31:
284:
use the toilet. Usually around one year of age, a child will begin to recognize the need to evacuate, which might be observed through changes in behavior immediately prior to urination or defecation. Although they may recognize the need, children younger than 18 months may not yet be able to consciously control the muscles involved in elimination, and cannot yet begin toilet training. While they may use the toilet if placed there by a parent at an opportune time, this likely remains an involuntary, rather than a conscious process. This will gradually change over the course of many months or years, with nighttime bowel control usually the first to manifest, followed by daytime control, and nighttime bladder control normally last.
471:
106:
355:
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214:
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a child about their need to use the bathroom, demonstration by a parent, or some type of reward system. Some children may respond more positively to more brief but intense toilet training, while others may be more successful adjusting more slowly over a longer period of time. Regardless of the techniques used, the
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that the strategy utilize as much parental involvement and encouragement as possible, while avoiding negative judgement.
598:, "If you can, start training your infant to have a bowel movement in the chamber each morning at the age of one month. … Place the chamber on your lap … and hold the infant over it. … Insert about two inches into the rectum, a tapered soap stick, keep it there from 3 to 5 minutes… The movement will usually occur under this stimulus. If you keep this up with regularity, a daily bowel movement will probably result."
210:, both the Brazelton and the Azrin/Foxx approaches are effective for developmentally normal children, although the evidence has been limited, and no study has directly compared the effectiveness of the two. Recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics follow closely with Brazelton, and at least one study has suggested that the Azrin/Foxx method was more effective than that proposed by Spock.
89:
trainers may need to adjust their techniques according to what is most effective in their situation. Training may begin shortly after birth in some cultures. However, in much of the developed world this occurs between the age of 18 months and two years, with the majority of children fully trained by age four, although many children may still experience occasional accidents.
512:
448:, toilet training may be a trigger for child maltreatment, especially in circumstances where a parent or caregiver feels the child is old enough that they should have already successfully mastered training, and yet the child continues to have accidents. This may be misinterpreted by the caregiver as willful disobedience on the part of the child.
490:. Similar alarm systems have been studied that sense wetness in undergarments, especially as it concerns the toilet training of those with intellectual disabilities. This has been applied more recently in the production of potties, that play an audible cheer or other form of encouragement when used by a child.
497:(pull-ups), or the use of non-absorbent cotton underwear of the type adults may wear. These are typically employed later in the training process, and not as initial step. Children who experience repeated accidents after transitioning to cotton undergarments may be allowed to resume the use of diapers.
232:
Opinions may vary greatly among parents regarding what the most effective approach to toilet training is, and success may require multiple or varied techniques according to what a child is most responsive to. These may include the use of educational material, like children's books, regularly querying
189:
Approaches to toilet training have fluctuated between "passive child readiness" ("nature"-based approaches), which emphasize individual child readiness, and more "structured behaviorally based" ("nurture"-based approaches), which emphasize the need for parents to initiate a training regime as soon as
88:
Specific recommendations on techniques vary considerably, although a range of these are generally considered effective, and specific research on their comparative effectiveness is lacking. No single approach may be universally effective, either across learners or for the same learner across time, and
311:
Both the
American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Paediatric Society recommend that parents begin toilet training around 18 months of age so long as the child is interested in doing so. There is some evidence to suggest that children who are trained after their second year, may be at a higher
320:
The majority of children will achieve complete bladder and bowel control between ages two and four. While four-year-olds are usually reliably dry during their waking hours, as many as one in five children aged five will occasionally wet themselves during the night. Girls tend to complete successful
316:
or daytime wetting. There is no evidence of any psychological problems resulting from initiating training too early. In a study of families in the United
Kingdom, researchers found that 2.1% began training prior to six months, 13.8% between 6 and 15 months, 50.4% between 15 and 24 months, and 33.7%
307:
