40:
171:
must be performed to evaluate the situation: the degree of obstruction by clots, the location of these clots, and the detection of deep and/or superficial venous insufficiency. Since signs and symptoms of DVT and PTS may be quite similar, a diagnosis of PTS should be delayed for 3–6 months after DVT
235:
Treatment of PTS adds significantly to the cost of treating DVT. The annual health care cost of PTS in the United States has been estimated at $ 200 million, with costs over $ 3800 per patient in the first year alone, and increasing with disease severity. PTS also causes lost work productivity:
128:
Despite outgoing research, the cause of PTS is not entirely clear. Inflammation is thought to play a role as well as damage to the venous valves from the thrombus itself. This valvular incompetence combined with persistent venous obstruction from thrombus increases the pressure in veins and
218:
Patients with upper-extremity DVT may develop upper-extremity PTS, but the incidence is lower than that for lower-extremity PTS (15–25%). No treatment or prevention methods are established, but patients with upper-extremity PTS may wear a compression sleeve for persistent symptoms.
180:
Prevention of PTS begins with prevention of initial and recurrent DVT. For people hospitalized at high-risk of DVT, prevention methods may include early ambulation, use of compression stockings or electrostimulation devices, and/or anticoagulant medications. Elastic
206:
Treatment options for PTS include proper leg elevation, compression therapy with elastic stockings, or electrostimulation devices, pharmacotherapy (pentoxifylline), herbal remedies (such as horse chestnut, rutosides), and wound care for leg ulcers.
919:
Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, Colwell CW (June 2008). "Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American
College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)".
1006:
Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American
College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)"
129:
capillaries. Venous hypertension induces a rupture of small superficial veins, subcutaneous hemorrhage and an increase of tissue permeability. That is manifested by pain, swelling, discoloration, and even ulceration.
1247:
Bergqvist D, Jendteg S, Johansen L, Persson U, Odegaard K (March 1997). "Cost of long-term complications of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities: an analysis of a defined patient population in Sweden".
1302:
116:
These signs and symptoms may vary among patients and over time. With PTS, these symptoms typically are worse after walking or standing for long periods of time and improve with resting or elevating the leg.
257:
Defining the true efficacy of elastic compression stockings for PTS prevention (and if effective, elucidating the minimum compression strength necessary and the optimal timing and duration of compression
198:
A second prevention approach may be weight loss for those who are overweight or obese. Increased weight can put more stress and pressure on leg veins, and can predispose patients to developing PTS.
720:
Ageno W, Piantanida E, Dentali F, Steidl L, Mera V, Squizzato A, et al. (February 2003). "Body mass index is associated with the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome".
2130:
189:
248:
Fully defining the pathophysiology of PTS, including the role of inflammation and residual thrombus after completion of an appropriate duration of anticoagulant therapy
606:
Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Cogo A, Cuppini S, Villalta S, Carta M, et al. (July 1996). "The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis".
227:
PTS can affect 23 to 60% of patients in the two years following DVT of the leg. Of those, 10% may go on to develop severe PTS, involving venous ulcers.
120:
PTS lowers a person's quality of life after DVT, specifically with regards to physical and psychological symptoms and limitations in daily activities.
167:
When physicians find a DVT in the clinical history of their patients, a postthrombotic syndrome is possible if the patients have suggestive symptoms.
1356:
1929:
168:
1070:
Elman EE, Kahn SR (2006). "The post-thrombotic syndrome after upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in adults: a systematic review".
428:
Shbaklo H, Holcroft CA, Kahn SR (March 2009). "Levels of inflammatory markers and the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome".
195:
For people who have already had a single DVT event, the best way to prevent a second DVT is appropriate anticoagulation therapy.
332:
Kahn SR, Hirsch A, Shrier I. Effect of postthrombotic syndrome on health-related quality of life after deep venous thrombosis"
1701:
1208:"Economic burden of long-term complications of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement surgery in the United States"
880:"Definition of post-thrombotic syndrome of the leg for use in clinical investigations: a recommendation for standardization"
1706:
267:
Additional treatment options for PTS with demonstrated safety and efficacy (compression and pharmacologic therapies)
244:
The field of PTS still holds many unanswered questions that are important targets for more research. Those include:
1856:
1473:
1488:
1349:
463:
Roumen-Klappe EM, Janssen MC, Van Rossum J, Holewijn S, Van
Bokhoven MM, Kaasjager K, et al. (April 2009).
