2695:.
2691:.
2671:}}
2667:{{
2651:.
2625:.
2603:.
2578:.
2179:.
1943:.
1931:.
1648:,
1630:.
1566:,
1330:.
1296:.
1276:.
1256:.
1229:.
1217:.
1081:,
1000:,
965:,
961:,
948:.
914:.
806:,
785:.
765:.
661:.
437:,
292::
283::
274::
265::
256::
247::
238::
227::
218:;
214:;
210::
201::
192::
183::
174::
165::
156::
5628:e
5621:t
5614:v
5271:e
5264:t
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4419:e
4412:t
4405:v
4030:e
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