In 1932, the U.S. Government recommended that parents begin toilet training nearly immediately after birth, with the expectation that it would be complete by the time the child was six to eight months of age. However, this shifted over time, with parents in the early 20th century beginning training
283:
observes, using the toilet can be a complex process to master, from the ability to recognize and control bodily functions, to the skills required to carry out proper hygiene practices, the requisite dexterity to dress and undress oneself, and the communication skills to inform others of the need to
419:
Although some complications may increase the time needed to achieve successful bladder and bowel control, most children can be toilet trained nonetheless. Physiological causes of failure in toilet training are rare, as is the need for medical intervention. In most cases, children who struggle with
303:
beginning toilet training as early as a few weeks or months of age. In
Vietnam, toilet training begins shortly after birth, with toilet training complete by age 2. This may be mediated by a number of actors, including cultural values regarding excrement, the role of caregivers, and the expectation
423:
In a 2014 survey of UK schools, primary school teachers and educational staff reported observing an increasing number of otherwise healthy schoolchildren who were not toilet trained. 15% of respondents reported that they had observed healthy children aged 5-7 wearing diapers to school in the past
440:
in the US from 2002 to 2010 indicated that the most common form of toilet training related injury was caused by falling toilet seats, and occurred most often in children aged two to three. The second most common injury was from slipping on floors, and 99% of injuries of all types occurred in the
411:
occurs when a child that has been toilet trained to urinate, refuses to use the toilet to defecate for a period lasting at least one month. This may affect as many as 22% of children and can result in constipation or pain during elimination. It usually resolves without the need for intervention.
141:
in the mid 20th century, each of which decreased the burden on parental time and resources needed to care for children who were not toilet trained, and changed expectations about the timeliness of training. This trend did not manifest equally in all parts of the world. Those living in poorer
92:
Certain behavioral or medical disorders may affect toilet training, and extend the time and effort necessary for successful completion. In certain circumstances, these will require professional intervention by a medical professional. However, this is rare and even for those children who face
153:
attributed much of contemporary
Japanese society in the 1940s to their method of toilet training, writing that "early and severe toilet training is the most important single influence in the formation of the adult Japanese character." Some German child-rearing theorists of the 1970s tied
96:
Children may face certain risks associated with training, such as slips or falling toilet seats, and toilet training may act in some circumstances as a trigger for abuse. Certain technologies have been developed for use in toilet training, some specialized and others commonly used.
329:
Accidents, periodic episodes of urinary or fecal incontinence, are generally a normal part of toilet training and are usually not a sign of serious medical issues. Accidents that occur with additional problems, such as pain when urinating or defecating, chronic
416:, or attempts to avoid defecation all together. This can also result in constipation. Some children will hide their stool, which may be done out of embarrassment or fear, and is more likely to be associated with both toileting refusal and withholding.
308:
at 12–18 months of age, and shifting by the latter half of the century, to an average of greater than 18 months. In the US and Europe, training normally starts between 21 and 36 months, with only 40 to 60% of children trained by 36 months.
404:
may face a unique set of challenges related to bladder and bowel control, and those with visual or auditory problems may require adaptations in the parental approach to training to compensate, in addition to therapy or adaptive equipment.
124:
Cultural beliefs and practices related to toilet training in recent times have varied. For example, beginning in the late 18th century parenting transitioned from the use of leaves or linens (or nothing) for the covering of a child's
142:
countries usually train as early as possible, as access to amenities such as disposable diapers may still pose a significant burden. Poorer families in developed countries also tend to train earlier than their more affluent peers.
485:
As early as 1938, among the first technologies developed to address toilet training was known as the "bell and pad", where a sensor detected when a child had wet themselves at night, and triggered an alarm to act as a form of
1491:
428:
said that she knew of medically healthy adolescents as old as 15 with toilet training issues. Commentators attributed the issue to parents being too busy to teach their children basic skills.
121:, according to one source "Recommended cures for 'pyssying the bedde'...included consumption of ground hedgehog or powdered goat claw and having dried rooster combs sprinkled on the bed."
321:
training at a somewhat younger age than their male peers, and the typical time period between the beginning and completion of training tends to vary between three and six months.