1807:
1619:
1924:
1844:
1549:
465:"Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis and the development of post-thrombotic syndrome: a prospective study"
1939:
1934:
1661:
1651:
955:
Appelen D, van Loo E, Prins MH, Neumann MH, Kolbach DN (September 2017). Cochrane
Vascular Group (ed.).
757:"Relation between quality of anticoagulant treatment and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome"
678:"Predictors of the post-thrombotic syndrome during long-term treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis"
507:
Pirard D, Bellens B, Vereecken P (March 2008). "The post-thrombotic syndrome - a condition to prevent".
2040:
1691:
1666:
1483:
1412:
1342:
2065:
2008:
1656:
1609:
1459:
1422:
2050:
1817:
1812:
1636:
1614:
1317:
534:
Vedantham S (2009). "Valvular dysfunction and venous obstruction in the post-thrombotic syndrome".
348:"The influence of venous thromboembolism on quality of life and severity of chronic venous disease"
1107:"The long term clinical course of acute deep vein thrombosis of the arm: prospective cohort study"
1105:
Prandoni P, Bernardi E, Marchiori A, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Villalta S, et al. (August 2004).
389:"Determinants of health-related quality of life during the 2 years following deep vein thrombosis"
158:
poor quality of anticoagulation control (i.e. dose too low) during the first 3 months of treatment
2105:
2087:
1569:
1564:
1528:
1498:
2077:
2060:
2055:
2045:
1886:
1822:
1464:
1365:
2082:
1827:
1686:
1678:
1646:
1533:
188:
Increasingly, catheter-directed thrombolysis has been employed. This is a procedure in which
182:
1261:
619:
1996:
1991:
1795:
1587:
1206:
Caprini JA, Botteman MF, Stephens JM, Nadipelli V, Ewing MM, Brandt S, et al. (2003).
567:"Risk factors for post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with a first deep venous thrombosis"
79:
387:
Kahn SR, Shbaklo H, Lamping DL, Holcroft CA, Shrier I, Miron MJ, et al. (July 2008).
8:
2072:
1839:
839:"The natural history of calf vein thrombosis: lysis of thrombi and development of reflux"
676:
Kahn SR, Kearon C, Julian JA, Mackinnon B, Kovacs MJ, Wells P, et al. (April 2005).
641:
Shbaklo H, Kahn SR (September 2008). "Long-term prognosis after deep venous thrombosis".
2135:
1986:
1896:
1478:
1183:
1158:
1047:
1022:
981:
956:
1131:
1106:
855:
838:
543:
1777:
1726:
1626:
1265:
1229:
1224:
1207:
1188:
1136:
1087:
1052:
986:
937:
901:
896:
879:
860:
819:
778:
773:
756:
737:
699:
694:
677:
658:
623:
588:
583:
566:
547:
516:
486:
481:
464:
445:
410:
405:
388:
369:
364:
347:
315:
210:
The benefits of compression bandages is unclear. They may be useful to treat edemas.
52:
1782:
1431:
1334:
1257:
1219:
1178:
1170:
1126:
1118:
1083:
1079:
1042:
1034:
976:
972:
968:
929:
891:
850:
809:
768:
729:
689:
650:
615:
578:
539:
476:
437:
400:
359:
305:
755:
van Dongen CJ, Prandoni P, Frulla M, Marchiori A, Prins MH, Hutten BA (May 2005).
1974:
1969:
1881:
1604:
1559:
1439:
1322:
1023:"Contemporary issues in the prevention and management of postthrombotic syndrome"
654:
310:
293:
1122:
261:
Whether PTS prevention methods are necessary for patients with asymptomatic, or
2023:
1873:
1736:
1696:
1631:
1592:
1503:
1311:
1174:
814:
797:
2124:
1891:
1554:
798:"Relationship between deep venous thrombosis and the postthrombotic syndrome"
346:
Kahn SR, M'Lan CE, Lamping DL, Kurz X, BĂ©rard A, Abenhaim L (December 2004).