585:, major problems with their characterizations of the toilet training habits of Japanese families, and their conclusions had been reached largely without data from field studies.
117:
has been credited with the earliest known children's toilet. However, there is no evidence of what training techniques they may have employed. Later, during the
European
149:, with its emphasis on the unconscious, and warnings about potential psychological impacts in later life of toilet training experiences. For example, anthropologist
500:
Most widely used techniques recommend the use of specialized children's potties, and some recommend that parents consider using snacks or drinks as rewards.
1499:
346:, also known as bed wetting, may be as high as 9.7% of seven-year-olds, and 5.5% of ten-year-olds, eventually decreasing to a rate of about 0.5% in adults.
1175:
493:
Trainers may choose to employ different choices of undergarments to facilitate training. This includes switching from traditional diapers or nappies to
1859:
373:
Toilet training can be increasingly difficult for parents of children who have certain developmental, behavioral or medical disorders. Children with
203:
1601:
1725:
Blum NJ, Taubman B, Nemeth N (2003). "Relationship between age at initiation of toilet training and duration of training: A prospective study".
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1629:
425:
1203:
746:
400:, that could require medical assessment and surgical or pharmacological intervention to ensure successful toilet training. Those with
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30:
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1343:
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918:
853:
786:
729:
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222:
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73:. Attitudes toward training in recent history have fluctuated substantially, and may vary across cultures and according to
2636:
1692:"Sequential acquisition of toilet training skills: A descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children"
808:
2268:
367:
251:
Encouraging and praising the child when they inform caregivers of their need to evacuate, even when done after the fact
2722:
2482:
1754:
Devries, MW; Devries, MR (1977). "Cultural relativity of toilet training readiness: A perspective from East Africa".
884:
173:, with an emphasis on meaning, cognitive ability, and personal values. Writers such as psychologist and pediatrician
169:, with an emphasis on the ways in which rewards and reinforcements increase the frequency of certain behaviors, and
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1845:
1822:
1514:
2234:
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1817:
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may not be motivated to complete toilet training, may have difficulty appropriately responding to associated
382:
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possible. Among the more popular methods are the
Brazelton child-oriented approach, the approach outlined in
2502:
550:
1137:"Vietnamese mothers' experiences with potty training procedure for children from birth to 2 years of age"
237:
17:
1406:
2273:
2155:
2022:
944:
987:
532:
1791:
Cavanagh, Sheila L. (2017). "Toilet
Training: The Gender and Sexual Body Politics of the Bathroom".
982:
2707:
2537:
2487:
2219:
1959:
1546:
1438:
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778:
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were influential in re-framing the issue of toilet training as one of biology and child readiness.
1542:
Disaster and Trauma, An Issue of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book
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1136:
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Schum, T. R.; Kolb, T. M.; McAuliffe, T. L.; Simms, M. D.; Underhill, R. L.; Lewis, M. (2002).
910:
487:
258:
900:
105:
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678:
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Toilet training practice may vary greatly across cultures. For example, researchers such as
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2209:
1637:
437:
397:
170:
82:
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that mothers work, and how soon they are expected to return to work following childbirth.
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makes a number of specific recommendations for toilet training techniques. These include:
8:
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Being attentive to a child's behavioural cues that may indicate their need to evacuate
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2314:
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2017:
1987:
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1471:
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1386:
1339:
1319:
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1261:
1176:"Let these globe-trotting lessons in potty training flush your parental worries away"
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1117:
948:
914:
880:
849:
782:
725:
682:
648:
559:, clothing commonly worn by children in China that allows elimination without removal
556:
517:
300:
93:
difficulties in training, the vast majority of children can be successfully trained.
1783:
1666:
1052:
133:(or nappies), which needed to be washed by hand. This was followed by the advent of
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2532:
2214:
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2079:
1966:
1917:
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296:
280:
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2084:
2058:
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2012:
1971:
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1335:
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1152:
938:
904:
870:
839:
772:
721:
715:
672:
638:
292:
134:
1630:"Toilet Training Guidelines: Parents—The Role of the Parents in Toilet Training"
2732:
2255:
1944:
494:
401:
339:
288:
267:
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166:
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to authoritarian, sadistic personalities produced by punitive toilet training.
150:
146:
145:
Much of the 20th-century conceptualization of toilet training was dominated by
35:
872:"What Future for Japan?": U.S. Wartime Planning for the Postwar Era, 1942-1945
2701:
2651:
2522:
2446:
2345:
2249:
2119:
2002:
1650:
1208:
934:
707:
578:
544:
479:
Toilet seat adapter and footstool (left), and plastic moulded potties (right)
390:
174:
159:
130:
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year. 5% reported the same for children aged 7-11. A health worker with the
393:, or may have sensory sensitivities which make using the toilet unpleasant.
213:
2605:
2426:
2319:
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2263:
2194:
2160:
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1997:
1949:
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331:
199:
114:
74:
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841:
Loose-leaf
Version for Developing Person Through the Life Span: Paperbound
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78:
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2229:
2099:
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2027:
1086:"Toilet learning: Anticipatory guidance with a child-oriented approach"
70:
1370:
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from 1976, using a constipated child on red potty in reference to the
2580:
2507:
2472:
2456:
2395:
2375:
2329:
2124:
1570:
Clark, Robin E.; Freeman Clark, Judith; Adamec, Christine A. (2007).
1492:"Sky News questions NFER Teacher Voice panel about pupils in nappies"
335:
126:
66:
2560:
2497:
2365:
1992:
1882:
1518:
940:
Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany
538:
34:
Children using potties in a care facility in Amsterdam, founded by
809:"I'm Supposed to Do What to Make My Baby Poop? When He's How Old?"
2575:
2360:
2224:
2170:
2150:
2074:
2037:
2007:
1460:
Franco, Israel; Austin, Paul; Bauer, Stuart (23 September 2015).
1320:"Special Populations: Toilet Training Children with Disabilities"
313:
77:. Many of the contemporary approaches to toilet training favor a
54:
2380:
2370:
1939:
1887:
1868:
374:
226:
155:
138:
113:
Little is known about toilet training in pre-modern societies.
109:
A 1577 illustration of a child seated on a specialized lavatory
62:
58:
1892:
165:
Into the 20th century this was largely abandoned in favor of
396:
Children may have a range of physical issues related to the
342:, should be evaluated by a pediatrician. The prevalence of
198:, and the "toilet training in a day" approach developed by
1837:
1463:
Pediatric Incontinence: Evaluation and Clinical Management
1232:"Toilet training children: when to start and how to train"
771:
Marcdante, Karen; Kliegman, Robert M. (25 February 2014).
1366:
1364:
1362:
750:
1569:
1318:
Cocchiola, Michael A. Jr.; Redpath, Caroline C. (2017).
263:
Ensure all caregivers are consistent with their approach
257:
Prefer encouragement and praise and avoid punishment or
1689:
1378:
American Academy of Pediatrics Guide to Toilet Training
1135:
Duong, T. H.; Jansson, U. B.; Hellström, A. L. (2013).
837:
1359:
1204:"Toilet training: lessons to be learnt from the past?"
1134:
868:
53:) is the process of training someone, particularly a
1407:"How to potty train – Your pregnancy and baby guide"
764:
507:
1083:
1053:"The Complete Toilet Learning Guide | The SOEL Way"
594:According to the original text of the publication,
577:A similar conclusion was reached by Anthropologist
981:Choby, Beth A.; George, Shefaa (1 November 2018).
702:
700:
698:
194:by Benjamin Spock, the methods recommended by the
1724:
1459:
770:
2699:
1453:
1317:
1084:Clifford, T.; Gorodzinsky, FP (September 2000).