1718:
2032:
1944:
1759:
1449:
1392:
1233:
1192:
1140:
1091:
1056:
990:
941:
905:
823:
782:
741:
733:
703:
662:
592:
551:
520:
490:
449:
414:
373:
319:
144:
39:
1269:
933:
864:
627:
236:
people with severe PTS and venous ulcers lose up to 2 work days per year.
2097:
1493:
441:
2013:
2003:
1964:
1908:
1901:
1731:
565:
Tick LW, Kramer MH, Rosendaal FR, Faber WR, Doggen CJ (December 2008).
262:
1294:
1038:
462:
1767:
1508:
1444:
1400:
1383:
1378:
78:
is a medical condition that may occur as a long-term complication of
1981:
1583:
1520:
1454:
1405:
16:
Residual symptoms following thrombosis (clots in the blood vessels)
1021:
Vazquez SR, Freeman A, VanWoerkom RC, Rondina MT (November 2009).
878:
Kahn SR, Partsch H, Vedantham S, Prandoni P, Kearon C (May 2009).
837:
Masuda EM, Kessler DM, Kistner RL, Eklof B, Sato DT (July 1998).
754:
185:
may reduce the occurrence of PTS after clinically confirmed DVT.
149:
a second DVT in same leg as first DVT (recurrent ipsilateral DVT)
1205:
1104:
957:"Compression therapy for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome"
1374:
1306:
1246:
1020:
254:
Role of thrombolytic ("clot-busting") drugs in PTS prevention
877:
719:
1750:
137:
The following factors increase the risk of developing PTS:
954:
605:
386:
836:
675:
918:
564:
345:
1159:"Incidence and cost burden of post-thrombotic syndrome"
506:
2131:
Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
1364:
1284:
152:
persistent DVT symptoms 1 month after DVT diagnosis
427:
172:diagnosis so an appropriate diagnosis can be made.
47:
Person with post-thrombotic syndrome and leg ulcers
90:Signs and symptoms of PTS in the leg may include:
192:will break up a clot using a variety of methods.
2122:
33:postphlebitic syndrome, venous stress disorder
1350:
795:
1156:
961:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
640:
1930:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
1357:
1343:
1152:
1150:
287:
285:
283:
281:
169:Ultrasonography for deep venous thrombosis
38:
1223:
1182:
1130:
1069:
1046:
1002:
1000:
980:
895:
854:
813:
772:
693:
582:
533:
480:
404:
363:
309:
715:
713:
1262:10.7326/0003-4819-126-6-199703150-00006
1147:
620:10.7326/0003-4819-125-1-199607010-00001
278:
2123:
1163:Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
997:
830:
251:Developing a PTS risk prediction model
239:
230:
109:brownish or reddish skin discoloration
1702:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1338:
1157:Ashrani AA, Heit JA (November 2009).
928:(6 Suppl) (8th ed.): 381S–453S.
884:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
796:Kahn SR, Ginsberg JS (January 2004).
761:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
710:
682:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
571:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
502:
500:
469:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
393:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
352:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
294:"How I treat postthrombotic syndrome"
85:
1707:Generalized essential telangiectasia
291:
213:
13:
497:
14:
2147:
1280:
1857:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1225:10.1046/j.1524-4733.2003.00204.x
897:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03294.x
774:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01333.x
695:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01216.x
584:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03180.x
538:. 123 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): S62-5.
482:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03286.x
406:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03002.x
365:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00957.x
1240:
1199:
1098:
1063:
1014:
948:
912:
871:
789:
748:
669:
634:
599:
222:
132:
1808:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1084:10.1016/j.thromres.2005.05.029
973:10.1002/14651858.CD004174.pub3
558:
527:
456:
421:
380:
339:
326:
1:
1620:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
1474:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
1027:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
856:10.1016/s0741-5214(98)70201-0
849:(1): 67–73, discussion 73–4.