706:
636:
1515:"Children Over Five 'Wearing Nappies In Class'"
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
695:
547:, the process of training a domesticated animal
1753:
1563:
553:, method of training and book by Laurie Boucke
1853:
541:, the repeated inability to control urination
451:
1496:National Foundation for Educational Research
1007:
833:
831:
666:
664:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
535:, an approach to parent-infant communication
244:Using a toilet seat adapter, foot stool, or
192:The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
1326:. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series.
980:
862:
670:
266:Consider transition to cotton underwear or
1860:
1846:
1324:Clinical Guide to Toilet Training Children
1277:
1275:
927:
893:
640:Clinical Guide to Toilet Training Children
426:Kent Community Health NHS Foundation Trust
1707:
1532:
1282:Stockman, James A. III (1 January 2011).
1255:
1111:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
828:
661:
611:
358:German language political poster for the
1790:
1281:
1173:
420:training are most likely not yet ready.
387:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
353:
270:once the child achieves repeated success
212:
104:
29:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1272:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
906:Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire
899:
838:Kathleen Stassen Berger (12 May 2014).
802:
800:
798:
581:. However, following the conclusion of
14:
2700:
2632:History of water supply and sanitation
2518:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
1627:
1512:
1229:
1201:
1070:
933:
745:Howard, Jacqueline (8 November 2017).
744:
1841:
1538:
1047:
1045:
317:had not begun training at 24 months.
208:American Academy of Family Physicians
1306:
1236:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1020:
961:
795:
312:risk for certain disorders, such as
221:with seat, 6th century CE, from the
137:, and then to the popularisation of
27:Training an infant to use the toilet
2687:Workers' right to access the toilet
2637:Human right to water and sanitation
1539:Cozza, Stephen J. (30 March 2014).
1399:
1174:Gottlieb, Alma (20 November 2017).
806:
637:Johnny L. Matson (4 October 2017).
248:to ensure easy access for the child
24:
2269:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
1683:
1042:
368:Social Democratic Party of Germany
25:
2744:
2483:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
1810:
1628:Gorski, Peter A.. (6 June 1999).
2647:Infection prevention and control
1823:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
1202:Rogers, June (22 October 2002).
510:
469:
460:
349:
2235:Privatization of public toilets
1621:
1594:
1573:The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse
1506:
1498:. 28 April 2014. Archived from
1484:
1426:
1230:Kiddoo, D. A. (8 August 2011).
1223:
1195:
1167:
1128:
807:Day, Nicholas (16 April 2013).
774:Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics
596:The Care and Feeding of Infants
588:
571:
379:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1607:American Academy of Pediatrics
1513:Hirsch, Afua (27 April 2014).
1373:American Academy of Pediatrics
1091:Paediatrics & Child Health
869:Rudolf V. A. Janssens (1995).
738:
196:American Academy of Pediatrics
13:
1:
1023:"How to Start Potty Training"
717:Culture and Human Development
605:
529:, a method of toilet training
383:oppositional defiant disorder
184:
2503:Public toilets in Bratislava
1336:10.1007/978-3-319-62725-0_13
1285:Year Book of Pediatrics 2011
1153:10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.10.023
1141:Journal of Pediatric Urology
747:"How the world potty trains"
551:Infant potty training method
436:An examination of data from
324:
291:have documented families in
7:
2173:(combined toilet and bidet)
1867:
671:Nick Haslam (7 June 2012).
503:
274:
238:Canadian Paediatric Society
223:Museum of the Ancient Agora
135:mechanical washing machines
10:
2749:
2274:Toilet Revolution in China
945:Princeton University Press
674:Psychology in the Bathroom
452:Technologies and equipment
177:, along with pediatrician
100:
2619:
2553:
2465:
2419:
2338:
2297:
2180:
1980:
1875:
1434:"Potty Training Problems"
988:American Family Physician
533:Elimination communication
2723:Developmental psychology
2538:Toilets in New York City
2488:Modern Toilet Restaurant
2220:Islamic toilet etiquette
1651:10.1542/peds.103.S3.1362
1547:Elsevier Health Sciences
1290:Elsevier Health Sciences
779:Elsevier Health Sciences
564:
438:hospital emergency rooms
431:
2442:Fecal sludge management
2401:Urine collection device
2386:Urinal deodorizer block
2351:Female urination device
1412:National Health Service
527:Baby-led potty training
409:Stool toileting refusal
2672:Sustainable sanitation
2657:Reuse of human excreta
1739:10.1542/peds.111.4.810
1709:10.1542/peds.109.3.e48
911:Transaction Publishers
370:
259:negative reinforcement
229:
110:
39:
2627:Ecological sanitation
2528:Toilet History Museum
2478:Hundertwasser Toilets
2420:Feces-related aspects
2339:Urine-related aspects
2240:Swachh Bharat Mission
1793:Queering the Interior
1768:10.1542/peds.60.2.170
1645:(6 Pt 2): 1362–1363.
679:Palgrave Macmillan UK
412:Children may exhibit
391:social reinforcements
357:
216:
108:
33:
2543:Bryant Park restroom
2391:Urinal (health care)
2210:Honeywagon (vehicle)
1330:. pp. 227–250.
901:Eysenck, Hans JĂĽrgen
398:genitourinary system
171:cognitive psychology
83:cognitive psychology
2642:Improved sanitation
2493:National Poo Museum
2437:Defecation postures
2298:Jobs and activities
2200:Bathroom privileges
2156:Urine-diverting dry
1578:Infobase Publishing
1328:Springer Publishing
1248:10.1503/cmaj.110830
1147:(6 Pt A): 808–814.
1104:10.1093/pch/5.6.333
937:(22 January 2007).
714:(2 February 2000).
645:Springer Publishing
206:. According to the
2591:Groom of the Stool
2356:Interactive urinal
2310:Restroom attendant
1028:The New York Times
371:
344:nocturnal enuresis
314:urological problem
230:
139:disposable diapers
111:
40:
2695:
2694:
2315:Sanitation worker
2305:Manual scavenging
1933:Toilet seat riser
1818:"Toilet Training"
1802:978-1-00-308647-5
1733:(4 Pt 1): 810–4.
1602:"Toilet Training"
1587:978-0-8160-7506-5
1556:978-0-323-28992-4
1502:on 23 March 2015.
1494:(Press release).
1477:978-1-118-81475-8
1392:978-0-425-28580-0
1345:978-3-319-62724-3
1299:978-0-323-08746-9
983:"Toilet Training"
954:978-1-4008-4332-9
920:978-1-4128-2137-7
855:978-1-319-02949-4
788:978-0-323-22698-1
731:978-0-7619-5684-6
688:978-0-230-36755-5
654:978-3-319-62725-0
557:Open-crotch pants
518:Psychology portal
414:stool withholding
366:, or "Reds", the
85:-based approach.
16:(Redirected from
2740:
2682:World Toilet Day
2677:Waste management
2667:Sewage treatment
2554:Historical terms
2533:Toilets in Japan
2215:Incontinence pad
2205:Bathroom reading
1967:Toilet rim block
1955:Holder/dispenser
1918:Electronic bidet
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2406:Urine deflector
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2325:Toilet training
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2127:(self-cleaning)
2090:Passenger train
2023:Container-based
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167:behaviouralism
151:Geoffrey Gorer
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36:Anette Poelman
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2606:Privy midden
2427:Anal hygiene
2324:
2320:Slopping out
2289:Vacuum truck
2264:Toilet plume
2254:
2195:Adult diaper
2181:Cultural and
2065:Incinerating
1950:Toilet paper
1898:Bidet shower
1827:. Retrieved
1821:
1792:
1762:(2): 170–7.
1759:
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1670:. Retrieved
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1611:. Retrieved
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1522:. Retrieved
1508:
1500:the original
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1443:. Retrieved
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1416:. Retrieved
1410:
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1383:Bantam Books
1377:
1349:. Retrieved
1323:
1284:
1242:(5): 511–2.