802:Archives of Internal Medicine
643:Current Opinion in Hematology
544:10.1016/s0049-3848(09)70146-x
271:
175:
1925:Chronic venous insufficiency
1550:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
655:10.1097/moh.0b013e32830abde2
311:10.1182/blood-2009-07-199174
201:
162:
7:
1940:Inferior vena cava syndrome
1935:Superior vena cava syndrome
1662:Vertebral artery dissection
1652:Intracranial berry aneurysm
1250:Annals of Internal Medicine
1123:10.1136/bmj.38167.684444.3a
843:Journal of Vascular Surgery
608:Annals of Internal Medicine
10:
2152:
2041:Hypertensive heart disease
1692:Arteriovenous malformation
1667:Familial aortic dissection
722:Thrombosis and Haemostasis
509:Dermatology Online Journal
430:Thrombosis and Haemostasis
190:a vascular interventionist
2096:
2066:Renovascular hypertension
2031:
2022:
2009:Hepatic artery thrombosis
1957:
1917:
1872:
1776:
1758:
1749:
1717:
1677:
1657:Carotid artery dissection
1610:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
1582:
1542:
1519:
1460:Intermittent claudication
1430:
1423:Peripheral artery disease
1421:
1391:
1373:
1288:
1175:10.1007/s11239-009-0309-3
815:10.1001/archinte.164.1.17
292:Kahn SR (November 2009).
94:pain (aching or cramping)
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
2051:Hypertensive nephropathy
1864:Post-thrombotic syndrome
1845:Paget–Schroetter disease
1637:Coronary artery aneurysm
1615:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
123:
64:Post-thrombotic syndrome
25:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2106:Orthostatic hypotension
2088:White coat hypertension
1565:Fibromuscular dysplasia
1529:Carotid artery stenosis
2078:Pulmonary hypertension
2061:Secondary hypertension
2056:Essential hypertension
2046:Hypertensive emergency
1887:Portacaval anastomosis
1823:Portal vein thrombosis
1465:Critical limb ischemia
1366:Cardiovascular disease
734:10.1055/s-0037-1613447
76:venous stress disorder
72:postphlebitic syndrome
2083:Systolic hypertension
1828:Renal vein thrombosis
1687:Arteriovenous fistula
1679:Vascular malformation
1647:Intracranial aneurysm
1534:Renal artery stenosis
934:10.1378/chest.08-0656
183:compression stockings
1997:Paradoxical embolism
1992:Cholesterol embolism
1818:May–Thurner syndrome
1813:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1796:Deep vein thrombosis
1791:primarily lower limb
1570:Raynaud's phenomenon
442:10.1160/TH08-08-0511
80:deep vein thrombosis
2073:Benign hypertension
1072:Thrombosis Research
1011:2008;133:454S-545S.
536:Thrombosis Research
240:Research directions
231:Society and culture
100:itching or tingling
1987:Pulmonary embolism
1897:Esophageal varices
1835:upper limb / torso
1479:Arteriolosclerosis
86:Signs and symptoms
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
1958:Arteries or veins
1953:
1952:
1778:Venous thrombosis
1745:
1744:
1727:Cherry hemangioma
1627:Aortic dissection
1578:
1577:
1413:Buerger's disease
1332:
1331:
1039:10.1345/aph.1m185
214:Upper extremities
61:
60:
19:Medical condition
2143:
2029:
2028:
1840:Mondor's disease
1783:Thrombophlebitis
1756:
1755:
1432:Arteriosclerosis
1428:
1427:
1389:
1388:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1018:
1012:
1004:
995:
994:
984:
952:
946:
945:
916:
910:
909:
899:
875:
869:
868:
858:
834:
828:
827:
817:
793:
787:
786:
776:
752:
746:
745:
717:
708:
707:
697:
673:
667:
666:
638:
632:
631:
603:
597:
596:
586:
562:
556:
555:
531:
525:
524:
504:
495:
494:
484:
460:
454:
453:
425:
419:
418:
408:
384:
378:
377:
367:
343:
337:
336:2002;162:1144-8.
330:
324:
323:
313:
289:
103:swelling (edema)
42:
22:
21:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2092:
2018:
1975:Microangiopathy
1970:Macroangiopathy
1949:
1913:
1882:Gastric varices
1868:
1781:
1772:
1741:
1713:
1673:
1605:Aortic aneurysm
1591:
1574:
1560:Erythromelalgia
1538:
1515:
1440:Atherosclerosis
1417:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1297:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1245:
1241:
1212:Value in Health
1204:
1200:
1155:
1148:
1117:(7464): 484–5.
1103:
1099:
1068:
1064:
1033:(11): 1824–35.
1019:
1015:
1005:
998:
953:
949:
917:
913:
876:
872:
835:
831:
794:
790:
753:
749:
718:
711:
674:
670:
639:
635:
604:
600:
577:(12): 2075–81.
563:
559:
532:
528:
505:
498:
461:
457:
426:
422:
385:
381:
358:(12): 2146–51.
344:
340:
334:Arch Intern Med
331:
327:
304:(21): 4624–31.
290:
279:
274:
242:
233:
225:
216:
204:
178:
165:
135:
126:
88:
70:), also called
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2024:Blood pressure
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1874:Varicose veins
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1737:Spider angioma
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1719:Vascular nevus
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:Telangiectasia
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1632:Aortic rupture
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1597:
1595:
1593:pseudoaneurysm
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1504:Oxycholesterol
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:Classification
1282:
1281:External links
1279:
1276:
1275:
1239:
1198:
1146:
1097:
1062:
1013:
996:
947:
911:
870:
829:
788:
747:
709:
668:
633:
598:
557:
526:
496:
455:
420:
399:(7): 1105–12.
379:
338:
325:
276:
275:
273:
270:
269:
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265:
259:
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147:
142:
134:
131:
125:
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114:
113:
110:
107:
106:varicose veins
104:
101:
98:
95:
87:
84:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
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2079:
2076:
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2064:
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2059:
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2039:
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2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
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1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Caput medusae
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
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1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Degos disease
1553:
1551:
1548:
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1545:
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1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
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1497:
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1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:(4): 465–76.
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:(6): 609–14.
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1001:
992:
988:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
915:
907:
903:
898:
893:
890:(5): 879–83.
889:
885:
881:
874:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
825:
821:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
784:
780:
775:
770:
767:(5): 939–42.
766:
762:
758:
751:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
714:
705:
701:
696:
691:
688:(4): 718–23.
687:
683:
679:
672:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
594:
590:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
501:
492:
488:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:(3): 505–12.
435:
431:
424:
416:
412:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
375:
371:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
342:
335:
329:
321:
317:
312:
307:
303:
299:
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288:
286:
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277:
266:
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237:
228:
220:
211:
208:
199:
196:
193:
191:
186:
184:
173:
170:
157:
154:
151:
148:
146:
143:
140:
139:
138:
130:
121:
118:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
91:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2033:Hypertension
1945:Venous ulcer
1863:
1851:
1834:
1802:
1790:
1760:Inflammation
1641:
1600:
1489:Hyperplastic
1450:Fatty streak
1393:Inflammation
1316:
1301:
1256:(6): 454–7.
1253:
1249:
1242:
1218:(1): 59–74.
1215:
1211:
1201:
1166:
1162:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1008:
967:: CD004174.
964:
960:
950:
925:
921:
914:
887:
883:
873:
846:
842:
832:
808:(1): 17–26.
805:
801:
791:
764:
760:
750:
728:(2): 305–9.
725:
721:
685:
681:
671:
649:(5): 494–8.
646:
642:
636:
611:
607:
601:
574:
570:
560:
535:
529:
512:
508:
475:(4): 582–7.
472:
468:
458:
433:
429:
423:
396:
392:
382:
355:
351:
341:
333:
328:
301:
297:
243:
234:
226:
223:Epidemiology
217:
209:
205:
197:
194:
187:
179:
166:
145:proximal DVT
136:
133:Risk factors
127:
119:
115:
89:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:
2098:Hypotension
1642:head / neck
1494:Cholesterol
1384:capillaries
141:age > 65
30:Other names
2125:Categories
2014:Vasculitis
2004:Thrombosis
1965:Angiopathy
1909:Varicocele
1902:Hemorrhoid
1732:Halo nevus
1588:dissection
1379:arterioles
614:(1): 1–7.