1239:
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1213:. Retrieved
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1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:PBS NewsHour
1179:
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1061:. Retrieved
1059:. 2018-04-23
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1032:. Retrieved
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997:. Retrieved
992:
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818:. Retrieved
812:
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754:. Retrieved
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583:World War II
573:
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488:conditioning
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332:constipation
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200:Nathan Azrin
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115:Ancient Rome
112:
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75:demographics
50:
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42:
41:
2601:Pail closet
2586:Gong farmer
2571:Close stool
2566:Chamber pot
2513:Shit Museum
2166:Vermifilter
2070:Intelligent
1960:Orientation
1923:Flushometer
1524:23 November
360:Young Union
246:potty chair
219:chamber pot
119:Middle Ages
79:behaviorism
18:Potty train
2728:Defecation
2718:Pediatrics
2702:Categories
2662:Sanitation
2611:Reredorter
2596:Night soil
2432:Defecation
2245:Toilet god
2230:Latrinalia
2190:Accessible
2146:Telescopic
2061:(Scouting)
2033:Dual flush
2018:Composting
1756:Pediatrics
1727:Pediatrics
1702:(3): e48.
1696:Pediatrics
1638:Pediatrics
1063:2020-09-07
606:References
185:Approaches
71:defecation
2581:Garderobe
2508:Rest area
2473:Haewoojae
2457:Scatology
2396:Urination
2376:Sanistand
2330:Toileting
2125:Sanisette
2080:Low-flush
1876:Equipment
325:Accidents
67:urination
2713:Babycare
2620:See also
2561:Aphedron
2498:Outhouse
2366:Pee curl
2110:Portable
2085:On-board
2048:Freezing
2013:Chemical
1993:Arborloo
1988:Aircraft
1883:Ballcock
1784:36154293
1747:12671117
1718:11875176
1667:29183646
1659:10353955
1519:Sky News
1445:July 15,
1375:(2016).
1266:21825046
1161:23182948
1122:20177551
903:(1991).
539:Enuresis
504:See also
275:Timeline
217:Child's
127:genitals
2576:Dansker
2361:Pissoir
2225:Istinja
2171:Washlet
2151:Treebog
2075:Latrine
2038:EToilet
2008:Cathole
1913:Commode
1908:Cistern
1869:Toilets
1829:16 July
1672:16 July
1613:16 July
1418:15 July
1351:12 July
1257:3307553
1215:15 July
1187:16 July
1113:2819951
1034:16 July
999:16 July
820:15 July
756:15 July
293:Chinese
101:History
55:toddler
2466:Places
2381:Urinal
2371:Pollee
2161:Vacuum
2120:Public
2055:(boat)
2003:Bucket
1940:Toilet
1888:Bedpan
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375:autism
299:, and
297:Indian
227:Athens
156:Nazism
63:toilet
59:infant
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2733:Urine
2141:Squat
2136:Space
2115:Potty
2043:Flush
1998:Blair
1981:Types
1903:Brush
1893:Bidet
1780:S2CID
1663:S2CID
1633:(PDF)
1468:Wiley
814:Slate
565:Notes
432:Risks
385:, or
364:Roten
340:feces
334:, or
2131:Sink
2059:Hudo
2053:Head
1928:Seat
1831:2019
1797:ISBN
1772:PMID
1743:PMID
1714:PMID
1674:2019
1655:PMID
1615:2019
1582:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1526:2022
1472:ISBN
1447:2019
1420:2019
1387:ISBN
1353:2019
1340:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1262:PMID
1217:2019
1189:2019
1157:PMID
1118:PMID
1057:SOEL
1036:2019
1001:2019
949:ISBN
915:ISBN
881:ISBN
850:ISBN
822:2019
783:ISBN
758:2019
726:ISBN
683:ISBN
649:ISBN
236:The
202:and
158:and
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65:for
2105:Pit
2100:Pig
2095:Pay
2028:Dry
1764:doi
1735:doi
1731:111
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1647:doi
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