272:References
263:distal DVT
176:Prevention
57:Hematology
2136:Syndromes
1768:Phlebitis
1509:Trans fat
1445:Foam cell
1401:Arteritis
1368:(vessels)
515:(3): 13.
202:Treatment
163:Diagnosis
97:heaviness
53:Specialty
1982:Embolism
1584:Aneurysm
1521:Stenosis
1455:Atheroma
1406:Aortitis
1375:Arteries
1234:12535239
1193:19224134
1141:15256419
1092:16002126
1057:19737994
991:28950030
942:18574271
906:19175497
824:14718318
783:15869588
742:12574811
704:15733061
663:18695373
593:18983518
552:19303507
521:18627714
491:19175493
450:19277412
415:18466316
374:15613019
320:19741190
258:therapy)
1803:abdomen
1484:Hyaline
1323:D054070
1270:9072931
1184:4761436
1048:3245967
982:6483721
865:9685132
628:8644983
155:obesity
82:(DVT).
1268:
1232:
1191:
1181:
1139:
1132:515197
1129:
1090:
1055:
1045:
989:
979:
940:
904:
863:
822:
781:
740:
702:
661:
626:
591:
550:
519:
489:
448:
413:
372:
318:
1918:Other
1751:Veins
1601:torso
1543:Other
1312:I87.0
1009:Chest
922:Chest
298:Blood
124:Cause
112:ulcer
1852:head
1382:and
1318:MeSH
1266:PMID
1230:PMID
1189:PMID
1137:PMID
1088:PMID
1053:PMID
987:PMID
938:PMID
902:PMID
861:PMID
820:PMID
779:PMID
738:PMID
700:PMID
659:PMID
624:PMID
589:PMID
548:PMID
517:PMID
487:PMID
446:PMID
411:PMID
370:PMID
316:PMID
74:and
1499:LDL
1303:ICD
1258:doi
1254:126
1220:doi
1179:PMC
1171:doi
1127:PMC
1119:doi
1115:329
1111:BMJ
1080:doi
1076:117
1043:PMC
1035:doi
977:PMC
969:doi
930:doi
926:133
892:doi
851:doi
810:doi
806:164
769:doi
730:doi
690:doi
651:doi
616:doi
612:125
579:doi
540:doi
477:doi
438:doi
434:101
401:doi
360:doi
306:doi
302:114
68:PTS
2127::
1603::
1586:/
1377:,
1321::
1310::
1307:10
1264:.
1252:.
1228:.
1214:.
1210:.
1187:.
1177:.
1167:28
1165:.
1161:.
1149:^
1135:.
1125:.
1113:.
1109:.
1086:.
1074:.
1051:.
1041:.
1031:43
1029:.
1025:.
999:^
985:.
975:.
963:.
959:.
936:.
924:.
900:.
886:.
882:.
859:.
847:28
845:.
841:.
818:.
804:.
800:.
777:.
763:.
759:.
736:.
726:89
724:.
712:^
698:.
684:.
680:.
657:.
647:15
645:.
622:.
610:.
587:.
573:.
569:.
546:.
513:14
511:.
499:^
485:.
471:.
467:.
444:.
432:.
409:.
395:.
391:.
368:.
354:.
350:.
314:.
300:.
296:.
280:^
1780:/
1590:/
1358:e
1351:t
1344:v
1305:-
1295:D
1272:.
1260::
1236:.
1222::
1216:6
1195:.
1173::
1143:.
1121::
1094:.
1082::
1059:.
1037::
993:.
971::
965:9
944:.
932::
908:.
894::
888:7
867:.
853::
826:.
812::
785:.
771::
765:3
744:.
732::
706:.
692::
686:3
665:.
653::
630:.
618::
595:.
581::
575:6
554:.
542::
523:.
493:.
479::
473:7
452:.
440::
417:.
403::
397:6
376:.
362::
356:2
322:.
308::
66:(
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